Juniata River
Template:Geobox River The Juniata River is a tributary of the Susquehanna River, approximately 90 miles (145 km) long, in central Pennsylvania in the United States. The river is considered particularly scenic along much of its route, having a broad and shallow course passing through several mountain ridges and steeply-lined water gaps. It formed an early 18th-century frontier region in Pennsylvania and was the site of Native American attacks against white settlements during the French and Indian War. The watershed of the river encompasses an area of approximately 3400 sq mi (8800 km²), approximately one-eighth of the drainage area of the Susquehanna. Approximately two-thirds of the watershed is forested. It is the second largest tributary of the Susquehanna after the West Branch Susquehanna.
Description
It is formed in central Huntingdon County, in the small village of Ardenheim, 3 mi (5 km) southeast of Huntingdon, by the confluence of the Frankstown Branch Juniata River and the Raystown Branch. It flows southeast, through a gap in the Jacks Mountain ridge. On the southeast side of the ridge it receives Aughwick Creek from the south, then flows northeast, along the eastern flank of the Jacks Mountain ridge to Lewistown, where it collects the Kishacoquillas Creek. From Lewistown it flows generally southeast, in a winding course, receiving Tuscarora Creek from the south and passing through a gap in the Tuscarora Mountain ridge. It receives the Wildcat Creek 3.5 miles south of Millerstown, PA and Buffalo Creek northwest of Newport and joins the Susquehanna 1 mile (1.6 km) northeast of Duncannon, approximately 15 mi (24 km) northwest of Harrisburg.
Etymology
The word 'Juniata' is a corruption of the word 'Onayutta,' meaning 'Standing Stone.' There was a large standing stone where the town of Huntingdon now stands. It was reportedly 14.5 feet (4.4 m) tall, with a smoothed side with the history of the local Oneida Tribe. It disappeared in 1754, when the tribe left; legend says they took it with them. A second stone was raised by the new settlers but destroyed in 1897. A two-foot (0.6 m) fragment of the second stone sits in the Juniata College's museum.[1]
History
The first known inhabitants of the river valley were the Onojutta-Haga Indians. The valley was later inhabited by the Lenape until a treaty negotiated by William Penn opened the land to east of the Allegheny Ridge to white settlement. In 1755-1756, as a result of Lenape anger over loss of their lands, the white settlement in the valley suffered fierce raids and abductions from Lenape and Shawnee at Kittanning on the Allegheny River. Over 3,000 white settlers were killed in the raids. The burning of Fort Granville at present-day Lewistown in 1756 prompted Pennsylvania governor John Penn to launch a reprisal against the Lenape and Shawnee led by Lt. Col. John Armstrong, who burned Kittanning in September 1756.
During the 19th century, the river was paralleled by the Juniata Division Canal, part of the canal system of Pennsylvania and a rival to the Erie Canal. The state sold the canal to the Pennsylvania Railroad, which abandoned the canal in 1889 after severe flooding. Parts of the original locks from the canal, as well as remnants of a dam approximately 1 mile (2 km) south of Millerstown, are still visible today.
The river is a popular destination for recreational canoeing and fly fishing, in particular for smallmouth bass and channel catfish suited to river's gentle course. The muskellunge was introduced as predatory sport fish and is now a prized catch. Attempts are underway by the state to reintroduce the once-prevalent American shad, which went into decline largely because of dams on the river. Walleye is another game fish prevalent in the Juniata River.
The National Book Award and Pulitzer prize-winning poet Galway Kinnell wrote of the river in a section of The Book of Nightmares, (1971), entitled "Dear Stranger, Extant in Memory by the Blue Juniata".
The river cuts through several southwest-to-northeast ridges, largely of sandstone between limestone valley floors. Several of the river's tributaries, including Kishacoquillas Creek, are degraded by pollution, but the main stem of the river is considered fairly clean by regional standards. Only two towns of over 10,000 people, namely Altoona and Lewistown, lie within the watershed of the river. Steep slopes along much of the river's course have largely discouraged widespread development.
Other
Dennis P.McIlnay wrote a book about the Juniata River titled Juniata, River of Sorrows. The book is a documentary about his trip down the Juniata which discribes what he saw, people he met, and the history of the river during the 1600s and the 1700s.[2]
Pictures
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See also
References
- ^ Kaylor, Earl C. (1996). Martin Grove Brumbaugh: A Pennsylvanian's Odyssey from Sainted Schoolman to Bedeviled World War I Governor, 1862-1930. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. ISBN 0838636896. Retrieved 2007-11-27.
- ^ http://www.chartingnature.com/books.cfm?book=B12700 Juniata, River of Sorrows
External links
- U.S. Geological Survey: PA stream gaging stations
- Juniata Clean Water Partnership
- The Juniata and Chesapeake Bay (PDF)
