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Digital audio player

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Apple iPod nano (third-generation), a best-selling flash-based player

More commonly referred to as an MP3 player, a digital audio player ("DAP") is a consumer electronics device that stores, organizes and plays audio files. Some DAPs are also referred to as portable media players as they have image-viewing and/or video-playing support.

History

The predecessors to digital audio players are portable CD and MiniDisc players, which are commonly known as "Portable Audio Devices". Although the data is digitally stored on discs, neither one is able to support digital file formats.

The first mass-produced DAP was created in 1997 by SaeHan Information Systems, which domestically sold its “MPMan” player in the middle of 1998.[1] The South Korean company then licensed the players to Eiger Labs which distributed them—now branded as Eiger Labs MPMan F10—to the North American market during the summer of 1998.[2] The flash-based players were available in 16 MB storage capacity.

The Rio PMP300 from Diamond Multimedia was introduced in September 1998, a few months after the MPMan. It was a success during the holiday season, with sales exceeding expectations.[3] Interest and investment in digital music were subsequently spurred from it.[4] Because of the player's notoriety as the target of a major lawsuit, the Rio is erroneously assumed to be the first DAP.[5]

In 1998, Compaq developed the first hard drive based DAP using a 2.5" laptop drive. It was licensed to HanGo Electronics (now known as Remote Solution), which first sold the PJB-100 (Personal Jukebox) in 1999. The player had an initial capacity of 4.8 GB, which was advertised to be able to hold 1200 songs.[6]

In October 2001, Apple Computer (now known as Apple Inc.) unveiled the first generation iPod, the 5 GB hard drive based DAP with a 1.8" Toshiba drive. With the development of a minimalistic user interface and a smaller form factor, the iPod was initially notable within users of the Macintosh community. In July 2002, Apple introduced the second generation update to the iPod. It was compatible with Windows computers through Musicmatch Jukebox (now known as Y!Music Musicmatch Jukebox). The iPod series, which grew to include microdrive and flash-based players, has become the market leader in DAPs.

In 2002, Archos released the first official PMP, the Archos Jukebox Multimedia.[7] Manufacturers have since implemented abilities to view images and play videos into their devices.

Although online music services such as RealNetworks’ Rhapsody offered legal downloads through a subscription plan, the launch of the iTunes Store in 2003 established the model of selling individual songs for purchase.

Operation

Connecting a Sandisk Sansa Clip to a computer.

Most DAPs are powered by rechargeable batteries, some of which are not user replaceable. Listening to music stored on DAPs is typically through earphones and stereo systems connected with a 3.5 mm jack. Many mid-end to high-end models employ shuffle play. Some lower-end models can sometimes have unrealistic randomization or no shuffle mode at all. Usually shuffle mode (if employed at all) is disabled as a factory default setting.

Types

Close-up view of the Philips GoGear SA1110 flash-based player
An embedded hard drive-based player (Creative ZEN Vision:M)
An MP3 CD player (Philips Expanium)

Digital audio players are generally categorized by storage media:

  • Flash-based Players: These are non-mechanical solid state devices that hold digital audio files on internal flash memory or removable flash media called memory cards. Due to technological advancements in flash memory, these originally low-storage devices are now available commercially ranging up to 32 GB.[8] Because they are solid state and do not have moving parts they require less battery power and may be more resilient to hazards such as dropping or fragmentation than hard disk-based players. Basic MP3 player functions are commonly integrated into USB flash drives.
  • Hard drive-based Players or Digital Jukeboxes: Devices that read digital audio files from a hard disk drive (HDD). These players have higher capacities currently ranging up to 250 GB.[9] At typical encoding rates, this means that thousands of songs – perhaps an entire music collection – can be stored on one player.
  • MP3 CD Players: Portable CD players that can decode and play MP3 audio files stored on CDs.
  • Networked audio players:Players that connect via (WiFi) network to receive and play audio. [10]

Common audio formats

MP3 is the dominant format, and is nearly universally supported.[11] The main alternative formats are AAC and WMA. Unlike MP3, these formats support DRM restrictions that are often implemented into files from paid download services. Open source formats, which are completely patent-free, are available - though less widely supported. Examples include Ogg Vorbis, FLAC, and Speex. Finally, a recent newcomer is MPEG 4, which is quickly starting to receive adoption by several digital audio players.

Controversy

Further information: [[:iTunes Store, and Digital Rights Management]]

Although these issues aren't usually controversial within digital audio players, they are matters of continuing controversy and litigation, including but not limited to content distribution and protection, and digital rights management (DRM).

Lawsuit with RIAA

The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) filed a lawsuit with Diamond Multimedia for its Rio players,[12] alleging that the device encouraged copying music illegally. But Diamond won a legal victory on the shoulders of the Sony Corp. v. Universal City Studios case and DAPs were legally ruled as electronic devices.[13]

See also

References

  1. ^ Van Buskirk, Eliot. "Introducing the world's first MP3 player". CNET.
  2. ^ "MP3 Players - The Basics and History".
  3. ^ Menta, Richard. "Collecting MP3 Portables -- Part 1". Antique Radio Classified.
  4. ^ "Diamond Multimedia Announces Rio PMP300 Portable MP3 Music Player" (Press release). Harmony Central. 1998-09-14. Retrieved 2007-12-05. {{cite press release}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  5. ^ "Bragging rights to the world's first MP3 player". CNet.com article on the first manufactured DAPs.
  6. ^ Yoshida, Junko (2000-08-18). "OEMs ready to roll on jukeboxes for Net audio". EE Times. p. 1. Retrieved 2007-12-05. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  7. ^ "ARCHOS Generation 5 Available Worldwide" (PDF) (Press release). Archos. 2007-09-12. Retrieved 2007-12-05. {{cite press release}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  8. ^ "Creative Introduces the World's First 32GB Flash Memory-based Portable Media Player with the Latest Credit-Card sized ZEN" (Press release). Creative. 2007-12-03. Retrieved 2007-12-04. {{cite press release}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  9. ^ "Wolverine ESP 250 GB". Wolverine Data. Retrieved 2008-01-02.
  10. ^ DIY Networked Audio Player
  11. ^ "Péter's Digital Reference Shelf - Amazon MP3". Retrieved 2008-04-17.
  12. ^ RIAA v. Diamond (9h Cir. 1999-06-15), official documentation. Text.
  13. ^ Gross, Robin D. "Court Gives "Go-Ahead" to Digital Music Revolution". Virtual Recordings. Retrieved 2007-12-05.
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