Henry George
Henry George (September 2, 1839 - October 29, 1897) was an American political economist, and the most influential proponent of the "single tax" on land.
Born in Philadelphia, George went to sea at age 16, before settling in California. After a failed attempt at gold mining he started to work his way up through the newspaper industry, starting as a printer and ending up an editor and proprietor.
On a trip to New York George was struck by the apparent paradox that the poor in that long established city were much worse off than the poor in less developed California. This paradox supplied the theme and title for his 1880 book, Progress and Poverty, which was a huge success, selling over 3 million copies. In it George made the argument that nearly all of the wealth created by social and technological advances is captured by land owners, and that this concentration of unearned wealth is the root cause of poverty.
George was well placed to discover this pattern, having experienced povery himself, knowing many different societies from his travels, and living in California at a time of rapid growth. In particular he had noticed that the construction of railroads in California was pushing up land values and rents as fast or faster than wages were rising. Progress and Poverty and its successors gave Henry George fame approaching that of Mark Twain and Thomas Edison. He was much in demand as a speaker, particularly in places such as Ireland and Scotland where access to land was a major political issue, and he made several speaking trips abroad. His ideas were taken up to some degree in Australia, where state governments still levy a Land Value Tax, albeit low and with many exemptions.
In 1886 George ran for mayor of New York. He polled second (beating Theodore Roosevelt). He ran again time in 1897, but died 4 days before the election. An estimated 100000 people attended his funeral.
Given his popularity while alive Henry George is surprisingly unknown today, however many people who do remain famous were heavily influenced by him, such as George Bernard Shaw, Leo Tolstoy, Sun Yat Sen and David Lloyd George.