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The Quarrymen

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The Quarrymen

The Quarrymen (sometimes written as The Quarry Men) (circa late 1956 – October 1959) are an English skiffle group formed in Liverpool in the latter part of 1956 by John Lennon with several school friends. The group's name was inspired by the name of the Quarry Bank grammar school, which Lennon and most of his band-mates attended.

Early years

Lennon had become enthused with rock 'n' roll music firstly through Bill Haley & His Comets Rock Around the Clock in January 1955 and then Elvis Presley's hit Heartbreak Hotel in April 1956. British teenagers in the mid-1950s who wished to try creating such music—but who had no experience or training—became attracted to a musical form peculiar to Britain known as skiffle music. It was a hybrid of American folk, blues and hillbilly with strains of primitive rock 'n' roll. Its primary attraction was that it did not require great musical skills or expensive instruments. It was home-made music that could be created by enthusiastic amateurs with very limited skills. The most successful proponent of skiffle in 1955-1957 was a Scottish-born musician called Lonnie Donegan.The Quarrymen's repertoire later included many skiffle songs that Donegan had released.[1]

Lennon's mother, Griffiths and Davis all played the banjo, and Lennon first learned banjo chords on his guitar

When Lennon decided that he wanted to try making music himself, he and fellow Quarry Bank Comprehensive schoolfriend, Eric Griffiths, took guitar lessons at Hunt's Cross in Liverpool, although Lennon gave up the lessons soon after.[2] As Griffiths already knew how to play the banjo, Lennon's mother, Julia Lennon, showed them how to tune the top four guitar strings to the same notes as a banjo, teaching them the chords of D, C, and D7, and the Fats Waller song, "Ain't That a Shame".[2] They practiced at Lennon's aunt's house (called Mendips) at 251 Menlove Avenue, or at Griffiths' house in Halewood Drive.[3] They learned how to play Rock Island Line, "Pick a Bale of Cotton", "Alabamy Bound", and Cumberland Gap, and later learned how to play "That's All Right (Mama)", and "Mean Woman Blues", which had been recorded by Elvis Presley.[3]

Lennon decided to start a skiffle group with Griffiths in late 1956, and Lennon recruited his best friend, Pete Shotton, even though Shotton could not play any instrument.[3][4][5] Shotton elected to play washboard, as it was the easiest instrument to learn, so Shotton's mother supplied a washboard she found in the shed, and two thimbles from her sewing box.[6] A week later Shotton recruited another schoolfriend, Bill Smith, to play washtub bass, and Griffiths invited banjo-player Rod Davis to join the group (born Rodney Verso Davis, on 7 November 1941, Smithdown Hospital, Smithdown Road, Sefton, Liverpool).[6][7][8] Two weeks later they found out that another Skiffle group already had the same name, so during a "a mini-brainstorming" at Mendips, Shotton laughingly suggested naming themselves The Quarrymen, after a line in their school's song: "Quarrymen, old before our birth / Straining each muscle and sinew" [9]

The Quarrymen

Further information: The Beatles' line-ups
A 20th century washboard; similar to the type Shotton played

The group first rehearsed in Shotton's house on Vale Road, but because of the noise Shotton's mother told them to use the corrugated air-raid shelter in the back garden.[9] Smith rarely turned up for rehearsals and decided to leave the group, so he was replaced by Len Garry, but not before Lennon and Shotton had broken into Smith's parents' garage and "liberated" the washtub bass. Garry later used a real tea chest bass for concerts, but Lennon's friend, Ivan Vaughan, sometimes stepped in to play at rehearsals when Garry was not available.[10][11] Colin Hanton was an apprentice at Guy Rogers' upholstery company in Speke, and travelled on the same bus home as Griffiths. When Hanton revealed that he had a set of drums (but admitted he was only an amateur) Griffiths invited him to join The Quarrymen at once, as he knew that finding a drummer was a plus for any group in Liverpool at the time, and the group could play rock 'n roll songs.[10] Rehearsals were moved from the cold air-raid shelter to Hanton's or Griffiths' house, as his father had died in WWII, and his mother worked all day.[12] They also visited 1 Blomfield Road, where Lennon's mother lived, listening to her collection of rock 'n roll records by Elvis Presley, Shirly and Lee's "Let the Good Times Roll", and Gene Vincent's "Be-Bop-A-Lula" which they added to their repertoire.[13] Another schoolfriend, Nigel Whalley, decided that as he could not play anything he would become their manager, and although never securing the group many engagements, he sent flyers to local theatres and ballrooms, and put up posters designed by Lennon: "Country-and-western, rock n' roll, skiffle band—The Quarrymen—Open for Engagements—Please Call Nigel Whalley, Tel.Gateacre 1715". [12] Whalley did manage to secure two intermission concerts at the Gaumont cinema near Penny Lane on Saturday afternoons, and The Quarrymen performed at parties and skiffle contests in the Liverpool area.[14][15] One skiffle contest was promoted by Canadian impresario Carol Levis, which only allowed all eight acts to play for three minutes. The Quarrymen played "Worried Man Blues", but a group from Wales called The Sunnyside Skiffle Group "jumped all over the stage", and were asked to fill in the last few minutes with a second song.[16] Lennon argued heatedly with Levis backstage, saying The Sunnyside Skiffle Group had brought a coachload of supporters with them, and were given "the upper hand" advantage by Levis.[16] After the competition, Levis used a Clap-o-Meter machine to measure the decibels of the audience's reaction to the groups as they were asked to walk out onto the stage. The Quarrymen and The Sunnyside Skiffle Group both tied by reaching ninety on the meter, but after a second test, The Quarrymen lost by a small margin.[17]

Whalley, who had left school at 15 to become an apprentice golf professional at the Lee Park Golf Club, asked Dr. Joseph Sytner whilst playing golf if his son, Alan, if he could book The Quarrymen at The Cavern, which was one of three jazz clubs he managed. Sytner suggested that the group should play at the golf club first, to assess their talent.[18] The group played in the downstairs lounge, and were surprised when nearly one hundred people filed in to listen to them. The concert was a success, and a hat was later passed around that held almost 15 pounds, which was much more than any other club could offer.[19] Alan Sytner phoned Whalley a week later and offered the group a skiffle interlude spot between the performances of two jazz bands at The Cavern.[20] Before The Cavern concert, The Quarrymen played (gratis) at St. Barnabas Church hall, St. Peter's Youth Club, and were the main act at a Quarry Bank school dance.[20] It was during this time that Lennon heard Little Richard singing "Long Tall Sally" for the first time at classmate Michael Hill's house near Penny Lane, and thought Richard a better singer than Presley.[21] Even so, the group learned how to play numerous Elvis Presley songs, such as: "Don't Be Cruel, "All Shook Up", and "Heartbreak Hotel", as well as songs by Eddie Cochran, and Jerry Lee Lewis.[22]

Before The Cavern club concert, the group argued amongst themselves about the set list, as rock 'n roll songs were not allowed at the club, but skiffle was tolerated. After starting with a skiffle song, Lennon called for the others to start playing "Don't Be Cruel", but Davis warned Lennon that the audience would "eat you alive", which Lennon ignored and started playing it himself, forcing the others to join in. Halfway through, Sytner pushed his way through the audience and handed Lennon a note which read, "Cut out the bloody rock 'n roll".[23] After playing at an outdoor birthday party at Hanton's aunt's house, Shotton decided to leave the group, saying "I hate this John, it's not for me". Lennon promptly picked up the washboard and smashed it over Shotton's head, leaving only the wooden frame hanging on Shotton's shoulders. Lennon smirked and said, "Well, that solves that then, doesn't it?" Shotton agreed to play a few more concerts (with his repaired washboard) before finally leaving.[24] On 22 June 1957, The Quarrymen played two sets on a flatbed truck at an outdoor party in Rosebery Street, Liverpool, to celebrate the 750th anniversary of the granting of Liverpool’s charter by King John.[25]

McCartney

On Saturday 6 July 1957, the group played at St. Peter's Church "Rose Queen" garden fête, first playing at two o'clock on the back of a moving flatbed truck, in a procession of other floats driving around Woolton that carried the Rose Queen (Sally Wright, and Susan Dixon, whose reign was ending) Boy Scouts, Brownies, Girl Guides and Cubs, with the Band of the Cheshire Yeomanry leading the procession. At four o'clock The Quarrymen played onstage in a field behind the church.[26] In the Scout hut after the set, Vaughan introduced Paul McCartney to Lennon. McCartney and Lennon chatted for a few minutes while the group was setting up in the church hall for the second set.[27] McCartney demonstrated how he tuned his guitar and sang Eddie Cochran's "Twenty Flight Rock" and Gene Vincent's "Be-Bop-A-Lula", and a medley of Little Richard hits to his own guitar accompaniment.[28][29] Vaughan and McCartney left before the evening show, which started at 8 o'clock.[30] Bob Molyneux, a young member of the audience, recorded part of the evening performance on his Grundig portable reel-to-reel tape recorder.

As they were walking home after the evening performance, Lennon and Shotton discussed the afternoon encounter with McCartney, and Lennon said that maybe they should invite McCartney to join the group. Two weeks later Shotton encountered McCartney cycling through Woolton, and conveyed Lennon's casual invitation for McCartney to join The Quarrymen, although Vaughan says that he also invited McCartney to join.[31] McCartney said he would join after Scout camp, and a holiday with his family at Butlins holiday camp in Filey, Yorkshire.[32] During the summer, Davis went on holiday to Annecy, France, and when he returned he found that he had been eased out of the group; although whilst later studying at Cambridge University, Davis recorded the song "Running Shoes" with The Trad Grads in 1960, for Decca Records (Decca, 45-F 11403) which he mentioned to an envious Lennon.[32]

McCartney returned from holiday and started rehearsing with The Quarrymen, playing songs like, "Bye Bye Love" (The Everly Brothers) and "All Shook Up", which Lennon and the group had been trying to learn, without success.[33] McCartney made his debut at a Conservative Club social: The New Clubmoor Hall, Back Broadway, Norris Green, Liverpool, on Friday, 18 October 1957, after returning from his summer holidays.[34][35] Lennon and McCartney wore cream-coloured sports jackets, which were paid for by the whole group—Whalley collected half a crown per week from each member until they were paid for—and the others wore white shirts with tassels and black bootlace ties.[34] McCartney endlessly practised the lead guitar intro to "Raunchy" (by saxophonist Bill Justis) for days before the concert, and had a solo in "Guitar Boogie Shuffle", but on the night of the concert (after being specially introduced by Lennon as a new member of the group) he missed his cue on "Raunchy", played all the wrong notes, and stepped back in embarrasment between Hanton and Garry. Everyone expected Lennon to say something sarcastic, or worse, but the sight of the always over-confident McCartney looking so crestfallen made Lennon laugh out loud so much that "he almost pissed [urinated] himself".[36] On Thursday, 7 November, Charlie McBain booked The Quarrymen to appear at the Wilson Hall Garston, Merseyside.[37] They also played Stanley Abattoir Social Club on 16 November, New Clubmoor Hall on 23 November and Wilson Hall on 7 December.

Harrison

The Quarrymen played The New Clubmoor Hall on 10 January 1958 and at The Cavern on 24 January. McCartney's schoolfriend, George Harrison, (from a year below at the Liverpool Institute, which they both attended) first saw the group perform on 6 February at Wilson Hall.[38] Harrison then auditioned for The Quarry Men in Rory Storm's Morgue Skiffle Club, playing "Guitar Boogie Shuffle" (by Bert Weedon) in March 1958.[39][40] Lennon thought Harrison to be far too young to join the group, so McCartney engineered another meeting on the upper deck of a Liverpool bus, where Harrison played "Raunchy" for Lennon.[41] After McCartney's constant insistence Lennon allowed Harrison to join the Quarrymen as lead guitarist.[42][43] The group then rehearsed at McCartney's house, but Griffiths was not told. When he coincidentally telephoned the McCartney house, Lennon, Harrison and McCartney sat in the back room, forcing Hanton to explain the situation. Griffiths left The Quarrymen soon after.[44]

In March, Garry contracted meningitis, and spent seven months in Fazakerley hospital (he never played with the group again).[44] Sometime later McCartney played his first song, "I've Lost My Little Girl", to Lennon, who was "floored" (shocked and impressed, according to Shotton's account).[45] The Quarrymen learned many of The Everly Brothers songs which helped to refine Lennon and McCartney's own harmony singing, such as, "Cathy's Clown, "All I Have to Do Is Dream", "Wake Up Little Susie", and even B-sides of the records.[46]

Griffiths joined the Merchant Marine after leaving the group—visiting ports in South America and Canada—and upon his return to Liverpool he would either sell or swap records by Buddy Holly or Chuck Berry with Lennon or McCartney.[47] According to McCartney it was Holly who inspired Lennon and himself to write more songs, as Holly wrote his own, instead of relying on a team of songwriters.[48] Only two of the songs Lennon and McCartney wrote at that time were later recorded: "One After 909" (on Let It Be) and "Like Dreamers Do", which was a hit for The Applejacks in 1964.[49] John Duff Lowe (another schoolmate of McCartney's) then joined the group, playing piano with them through the summer of 1958, whenever a piano was available at a venue.[50]

Recording

Percy Phillips' small "Professional Tape and Disc Recording Service" studio was between the kitchen and a front room that served as an electrical goods shop in Kensington Road, Liverpool.[51] Actors from the Liverpool Playhouse often stayed in the room above the studio, and would be asked by Phillips' mother to record monologues and poems. Phillips had just turned 60-years-old when Harrison heard about the studio from Storm's guitarist, Johnny Byrne, who had recorded a version of "Butterfly" there in June 1958.[51]

When Lennon, McCartney, Harrison, Lowe and Hanton arrived at the studio they were surprised to see how small and technically basic it was, with one solitary microphone in the centre of the room.[52] Phillips demanded that they pay for the recording before they set up the equipment, so each member paid 3 shillings and 6 pence, but Phillips then asked for an extra surcharge to cover the cost of transferring the tape recording to disc. As this was too expensive, Phillips said that for a cut-rate price they would not be taped first, but record directly to vinyl.[52] "That'll Be the Day", was selected to be recorded, but Lennon and McCartney could not decide on a song for the B-side of the disc. After recording "That'll Be the Day" (Lennon suggested that Hanton put a scarf over the snare drum to lower the volume) Phillips wanted them to immediately record the next song. They asked for some time to rehearse, but Phillips refused, saying, "For seventeen and six 17/6d] you're not here all day".[53] McCartney suggested "In Spite of All the Danger" (by McCartney and Harrison) even though Lowe and Hanton had never heard it before.[15] Lowe and Hanton busked through the song, and Phillips then handed the group a fragile 78rpm record, which was passed around the group for one week each, or lent out to friends. It was later lost until Lowe rediscovered it in 1981, and sold it to McCartney for an undisclosed amount.[53]

The Quarrymen to The Beatles

Main article: The Beatles

Lowe drifted away from the group in the autumn of 1958, but the group continued to play regularly, including at the wedding reception of Harrison's brother, Harry, in Speke, on 20 December 1958, and at Art School dances every other Friday, where they were billed as "The College Band", but the first two concerts were without Hanton.[54] After just two more performances (on 1 January, at a Speke Bus Depot social club party at Wilson Hall organised by Harrison’s father, and on 24 January, at a party at Woolton Village Club) they played at the Pavilion Theatre in Lodge Lane, where the management was looking for a regular group to play 30-minute sets between the bingo sessions.[54] The first set went well, but in the interval Lennon, McCartney and Hanton drank beer supplied by the management, and then "Poor Man's Black Velvets": a mix of two half-pints of Guinness and cider together. As Lennon, McCartney and Hanton were drunk the second set was a shambles, and on the bus ride home a drunken McCartney fiercely criticised Hanton for not being good enough.[55] Shotton (who had been at the theatre to watch) stepped between them to stop Hanton physically attacking McCartney, and helped Hanton off the bus with his drums. Hanton was never contacted again; only hearing something on TV about the group three years later, when they were called The Beatles.[55]

Lennon and McCartney continued to write songs together, but as no concerts were forthcoming, Harrison asked to join Rory Storm's Tornados, but Storm's mother refused, saying Harrison was far too young. Harrison then joined The Les Stewart Quartet with Les Stewart, guitarist Ken Brown, and a young man known only as Skinner.[56] Mona Best opened The Casbah Coffee Club on 29 August 1959, and Ken Brown arranged for the quartet to be its resident group. When Brown missed rehearsals to help decorate The Casbah, Stewart refused to play.[57] Brown and Harrison recruited Lennon and McCartney at short notice to help them fill the residency, and used the old name of The Quarrymen.[57] They played a series of seven Saturday night concerts in The Casbah for 15 shillings each per night, starting on 29 August to October 1959, featuring Brown, Lennon, McCartney and Harrison, but without a drummer, and only one microphone connected to the club's small PA system.[58][59] The opening night concert was attended by about 300 local teenagers, but as the cellar had no air-conditioning and people were dancing, the temperature rose until it became hard to breathe.[60]

After the success of the first night, Mona gave The Quarrymen a residency.[61] As there was no amplification, Lennon later persuaded Mona to hire a young amateur guitar player, called Harry, to play a short set before The Quarrymen, but this was only so they could use his 40-Watt amplifier.[62] On 10 October, there was an argument between the group and Best over the group's fee for performing in The Casbah that night. Brown had showed up at the gig, but was too ill to perform, so Best told him to rest upstairs in the Best's living room. Best later insisted Brown deserved to be paid for showing up, but the rest of the group insisted on being paid his share of the group's fee. In the end The Quarrymen walked out of The Casbah, and ended their residency.[63] The group entered the Star Search competition as Johnny and The Moondogs, which was held at the Liverpool Empire Theatre on 18 October 1959. They passed the audition and were asked to to the Manchester Hippodrome for the local finals on 15 November 1959.[64] The registration process took all day, acording to Ray Ennis of The Swinging Bluegenes, as there was a queue of muscicians carrying amplifiers and instruments that stretched around the building.[64]

By May 1960, Lennon, McCartney and Harrison (then known as The Silver Beetles) were joined by Stuart Sutcliffe. After talking to Sutcliffe one night at The Casbah Coffee Club, Lennon and McCartney persuaded Sutcliffe to buy a Höfner 500/5 model, known in Europe as a President bass with the money he had won in the John Moore art exhibition.[65][66][67] Three months later they invited Best's son (drummer Pete Best) to join the group.[68][69] They tried several other names before settling on The Beatles for their performances in Hamburg in August 1960.[70][71]

When the group returned to Liverpool, Sutcliffe left the group, choosing to remain in Hamburg. On 13 April 1962, Sutcliffe's girlfriend, Astrid Kirchherr, met The Beatles at Hamburg airport and told them that Sutcliffe had died from a brain hemorrhage a few days before.[72] In August 1962, Lennon, McCartney and Harrison asked manager Brian Epstein to dismiss Best, who was replaced with Ringo Starr.[73]

Reunion in 1990s

Lowe and Davis reformed as a group for a short time in the 1990s, and an album, entitled Open for Engagements, was self-released in 1994.[5] (The album title was a reference to the tag-line on the business cards the group had used to advertise itself during its short existence in the late 1950s.) In August 1993, during Liverpool's annual Beatle Week Festival, Lowe performed on the concert stage of the rebuilt Cavern Club in Mathew Street, Liverpool, with a new lineup of Quarrymen that included singer-guitarist Mike Wilsh, formerly of The Four Pennies. Len Garry, who had left the original Quarrymen in 1958, appeared with Lowe's new group as guest vocalist.

In August 1994, on the day of Liverpool's second annual Mathew Street Festival, Len made his first comeback appearance as a singer, guesting with American musician Scott Wheeler before a packed house at Labinskys in Church Court, around the corner from Mathew Street.

That same year Bob Molyneux, then a retired policeman, rediscovered the tape reel containing the amateur recordings he had made of the Quarrymen's performance at the evening concert in July 1957. Only two of the songs from the performance had survived. (The other songs on the original tape had been over-taped at some point after the concert.) The two songs that survived were of the Quarrymen performing Lonnie Donegan's "Puttin' on the Style" and Elvis Presley's "Baby, Let's Play House". Though the quality of the original recording is very poor, Lennon's voice is clearly identifiable. Molyneux put his tape up for auction at Sotheby's. The auction was held on 15 September 1994 . The tape sold to EMI Records for £78,500, making it the most expensive recording ever sold at auction. The tape has not been released commercially – it was purchased for inclusion on the Beatles Anthology project but the quality was judged irredeemable and is held in the EMI archives.[74]

During 1995 and 1996 Len Garry continued to appear as guest vocalist with The Scott Wheeler Band during the group's twice-yearly tours of Merseyside, specialising in singing his beloved Elvis tunes.

In January 1997 The Cavern Club invited all the groups who had played at the Cavern in the 1950s to the unveiling of the “Cavern Wall of Fame” in Mathew Street to celebrate the club's 40th anniversary. All five of the surviving original Quarrymen and Lowe attended, and that evening they gave an impromptu performance onstage at the Cavern.

That evening they were asked to help salute the upcoming 40th anniversary of the now legendary Lennon-McCartney meeting at Woolton fête.

40th anniversary of the first meeting of Lennon & McCartney

The 40th anniversary event was initiated and primarily organized by Jean Catharell, the head of Liverpool Beatlescene fan club. She determined that the cultural significance of the historic meeting should be marked by a series of events around the 40th anniversary. She helped organize a faithful re-creation of the original garden fete and evening concert - both headlined by the Quarrymen. The events were held to raise funds for the St. Peter's Church Hall Restoration Fund.

In 1957 - the original garden fête and evening concert had taken place on 6 July - a Saturday. For the 40th anniversary celebrations it was decided to hold events over the weekend closest to the original date - the weekend of Saturday 5th July and Sunday 6th July. The Saturday garden fête and evening concert were re-created on the Saturday (5 July 1997). A church service and plaque unveiling taking place on Sunday (6 July).

All five of the surviving Quarrymen reunited for the occasion and undertook rehearsals in Liverpool in early June. The re-creation of the events from 1957 included a midday procession through the village with the group playing on the back of a flatbed lorry (driven by the driver who had performed this task in 1957). A faithful re-creation of the afternoon concert in the garden featured The Quarrymen performing many of the same songs they had performed in 1957. At the re-creation of the evening concert in the Church Hall the group's set included "Puttin' on the Style" which Bob Molyneux had recorded 40 years earlier. They also played Twenty Flight Rock - the Eddie Cochran song that McCartney had performed to impress Lennon at their brief first encounter. The concert ended with a performance of Lennon's Imagine sung by Pete Shotton - his closest pal in the group who had stayed friends with Lennon till the latter's death in 1980.

The anniversary was saluted with a series of personal messages and congratulatory messages from McCartney, Yoko Ono, US President Bill Clinton, British Prime Minister Tony Blair and Her Majesty The Queen.

Subsequent career

Following the success of this event, all five original surviving Quarrymen (Shotton, Griffiths, Davis, Garry and Hanton) recorded an album Get Back - Together, which was released in September 1997. It had an official launch at the Beatlefans Convention at the Playhouse, Derby on Sunday, 9 November 1997.

Between 1998 and 2003 the five members of the Quarrymen toured together performing concerts at festivals and Beatles fan conventions. Their stage show included spoken-word recollections of their brief but eventful history. The group performed throughout Europe, USA, Canada, Japan and Cuba. In Cuba they performed at a festival where they were seen by Hunter Davies the author who had written the only official biography of the Beatles (published in 1968). Davies was intrigued to see the performance and decided to write a book (The Quarrymen - Omnibus Press, 2001) detailing the history of the band that had been the start of the Beatles.

During those years Len Garry continued to guest with The Scott Wheeler Band on its Merseyside tours, and in 2002 and 2005 Lowe sang and played portable keyboard at two of the band's Mathew Street Festival shows. Coverage of those events, including photos and additional historical information on the Quarrymen, was included in Scott's book Charlie Lennon: Uncle To A Beatle (Boulder, Colorado: Outskirts Press, 2005). In 2003 the band recorded another album Songs We Remember - released initially in Japan (2003) - and subsequently in the UK (2005). The lineup was depleted in 2005 by the death of Griffiths and the retirement of Shotton from performing. The three active surviving members recruited Lowe (from the 1958 lineup) and the band continues to tour internationally as a four-piece group with occasional guest performers.

The Quarrymen Discography

Notes

  1. ^ Spitz (2005) p52
  2. ^ a b Spitz (2005) p48
  3. ^ a b c Spitz (2005) p49
  4. ^ AMG biography Retrieved: 29 January 2007
  5. ^ a b "Pete Shotton – Washboard". Original Quarrymen. Retrieved 2008-05-30.
  6. ^ a b Spitz (2005) p50
  7. ^ "Rod Davis (Banjo – now Guitar)". Original Quarrymen. Retrieved 2008-05-30.
  8. ^ "Eric Griffiths - Guitar". Original Quarrymen. Retrieved 2008-05-30.
  9. ^ a b Spitz (2005) p51
  10. ^ a b Spitz (2005) p53
  11. ^ "Len Garry - Tea-chest bass - now guitar". Original Quarrymen. Retrieved 2008-05-30.
  12. ^ a b Spitz (2005) p54
  13. ^ Spitz (2005) p55
  14. ^ Spitz (2005) p56
  15. ^ a b "Colin Hanton - Drummer". Original Quarrymen. Retrieved 2008-05-30.
  16. ^ a b Spitz (2005) p57
  17. ^ Spitz (2005) p58
  18. ^ Spitz (2005) p59
  19. ^ Spitz (2005) p60
  20. ^ a b Spitz (2005) p61
  21. ^ Spitz (2005) p62
  22. ^ Spitz (2005) p63
  23. ^ Spitz (2005) p65
  24. ^ Spitz (2005) p66
  25. ^ "An Interview With Julia Baird". Liverpool Lennons. Retrieved 2007-12-27.
  26. ^ Spitz (2005) pp93-94
  27. ^ Spitz (2005) p95
  28. ^ Miles (1997) p25
  29. ^ Spitz (2005) p96
  30. ^ Spitz (2005) p97
  31. ^ Miles (1997) p26
  32. ^ a b Spitz (2005) p99
  33. ^ Spitz (2005) p102
  34. ^ a b Spitz (2005) p108
  35. ^ Miles (1997) p29.
  36. ^ Spitz (2005) p109
  37. ^ Ray O'Brien, There are Places I'll Remember: Volume 1, 2001
  38. ^ Spitz (2005) p125
  39. ^ Spitz (2005) p126
  40. ^ Harry, Bill. "While My Guitar Gently Weeps: The Tragic Story of Rory Storm & the Hurricanes (page 2)". Bill Harry. Retrieved 2008-02-27.
  41. ^ Spitz (2005) p127
  42. ^ Miles (1997) p47
  43. ^ Spitz (2005) pp126–127
  44. ^ a b Spitz (2005) p128
  45. ^ Spitz (2005) p130
  46. ^ Spitz (2005) p131
  47. ^ Spitz (2005) pp131-132
  48. ^ Spitz (2005) p132
  49. ^ Spitz (2005) p133
  50. ^ "John Duff Lowe joins theQuarrymen - again!". Original Quarrymen. Retrieved 2008-05-30.
  51. ^ a b Spitz (2005) p141
  52. ^ a b Spitz (2005) p142
  53. ^ a b Spitz (2005) p143
  54. ^ a b Spitz (2005) pp149-150
  55. ^ a b Spitz (2005) p150
  56. ^ Spitz (2005) p152
  57. ^ a b Spitz 2005 p161
  58. ^ Miles (1997), p51.
  59. ^ Hughs, David. "Casbah photos". The Source. Retrieved 2007-12-20.
  60. ^ Lennon (2006), p44.
  61. ^ Spitz (2005), p162.
  62. ^ Spitz (2005), p163.
  63. ^ Spitz 2005 p164
  64. ^ a b Spitz 2005 p170
  65. ^ ”The Beatles Anthology” DVD 2003 (Episode 1 - 0:28:02) Harrison and McCartney talking about Sutcliffe’s first bass guitar.
  66. ^ Sutcliffe's President Bass rockmine.com - Retrieved: 9 May 2007
  67. ^ Sutcliffe's cheque book - liverpoolmuseums.org.uk - Retrieved: 13 May 2007
  68. ^ Coleman, Ray (1984). Lennon: The Definitive Biography. Pan Books. p212.
  69. ^ Cynthia Lennon – “John” p66
  70. ^ Miles (1997) p56
  71. ^ "Photos of Clubs in Hamburg". images.google.co.uk. Retrieved 2007-12-20.
  72. ^ Spitz 2005. p305
  73. ^ "Reference Library: Pete Forever, Ringo Never!". Bill Harry. 1962-08-23. Retrieved 2008-02-27. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  74. ^ The Quarry Men's First Recordings

References

  • Coleman, Ray (1989). Lennon: the definitive biography. Harper. ISBN 0-330-48330-7.
  • Davies, Hunter The Quarrymen, (London: Omnibus Press, 2001)
  • Harry, Bill The Ultimate Beatles Encyclopedia, (London: Virgin Publications, 1992)
  • Miles, Barry (1997). Many Years From Now. Vintage-Random House. ISBN 0-7493-8658-4.
  • Shotton, Pete and Shaffner, Nicholas John Lennon—In My Life, (New York: Stein and Day, 1983)
  • Spitz, Bob (2006). The Beatles: The Biography. Little, Brown and Company (New York). ISBN 1-84513-160-6. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |year= (help)CS1 maint: year (link)
  • Wheeler, Scott(2005), Charlie Lennon: Uncle To A Beatle, (Boulder, Colorado: Outskirts Press, 2005)
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