Richmond, Virginia
| |
| File:RichmondVirginiaCityFlag.png | File:RichmondVirginiaCityLogo.png |
| City Flag | City seal |
| City motto: Sic Itur Ad Astra (Latin for, "Such is the way to the Stars") | |
| City slogan: "One City, Our City" or "Easy to Love" | |
| City nickname: "River City" | |
| File:VAMap-doton-Richmond.png Location in the Commonwealth of Virginia | |
| County | Independent City |
| Area - Total - Water |
162.0 km² (62.5 mi²) 6.4 km² (2.5 mi²) 3.96% |
| Population - Total (2000) - Density - Metropolitan |
197,790 1,271.3/km² 1,126,262 (2003 est.) |
| Time zone | Eastern: UTC–-5 |
| Location | 37°31′58.8″N 77°28′1.2″W / 37.533000°N 77.467000°W |
| Mayor | L. Douglas Wilder |
| City website | |
Richmond is the capital of the Commonwealth of Virginia, in the United States of America. Like all Virginia municipalities incorporated as cities, it is an independent city, not part of any county (Richmond County is unrelated, and located in a different region of the state). Richmond is located in the Piedmont region of Virginia and is at the center of the Richmond Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA).
Richmond may also be known as RIC (its airport code), or the, 804 (its area code), or even RVA, as common colloquialisms for the city.
As of the 2000 census, the city of Richmond had a total population of 197,790. Richmond was until recently known as the 3rd largest city in Virginia behind Norfolk and Virginia Beach, but it is now the fourth largest, having been overtaken in the last census by Chesapeake, whose population is around 200,000.
History
Main article: History of Richmond, Virginia
Richmond is located at the fall line of the James River. Like many other cities on the Eastern Seaboard, the location of Richmond was determined by the fall line since as a natural barrier, it prevented river boats from traveling any further inland.
Richmond was first settled in 1607 by Christopher Newport and Captain John Smith, who navigated up the James River ten days after landing at Jamestown. The city was not known as "Richmond" until 1737, when it was laid out by Major William Mayo on land donated by Colonel William Byrd II. The name comes from Richmond upon Thames, England. In May 1782, eight months after the British surrendered at Yorktown, Richmond was incorporated as a city and officially became Virginia’s new capital.
In 1775, Patrick Henry gave his famous "Give me Liberty or Give me Death" speech in St. John's Church at a meeting of the Second Continental Congress. Also in attendance at this meeting were Thomas Jefferson and George Washington. Richmond replaced Williamsburg as the capital of Virginia in 1780.
During the American Civil War era, Richmond was the capital of the Confederate States of America, a role it took from Montgomery, Alabama. The White House of the Confederacy, located a few blocks north of the State Capitol, was home to the family of Confederate President Jefferson Davis. In April of 1865, Richmond was burned by a retreating Confederate Army and was returned to the United States, becoming part of "Military District #1" during the Reconstruction period (1865-1870).
A major issue for Manchester — Richmond's sister city located on the south bank of the James River — and Richmond residents in the 19th and early 20th century were the toll bridges over the James River. In 1910, Manchester agreed to a political consolidation with the much larger independent city of Richmond.
In 1992 the University of Richmond hosted the first ever "town hall" style presidential debate between H. Ross Perot, George H.W. Bush, and Bill Clinton.
Related Topics
Geography and Climate
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 162.0 km² (62.5 mi²). 155.6 km² (60.1 mi²) of it is land and 6.4 km² (2.5 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 3.96% water. The city is located in the Piedmont region of Virginia, at the highest navigatable point of the James River. The Piedmont region is categorized by relatively low, rolling hills, and lies between the low, sea level tidewater region and the Blue Ridge mountains.
Richmond is surrounded by Henrico and Chesterfield counties, located to the north and south of the city respectively. The Richmond-Petersburg metropolitan statistical area includes the city and its two adjoining counties and an extensive area of central Virginia. Other jurisdictions in the Richmond MSA include the nearby counties of Amelia, Caroline, Charles City, Cumberland, Dinwiddie, Goochland, Hanover, King and Queen, King William, Louisa, New Kent, Powhatan, Prince George, and Sussex, and the independent cities of Colonial Heights, Hopewell, and Petersburg as well as the town of Ashland in Hanover County. The total population of the Richmond MSA totaled 1,126,262 in 2003.
Richmond is ideally located within 200 miles of several major cities, including Newport News, Virginia (62 miles), Hampton, Virginia (73 miles), Portsmouth, Virginia (77 miles), Norfolk, Virginia (77 miles), Chesapeake, Virginia (87 miles), Alexandria, Virginia (91 miles), Washington DC (96 miles), Virginia Beach, Virginia (96 miles), Baltimore, Maryland (129 miles), Durham, North Carolina (132 miles), Roanoke, Virginia (137 miles), Raleigh, North Carolina (137 miles), Dover, Delaware (154 miles), Greensboro, North Carolina (166 miles), and Winston-Salem, North Carolina (183 miles).
Cityscape
The city is made up of a number of neighboorhoods, including the Fan district, Oregon Hill, Shockoe Bottom, the West End and Church Hill – site of Patrick Henry's famous speech. For more information, see Richmond neighborhoods.
Most of the roads in the downtown area are arranged in a regular grid arrangement, with alternating one way streets. Several major roads lead outwards from the city, and are actually former Indian trails, leading to other towns and sites in Virginia. For example, Three Chopt Road, was so named as it was an Indian trail marked by three chops on trees near the trail. The major highways leading into the city of Richmond area I-64 and I-95. I-195 forms an "inner loop" around the downtown and fan districts of the city, and I-295, combined with the Chippenham Parkway forms an "outer loop", or bypass, around the metropolitan area. State route 288 connects I-64 and I-95 in the southwest quadrant of the area to complete a staggered loop around the city with I-295.
Climate
Richmond has four distinct seasons. Spring arrives in April with mild days and cool nights, and by late May, the temperature has warmed up considerably to herald warm summer days. Summer temperatures can be unpleasantly hot, often topping 90 degrees with high humidity. July is the wettest month. Days stay warm to mild through to October, when fall is marked by nights once again becoming very chilly. December and January are the coldest months. Light snowfalls occur from the end of November, but most snow falls in January. Average yearly snowfall is 14 inches.[1]
People and culture
Main article: Culture of Richmond, Virginia
Demographics
As of the censusTemplate:GR of 2000, there are 197,790 people, 84,549 households, and 43,627 families residing in the city. The population density is 1,271.3/km² (3,292.6/mi²). There are 92,282 housing units at an average density of 593.1/km² (1,536.2/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 38.30% White, 57.19% African American, 0.24% Native American, 1.25% Asian, 0.08% Pacific Islander, 1.49% from other races, and 1.46% from two or more races. 2.57% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There are 84,549 households out of which 23.1% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 27.1% are married couples living together, 20.4% have a female householder with no husband present, and 48.4% are non-families. 37.6% of all households are made up of individuals and 10.9% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.21 and the average family size is 2.95.
In the city the population is spread out with 21.8% under the age of 18, 13.1% from 18 to 24, 31.7% from 25 to 44, 20.1% from 45 to 64, and 13.2% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 34 years. For every 100 females there are 87.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 83.5 males.
The median income for a household in the city is $31,121, and the median income for a family is $38,348. Males have a median income of $30,874 versus $25,880 for females. The per capita income for the city is $20,337. 21.4% of the population and 17.1% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 32.9% of those under the age of 18 and 15.8% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.
Annual cultural events and fairs
The city is home to several annual cultural events. As the capital of the commonwealth of Virginia, the state fair is held at the end of September at the state fairgrounds, located in the city near the Richmond International Raceway. In November, the Suntrust Richmond Marathon and 8K Race is held downtown, and the James River Writers Festival also takes place. During the month of December, the Grand Illumination takes place, in which the buildings of the downtown area light up for the Christmas holiday season. This usually takes place the same weekend as the Richmond Christmas Parade, on Broad Street.
In April, the Ukrop's Monument Avenue 10K race is held, as well as the "Easter on Parade" street festival. The James River Film Festival also takes place during this month, and the VCU French Film Festival is also becoming very popular, and features foreign films.
Other notable events during the year include the 2nd Street Festival and the Carytown Watermelon Festival.
Media
The local daily newspaper in Richmond is the Richmond Times-Dispatch. The Richmond Free Press covers the news from a predominantly African American perspective, and is particularly widely read among the liberal crowd.
There are also several weekly and semi-weekly publications, including Style Weekly, Wadi, Slate, and RVA (recently launched in April 2005). Richmond.Com is an online newsmagazine with a wide readership, and is the online presence of the monthly Richmond Magazine. Punchline, now defunct, was also a popular weekly comedy magazine.
Richmond is also served by several television and radio stations. Richmond's major network television affiliates include WTVR 6 (CBS), WRIC 8 (ABC), WWBT 12 (NBC), WCVE 23 and WCVW 57 (PBS), WRLH 35 (Fox), and WUPV 65 (UPN), as well as several low power television stations.
Comcast is the primary cable television provider for the Richmond area. In Richmond city and the northern suburban counties, it is the successor to the franchise originally held by Continental Cablevision, then MediaOne, then AT&T Broadband, before Comcast acquired AT&T Broadband.
The metropolitan area is also served by a variety of radio stations, serving a wide variety of musical and other interests. On the FM dial, some of the popular music stations include WRVQ-FM 94.5 (Q94, Top 40), WKLR-FM 96.5 (The Planet, classic rock), WWUZ-FM 96.9 (The Rock, classic rock based in Bowling Green, VA), WTVR-FM 98.1 (Lite 98, adult contemporary), WDYL-FM 101.1 (Y101, modern rock), WRXL-FM 102.1 (102.1 the X, modern rock), and WMXB-FM 103.7 (Mix 103-7, soft adult contemporary). Urban contemporary stations include WCDX-FM 92.1 (Power 92), WKJS-FM 99.3/105.7 (Kiss FM), and WBTJ-FM 106.5 (The Beat). Oldies are heard on WBBT-FM 107.3/100.3 (Oldies 107.3). Alternative stations include WDCE-FM 90.5 (University of Richmond student-run station) and WRIR-FM 97.3 (low-power "Richmond Indie Radio"). Country music stations are WKHK-FM 95.3 (K95) and WJZV-FM 93.1 (93.1 The Wolf, country mixed with Southern rock). Christian and gospel music can be found on WJYJ-FM 90.5 (Fredericksburg), WPZZ-FM 104.7 (Praise 104.7), and WYFJ-FM 100.1 (BBN affiliate). The NPR public radio station is WCVE-FM 88.9. Other stations in the Richmond area include WAUQ-FM 89.7 (American Family Radio affiliate), WHCE-FM 91.1 (Henrico County student-run station), and WZEZ-FM 101.5 (Standards). A new station, WCUL-FM 98.9, is testing and will sign on in 2005 with a yet-to-be-announced format.
There are also several AM stations serving a variety of music, talk, and sports topics, including WGGM-AM 820 (Religious), WRNL-AM 910 (Sports), WXGI-AM 950 (ESPN Sports), WLEE-AM 990/1340 (Gospel), WRVA-AM 1140 (50,000 watts, News/Talk), WGCV-AM 1240 (Gospel), WDZY-AM 1290 (Radio Disney), WVNZ-AM 1320 (Spanish "La Selecta"), WVBB-AM 1380 (Religious), WHAN-AM 1430 (Business news), WCLM-AM 1450 (Soul oldies), WTOX-AM 1480 (Hot Talk) WREJ-AM 1540 (Gospel), and WFTH-AM 1590 (Gospel).
Radio ownership in Richmond is concentrated in four national companies: Clear Channel (WRVQ-FM, WTVR-FM, WRXL-FM, WBTJ-FM, WRNL-AM, WRVA-AM) Cox Radio (WKHK-FM, WKLR-FM, WDYL-FM, WMXB-FM), Radio One (WCDX-FM, WKJS-FM, WPZZ-FM), and Davidson Media (WLEE-AM, WVNZ-AM, WTOX-AM). Locally-owned MainQuad Broadcasting owns WBBT-FM, WJZV-FM, WCUL-FM, and WHAP-AM (which is leased to Davidson Media and simulcasts WLEE-AM).
Parks and outdoor recreation
The city operates one of the oldest municipal park systems in the country. The park system began when the city council voted in 1851 to acquire 7.5 acres, now known as Monroe Park. Today, Monroe Park sits adjacent to the Virginia Commonwealth University campus and is one of more than 40 parks comprising a total of more than 1,500 acres.
Several parks are located along the James River, and the James River Parks System bike trails, hiking and nature trails, and many scenic overlooks along the river's route through the city. The segment of the James River flowing through the city also is classified as Class III [Rapids]], making it an ideal spot for whitewater rafting, kayaking, and canoeing. There are also parks on two major islands in the river: Belle Isle and Brown's Island. Belle Isle is the larger of the two, and contains many bike trails as well as a small cliff that is used for rock climbing instruction. Brown's Island is a smaller island and a popular venue of a large number of free outdoor concerts and festivals in the spring and summer, such as the weekly Friday Cheers concert series or the James River Beer and Seafood Festival.
Two other major parks in the city are Byrd Park and Maymont Park, located near the fan district of Richmond. Byrd Park features a one mile running track, with exercise stops, a public dog park, and a number of small lakes for small boats, as well as two monuments and an ampitheatre. Prominently featured in the park is the World War I Memorial Carillon, built in 1926 as a memorial to those that died in the war. Maymont Park, located adjacent to Byrd Park, is a 100 acre (400,000 m²) Victorian estate with a museum, formal gardens, native wildlife exhibits, nature center, carriage collection, and children's farm and petting zoo. The Lewis Ginter Botanical Gardens are also located in the city.
Other parks in the city include Bryan Park (with its many azalea gardens), Forest Hill Park (former site of the Forest Hill Amusement Park), Chimborazo Park (site of the National Battlefield Headquarters), among others.
Sports
Richmond does not have any major league, professional sports teams. However, there are several minor league teams. The city is the home of the Richmond Braves, a minor league baseball team (the farm team of the Atlanta Braves). The Braves play at The Diamond. The Richmond Kickers, a minor league soccer team play at the University of Richmond Stadium. The Richmond Bandits are a minor league football team, and the Richmond RiverDogs represent the city in the United Hockey League.
The Richmond Coliseum is also the home of the Richmond RiverDogs hockey team, as well as a large number of concerts, festivals, and trade shows.
Auto racing is also very popular in the area, and the Richmond International Raceway also hosts two annual NASCAR Nextel Cup races, as well as the Virginia State Fair and other community and sporting events.
Colonial Downs, located in nearby New Kent County also features a number of horse racing events, including the Virginia Derby.
Due to the close proximity to Washington, DC and North Carolina, many Richmonders have a strong identity with professional, major league teams in the Washington area, or Charlotte, North Carolina. Also, with many major colleges in Virginia, there are many fans of the University of Richmond Spiders or the Virginia Commonwealth University Rams, as well as fans of the nearby University of Virginia Cavaliers and Virginia Tech Hokies.
Economy
Richmond's strategic location on the James River, built on undulating hills at the rocky fall line separating the piedmont and tidewater regions of Virginia provided a natural site for the development of commerce. For centuries, the native peoples of the powerful Powhatan tribe recognized the value of this site, rich in natural beauty. They knew it as a place to hunt, fish, play, and trade, and they called it "Shocquohocan,", or Shockoe.
The first European explorers came in 1607, from the Virginia Company of London. They discovered a fragrant weed grown by the natives, and tobacco became a lucrative commodity in the area. The trading post developed into a village, and by 1733 a town was laid out by William Byrd II and William Mayo. Its early buildings were clustered around the Farmers' Market, existing today at 17th Street.
Early trade grew rapidly, primarily in the agriculture sector, but also in the slave trade. Slaves were imported to Richmond's Manchester docks from Africa, were bought and sold at the same market.
To facilitate the transfer of cargo from the flat-bottomed bateaux above the Fall line to the ocean-faring ships below, George Washington helped design the Kanawha Canal in the 1700s to bypass Richmond's rapids. The canal was later superseded by rail in the 1800s, and the railroads were laid on the original canal towpaths. In the 1900s highways were constructed in the air over the same area.
Throughout these three centuries and three modes of transportation, downtown has always been a hub, with the Great Turning Basin for boats, the world's only triple crossing of rail lines, and the intersection of two major interstates.
Richmond emerged from the smoldering rubble of the Civil War as an economic powerhouse, with iron front buildings and massive brick factories. Innovation of this era included the world's first cigarette-rolling machine and the world's first successful electric street car system.
Freed slaves and their descendents created a thriving African-American business community, led by such influential people as Maggie Walker and John Mitchell, Jr. The city's historic Jackson Ward became known as the "Wall Street of Black America."
Law and finance have long been driving forces in the economy. Richmond is one of the only cities to be the home of both a U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals and a Federal Reserve Bank, Many downtown office buildings today house major law firms, banks, and brokerages.
In 2005, Forbes Magazine ranked the Richmond area as the #14 Best Place for Business and Careers, primarily due to its highly educated labor force and relatively low business costs. Other areas of the economy that have developed recently in the city include pharmaceuticals, insurance, advertising, biotechnology, education, tourism health services, or semi-conductors.
The Richmond Metro area is also the home of seven Fortune 500 companies, including electric utility Dominion Resources; consumer electronics retailer Circuit City, which also spun off the used car retailer Carmax, now a separate Fortune 500 company; Performance Food Group; LandAmerica Financial Group; Owens & Minor; and the Brink's Company, a security services outfit. Genworth Financial, the former insurance arm of GE, also has its headquarters here.
Other Fortune 500 companies, while not headquartered in the area, do have a major presence here. These include Wachovia Securities (based in Charlotte, North Carolina), SunTrust Banks Incorporated (based in Atlanta, Georgia), credit card agency Capital One Financial Corporation (based in McLean, Virginia), and the medical and pharmaceutical McKesson Corporation (based in San Francisco, California).
Philip Morris USA (a division of Altria Group), one of the world's largest food, beverage, and tobacco companies, maintains their corporate headquarters in Henrico County just outside the city, and has several other facilities in the area. Universal Corporation, also in the tobacco industry, has its corporate headquarters here as well.
DuPont also maintains a production facility known as the Spruance Plant, and Infineon Technologies has a facility located at Elko Tract (a former WWII airfield and ghost town) near Richmond International Airport, and produces DRAM computer memory in the area.
Richmond is also home to the rapidly developing Virginia Biotechnology Research Park, which opened in the 1990s as an incubator facility for biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies. Located adjacent to the Medical College of Virginia (MCV) Campus of Virginia Commonwealth University, the park currently has more than 575,000 square feet of research, laboratory and office space for a diverse tenant mix of companies, research institutes, government laboratories and non-profit organizations. The United Network for Organ Sharing, which maintains the nation's organ transplant waiting list, occupies one building in the park. Philip Morris USA also recently announced their plans to build a $300 million research and development facility in the park as well.
Richmond is also the home of the Ukrop's Super Market, a small, local, family-owned chain of supermarkets, known for its remarkable customer service and friendly employees, as well as its sponsorship of community events, such as the Monument Avenue 10K, Easter on Parade, and the Ukrop's Christmas Parade. The Ukrop family has also been criticized by some for various conservative political actions, such as causing the ban on both GWAR playing concerts in Richmond and Howard Stern's show being syndicated on local radio.
Infrastructure
Government
Richmond city government consists of a city council with representatives from nine districts serving in a legislative and oversight capacity, as well as a popularly elected, at-large mayor serving as head of the executive branch. Citizens in each of the nine districts elect one council representative each to serve a two-year term. The city council elects from among itself one member to serve as Vice-Mayor (Council President) and one to serve as Assistant Vice-Mayor (Council Vice President).
Richmond's government previously changed from a council-manager form of government to an at-large, popularly elected Mayor. During the election, mayor Rudy McCollum was defeated by L. Douglas Wilder, who previously served Virginia as the first and only black governor.
As of the November, 2004 election, the Richmond City Council consists of: L. Douglas Wilder (Mayor), Manoli Loupassi (Vice Mayor, 1st District), Jacqueline M. "Jackie" Jackson (City Council Vice President, 8th District), William J. Pantele (2nd District), Chris A. Hilbert (3rd District), Kathy A. Graziano (4th District), E. Martin "Marty" Jewell (5th District), Ellen F. Robertson (6th District), Delores McQuinn (7th District), and Eugene A. Mason, Jr. (9th District).
Education
The city of Richmond operates 31 elementary schools, nine middle schools, and eight high schools, with a cosmopolitan student population of 25,000 students. Here is a listing of Richmond City Public Schools. The adjacent counties of Henrico and Chesterfield also have a large number of public schools.
There are also several schools of higher education, including the University of Richmond (private), Virginia Commonwealth University (public), Virginia Union University (public) and the Union Theological Seminary & Presbyterian School of Christian Education (private). Several community colleges are found in the metro area, including J. Sargent Reynolds Community College and John Tyler Community College.
Virginia State University is located about 20 miles south of Richmond, in the suburb of Ettrick, just outside Petersburg. Randolph-Macon College is located about 15 miles north of Richmond, in the incorporated town of Ashland.
Transportation
Richmond is served by the Richmond International Airport (IATA Airport Code RIC), located in nearby Sandston, seven miles southeast of Richmond and within an hour drive of historic Williamsburg, Virginia, RIC airport is served by seven airlines with non-stop flights to 21 destinations and connecting flights to destinations worldwide. In 2004, the airport served approximately 2.5 million passengers.
Intercity bus service is provided by Greyhound Lines. Local transit and paratransit bus service in Richmond, Henrico, and Chesterfield counties is provided by the Greater Richmond Transit Company (GRTC).
Richmond also has two railroad stations served by Amtrak. Each station receives regular service from north of Richmond from Washington, DC, Philadelphia, and New York. The Staples Mill Road Station receives all service to and from all points south including, Raleigh, Durham, Savannah, Newport News, Williamsburg and Florida. The historic and recently renovated Main Street Station near downtown Richmond only receives trains bound for Newport News and Williamsburg at this time, due to its track layout. As a result, Staples Mill Road receives more service overall.
Richmond also benefits from an excellent position in reference to the state's transportation network, lying at the junction of east-west Interstate 64 and north-south Interstate 95, two of the most heavily traveled highways in the state, as well as along several major rail lines.
Utilities
Electricity in the Richmond Metro area is provided by Dominion Virginia Power. The company, based in Richmond, one of the nation's largest producers of energy, serving retail energy customers in nine states. Electricity is provided in the Richmond area primarily by the North Anna Nuclear Generating Station and Surry Nuclear Generating Station, as well as a coal-fired station in Chester, Virginia. These three plants provide a total of 4,453 megawatts of power. Several other natural gas plants provide extra power during times of peak demand. These include a facility in Chester, in Surry, and two plants in Richmond (Gravel Neck and Darbytown).Template:Mn
Water is provided by the city's Department of Public Utilities, and is one of the largest water producers in Virginia, with a modern plant that can treat up to 132 million gallons of water a day from the James River.Template:Mn
The treatment plant and distribution system of water mains, pumping stations and storage facilities provide water to approximately 62,000 customers in the city. The facility also provides water to the surrounding area through wholesale contracts with Henrico, Chesterfield, and Hanover counties. Overall, this results in a facility that provides water for approximately 500,000 people.
There is also a wastewater treatment plant located on the south bank of the James River. This plant can treat up to 70 million gallons of water per day of sanitary sewage and stormwater before returning it to the river. The wastewater utility also operates and maintains 1,500 miles of sanitary sewer, pumping stations, 38 miles of intercepting sewer lines, and the Shockoe Retention Basin, a 44-million-gallon stormwater reservoir used during heavy rains.
Two local exchange carriers provide telephone service to the Richmond area: Verizon is the incumbent telephone company, and Cavalier Telephone is a competitive local exchange carrier.
See also
Sister cities
Richmond has seven sister cities, as designated by Sister Cities International, Inc. (SCI): Olsztyn (Poland), Richmond-upon-Thames (England), Urawa, Aichi (Japan), Windhoek (Namibia), Zhengzhou (China), Uijongbu (South Korea), and Saitama (Japan).
References
- Template:Mnb Data from Dominion Virginia Power.
- Template:Mnb Data from Richmond Department of Public Utilities.
