Fantasia (1940 film)

For other uses, see Fantasia.

Fantasia
Directed by	See "Program description" below
Written by	See "Program description" below
Produced by	Walt Disney
Starring	Leopold Stokowski Deems Taylor The Philadelphia Orchestra Walt Disney (voice)
Distributed by	Walt Disney Productions RKO Radio Pictures, Inc.
Release dates	November 13 1940 (roadshow) January 6 1942 (wide)
Running time	124 minutes (original 1940 version, 2000 restoration) 81 min. (1942 edit) 115 min. (all versions, 1946 – 1990)
Language	English
Budget	$2,280,000 (est.)

Fantasia is a 1940 animated film produced by Walt Disney, and is the third film in the Disney animated features canon. Fantasia is an experiment in animation and music, consisting of classical music presented against the backdrop of animation and does not feature any dialogue. The music is recorded under the direction of Leopold Stokowski; seven of the eight pieces were performed by the Philadelphia Orchestra. Animated artwork of varying degrees of abstraction or literalism is used to illustrate or accompany the concert in various ways. The film also includes live-action segments featuring Stokowski, the orchestra, and American composer and music critic Deems Taylor, who serves as the host for the film. Besides its avant-garde qualities, Fantasia was notable for being the first major film released in stereophonic sound, using a process dubbed "Fantasound".

Fantasia was originally released by Walt Disney Productions itself without then-distributor RKO Radio Pictures, and exhibited as a two-hour roadshow film with booked engagements. The film opened to mixed critical reaction and failed to generate a large commercial audience, which left Walt Disney in financial straits. Fantasia was eventually picked up by RKO for release in 1941 and edited drastically to a running time of 81 minutes in 1942. Five subsequent rereleases of Fantasia between 1946 and 1977 restored various amounts of the deleted footage, with the most common version being the 1946 rerelease edit, which ran nine minutes shorter than the original 124 minute roadshow version. A 1982 reissue featured a newly recorded digital soundtrack conducted by composer Irwin Kostal, but was taken out of circulation in 1990 after a restored version of the original Stokowski-conducted soundtrack was prepared. The original version of Fantasia was never released again after 1941, and although some of the original audio elements no longer exist, a 2000 DVD release version attempted to restore as much of the original version of the film as possible. Fantasia, despite its initial commercial failure, is today considered a classic film.

Production history

After the successful release Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, Disney decided to produce more features. The film was produced on a budget of $2,280,000, to which $400,000 went to the musical recording techniques, not exceptionally high, but high at the time.

However, by the late 1930s, Walt Disney's Mickey Mouse was losing his popularity with movie audiences. The Mickey Mouse cartoon shorts series had spawned the spin-off Donald Duck series, which was proving to be more popular and profitable than the Mickey Mouse series. However, Walt Disney wasn't ready to give up on his favorite character, and devised a special short that would be produced as a "comeback" film for Mickey Mouse. The Sorcerer's Apprentice, based on Goethe's story of the same name, was planned as a special Mickey Mouse short, and would be completely silent save for the classical music piece by Paul Dukas. The story artists who developed The Sorcerer's Apprentice originally suggested Dopey from Snow White for the title role, but Disney insisted upon using Mickey.

As work began on The Sorcerer's Apprentice in 1938, Disney happened to meet famed conductor Leopold Stokowski at a Hollywood restaurant. Stokowski offered to serve as conductor for The Sorcerer's Apprentice at no charge, and assembled over one-hundred professional musicians in Los Angeles to record the score for the nine-minute cartoon.

The animation department worked to make The Sorcerer's Apprentice one of their most ambitious works. Animator Fred Moore redesigned Mickey to give his figure more weight and volume in keeping with the modern efforts at the studio, and to give him eyes with pupils for greater expression. The film's color styling, pacing and layout, character animation, and effects animation were done with an increased attention to detail. The unnamed sorcerer in The Sorcerer's Apprentice was nicknamed "Yen Sid": "Disney" spelled backwards.

All of this excess came at a high price: $125,000, a price Walt Disney, and especially his brother and business partner Roy, knew they could never make back from the release of one short film. In comparison, most Disney shorts at the time averaged a cost of $40,000, which was $10,000 above the average budget for an animated cartoon made outside the Disney Studio. Disney's most successful short cartoon, The Three Little Pigs (1933), had made $60,000 in revenue. Following a suggestion by Stokowski, Walt Disney decided to expand The Sorcerer's Apprentice into a Feature Symphony with several animated sequences set to music, of which The Sorcerer's Apprentice would be one. To provide continuity and explanation, the composer and music critic Deems Taylor was recruited to provide live-action narrative introductions at the beginning of each segment. Stokowski suggested the title Fantasia (which literally means "A medley of familiar themes, with variations and interludes."), which became the film's final title (a working title for the film was The Concert Feature).

With The Sorcerer's Apprentice nearing completion, the rest of Fantasia entered production in early 1939, and the same attention to detail that was given to The Sorcerer's Apprentice was given to the other segments as well.

Program description

Most of the works played in the film are program music; that is, instrumental music that depicts stories in sound. However, the Disney program is generally not the same as the original. This criticism was addressed in the film itself. The host and narrator of the film, Deems Taylor, introduces each piece in the program and gives background on the original intent of the composer. There is no intent to deceive anyone into thinking that the Disney visual accompaniment was the "original intent" of the composer.

Some of the selections were shortened from their full length, for the sake of the film's running time. Of the eight pieces, four are presented virtually complete: Toccata and Fugue, The Sorcerer's Apprentice, the Dance of the Hours (which is actually extended from its usual arrangement by repeating a portion of the "morning" segment, with lower instruments, for the "afternoon" segment), and the Ave Maria. The Nutcracker Suite is shorn of its Miniature Overture and March, the Rite of Spring (the longest segment in the film) is ten minutes shorter than the original thirty-five minute work, and the Pastoral Symphony segment is performed in a twenty-minute version rather than Beethoven's complete forty-minute one. There are also small internal omissions in Night on Bald Mountain.

Toccata and Fugue in D Minor

• Musical score: Johann Sebastian Bach — Toccata and Fugue in D Minor BWV 565 (Stokowski's own transcription for symphony orchestra)
• Directed by Samuel Armstrong
• Story development: Lee Blair, Phil Dike, and Elmer Plummer
• Art direction: Robert Cormack
• Background painting: Joe Stahley, John Hench and Nino Carbe
• Visual development: Oscar Fischinger
• Animation: Cy Young, Art Palmer, Daniel MacManus, George Rowley, Edwin Aardal, Joshua Meador, and Cornett Wood

Fantasia begins immediately (there are no opening credits or logos of any sort) with the stage doors being opened to reveal an orchestra stand. Musicians are seen ascending the stand, taking their places and tuning their instruments. Master of ceremonies Deems Taylor arrives and delivers an introduction to the film, Leopold Stokowski, and the first musical selection, Toccata and Fugue in D Minor. Stokowski appears and begins conducting the first strains of the Toccata and Fugue.

The first third of the Toccata and Fugue is in live-action, and features an orchestra playing the piece, illuminated by abstract light patterns set in time to the music and backed by stylized (and superimposed) shadows. The number segues into an abstract animation piece — a first for the Disney studio – set in time to the music. Toccata and Fugue was inspired primarily by the work of German abstract animator Oscar Fischinger, who worked for a brief time on this segment. The animation segues back into the live-action footage of Stokowski as the piece concludes, setting the precedent for the rest of the musical numbers.

Although the Philadelphia Orchestra recorded the music for the film (excepting The Sorcerer's Apprentice), they do not appear onscreen; the orchestra used onscreen in the film is made up of local Los Angeles musicians and Disney studio employees like James Macdonald and Paul J. Smith, who mime to the prerecorded tracks by Stokowski and the Philadelphia Orchestra. Originally, the Philadelphia Orchestra was slated to be filmed in the introduction and interstitial segments, but union and budgetary considerations prevented this from coming to pass.

Nutcracker Suite

• Musical score: Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky — Nutcracker Suite Op. 71a
• Directed by Samuel Armstrong
• Story development: Sylvia Moberly-Holland, Norman Wright, Albert Heath, Bianca Majolie, and Graham Heid
• Character designs: John Walbridge, Elmer Plummer and Ethel Kulsar
• Art direction: Robert Cormack, Al Zinnen, Curtiss D. Perkins, Arthur Byram, and Bruce Bushman
• Background painting: John Hench, Ethel Kulsar and Nino Carbe
• Animation: Art Babbitt, Les Clark, Don Lusk, Sy Young, and Robert Stokes
• Choreography: Jules Engel

The Nutcracker Suite is a personified depiction of the changing of the seasons; first from summer to autumn, and then from autumn to winter. It features a variety of dances, just as in the original, but danced by animated fairies, fishes, flowers, mushrooms, and leaves; no actual nutcracker is ever seen in this version. Many elements are rendered carefully and painstakingly using techniques such as drybrush and airbrush.

The Sorcerer's Apprentice

• Musical score: Paul Dukas — The Sorcerer's Apprentice,
• Directed by James Algar
• Story development by Dick Huemer, Joe Grant, Perce Pearce, James Capobianco, and Carl Fallberg
• Art direction: Tom Codrick, Charles Phillipi, and Zack Schwartz
• Background painting: Claude Coats, Stan Spohn, Albert Dempster and Eric Hansen
• Animation supervisors: Fred Moore and Vladimir Tytla
• Animation: Les Clark, Riley Thompson, Marvin Woodward, Preston Blair, Edward Love, Ugo D'Orsi, George Rowley, and Cornett Wood

The Sorcerer's Apprentice tells the story of an apprentice who cannot control the magic that he has tried to use, with Mickey Mouse in the role of the apprentice. Afterwards, Mickey and Leopold, seen in silhouette, congratulate each other.

The Rite of Spring

• Musical score: Igor Stravinsky — The Rite of Spring
• Directed by Bill Roberts and Paul Satterfield
• Story development/research: William Martin, Leo Thiele, Robert Sterner, and John Fraser McLeish
• Art direction: McLauren Stewart, Dick Kelsey, and John Hubley
• Background painting: Ed Starr, Brice Mack and Edward Levitt
• Animation supervision: Wolfgang Reitherman and Joshua Meador
• Animation: Philip Duncan, John McManus, Paul Busch, Art Palmer, Don Tobin, Edwin Aardal, and Paul B. Kossoff
• Special camera effects: Gail Papineau and Leonard Pickley

The Rite of Spring is a condensed version of the natural history of the Earth from the formation of the planet, to the first living creatures, to the age, reign, and extinction of the dinosaurs. The sequence showcased realistically animated prehistoric beasts, and utilized extensive and complicated special effects to depict volcanoes, boiling lava, and earthquakes. There are some inaccuracies; a Dimetrodon is shown amongst the dinosaurs, Apatosaurus and Stegosaurus were extinct well before the end of the age of the dinosaurs, and were likely gone by the time T. Rex appeared. The large carnivorous dinosaur attacking the Stegosaurus is a Tyrannosaurus according to the preliminary introduction to the segment by Deems Taylor, and concept sketches by the artists. The Tyrannosaurus is incorrectly depicted with three fingers on each hand; despite the fact that by then paleontologists had come to believe that the dinosaur had two fingers, Walt Disney decided for the Tyrannosaurus to have three fingers, saying "it looks better that way."

Intermission/Meet the Soundtrack

• Directed by Ben Sharpsteen and David D. Hand
• Key animation by Joshua Meador

Deems Taylor announces a fifteen-minute intermission following the conclusion of The Rite of Spring. The musicians are seen departing the orchestra stand, and the doors close to reveal a title card. In a proper roadshow of Fantasia, the theater's curtains would close simultaneously with the closing doors on the screen, and the title card would remain projected for fifteen minutes while the guests are briefly excused. Following the intermission, the film would be started again. Onscreen, the stage doors are opened again, and Taylor and the orchestra musicians are seen returning to their respective places.

After the intermission there is a brief Meet the Soundtrack sequence which gives audiences a stylized example of how sound is rendered as waveforms to record the music for Fantasia. The sequence features animation by effects animator Joshua Meador and his team, who give the soundtrack (initially a squiggly line which changes into various shapes based upon the individual sounds played on the soundtrack) a distinct personality.

The Pastoral Symphony

• Musical score: Ludwig van Beethoven — 6th symphony in F, Op.68 "Pastorale"
• Directed by Hamilton Luske, Jim Handley, and Ford Beebe
• Story development: Otto Englander, Webb Smith, Erdman Penner, Joseph Sabo, Bill Peet, and George Stallings
• Character designs: James Bodero, John P. Miller, Lorna S. Soderstrom
• Art direction: Hugh Hennesy, Kenneth Anderson, J. Gordon Legg, Herbert Ryman, Yale Gracey, and Lance Nolley
• Background painting: Claude Coats, Ray Huffine, W. Richard Anthony, Arthur Riley, Gerald Nevius and Roy Forkum
• Animation supervision: Fred Moore, Ward Kimball, Eric Larsen, Art Babbitt, Oliver M. Johnston, Jr., and Don Towsley
• Animation: Berny Wolf, Jack Campbell, Jack Bradbury, James Moore, Milt Neil, Bill Justice, John Elliotte, Walt Kelly, Don Lusk, Lynn Karp, Murray McClellan, Robert W. Youngquist, and Harry Hamsel

The Pastoral Symphony utilized delicate color styling to depict a mythical ancient Grecian world of centaurs, centaurettes (a Disney studio creation), a pegasus and his family, the gods of Mount Olympus, fauns, cherubs and other creatures and characters of classical mythology. It tells the story of the mythological creatures gathering for a festival to honor Bacchus, the god of wine riding his horned donkey, Jacchus, which is interrupted by Zeus, who decides to have a little fun by throwing lightning bolts at the attendees.

This portion of the film was criticized for brief yet blatant nudity on the part of the centaurettes. Other criticisms center on the racial images of a centaurette servant named Sunflower, who is part African human, part donkey, and two attendants to Bacchus who are part African Amazons, part zebra. The servant has been excised from all prints in circulation since 1969, while the zebra centaurettes have always remained in the film.

Dance of the Hours

• Musical score: Amilcare Ponchielli — La Gioconda: Dance of the Hours.
• Directed by T. Hee and Norm Ferguson
• Story development: Aurelius Battaglia and Maurice Noble
• Character designs: Martin Provensen, James Bodero, Duke Russell, Earl Hurd
• Art direction: Kendall O'Connor, Harold Doughty, and Ernest Nordli
• Background painting: Albert Dempster and Charles Conner
• Animation supervision: Norm Feguson
• Animation: John Lounsbery, Howard Swift, Preston Blair, Hugh Fraser, Harvey Toombs, Norman Tate, Hicks Lokey, Art Elliott, Grant Simmons, Ray Patterson, and Franklin Grundeen.

Dance of the Hours featured comic ostriches, hippos, elephants, and alligators all attempting to perform the actual ballet. The segment is animated with an energy and franticness rarely seen in Disney films. The animals are introduced to match the hours in an order corresponding to the times of day. Dawn welcomes the ostriches. At midday, the hippos take over. In the early evening, the elephants come to the fore. After night has fallen, the alligators come and the finale sees the chaotic chase that ensues between all of the characters seen in the segment.

Night on Bald Mountain/Ave Maria

File:Chernabog1.jpg

Chernabog summons the spirits of the dead in the Night on Bald Mountain sequence of Fantasia.

• Musical score:
  • Modest Mussorgsky — Night on Bald Mountain and
  • Franz Schubert — Ave Maria
• Directed by Wilfred Jackson
• Story development: Campbell Grant, Arthur Heinemann, and Phil Dike
• Art direction: Kay Nielsen, Terrell Stapp, Charles Payzant and Thor Putnam
• Background painting: Merle Cox, Ray Lockrem, Robert Storms and W. Richard Anthony
• Special English lyrics for Ave Maria by Rachel Field
• Choral director: Charles Hunderson
• Operatic solo: Julietta Novis
• Animation supervision: Vladimir Tytla
• Animation: John McManus, William N. Shull, Robert W. Carlson, Jr., Lester Novros, and Don Patterson
• Special animation effects: Dan MacManus, Joshua Meador, Miles E. Pike, and John F. Reed
• Special camera effects: Gail Papineau and Leonard Pickley

The Night on Bald Mountain segment is a showcase for animator Bill Tytla, who gave the demon Chernabog a power and intensity rarely seen in Disney films. The nocturnal Chernabog summons from their graves empowered restless souls, until driven away by the sound of a church bell. Noted actor Bela Lugosi served as a live action model for Chernabog, and spent several days at the Disney studio, where he was filmed doing evil, demon-like poses for Tytla and his unit to use as a reference. Tytla later deemed this reference material unsuitable and had studio colleague Wilfred Jackson perform in front of the cameras for the reference footage.

Chernabog is first seen when he awakes on top of Bald Mountain. It is Walpurgis Night and, using the powers of darkness, he raises ghosts, skeletons, demons, witches, dragons, goblins, and zombies from a nearby town and cemetery. He then summons fire and lava and makes the damned and the other creatures in his control dance and fly around, much to his delight, before he destroys them. In one part he picks up a handful of demons and transforms them first into naked women, then into demonic animals. Ultimately, he drops them into the lava which seals their fiery doom.

The horror of the demons, ghosts, skeletons, witches, harpies, and other evil creatures in Night on Bald Mountain comes to an abrupt end with the sound of church bells, which send Chernabog and his followers back into hiding, and the multiplane camera tracks far, far away from Bald Mountain to reveal a line of faithful townfolk with lighted torches, and the camera slowly follows them as they walk slowly and solemnly through the forest and ruins of a cathedral to the sounds of the Ave Maria. The animation of the worshipers is some of the smallest animation ever done: the camera had to be so close to some of the work that it had to be rendered at only an inch or so high. Even a slight deviation in the width of the final painted line would have been distracting to a movie audience on the big screen. In fact, as told by animator Frank Thomas in the book Disney Animation: The Illusion of Life the entire sequence had to be reshot twice, once because the wrong focal length lens was used, and once because of a small earth tremor that shook the animation planes out of alignment. The multiplane camera then finally tracks through the trees to reveal a sunrise as the film fades to its conclusion.

Originally the plan was for the procession to enter an actual church, and there are numerous concept drawings of gothic architecture, stained-glass windows and actual statues of the Virgin Mary as can be seen on the Fantasia Anthology bonus disc. Ultimately, this ending was deemed too overly religious by Walt, and he opted for a more natural setting instead. However, the forest design in the segment still mimics that of a cathedral with an overtly gothic motif.

General credits

• Soundtrack conducted by Leopold Stokowski and performed by the Philadelphia Orchestra , except :
  • The Sorcerer's Apprentice conducted by Leopold Stokowski, performed by an ensemble of Hollywood studio musicians.
• Narrative introductions by Deems Taylor
• Production supervisor: Ben Sharpsteen
• Story direction: Joe Grant and Dick Huemer
• Musical direction: Edward H. Plumb
• Musical film editor: Stephen Csillag
• Fantasound recording: William E. Garity, C.O. Slyfield, and J.N.A. Hawkins
• Live-action cinematography by James Wong Howe
• Mickey Mouse voice by Walt Disney
• 1982 version narration by Hugh Douglas
• 2000 version dubbing for Deems Taylor by Corey Burton

Fantasound

Main article: Fantasound

Not only did Fantasia establish animation as a true art form, it also introduced film audiences to multi-channel sound, which played an important part in Fantasia. After the completion of The Sorcerer's Apprentice, Stokowski enlisted the Philadelphia Orchestra, of which he was the conductor, to record the music for the six remaining segments. Walt Disney was present on the sound stage during an early session, and was very pleased with what he was hearing until he heard the playback from the recording engineers. He felt the recorded version of the music sounded tinny and undynamic, and asked his engineers to see what they could do about developing a better sound system. The engineers, led by William E. Garity, responded by creating a multi-channel sound format they called Fantasound, making Fantasia the first commercial film ever to be produced in stereophonic sound. The film also marked the first use of the click track while recording the soundtrack, overdubbing of orchestral parts, and simultaneous multi-track recording.

Always wanting to try new things, Walt Disney also had plans to film Fantasia in widescreen, to have the Toccata and Fugue be filmed to be 3-D and to spray different perfumes into the theater at appropriate times during the Nutcracker Suite, but those plans were never carried out.

Film presentation

File:Fantposter.jpg

Poster for the original release of Fantasia.

Walt Disney intended Fantasia to be more than just a film. It was to be an event, complete with reserved seating and fancy dress. Special program books were prepared for the film, featuring production artwork and photographs, dedications by both Walt and Stokowski, and the credits and synopsis for each segment. Each theater was rigged with 30 or more speakers, all lined around the perimeter of the ceiling, to provide the full Fantasound experience. The format of the film follows that of a concert rather than a motion picture. Besides the Deems Taylor narration passages, a proper presentation of Fantasia features a 15-minute intermission, which falls between The Rite of Spring and the Meet the Soundtrack segment.

Unusual for an American animated film, Fantasia had no opening or closing credits in its original version. The film opens with curtains parting to reveal the orchestra entering and taking their places. During the film's intermission, a solitary title card was to be played over the movie theater's closed curtain, reading:

Fantasia.

Copyright MCMXL Walt Disney Productions (Inc.). In Technicolor. Approved MPPDA Certificate No.1720. RCA Sound System.

For the film's 1946 rerelease, and for all later theatrical releases, the title card seen during the intermission was transferred to the very beginning of the film (in regular main title fashion), but no other credits appeared. This was the way the film was shown until 1990, when closing credits, listing the entire technical staff and those involved with the 1990 restoration, were added to the end of the film. These credits were shown against a background of the orchestra exiting, using footage taken from the "intermission" segment, which had not been seen since its original 1940 release.

Release history

Fantasia was originally released in 1940 by Walt Disney Productions itself as a roadshow release, since Disney's distributor RKO Radio Pictures backed out of the film. Its first playdate, the film's premiere, was in New York City on November 13 1940. The final scene to be shot (the long multiplane pan in the Ave Maria sequence) was completed, developed, printed, and rushed via airplane to New York that same day, where it was spliced into the film a mere four hours before showtime. Primarily because of the amount of audio equipment required and the time necessary to make the installation, the full-length Fantasound version of Fantasia was only shown at 12 theatres, and only 16 Fantasound-equipped prints were ever made. The film was popular, and also boosted the classical music industry. Fantasia's extremely large budget, however, meant that the film was unable to turn a profit during its initial release. The financial failure of Fantasia left Walt Disney in dire financial straits, causing him to produce a relatively low-budget feature, Dumbo, as his next project.

Starting with the January 29 1941 play date in Los Angeles, California, RKO assumed distribution of Fantasia. They had the film's soundtrack remixed into monophonic sound, to make it easier to distribute, and added their logos to the film's solitary title card.

In late 1941, RKO had the 125-minute Fantasia edited down to 81 minutes (done by deleting the entire Toccata and Fugue in D Minor segment and shortening the live-action Deems Taylor sequences as much as possible). This version of the film was released nationwide on January 6 1942 — the first time Fantasia was given a wide release — with the infamous tagline "Fantasia Will Amazia!" Audiences were none too responsive to the film, and it played as a B-film in most movie houses.

Fantasia was edited once again in 1946, restoring Toccata and Fugue, but still keeping the Deems Taylor sequences to a minimum. This is the version most familiar to the public and the version most future releases of Fantasia would be based upon, and is therefore called the "General Release Version". It retains all of the animation from the original, but omits portions of the live-action.

Stereo sound was restored to Fantasia in 1956, when it was released in CinemaScope-compatible SuperScope. Only one operating Fantasound setup, and one Fantasound-equipped print, existed by this time; the sound negatives were stored on nitrate film and had by this time deteriorated. The output from the four-track Fantasound system was transferred via high-quality telephone lines to an RCA facility and recorded onto magnetic tape. The magnetic recording was mixed to create a new final four-channel stereo mix for the widescreen release. The film was projected in various aspect ratios by actually changing the anamorphic properties of the lens on the fly by using the fourth sound track as a control track, much like the original control track was used to redirect the sound in the 1940 release. See the reference to the article from the March 1956 edition of International Projectionist.

Fantasia could not profit until its 1969 rerelease. By then, Fantasia had become immensely popular among teenagers and college students, many of whom would take illegal drugs such as marijuana and LSD to "better experience" the film. Disney therefore promoted the film as a "trip-film" for its 1969 rerelease, even creating a psychedelic-styled poster to match this campaign. The rerelease was a major success, especially with the psychedelic young adult crowd, many of whom would come lie down in the front row of the theater and experience the film from there.

The film was once again edited for the 1969 release, this time to remove Sunflower, a centaur depicted as an African-American girl in the Pastoral Symphony segment. According to the Memory Hole, "Performing menial duties for the blonde, white female centaurs, Sunflower is a racial stereotype along the lines of Amos and Andy, Buckwheat, and Aunt Jemima."

For its 1982 reissue, as motion picture sound technology was advancing, the 1956 Fantasia sound master was deemed both unusable and unsalvageable. Disney decided to completely rerecord the film's soundtrack, and a new digitally recorded score arranged and conducted by Irwin Kostal was made. This marked the first time a motion picture's score was recorded entirely using digital technology. However, judicial edits were made, including replacing Deems Taylor's original narration with that of Hugh Douglas. This version of Fantasia would be rereleased again in 1985.

For Fantasia's 50th anniversary in 1990, Disney decided to go back to the original Stowkowski recording. Using the 1956 stereo soundtrack and the 1941 mono soundtrack as his source material, Disney audio engineer Terry Porter restored the Stowkowski soundtrack using digital technology to an approximation of the original multi-channel Fantasound mix. In the meantime, Peter Comandini at YCM Laboratories worked on restoring the picture from original camera negatives, edited and duplicate negatives, and, in the cases of some scenes, archival prints. The film was re-edited to closely resemble the 1946 General Release Version, save for the retention of the 1969 censorship edit and the addition of an end credits sequence (played over footage from the original roadshow version's intermission). This restored version of Fantasia was released on home video in 1991.

Finally, for its 60th Anniversary DVD release in the year 2000, Disney's manager of film restoration, Scott MacQueen, supervised a restoration and reconstruction of the original 124-minute roadshow version of Fantasia. The visual elements from the Deems Taylor segments that had been cut from the film in 1942 and 1946 were restored, as was the intermission. However, the original nitrate audio negatives for the long-unseen Taylor scenes had deteriorated several decades earlier, so Disney brought in voice actor Corey Burton to rerecord all of Taylor's lines. Although it was advertised as the "original uncut" version, portions from Beethoven's Symphony No. 6 were censored by digitally zooming in to avoid showing the black centaurette Sunflower. The Disney editor responsible, John Carnochan, was quoted as saying, "It's sort of appalling to me that these stereotypes were ever put in." With the exception of these changes, this is the most complete version of the film that currently exists. The restored roadshow version of Fantasia debuted in June 2000 at the Animation Film Festival in Annecy, France; accompanying its sequel, Fantasia 2000.

Fantasia theatrical release history

• November 13 1940 (original roadshow release in stereo)
• January 29 1941 (roadshow version in mono)
• January 1942 (b-film short version, mono)
• September 1 1946 (general release version, mono)
• February 7 1956 (SuperScope version – this and all subsequent releases are in stereo)
• February 20 1963
• December 17 1969
• April 15 1977
• April 2 1982 (digital stereo version)
• February 8 1985 (digital stereo version)
• October 5 1990 (1946 version with Fantasound; only version to feature end credits)
• June 2000 (restored roadshow version)

Worldwide release dates

Brazil: December 9 1940 Argentina: December 25 1940 Australia: July 17 1941 U.K.: July 21 1941 Mexico: December 25 1941 Greece: April 10 1942 Sweden: October 7 1942 Iceland: February 28 1946 Spain: March 23 1946 Portugal: April 2 1946 Italy: April 15 1946 Canada: August 1 1946 France: November 1 1946 Netherlands: December 15 1946 Belgium: December 15 1946 Czechoslovakia: December 17 1946 Hong Kong: October 16 1947 Norway: October 31 1948 USSR: December 25 1948 Bulgaria: December 25 1948 Yugoslavia: July 31 1949 Finland: November 4 1949 Switzerland: December 25 1949 Poland: August 7 1950 Austria: January 12 1951

Denmark: April 2 1951 West Germany: October 10 1952 Philippines: February 26 1953 Thailand: June 13 1953 India: December 25 1953 Turkey: August 15 1954 Japan: September 28 1955 North Korea: October 3 1955 South Korea: October 3 1955 Malta: July 31 1959 South Africa: June 29 1961 Uruguay: June 29 1961 New Zealand: June 29 1961 Lebanon: December 25 1967 Saudi Arabia: September 7 1971 Iran: March 16 1974 Morocco: March 16 1974 Egypt: March 16 1974 Vietnam: June 17 1974 Indonesia: June 17 1974 Qatar: June 17 1974 Singapore: June 17 1974 Iraq: June 17 1974 Sri Lanka: April 26 1985 Kuwait: June 4 1986

Critical reception and legacy

The film won two Honorary Academy Awards:

• Walt Disney, William E. Garity and J.N.A. Hawkins — For their outstanding contribution to the advancement of the use of sound in motion pictures through the production of Fantasia (certificate).
• Leopold Stokowski (and his associates) — For their unique achievement in the creation of a new form of visualized music in Walt Disney's production Fantasia, thereby widening the scope of the motion picture as entertainment and as an art form (certificate).

In 1990, Fantasia was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

In 1997, the American Film Institute put Fantasia on its' list of the 100 Greatest American movies, ranking in at #58. It is one of only two Disney movies on the list, the other being Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs.

In June 2008, AFI revealed its "Ten top Ten"—the best ten films in ten "classic" American film genres—after polling over 1,500 people from the creative community. Fantasia was acknowledged as the 5th best film in the animation genre.

Critics to this day differ in their evaluation of the film. There are certainly many critics who admire the film greatly, particularly the animation work, and as an American animated feature film made with an unprecedented level of artistic ambition.

Others have taken a more negative view, sometimes labeling it as kitsch. Famed movie critic Pauline Kael wrote, "'The Sorcerer's Apprentice,' featuring Mickey Mouse, and parts of other sequences are first-rate Disney, but the total effect is grotesquely kitschy." The Beethoven sequence is frequently singled out for criticism, because of the editing of the piece and the juxtaposition of the piece with the clichéd Ancient Greek setting.

The Sorcerer's Apprentice is often considered the best sequence in the film, and was the only sequence from the original film carried over into Fantasia 2000. A comic adaptation of The Sorcerer's Apprentice was featured in Mickey Mouse Adventures #9, published by Disney Comics at the time of the film's 50th anniversary. Mickey Mouse as the Sorcerer's Apprentice has become such an iconic role for the character that he is regularly depicted as such in the Disney parks. Mickey is seen wearing his famous red wizard's robe and blue sorcerer's hat in numerous parades as well as in the nighttime spectacular Fantasmic! at both Disneyland and Disney's Hollywood Studios at Walt Disney World. The sorcerer's hat is also an official symbol of Disney's Hollywood Studios and also is involved heavily in the plot of Mickey's Philharmagic at The Magic Kingdom. A very large version of the hat is also seen at the entrance of the Disney Animation building at the Disney Studios in Burbank, California (and can be easily seen from both Riverside Drive and the 134 Freeway). Walt Disney Home Entertainment, Disney's home video sales division featured "Sorcerer Mickey" on its covers starting from its inception in 1980. From 1986 to 1999 the Walt Disney Home Entertainment logo (as Walt Disney Home Video) featured Sorcerer Mickey. Furthermore, Sorcerer Mickey serves as the logo for Walt Disney Imagineering, the subsidiary of the company responsible for designing the Disney parks and resorts.

Updates

Disney had wanted Fantasia to be an ongoing project, ideally with a new release each year. The plan was to repeat some of the scenes while replacing others with different music and animation, so that each version of the film would include both familiar material and new segments. However, the film's underwhelming box-office performance prevented such plans from being realized.

Clair de Lune

One segment intended for the original Fantasia was completely animated, and then left out of the first release. Clair de Lune, based on Claude Debussy's piano piece, was a casualty of Fantasia's excessive length: the sequence made it to the final pencil test stages before being deleted. Ink and paint and Technicolor photography were completed in January 1942 with the intentions of releasing Clair de Lune as a short subject, which would not be done for fifty-four years. Instead, the sequence was later completely recut and rescored as the Blue Bayou segment of Make Mine Music (1946).

A workprint of the original version of Clair de Lune was finally discovered, restored, and released by Disney as a stand-alone short subject in 1996; the accompanying Deems Taylor/Stowkowski footage was never found. This version of Clair de Lune can be found on disc 3 of the Fantasia Legacy DVD box set, or on the Disney Classic Fantasia DVD (released in 2000) as a special feature.

Other proposed sequences and Fantasia 2000

Other segments such as Ride of the Valkyries, Swan of Tuonela, Flight of the Bumblebee, Invitation to the Dance, and Adventures in Perambulator were storyboarded but never fully animated, and thus were never put into production for inclusion in a future Fantasia release. Both World War II and overseas costs prevented Disney from revising Fantasia during his lifetime. Other proposed segments that only made it into the conceptual stage include: The Firebird, Petrouchka, Renard, Baby Ballet, Danse Macabre (Saint-Saëns), Don Quixote, Hary Janos, La Mer, The Love for Three Oranges, The Magic Flute, Mosquito, The Planets, Pop Goes the Weasel, Roman Carnival Overture, Schwanda the Bagpiper, and Till Eulenspiegel. The never realised Flight of the Bumblebee sequence later turned into the Bumble Boogie sequence from Melody Time.

Disney's dream was belatedly and finally fulfilled with the release of Fantasia 2000 in IMAX theaters on January 1, 2000. The film was put into general release half a year later. Fantasia 2000 repurposed The Sorcerer's Apprentice sequence with Mickey Mouse, but otherwise consisted entirely of new material. Celebrities such as Angela Lansbury, Steve Martin, and James Earl Jones served as hosts of the various sections of the film.

Cultural References

In Film

• In Bob Clampett's A Corny Concerto the concept of Fantasia is spoofed: the cartoon tells two stories on the beat of classical music, without any dialogues. The opening sequence is similar to Fantasia, with Elmer Fudd parodying Deems Taylor.
• The film in general was spoofed by Italian animator Bruno Bozzetto in his film Allegro Non Troppo.
• In Disney's The Black Cauldron, a scene from the Night on Bald Mountain segment can be seen when Hen Wen uses magic to locate the Horned King.
• The ostriches and hippos from the Dance of the Hours segment are employees of R.K. Maroon in Who Framed Roger Rabbit?
• Bacchus from the Pastoral segment has a cameo role in Disney's Hercules
• In Big Daddy, Steve Buscemi's homeless character explains he became homeless because he did mushrooms and watched Fantasia a lot.
• In Mickey's House of Villains, one of the villains is Chernabog from the Night on Bald Mountain segment
• In Disney's Enchanted, during the Happy Working Song, one of the mice gets caught in a bubble similar to the elephant in the Dance of the Hours Segment

In Video Games

• The Kingdom Hearts games feature characters from Fantasia. For instance, the brooms appear in both games as servants for Disney Castle. In the first game, Chernabog is a boss that Sora must fight. Also, the White Mushroom heartless resembles a mushroom from the Nutcracker segment. In the second game, the characters meet Yen Sid from the Sorcerer's Apprentice segment. If there are more games to come, it is possible that more Fantasia characters will appear.

In Television

• In The Simpsons:
  • The Treehouse of Horror IV episode has a part where Flanders turns into Chernabog from the Night on Bald Mountain. In the episode Simpsons Bible Stories Nelson (in his role as Goliath) also imitates Chernabog when he rises from the rubble of his tower ruins. The background music even quotes the Night of the Bald Mountain.
  • The Itchy & Scratchy Land episode has a ride called 'Scratchtasia' which spoofs The Sorcerer's Apprentice segment.
  • The couch gag in the Homerazzi episode pokes fun at the Rite of Spring segment.
• In South Park episode "Chef's Chocolate Salty Balls" episode, Mr. Hankey dresses up in a similar way to Mickey Mouse and controls the sewage to similar music.
• In the Rocko's Modern Life episode "Wacky Deli" one of the episodes makes fun of the Mushroom dance in the Nutcracker segment
• The ostriches and Chernobog make appearences in many episodes of House of Mouse

See also

• Fantasia 2000
• History of cinema
• List of films recut by studio
• List of animated feature films
• A Trip Through the Walt Disney Studios, a documentary from 1937

References

• Barrier, Michael (1999). Hollywood Cartoons: American Animation in Its Golden Age. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-516729-5.
• Maltin, Leonard (1980, rev. 1987). Of Mice and Magic: A History of American Animated Cartoons. Penguin Books. ISBN 0-452-25993-2.
• (2001). "Fantasia Publicity" supplemental features from The Fantasia Anthology [DVD release]. Burbank: Disney Enterprises, Inc.
• Norman Wasserman "Special Projection Process Gives 'Fantasia' New Look" International Projectionist (March 1956, pp. 14–15)

External links

• Fantasia at IMDb
• Fantasia at Rotten Tomatoes
• Fantasia at Box Office Mojo
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