Spanish Riding School
The Spanish Riding School (de: Spanische Hofreitschule, the "Spanish Court Riding-School") of Vienna, Austria, is a traditional riding school for Lipizzan horses, which perform in the Winter Riding School in the Hofburg. Not only is it a center for classical dressage, the headquarters is a tourist attraction in Vienna that offers public performances as well as permitting public viewing of some training sessions. The presentation builds on four centuries of experience and tradition in classical dressage. The leading horses and riders of the school also periodically tour and perform worldwide.
Location
The Spanish Riding School is located in a number of buildings between Michaelerplatz and Josefsplatz near the Hofburg in central Vienna. Performances take place in the Winter Riding School, built between 1729-1735. The Winter Riding School is a sunlight- flooded hall, mainly white with some beige and light grey, with a portrait of Emperor Charles VI. above the royal box and opposite the entrance (to which the riders always salute before they ride), and measures 55 by 18 meters and is 17 meters in height.
History
The riding school was first named during the Austrian Empire in 1572, long before the French manege of Antoine de Pluvinel, and is the oldest of its kind in the world[1]. Records show that a wooden riding arena was first commissioned in 1565, but it wasn't until 1729 that Emperor Charles VI commissioned the architect Joseph Emanuel Fischer von Erlach to build the white riding hall used today. Prior to that time, the School operated from a wooden arena at the Josefsplatz. For a time, the riding hall was used for various ceremonies, but it is now open to the public, who may witness the training and performances by the stallions.
The Spanish Riding School was named for the Spanish riding technique and horses that formed one of the bases of the Lipizzan horse exclusively used at the school. Today the horses delivered to the Spanish Riding School are bred in a state stud in Piber in western Styria, Austria, though they originally came from a stud in Lipica (Italian: Lipizza), near Trieste in modern Slovenia, which also gave name to the race.
The Spanish Riding School has its roots in the antiks and Xenophon.
Methods
The methods used by the Riding School are based on François Robichon de la Gueriniere. It is a common myth that the movements were developed to aid in battle; in fact, they were used to strengthen the war horse's body and mind and make him a supreme athlete, not to actually attack. All movements are based on those naturally done by the horse with the exception of one-tempi changes, which proved effective and memorable and have been retained by the school.
The stallions are taught in three stages:
- Remontenschule: ("forward riding") This stage begins when the horse is first brought to the Spanish Riding School as a 4-year-old. The stallion is taught to be saddled and bridled, and is started on the longe to teach him the aids, to improve his obedience, and to strengthen his muscles in preparation for a rider. Work on the longe includes transitions between the walk, trot, and canter, and changes of tempo within the gait, and lasts 2-3 months before a rider is ever placed on the animal's back. After longeing, the horse is ridden in an arena on straight lines, to teach him to respond correctly to the rider's aids while mounted. The main goals during this time is to develop of free-forward movement in the ordinary (not collected or extended) gaits, with correct contact and on a long rein, and to begin to cultivate straightness. Additionally, it should have improved the animal's strength and stamina to prepare him for the next stage.
- Campagneschule: ("campaign school") The horse is usually ready for the second stage after a year of riding in the first stage, although this time-frame is always adjusted to the individual horse. Young stallions are always placed with experienced riders during this second stage, to help prevent the development of bad habits due to incorrect work. During this time, he is taught collection, and is ridden in turns and circles at all gaits. The main purpose of this phase is to develop impulsion, improve the natural paces, promote self-carriage, make the horse supple and flexible, and gradually develop the muscles of the horse. The horse will learn to bend correctly in the neck, body, and at the poll as appropriate for his conformation. It is during this time that the majority of training takes place, and the horse learns to shorten and lengthen his gait and perform lateral movements, with most of the work taking place at the trot. This phase requires the most time of the three, generally two-thirds of the total time it takes to produce the "finished" horse. Before the end of this phase, the stallions are introduced to the double bridle, to refine the rider's aids.
- Hohe Schule: ("high school" or Haute Ecole) In this stage, the rider will gradually push the horse to perfection in straightness, contact, suppleness, collection, and impulsion, to produce improved gaits. Through this work, the horse will learn to perform some of the most difficult movements such as the counter-changes of hand in the half-pass, counter-canter, flying change, pirouette, passage, and piaffe. Many of the exercises first taught in the Campaign school are utilized in this phase, focusing on the quality of the work and using them to help teach the more difficult exercises. The stallions are then assessed to determine if they are suitable for the demanding "airs above the ground," the final step in their training. Once they are chosen, the horses are taught their most-suitable school jump, first on the ground and then under saddle.
The riders, too, are carefully schooled. They first work on the longe without stirrups and reins on well-trained horses for up to 3 years, to teach a balanced and independent seat. They are then allowed to control the animals themselves, under the eye of an experienced rider, until they can perform the high school movmements. With intensive training, this will take 2-4 years. The rider is then allowed to train a young stallion from unbroken up to High School, a process that usually takes 4-6 additional years.
Performances
Performances at the Spanish Riding School were originally only presented to guests of the Court, and then when they were finally opened to the general population at the turn of the century, it was only for special occasions. However, after the fall of the Austro-Hungarian empire in 1918, the school opened up regular performances to the general public to help pay for its upkeep.
The original performances were quite short, with the chief riders presenting stallions in the High School movements, airs above the ground, work in-hand and exercises on the long rein, and then a Pas de Deux (two horses in mirror image) and a four-rider Quadrille would finish the performance. The program today has expanded.
- It first begins with the YOUNG STALLIONSthat have recently come from the stud farm. They demonstrate the first phase of training, in which the horse moves forward and accepts the aids. The stallions are ridden in snaffle bit and simple dressage-style English saddle.
- The ALL STEPS AND MOVEMENTS OF THE HIGH SCHOOL is then demonstrated on four fully-trained stallions, performing all the movements seen in the Olympic Grand Prix Dressage test, including the flying change, passage, pirouette, and piaffe. The horses are ridden in double bridle, to demonstrate their high level of training.
- A PAS DE DEUX is then shown, demonstrating High School movements in mirror image.
- The riders then do WORK IN HAND, to show how their horses are trained for the school jumps levade, courbette, and capriole, all in-hand. This demonstration includes work on the diagonal, on the wall and between the pillars. All stallions are in snaffle, cavesson, side reins, some on short hand rein, some with a short back longe. All carry the traditional white "school saddle." The Capriole Horses wear a braided tail fixed in a "queue", the queue is fixed with a "Schweiftasche."
- A stallion is then worked ON THE LONG REIN, in which a fully trained Lipizzan performs all the movements it would be asked to do under saddle, aided only by the reins and little voice. The stallion carries a red snaffle bridle and a red shabrack (saddlecloth) with the golden coat of arms of the Austrian Empire.
- The AIRS ABOUVE THE GROUND is performed after this, all under saddle and without stirrups. This includes the levade, capriole and courbette. The Capriole Horses wear a braided tail fixed in a "queue", the queue is fixed with a "Schweiftasche."
- The performance finished with the SCHOOL QUADRILLE, consisting of 8 riders working in formation at the walk, trot, and canter, including flying changes, pirouette, half pass and passage. At 20 minutes long, the School quadrille of the Spanish Riding School is the longest and most difficult in the world.
Dress and equipment
All riders wear the traditional brown uniform tailcoat, a bicorne style hat, white buckskin breeches, white suede gloves and black top boots. Swan neck spurs are also part of the uniform. The empire style uniform (1795-1820 in fashion) has remained relatively unchanged for 200 years.
During performances, stallions wear a traditional gold-plated breastplate and crupper, called a Goldzeug. They also carry a "school saddle," which is made from buckskin and larger than the more commonly seen English saddle used by the school when training the stallions and riders. For training, black bridles, both snaffles and double bridles are used. Gold-plated double bridles are only used for performances. All horses except the young stallions, wear red and gold or green and gold shabracks, or saddlecloths, under the saddle. Red is for "All Steps and Movements of the High School," "Pas de Deux," "On the Long Rein," "The Grand Solo," and "The School Quadrille." Green is used for "Work In-Hand" and the "Airs above the Ground." The shabrack is also used to differentiate the status of each rider: the director of the school has three gold bands and gold fringe; the chief riders exhibit three gold bands; riders have two gold bands; and, assistant riders have one gold band.
Depiction on the euro
The Spanish Riding School was shown in a very recent Austrian euro collectors' coins: the 5 euro Austrian 2006 EU Presidency commemorative coin, minted in January 18 2006. The reverse shows the Vienna Hofburg Imperial Palace in the "Josefsplatz" square. The equestrian statue of Joseph II in its center. The wing of the Hofburg can be seen to the right, which contains the Spanish Riding School and the "Redoutensäle".
Notes
- ^ Podhajsky, Alois (1967). The Complete Training of Horse and Rider. Doubleday. pp. 292 pages. ISBN 0-948253-51-7.
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