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File:Coat of arms of the Kingdom of Egypt.JPG

The emblem of the Kingdom of Egypt was adopted by royal decree on 10 December 1923.

Monarchs of the Muhammad Ali Dynasty reigned over Egypt from 1805 till 1953. Throughout much of this period, their rule also extended to Sudan as well as other parts of North Africa and the Middle East.

The Muhammad Ali Dynasty was founded by Muhammad Ali Pasha, an Albanian tobacco trader who came to Egypt in 1801 as part of an expeditionary force sent by the Ottoman Empire to repel the French invaders led by Napoleon Bonaparte. The defeat and departure of the latter left a power vacuum in Egypt, which had been an Ottoman province since the sixteenth century. After a long three-year civil war, Muhammad Ali managed to consolidate his control over Egypt, and was officially recognized by the Ottoman Porte as Egypt's new wāli (i.e. governor or viceroy) on 18 June 1805, succedding Khurshid Pasha in that position.

Muhammad Ali was granted hereditary control over Egypt in 1840 with the Convention of London. His descendants continued to rule the country until the monarchy was officially abolished on 18 June 1953.^[e] The changes in Egypt's political status during this long period as well as the resultant modifications of the reigning monarch's title are explained below.

List of monarchs

Ottoman Province (1805-1867)

From 1805 till 1867, Egypt remained a nominal Ottoman province governed by a wāli on behalf of the Ottoman Sultan, although it was de facto autonomous and ruled by its wālis in a quasi-independent manner. In fact, despite their subservient status, Egypt's wālis enjoyed far more political power than their descendants who were to rule the country as nominally independent sultans and kings decades later. Throughout the nineteenth century, the legal fiction of Ottoman suzerainty was nonetheless symbolically maintained through Egypt's payment of an annual tribute. Moreover, although the Muhammad Ali Dynasty became a hereditary monarchy in 1840, each new ruler had to receive a firman (i.e. decree) from the Ottoman Sultan appointing him as wāli in order to be formally invested with his office. Until 1866, Egypt's laws of succession followed the principle of agnatic seniority, which means that the reigning wāli always had to be the eldest male member of the dynasty. Rulers thus inherited the throne based on their age, not on their degree of proximity. This explains why none of Ibrahim Pasha's successors was directly succeeded by his own son.

Wāli	Portrait	Relationship with predecessor	Reigned from	Reigned until	Fate	Reference
Muhammad Ali Pasha محمد علي باشا	File:Mehmetali pacha.gif	—	18 June 1805	20 July 1848	Replaced by Ibrahim Pasha due to poor health; Died in Alexandria in 1849.
Regency Council [a] assuming the powers of Wāli Muhammad Ali Pasha (15 April 1848 - 20 July 1848)
Ibrahim Pasha إبراهيم باشا		Presumed son [b]	20 July 1848	10 November 1848	Died on the throne.
Abbas Helmi I عباس حلمي الأول		Nephew	10 November 1848	13 July 1854	Assassinated.[c]
Sa'id Pasha سعيد باشا		Half-uncle	14 July 1854	18 January 1863	Died on the throne.
Isma'il Pasha إسماعيل باشا		Half-nephew	19 January 1863	8 June 1867	Became Khedive.

Ottoman Khedivate (1867-1914)

Khedive	Portrait	Relationship with predecessor	Reigned from	Reigned until	Fate	Reference
Isma'il Pasha إسماعيل باشا		See above	8 June 1867	26 June 1879	Deposed by Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid II under pressure from the UK and France; Died in exile in Istanbul in 1895.
Tawfiq Pasha توفيق باشا		Son	26 June 1879	7 January 1892	Died on the throne.
Abbas Helmi II عباس حلمي الثاني		Son	8 January 1892	19 December 1914	Deposed by the British while abroad following the outbreak of World War I; Abdicated in 1931;[d] Died in exile in Geneva in 1944.

Sultanate (1914-1922)

On 19 December 1914, the British deposed Abbas Helmi II and severed Egypt's nominal ties to the Ottoman Empire, thus ending Egypt's status as a khedivate. Hussein Kamel was chosen by the British as Egypt's new ruler, and took the title of Sultan of Egypt, thereby putting him on an equal footing with the Ottoman Sultan. However, the end of nominal Ottoman suzerainty over Egypt did not result in genuine independence: the Sultanate of Egypt was a British protectorate where real power lay in the hand of the High Commissioner.

Sultan	Portrait	Relationship with predecessor	Reigned from	Reigned until	Fate	Reference
Hussein Kamel حسين كامل		Half-uncle	19 December 1914	9 October 1917	Died on the throne.
Fouad I فؤاد الأول		Half-brother	9 October 1917	15 March 1922	Became King.

Kingdom (1922-1953)

King	Portrait	Relationship with predecessor	Reigned from	Reigned until	Fate	Reference
Fouad I فؤاد الأول		See above	15 March 1922	28 April 1936	Died on the throne.
		Regency Council [d] assuming the powers of King Farouk I (28 April 1936 - 29 July 1937)
		Aziz Ezzat Pasha	Chairman Prince Muhammad Ali	Sherif Sabri Pasha
Farouk I فاروق الأول		Son	28 April 1936	26 July 1952	Forced to abdicate following a military coup by the Free Officers; died in exile in Rome in 1965.
R E V O L U T I O N [e]
Cabinet assuming the powers of King Fouad II (26 July 1952 - 2 August 1952)		Regency Body assuming the powers of King Fouad II (2 August 1952 - 7 September 1952)			Prince regent assuming the powers of King Fouad II (7 September 1952 - 18 June 1953)
Prime Minister Ali Maher Pasha		Bahey El Din Barakat Pasha	Chairman Prince Muhammad Abdel Moneim	Rashad Mehanna	Prince Muhammad Abdel Moneim
Fouad II فؤاد الثاني		Son	26 July 1952	18 June 1953	Monarchy abolished; currently lives in exile.

The list of heads of state of Egypt continues with the List of Presidents of Egypt.

See also

• Muhammad Ali Dynasty
• Muhammad Ali Dynasty family tree
• History of Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty
• History of Sudan under Muhammad Ali and his successors

Notes

a^ : Ibrahim Pasha presided the Regency Council that was formed on 15 April 1848 to run Egypt due to Muhammad Ali Pasha's declining physical and mental health. Legal documents were still written in the latter's name; however, Ibrahim Pasha became the de facto ruler of the country from this moment on. On 20 July of the same year, an extraordinary envoy of Ottoman Sultan Abdülmecid I arrived in Alexandria with the firman by which the Porte recognized Ibrahim Pasha as Egypt's new wāli. The latter then travelled to Istanbul, where his investiture took place on 25 August in the presence of the Ottoman Sultan. However, his reign was very brief, and his death occurred shortly after his return to Cairo. He died on 10 November 1848 due to ill health, thus predeceasing his father.

b^ : Ibrahim Pasha is generally presumed to be the eldest son of Muhammad Ali Pasha, and is considered as such in official genealogies. However, doubts have always surrounded the identity of his true father. It has been reported that his ties with Muhammad Ali Pasha were clouded by the latter's suspicion that he was not truly Ibrahim's father.

c^ : Abbas Helmi I's assassination remains to this day shrouded in mystery. The cause of his death in Banha on 13 July 1854 has never been explained, but it is thought that he was murdered by two mamluks sent to him from Istanbul by his aunt, who sought revenge because of a dispute over his heirs' inheritance.

d^ : Abbas II Abdicaiton

e^ : The Regency Council was composed of Prince Muhammad Ali, Aziz Ezzat Pasha and Sherif Sabri Pasha.

f^{1 2} : Revolution.

Bibliography

• Goldschmidt, A. (2000), Biographical Dictionary of Modern Egypt, American University in Cairo Press, ISBN 9789774245794, OCLC 45089356
• Hassan, H. (2000), In the House of Muhammad Ali: A Family Album, 1805-1952, American University in Cairo Press, ISBN 9789774245541, OCLC 45016821
• Sinoué, G. (1997), Le dernier pharaon, Paris: Pygmalion/Gérard Watelet, ISBN 9782857045175, OCLC 231771745

References

General

• "Mohamed Ali's Dynasty". Egypt State Information Service. Retrieved 2008-07-29.

Specific

[[:Category:Muhammad Ali Dynasty]] [[:Category:Egypt-related lists|Monarchs]] [[:Category:Lists of monarchs|Muhammad Ali Dynasty]]

THE VICE ROYALTY OF EGYPT.; The Imperial Firman Relative to Hereditary Succession (PDF)