Southend Pier
Southend Pier is a major landmark in Southend-on-Sea. Extending 2158m (a mile and a third) into the Thames Estuary, it is the Longest pleasure pier in the world. Sir John Betjeman is noted as saying "The Pier is Southend, Southend is the Pier"
History
Why a pier was needed
In the early 19th century, Southend was growing as a resort. At the time, it was regarded that spending time at the seaside was good for one's health and being close to London, many people from the capital would come to Southend for this reason. However the coast at Southend comprises of large mudflats, so the sea is never very deep even at full tide, and recedes for well over a mile at low tide. Because of this large boats were unable to stop at Southend and no boats at all were able to stop at low tide. This meant that many potential visitors would travel past Southend and go to Margate, or other resorts where docking facilities were better.
In order to counter this trend local dignitaries pushed for a pier to be built. This would allow boats to reach Southend at all tides. The campaign was led by former Lord Mayor of London Sir William Heygate, a resident of Southend. In 1829, Parliament passed an act giving authorisation for the construction of a pier at southend. When Sir William brought the news back from London he was mobbed by enthusiastic crowds.
The Wooden Pier
Soon after authorisation was granted in 1829, the Lord Mayor of London laid the first foundations for the pier. By June 1830 a 600ft (182m) wooden pier was opened, based on oak piles. However this was still too short to be usable at low tide, so by 1833 it had been exteneded to three times its length and by 1848 was the longest pier in Europe at 7,000ft (2,133.6m). It was sold by the original owners for £17,000 in 1846 after getting into financial difficulties.
By the 1850s the London, Tilbury and Southend Railway had reached Southend, and with it a great influx of visitors from East London. The many visitors took it's toll on the wooden pier and in in 1873 it sold to the local board (the local government in place at the time).
In 1877 it was decided to replace the pier with a new iron pier.
Part of the wooden structure of the old pier was used in the construction of a new mayoral chair in 1892.
The Iron Pier
The pier was designed by James Brunlees, who had built the first iron pier at Southport in 1860. Work began in 1887 and was opened to the customer in the summer of the same year, though was only completed in 1889. It cost almost £70, 000It was a immediate success, so much so that demand outstripped the capabilities of the pier and it was decided to extend it. The extension was completed in November 1897 formally opening the following January.
An upper deck was added to the pierhead in 1907, and the pier was further extended in 1927 to accomodate larger steamboats. It was formally opened on the 8th July 1929 by HRH Prince George, Duke of Kent. This part of the pier was since called The Prince George Extension.
The Pier's centenary was celebrated on 23rd July 1935 rather than 1930, as this date reflects when the Admiralty began to include Southend Pier on their charts.
HMS Leigh
During World War II, Southend Pier was taken over by the Royal Navy and was renamed (along with the surrounding area) HMS Leigh. It was closed to the public from 9th September 1939.
Its purpose in the war was twofold. Firstly it served as a mustering point for convoys. Over the course of the war 3,367 convoys, comprising 84,297 vessels departed from HMS Leigh.
HMS Leigh's other role was Naval Control for the Thames Estuary. Notable in its career was the accidental sinking of the Liberty ship SS Richard Montgomery
Post-war history
In 1945 the pier reopened for visitors. Visitor numbers exceeded their pre war levels, peaking at seven million in 1949. In the fifties, more attractions on the pier opened including the Dolphin Cafe, Sun Deck Theatre, the Solarium Cafe and a Hall of Mirrors.
However the success was not to last. In 1959 a fire destroyed the Pavilion located at the shore end of the pier. Over 500 people were trapped on the other side of the fire and had to be rescued by boat.
The pavillion was replaced by a bowling alley the following year, however by the 60s, British holidaymakers were turning to package holidays abroad. The use of the pier slowly began began to decline and with it the structure began to deteriate. In 1971, after a child was injured on the pier, a survey was undertaken and over the course of the next decade repairs had to be made including much of the replacement of the pier walkway.
In 1976 a fire destroyed much of the pier head. The massive blaze was battled by fire fighters working on the pier, from boats and even using a crop spraying light aircraft. The following year the bowling alley was damaged in another fire, and a year after that the the railway was deemed unsafe and had to be closed.
In 1980 the council announced that the pier was to close. Protests, led the council to allow the pier to remain open until a solution could be found. This happened in 1983 when the Historic Buildings Committee gave a grant to allow repairs to be made. The work commenced in 1984 and was completed eighteen months later, when Princess Anne named the two new pier trains (commisioned to replace trains scrapped in 1982 after Sir John Betjeman and Sir William Heygate. The total cost of the repair including new buildings and pier trains was £1.3 million.
However on 20th June in that year, the MV Kingsabbey crashed into the pier, severing the new pier head from the rest of the pier, destroying the boathouse used by the lifeboat service and causing major structural damage due to the destruction of iron piles and supporting girders. This left a 70' gap in the pier. WHile this was temporarily bridged to restore access, full repairs were not completed until 1989.
On 7th June 1995, the bowling alley burnt down. Fortunately, the pier museum and railway station were not severely damaged and access to the pier was reinstated three weeks later. with all the debris cleared in time for the summer of 1996.
The 21st Century
In recent years Southend Council has invested in the Pier to restore it as a visitor attraction. Funding for this has been co-ordinated by the "S-SHAPE" (Southend Seafront, High-street And Pier Enhancments) project with funding coming from European Objective 2 funding and National Governemnt regeneration schemes.
The pier head was extensively redeveloped in 2000 creating a new sun deck and, in parternship with the RNLI, a new lifeboat station was built. The new station is contructed in glass to give a strikingly modern style. It also house a museum and giftshop relating to the history of the RNLI and lifeboats.
In 2003 the shoreward end of the pier was redeveloped in a similar style to the pier head. The pier bridge was raised to enable taller vehicles to pass under it (a recurring problem had been double decker buses getting stuck under the bridge) and a visitor centre/tourist information centre was built. This connected with the new Cliff Lift and redevelopemnt of Pier Hill that was contructed the following year
The Pier Railway
In 1890, Cromptons installed an electric tramway along the pier with a single toast rack car and 0.75 miles of single track. By 1891 the line ran the full 1.25 miles and cars were in use. The system expanded, until eventually, by 1930, four trains of seven cars were running on a double track.
In 1949 the rolling stock was replaced with four new trains similar in design to the London Underground stock, built by AC Cars, and liveried in green and cream.
In 1978 the electric railway closed, due to deteriation and the cost of repairs and didn't reopen until 1986, when two new trains began plying the pier, on a simplified single track with a passing loop. Each train consists of a diesel-hydraulic locomotive at the southern end, five trailer coaches and at the northern end, a driver control unit with passenger space. The livery is now all-over burgundy.
Trivia
Celebrity chef Jamie Oliver was conceived on Southend Pier in August 1974
Southend Pier featured in the end credits of the british television series Minder. The sequence showed unscrupulous businessman Arthur Daley and his bodyguard (or "minder") walking down the pier. When they reach the end Arthur realises he has left his lighter at the far end and they proceed to walk the return journey. The implication of course being that he is to mean to pay for the train ride.