Cuba
República de Cuba | |
|---|---|
| Motto: Patria y Libertad (Spanish: Homeland and Freedom) | |
| Anthem: La Bayamesa (The Bayamo Song) | |
 | |
| Capital and largest city | Havana |
| Official languages | Spanish |
| Government | Communist state |
| Independence | |
• Water (%) | negligible |
| Population | |
• 2005 estimate | 11,346,670 (70th) |
• 2002 census | 11,177,743 |
| GDP (PPP) | 2004 estimate |
• Total | $33.9 billion (89th) |
• Per capita | $3,000 (128th) |
| Currency | Peso (CUP)Convertible peso 1 (CUC) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (EST) |
• Summer (DST) | UTC-4 ((Starts April 1, end date varies)) |
| Calling code | 53 |
| ISO 3166 code | CU |
| Internet TLD | .cu |
1 1993–2004, the U.S. dollar was used in addition to the peso until the dollar was replaced by the convertible peso. | |
The Republic of Cuba consists of the island of Cuba (the largest of the Greater Antilles), the Isle of Youth and various adjacent small islands. The name of the island is derived from the Taino word "cubanacán", meaning a central place. It is located in the northern Caribbean at the confluence of the Caribbean Sea, the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean. To the north is found the United States, to the northeast the Bahamas, to the east the Turks and Caicos Islands, to the west Mexico, to the south the Cayman Islands and Jamaica, and to the southeast Haiti.
History
Pre-Columbian Cuba was first visited by Europeans when explorer Christopher Columbus landed on the island of Cuba for the first time on October 28, 1492, at the eastern tip, in the Cazigazgo of Baracoa. Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar led the Spanish invasion, and became governor of Cuba for Spain in 1511 and built a villa in Baracoa, which became the first capital of the island and also the seat of the first episcopate.
At that time Cuba was populated by at least two distinct indigenous peoples: Taíno and Ciboney (or Siboney). Both groups were prehistoric neolithic cultures. The Taíno were agriculturalist and the Ciboney were a hunter-gatherer society with supplemental farming. Taínos and Ciboney took part in similar customs and beliefs, one being the sacred ritual practiced using tobacco called cohoba, known in English as smoking.
The Taínos (Island Arawak) were part of a cultural group commonly called the Arawak, which extends far into South America. Residues of Taíno poetry, songs, sculpture, and art are found today throughout the major Antilles. The Arawak and other such cultural groups are responsible for the development of perhaps 60% of crops in common use today and some major industrial materials such as rubber. Europeans were shown by the Native Cubans how to nurture tobacco and consume it in the form of cigars.
Approximately 16 to 60 thousand natives from the Taíno and Ciboney tribes inhabited Cuba before colonization. The Native Cuban population, including the Ciboney and the Taíno, were forced into reservations during the Spanish subdual of the island of Cuba. One famous reservation was known as Guanabacoa, today a suburb of Havana. Many Native Cubans died due to the brutality of Spanish conquistadores and the diseases they brought with them, which were previously unknown to them. Many Conquistadors intermarried with Native Cubans as few Spanish women crossed the Atlantic in those days of conquest. Their children were called mestizo, but the Native Cubans called them Guajiro, which translates as "one of us". Today, Taíno descendants maintain their heritage near Baracoa.
Cuba had first served as base for Spanish conquest of the mainland of the Americas, but the island was almost depopulated in this effort. The resulting treasure, mined gold and silver, chocolate and several then important plant products such as dyes and medicine was transported from the Americas and later from the Philippines to Spain using Cuban ports as safe harbors along the way. In this period there were further indigenous risings most especially that of Guamá, one of the last Taino leaders to organize resistance to Spanish rule.
But once native uprisings were no longer a concern, a new one arose from piracy and privateering as both individuals and other countries tried to take the treasures that the Spanish had gathered for themselves. Attacks on both ships and cities required Spain to respond by organizing convoys to protect the ships and building forts to protect the cities.
Spanish mercantilism caused Spain to keep Cuba relatively isolated to external influences, but beginning with the year long occupation of Havana by the British in 1762 at the end of the Seven Years' War, Cuba became more open economically to both the importation of slaves and advances in sugar cultivation and processing. The massive La Cabaña fortress, never taken by assault, which completely dominates Havana Bay was built soon after Havana, exchanged for Florida, was returned to Spain. However, the fortress would later become infamous as a place of execution and imprisonment, not unlike the Bastille in Paris. Cuban colonial forces participated in Spain's efforts during the American Revolutionary War, helping Spain to gain East and West Florida. Between 1791 to 1804, many French fled to Cuba from the Haitian revolution, bringing with them slaves and expertise in sugar refining and coffee growing. As a result Cuba became the world's major sugar producer, but by 1884, slavery was abolished after having been weakened during the struggle to secure independence for Cuba.
The colony's struggle for independence lasted throughout the second half of the 19th century with the first effort with any success being the Ten Years' War beginning in 1868. The writer and rebel organizer José Martí landed in Cuba with rebel exiles in 1895, but little more than a month later was killed in battle. He remains the major hero in Cuba to this day, and his legacy is claimed by both the supporters and opponents of the current government. While he expressed a preference for the U.S. Constitution and enjoyed some popularity in the United States, he was concerned about U.S. expansionism.
Between 1895 and early 1898 revolution controlled most of the countryside and some towns, but the efforts of the Spanish, who held the major cities, to pacify the island did not cease until the United States occupied the island in the Spanish-American War of 1898. Cuban independence was granted in 1902, though limited by the Platt Amendment, which granted the United States a major influence in Cuban affairs, even occupying Cuba a second time from 1905 to 1909. The Platt Amendment was revoked in 1934, but the lease of Guantánamo Bay, against a nominal sum, was extended.
In 1940, Fulgencio Batista was elected president and started reforms, including a new liberal constitution, but was voted out in 1944. In 1952 he seized power in an almost bloodless coup three months before the planned election and instituted an oppressive dictatorship. As a result many guerrilla groups started opposing him.
In 1953, Fidel Castro attacked the Moncada barracks, was exiled to Mexico, but returned to Cuba on November 1956 with 82 fighters trained by Alberto Bayo (a former colonel in the Spanish Republican Army), and with the help of popular discontent managed to overthrow Batista, who fled the country, on 1 January 1959. Castro established a Soviet-leaning one party Communist state, the first in the Western Hemisphere, although Castro did not officially reveal his Marxist-Leninist leanings until 1961. At the time when Batista was deposed, 45 to 75% of Cuba's farmable land was owned by foreign individuals or foreign (mostly U.S.) companies. The new revolutionary government adopted successive "land reforms" and eventually confiscated almost all private property. As a result, relations with the United States rapidly deteriorated, although the U.S. recognized the new government and refused to host a government in exile by anti-Castro Cubans. At first, Castro was reluctant to discuss his plans for the future, but eventually he declared himself a communist, explained that he was trying to build socialism in Cuba, focusing on free health care and education for all, and began close political and economic relations with the Soviet Union.
The Bay of Pigs invasion of April 1961 by U.S. backed Cuban expatriates failed because the expected popular support failed to materialize when it became clear Brigade 2506 had been abandoned to its fate. In addition, the Soviet Union had learned of the plans and warned Cuba, leading to arrests of those thought likely to support a counter-revolution. U.S. president John F. Kennedy left the invaders stranded for fear of getting officially involved.
The Cuban Missile Crisis started with the Soviet Union installing nuclear missiles in Cuba in 1962, in an attempt to partly restore the nuclear balance. In response, the United States put up a blockade in international waters, not knowing that some Soviet submarines carried nuclear missiles. This is generally believed to be the closest the world has come to a nuclear holocaust. The Soviet Union backed down, in return for a United States promise to remove nuclear missiles in Turkey and never to invade Cuba again.
After this, the United States never openly threatened Cuba again, but did engage in covert activities to assassinate Castro, as well as sheltering and funding Castro opponents who carried out many violent attacks such as the 1976 bombing of Cubana Flight 455, killing 73. These activities are generally believed to include CIA support for what the present Cuban government calls the "War Against the Bandits". This was a wide spread revolt among the country folk of the middle provinces from early in Castro’s time in power to about 1967. This revolt was eventually suppressed by massive force, executions, and internal deportations.
In April 1980, over 10,000 Cubans stormed the Peruvian embassy in Havana seeking political asylum. In response to this, Castro allowed anyone who desired to leave the country to do so through the port of Mariel. Under the Mariel boatlift, over 125,000 Cubans migrated to the United States. Eventually the United States stopped the flow of vessels and Cuba ended the uncontrolled exodus.
The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 dealt Cuba a giant economic blow. This led to another exodus of economic asylum seekers to the United States in 1994, which was again stopped bilaterally by Cuba and the United States. The United States has since Castro come to power progressively enacted legislation intended to isolate Cuba economically via the U.S. embargo and other measures, such as prosecuting U.S. citizens who vacation in Cuba. For more on these issues see the Economy section below.
Politics
The Cuban constitution states that, "[t]he Communist Party of Cuba […] is the superior guiding force of society and the state". Members of the Communist Party of Cuba are selected by the party in a thorough process that includes interviews with co-workers and neighbors. Those selected are considered model citizens. They are selected because they are viewed as strong supporters of the revolution. It makes recommendations concerning the future development of the revolution, and it criticizes tendencies it considers counterrevolutionary. It has a relatively large influence in Cuba, but its authority is based on its influence, not on any legal authority.
Elections are held, ostensibly by secret ballot, but the elections are not regarded as free or fair by international civil rights organizations. While technically the Communist Party of Cuba is not an electoral party, no other party is legally allowed to exist or campaign. The vast majority of candidates are members of the Communist Party despite the fact that only 15 percent of the Cuban electorate are members. Critics of the Cuban government say this is because of the Communist Party's control over Cuba, while supporters say it shows that the Party has wide support among the populace. Save for those convicted of certain crimes or who have been declared incomeptent, everyone age 16 or older has the vote. Candidates are nominated by municipal assemblies and put to a yes/no vote; citizens are to vote for several candidates at both levels of government and may vote for none, some, or all of them. If the candidates do not receive more than 51% of the votes, new elections will be scheduled; however, near unanimous "unity" (yes for all candidate) votes are frequently reported.
Legislaive power is nominally in the hands of the National Assembly of People’s Power. However, save for two sessions a year, legislative power is exercised by the 31 member Council of State which is elected by the National Assembly from itself.
Executive authority is formally vested in the Council of Ministers, a large cabinet comprised of 8 members of the Council of State, the heads of the national ministries, and other persons. A smaller Executive Committee consisting of the more important members of the Council of Ministers oversees normal business.
Fidel Castro has been the head of government since 1959, first as prime minister and, after the abolition of that office with the adoption of the 1976 Constitution, as President of the Council of State, which also serves as head of state. He is also First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba, and since 1976 a member of the National Assembly from the municipality of Santiago de Cuba. (The 1976 Consitution and its 1992 revision require that the President of the Council of State be a member of the National Assembly.)
Human rights
The Cuban government has frequently been accused of numerous human rights abuses, including torture, arbitrary imprisonment, unfair trials, and extra-judicial executions. Many argue that several thousand unjustified deaths have occurred under Castro's decades-long rule. Many Cubans have been labeled "counterrevolutionaries", "fascists", or "CIA operatives", and imprisoned in extremely poor conditions without trial; some have been summarily executed. Military Units to Aid Production (or UMAPs) were labor camps established in 1965, according to Castro, for "people who have committed crimes against revolutionary morals" in order to work counter-revolutionary influences out of certain segments of the population.
Groups like Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch also criticize the censorship, the lack of press freedom in Cuba, the lack of civil rights, the outlawing of political opposition groups and unions, and the lack of free and democratic elections. The government recognizes only one labor union, the Worker's Central of Cuba (Central de Trabajadores de Cuba, CTC). Independent labor unions are denied formal status and their members are harassed. No local human rights groups enjoy legal status. Cuba remains one of the few countries in the world, and the only one in the Western Hemisphere, to deny the International Committee of the Red Cross access to its prisons. [1]
Supporters of the Cuban government argue that the human rights record and health care in Cuba is better than what existed under his predecessor, Fulgencio Batista. Critics point out that many measures of living standards has decreased since the revolution, that health care has improved in many other Latin American countries, and the Cuba is the only Latin American country to have not democratized in a post-Cold War environment. Justifying the Cuban government's policies, Castro claims they are an appropriate response to alleged U.S. covert activities in Cuba involving spies and mercenaries, and that most if not all critical human rights activists are in fact American agents. (See more on this in "Relationship with the United States").
In 2001, the Varela Project, attempted to have a national plebiscite to add protections for human rights using provisions in the Constitution of Cuba which provide for citizen initiative. The petition was refused on technical grounds without a vote being allowed.
In March 2003, the government of Cuba arrested dozens of people, and charged them with sedition due to alleged contacts with the head of the U.S. interest section in Havana, James Cason — contacts explicitly denied by him. In all, 75 were tried and sentenced to prison terms ranging from 15 to 28 years. Amnesty International described the closed-door trials as "hasty and manifestly unfair." [2]
Education
The University of Havana, Cuba's oldest university, was founded in 1721. Historically, Cuba has had some of the highest rates of education and literacy in Latin America. [3]
In a 1998 study by UNESCO, Cuban third and fourth graders were better educated in basic language and mathematics skills than children in other Latin American countries that took part in the study, with the "test achievement of the lower half of students in Cuba is significantly better than the test achievement of the upper half of students in the countries that (fell) immediately behind Cuba" in the study group. [4]
All students regardless of age and gender wear school uniforms with the color denoting grade level.
Healthcare
| Life expectancy at birth m/f: | 75.0/79.0 (years) |
| Healthy life expectancy at birth m/f: | 67.1/69.5 (years) |
| Child mortality m/f: | 8/6 (per 1000) |
| Adult mortality m/f: | 137/87 (per 1000) |
| Total health expenditure per capita: | $236 |
| Total health expenditure as % of GDP: | 7.5 |
Castro has long made the promise of free, universal health care an important part of the case for his government. Cuba's healthcare system is widely regarded as one of the better in the developing world. Cuba has had good doctors for centuries such as Carlos Finlay, who determined how yellow fever was spread. The massive Havana hospital, "Calixto Garcia" as well as 72 others were operating well before 1959. [[5]] However, like the rest of the Cuban economy, Cuban medical care has suffered from severe material shortages following the end of Soviet subsidies. Support from the Venezuelan government of Hugo Chavez has alleviated some of those problems. Today, Cuba has over 20,000 health workers in Venezuela, with over 5,000 more spread around the world in over 60 additional countries, as it views such missions an important part of its foreign policy. These health workers are not allowed to have their families travel with them, which some observers charge is to insure the workers will return and not defect. Like a number of countries, Cuba has developed a hospital system for health tourists, taking advantage of a combination of low labor costs, an educated work force, and the ability of such tourists to pay in much desired hard currency for their care.
Provinces
Cuba is divided into 14 provinces, and one special municipality (the Isla de la Juventud).
| |||
| 1 | Isla de la Juventud (Isle of Youth) | ||
| 2 | Pinar del Río | 9 | Ciego de Ávila |
| 3 | La Habana (Havana) | 10 | Camagüey |
| 4 | Ciudad de la Habana (Havana City) | 11 | Las Tunas |
| 5 | Matanzas | 12 | Granma |
| 6 | Cienfuegos | 13 | Holguín |
| 7 | Villa Clara | 14 | Santiago de Cuba |
| 8 | Sancti Spíritus | 15 | Guantánamo |
Geography
The elongated island of Cuba is the largest island in the Caribbean and is bounded to the north by the Straits of Florida and the greater North Atlantic Ocean, to the northwest by the Gulf of Mexico, to the west by the Yucatan Channel, to the south by the Caribbean Sea, and to the east by the Windward Passage. The Republic comprises the entire island, including many outlying islands such as the Isla de la Juventud (Isle of Youth), previously known as the Isla de los Pinos (Isle of Pines). Guantánamo Bay, is a naval base that has been leased by the United States since 1903, a lease that has been contested since 1960 by Castro.
The main island is the world's 16th largest. The island consists mostly of flat to rolling plains, with more rugged hills and mountains primarily in the southeast and the highest point is the Pico Real del Turquino at 2,005 m. The local climate is tropical, though moderated by trade winds. There is a drier season from November to April, and a rainier season from May to October.
Havana is the largest city and capital; other major cities include Santiago de Cuba and Camagüey. Some of the well-known smaller towns are Baracoa which was the first Spanish settlement on Cuba, as well as Trinidad and Bayamo.
Demographics
According to the CIA's World Factbook, Cuba is 51% mulatto (mixed white and black), 37% white, 11% black, and 1% Chinese.
The Chinese population in Cuba derives mostly from Chinese sent to Cuba during the 19th century to build railroads and work in the mines, as was also occurring in the United States at this time. Once the work was completed, however, most of them could not afford the passage back to China and remained in the Island. Historical papers show that, while considered inferior to Cubans of European descent, they were considered to be superior to blacks because they had lighter skin.
In Cuba there is little racial tension in the attitude of people towards each other. Still, in Santiago de Cuba there is a sizeable Jamaican population that suffers from an image of being lazy. Also, lighter skinned people often have 'higher' jobs (although in socialist Cuba this does not translate in a high difference in income). The melting pot is expressed not only in a racial sense, but also in religion (see below) and the music of Cuba. There are internal passport requirements that try to control the migration of often darker pigmented "palestinos" to Havana.
Cuba has a low birth rate. The fertility rate of 1.5 children per woman (in 1995-2000) is the lowest of any country in the western hemisphere (tied with Canada and Barbados). A contributing cause is Cuba's policy of abortion on demand. Cuba has a high abortion rate of 77.7 abortions per 1,000 women aged 15-44 in 1996, 3rd highest in the world among 55 countries whose abortion rate was available to be compiled in a 1999 UN study. [6] Selective terminiation of high-risk pregnancies is one factor contributing to the low official infant mortality rate in Cuba of 5.8 per thousand births. (State of the World's Children 2005)
Immigration and emmigration have had noticable changes in the demographic profile of Cuba during the 20th century. Between 1900 and 1930 close to a million Spaniards arrived from Spain. Cuba has historically been more heavily European than other Caribbean islands, and in 1950 was said to have a 75% white majority. Since 1959, over a million Cubans have left the island, primarily to Miami, Florida where a vocal anti-Castro community exists. [7] The emigration that occurred immediately after the Cuban Revolution was heavy and primarily of the upper and middle classes that were primarily white, thus contributing to a demographic shift along with chamnges in birth rates among the various ethnic groups. After the chaos that accompanied the the Mariel boatlift, Cuba and the United States have agreed to limit emmigration to the United States. Under this, the United States grants a specific number of visas to those wishing to emmigrate (20,000 since 1994) while those Cubans picked up at sea trying to emmigrate without a visa are returned to Cuba. However, U.S. immigration policy grants U.S. residency to any Cuban who arrives on U.S. soil without a visa, thus there is still an unofficial exodus that goes on.
Economy
Cuba's socialist economy is based on state ownership with some small scale private enterprise existing. Hiring labor, however, is not allowed, on the theory that private employment will lead to worker exploitation. For 2005, 68% of the state budget spending is to be directed to raising the levels of education, public health, social security, culture, sports and science and technology according to Cuban government statistics. [8]
Historically, sugar, tobacco and (later) nickel were the main sources of foreign trade income for Cuba. But in the 1990s tourism saw an explosive growth, becoming the second most popular tourist destination in the Caribbean to the Dominican Republic. Cubans also receive an estimated $850 million annually from Cubans in the U.S. who send money to relatives or friends. In 1993 the U.S. dollar was made legal tender (the country operated under a dual-currency system); this arrangement was, however, revoked on 25 October 2004. At that time, use of the dollar in business was officially banned, and a 10% surcharge was introduced for the conversion of dollars (in cash) to convertible pesos, the island's new official currency. Other currencies, including the euro, were not affected. See details at the Ludwig Van Mises Institute.
The Cuban economy was hit hard in the early 1990s following the collapse of the Soviet Union and the Comecon economic bloc, with which it had traded predominantly. For several decades, Cuba received what was effectively a Soviet subsidy, whereby Cuba provided the Soviet Union with sugar and the Soviets provided Cuba with petroleum at unrealistic prices. In response, Cuba opened up to tourism, which is now a major source of income. Since 2003, both tourism levels and nickel prices increased. One other factor in the recovery of the Cuban economy is the remittances from Cuban-Americans (which constitute almost 3% of the Cuban Economy, by some estimates).
Cuba currently trades with almost every nation in the world, albeit with restrictions from the U.S. embargo. Trade with the United States is restricted to cash-only transactions for food and medicine. Any company that deals with Cuba risks problems dealing with the United States, so internationally operating companies may be forced to choose between Cuba and the United States, which is a much bigger market. This extraterritorial U.S. legislation is considered highly controversial, and the U.S. embargo was condemned for the 13th time in 2004 by the General Assembly of the United Nations, by 179 countries (out of 183). The main current trading partners of Cuba are: Venezuela, China, Spain, Canada and, the Netherlands.
Cuba has a significant foreign debt load. Cuba owes approximately $5.4 billion in foreign debt to Paris Club nations such as France, Japan and Germany. Cuba also has other sources of debt including approximately $25 billion in debt disputed with Russia dating from the era of the Soviet Union. [9] The lack of domestic sources of capital financing, an inherent by-product of its socialist economic system, makes Cuba's debt extremely vulerable to disruptions in trade.
Although U.S. citizens are not officially banned from travelling to Cuba, they are generally prohibited from spending money there (exceptions are made for students studying in Cuba, diplomats, certain business people, and people with family members in Cuba), which amounts to a de facto travel ban, as Cuba requires that foreign visitors spend a minimum of three nights in a hotel; moreover, the only direct flights from the United States are strictly for those with family members in Cuba, or others with licences from OFAC. Nevertheless, U.S. citizens can visit Cuba by travelling through other countries (like Mexico, Canada or the Bahamas) because Cuban immigration does not stamp the passports (the visum is a separate leaflet). However, U.S. citizens are liable to fines if discovered and prosecuted by the U.S. government, although it has been reported that U.S. authorities are not overly strict with this.
Although struggling with its economy since the fall of the Soviet Union, Cuba has seen substantial improvements since the early 1990s. The economy has been helped in recent years by strong tourism, international investment in nickel production and oil exploration as well as beneficial oil purchases from Venezuela, in exchange for medical services.
A major problem is damage from hurricanes. In 2004, Hurricane Charley, (August 12) caused an estimated 1 billion dollars economic damage, followed by Hurricane Ivan (September 13). In 2005, Hurricane Dennis (July 8) struck south-central Cuba. This is a problem that all Caribbean islands suffer from and an argument Castro uses to urge the islands to cooperate, promoting an agreement that is a sort of international insurance, so that if one island gets hit the other islands will help it out. He says that if the United States get hit, the economy of the rest of the country will take the blow (although that was slow to start up when hurricane Katrina hit), but if a Caribbean island gets hit, that may devastate the entire economy.
Over 7,300 homes have been completed in 2005. During the remaining months of this year the majority of homes partially affected by Hurricane Dennis will be repaired. No less than 10,000 of the homes destroyed will be built again as new and the plans to finish and construct new homes to cover the most urgent requirements will continue, up to at least 30,000 additional housing.
Cuba is notable for its national organic agriculture initiative. In the early 1990s, post-Soviet Union, Cuba lost over 70% of agricultural chemical imports, over 50% of food imports, and an equally significant amount of oil. Its agricultural sector, built on a large-scale, mechanized, chemical-based model, was instantly crippled. By restructuring its agricultural industry, and focusing scientific efforts on organic solutions, Cuba managed to rapidly and successfully convert the country to entirely organic production. Currently, only organic agriculture is permitted by law, which while having the effect of reducing the need for imports, has also led to lower yields. Today, Cuba is a leading nation in biotechnology.
On a total population of 11 million, Cuba has 250,000 educators, 67,500 medical doctors, and 34,000 physical education and sports professors and technicians.[10]
Many economic and social indicators have declined since the 1959 revolution. Pre-Castro Cuba ranked third in Latin America in per capita food consumption but ranked last out of the 11 countries analyzed in terms of percent of increase since 1957. Overall, Cuban per capita food consumption from 1954-1997 has decreased by 11.47 percent. Per capita consumption of cereals, tubers, and meat are today all below 1950's levels. The number of automobiles in Cuba has fallen since the 1950's -- the only country in Latin America for which this is the case. The number of telephone lines in Cuba also has been virtually frozen at 1950's levels. Cuba once ranked first in Latin America and fifth in the world in television sets per capita. In 1996 it barely ranked ninth in Latin America and is well back in the ranks globally.
Cuba's rate of development of electrical power since the 1950s also ranks behind every other country in Latin America including Haiti. Cuban rice production has finally seen a minor increase above the 1950s levels. By virtually any measure of macroeconomic stability, Cuba was progressing at a greater rate in 1958 than it is today. The Castro government shut down the media sector in the 1950's, when the relatively small country had 58 daily newspapers of differing political hues and ranked eighth in the world in number of radio stations. url
Culture
Cuban culture is much influenced by the fact that it is a melting pot of cultures, mostly from Spain and Africa. It has produced its fair share of literature, including the output of non-Cuban Ernest Hemingway. But best known is Cuban music, the most central form of which is Son, which has been the basis of many other musical styles like salsa. chachachá was invented to make it possible for 'Yankees' to dance to Cuban music. A musical instrument invented in Cuba is the Tres.
The Cuban mass media are under state control and are uniformly pro-government in their outlook. The Cuban media often portray a contrast between contented Cuban children and children dealing in drugs, dragged into prostitution, or living in the shantytowns of Bogotá, Los Angeles, Buenos Aires, the pueblos jóvenes of Peru, or the favelas of Brazil.
The Cuban government restricts the books that are available in the country. Castro's critics claim this is to prevent counter-revolutionary books from being available. Castro claims instead that "In Cuba there are no prohibited books, only those we do not have money to buy." However, there exist persecuted underground libraries which the Cuban government alleges are organized and financed by the U.S. Interests Section in Cuba.
Religion
Template:Main3 The religious landscape of Cuba is strongly marked by syncretisms of various kinds. In the post-revolutionary era religious practice was discouraged, and Cuba, from 1962, was officially an atheist state until 1992 which it amended its constitution to become formally a secular state. While the papal visit to Cuba has strengthened official Catholicism, most Cubans share a motley of faiths that include popular Catholicism, over 50 versions of Protestantism, spiritism, African-derived beliefs. The most important currents of these are Regla de Ocha (known as Santería), which derives from Yoruban religion, Regla de Palo Monte, which derives from Congo-based religions, and the Sociedad Secreta Abakuá, which derives from the secret men's societies in the region of Calabar, in south-eastern Nigeria.
It is assumed that Santería and popular Catholicism are the most widely followed religious beliefs in Cuba, though these are by no means exclusive, and one can easily be a follower of several religious currents at the same time, as well as being a member of the communist party. Pentecostalism is also growing rapidly, and the Assemblies of God alone claims a membership of over 100,000 people.
Cuba once had a small but vibrant Jewish population, and Havana still has one or two active synagogues.
Freemasonry is also practised (although this is not a religion).
In Cuba 6 January is the "Día de los Reyes Magos" which in English means "Day of Kings" is celebrated to commemorate the day that the Three Wise Men came to visit Jesus according to the Gospels. As in most Latin American countries as well as Spain, this day is celebrated in conjunction with, or sometimes instead of Christmas Day.
Important religious festivals include various days dedicated to the saints such as the "Virgen de la Caridad del Cobre" (the Virgin of Cobre, Cuba's patron saint, syncretised with Santería's Ochún) on September 8, and San Lázaro (Lazarus) (syncretised with Babalu Ayé), on December 17.
Republic
The following text has been added from the article Republic of Cuba so as to merge that article with this one. Integrating the text of that article with this one is an editting task that needs to be accomplished quickly, as the result of simply adding the text has been to both make this article overly long and to cause some information to be presented twice in this article.
Foreign policy
See main article: Foreign relations of Cuba
Castro became Prime Minister in February 1960, but friction with the US soon developed when the new government began expropriating property owned by major U.S. corporations (United Fruit in particular), proposing compensation based on property tax valuations that for many years the same companies had managed to keep artificially low. Castro visited the White House and met with Vice President Richard Nixon. Supposedly, Dwight D. Eisenhower snubbed Castro, giving the excuse that he was playing golf, and he left Nixon to speak to him and discern whether he was a Communist. Castro's economic policies had caused some concerns in Washington that Castro was a Communist with an allegiance to the Soviet Union. Following the meeting, Nixon remarked that Castro was "naïve" but not necessarily a Communist.
In February 1960, Cuba signed an agreement to buy oil from the U.S.S.R. When the U.S.-owned refineries in Cuba refused to process the oil they were expropriated, and the United States broke off diplomatic relations with the Castro government soon after. To the concern of the Eisenhower administration, Cuba continued to establish closer ties with the Soviet Union, and Castro began to step up speeches in Havana that included fiery condemnations of alleged American exploitation of the country. A variety of pacts were signed between Castro and Soviet Premier Khrushchev, and Cuba began to receive large amounts of economic and military aid from the Soviet Union.
On April 17, 1961, two days after bombardments by B-26s bearing false Cuban markings, and the day after Castro had described his revolution as a socialist one, the United States sponsored an unsuccessful attack on Cuba. Expecting an imminent attack following the B-26 bombings, Castro took the opportunity to jail at least 20,000 Cubans identified as opponents to the regime. [11] Brigade 2506, a force of about 1,400 Cuban exiles, financed and trained by the CIA, and commanded by CIA operatives Grayston Lynch and William Robertson, landed south of Havana at Playa Girón on the Bay of Pigs. The CIA's assumption was that the invasion would spark a popular uprising against Castro. There was, however, no such uprising. What part of the invasion force made it ashore was captured, while President Kennedy withdrew air support at the last minute. Two U.S. supplied support ships, the Houston and the Río Escondido, were sunk by Cuban propeller driven aircraft. Nine were executed in connection with this action.
Later that year, in a nationally broadcast speech on December 2, Castro declared that he was a Marxist-Leninist and that Cuba was going to adopt Communism.
During the 1960s, several smaller-scale attempts to overthrow Castro were made. Cuban exiles, financed and equipped by the CIA, attempted to emulate Castro's rise to power, forming small groups operating mainly in the Sierra de Escambray, a remote region near Trinidad, Cuba, hoping for an uprising that would remove Fidel Castro.
Cuban Missile Crisis and relations with the Soviet Union
Main article: Cuban Missile Crisis
According to Khrushchev's memoirs, the Soviet premier conceived the idea of placing missiles in Cuba as a deterrent to U.S. aggression against the island (or against the Soviet Union directly) while he was vacationing in the Crimea in the spring of 1962. After consultations with his own military he met with a Cuban delegation led by Raúl Castro in July in order to work out the specifics. It was agreed to deploy Soviet R-12 MRBM on Cuban soil; however, American U-2 reconnaissance discovered the construction of the missile installations on October 15, 1962 before the weapons had actually been deployed. The U.S. government viewed the installation of Soviet nuclear weapons 90 miles south of Miami as an aggressive act and a threat to U.S. security. The crisis resulted in the United States publicly announcing its discovery on October 22, 1962 and implemented a quarantine around Cuba that would actively intercept and search any vessels heading for the island.
In a personal letter to Khrushchev written on October 27 1962 (url), Castro urged Khrushchev to launch a nuclear first strike against the United States if Cuba were invaded, but Khrushchev rejected any first strike response (pdf). Soviet field commanders in Cuba were, however, authorized to use tactical nuclear weapons if attacked by the United States.
Khrushchev agreed to remove the missiles in exchange for a U.S. commitment not to invade Cuba and a commitment to remove American missiles from Turkey. Although tensions were defused, relations between the United States and Cuba remained mutually hostile, and the CIA continued to sponsor a number of assassination attempts over the following years.
In response to U.S. hostility and the establishment of close ties to the Soviet Union, Cuba became increasingly dependent on Soviet markets and military and economic aid. Cuba was able to build a formidable military force with the help of Soviet equipment and military advisors. The KGB kept in close touch with Havana, and Castro tightened Communist Party control over all levels of government, the media, and the educational system, while developing a Soviet-style internal police force.
However, Castro's relationship with the Soviet Union did face some problems. After a trial in Cuba of thirty-five members of a pro-Moscow "microfaction" charged with activities including "clandestine propaganda against the Party line", Petrovich Shlyapnikov, the chief KGB advisor to the General Intelligence Directorate, was sent back to Moscow as part of the alleged conspiracy with the "microfaction". This coupled with what Moscow saw as wasteful use of Soviet aid, and a perception of an increasingly haughty and indignant demeanor, led to Soviet threats of cutting off aid to Cuba. As soon as he returned from Havana, Shlyapnikov immediately lobbied for a reduction in oil exports to Cuba. Shipments were cut by 40%, which slowed Cuban industrial output drastically.
Nevertheless the alliance with the Soviet Union remained strong in the face of the common Cold War foe, the United States. This caused a split between Castro and his fellow revolutionary Che Guevara, who took a more pro-Chinese view following ideological conflict between the CPSU and the Maoist CPC. In 1967, Che left for Bolivia in an ill-fated attempt to stir up revolution against the country's military dictatorship; Castro did not provide him with any material support. One theory suggested for Castro's refusal was the fact that Moscow did not approve of revolution in Latin America unless it involved groups who towed the line with Moscow.
On August 23, 1968, Castro took to the airwaves and publicly denounced the Czech rebellion and warned the Cuban people against Czechoslovakian "counter-revolutionaries" who "were moving Czechoslovakia towards capitalism and into the arms of imperialists". He called the leaders of the rebellion "the agents of West Germany and fascist reactionary rabble". In return for his public backing of the invasion, at a time when many Soviet allies considered the invasion an infringement of Czechoslovakia's sovereignty, the Soviets bailed out the Cuban economy with extra loans and an immediate increase in oil exports.
On November 4, 1975, Castro decided to send Cuban troops to Angola in support of the government against the South African-aided rebels. Moscow aided the Cuban initiative with the U.S.S.R. engaging in a massive airlift of Cuban forces into Angola.
A critical part of Castro's external policy is the support, shelter and training of groups which seek the violent overthrow of the governments that oppose ideologies akin to his. This has involved covert Cuban interventions in almost all countries in Latin America, and has been as wide ranging as to involve over time such as: the North Vietnamese, the North African "Polisario Front," the violent Basque radicals in Spain, and apparently arms supply to the Tamil Tigers in Sri Lanka.
Relationship with the United States
In Operation Mongoose during the early 1960s, the CIA is known to have participated in various forms of covert economic sabotage in an attempt to oust Castro, including attempting destruction of the country's vital sugar crop, setting up explosives at certain factories, and even the bombing of a cargo ship with numerous casualties. During the same time frame, the CIA is also known to have established a relationship with the mafia in assassination attempts on Castro; in contrast to the ousted General Batista, Castro's government cracked down severely on the mafia, depriving some notorious mobsters of millions of dollars. There is controversy over whether President John F. Kennedy was fully aware of the "dirty tricks" the CIA was employing in its attempts to overthrow Castro at the time, as the agency's accountability standards were not as strict as they are today. Operation Mongoose ended in the mid-1960s, and there is no evidence that the U.S. is presently engaged in covert action against Castro.
Citing previous U.S. hostility, supporters of Castro thus portray opposition to his regime as illegitimate, and the result of an ongoing conspiracy fostered solely by Cuban exiles with ties to the United States or the CIA. Many Castro supporters thus feel that Castro's often harsh measures are justified; Castro's opposition, though, maintains that he uses the United States as an excuse to justify continued political control. The United States government maintains the continuing U.S. foreign policy goal in regards to Cuba is to bring democracy to the nation. The Cuban-immigrant population of the U.S. state of Florida, which holds considerable political clout in U.S. electoral politics, has significant influence in U.S. relations with Cuba. Castro maintains a significant "intelligence" and agi-prop presence in the United States, and throughout the world. Some believe that this effort is partially funded through sale of information to those with interests opposed to those of the U.S.
Castro remains a vocal critic of United States policies, speaking against the continuing economic embargo and U.S. attempts to topple his government. He has also condemned what he sees as exploitation of developing countries by U.S. corporations and even the state of public health care in the United States. Recently, he has harshly condemned the migration policies of the United States, which severely limit travel of Cuban-Americans to their families in Cuba. Castro also opposes the policies of developed world vis-à-vis the developing countries, including growing costs of servicing foreign debt.
In 2000 four Cuban exiles with ties to the Cuban-American National Foundation [12] were convicted in a Panamanian court of plotting to assassinate Castro during a regional summit. The four were pardoned in 2004 and all but Luis Posada Carriles entered the United States. Posada appeared in the U.S. in May 2005, but was arrested and faces extradition to Venezuela. url All four men have been accused of being on the CIA payroll during the '70s or '80s. [13]
See also
- Communications in Cuba
- Cuba Coalition
- Foreign relations of Cuba
- List of Cuban newspapers
- Military of Cuba
- Transportation in Cuba
- Women in Cuba
External links
General
- Information about Cuba — Culture, history, demography, geography, religion, etc.
- Cuba Maps — Maps of all the provinces of Cuba, and maps of the major cities.
- Cubamusic — All about Cuban music
- CUBANET — An anti-Castro site including news articles from Cuba's independent journalists and a digest of Cuban news by international newspapers
- Encuentro en la Red — Independent news and cultural site on Cuban matters
- Discover Cuba through a collection of old Photos & Vintage Postcards.
- Cuba Pictures Photos from all 14 Cuban provinces, plus the city of Havana
- Paseos por La Habana Havana guide (in Spanish) and travel information. Details of culture, history, traditions, routes, hotels, restaurants and bars.
- Link guide to Cuba. Discover Cuba through a collection of sorted links.
- Cuba AIDS Project HIV and AIDS in Cuba
- Spain and the Spaniard A contemporary opinion of the Cuban uprising
- UN HDI — Human Development Index for Cuba from UN
- IFEX — Freedom of expression in Cuba from IFEX
- The Electoral process in Cuba — Democracy in Cuba
- U.S. Department of State — Cuba, from the U.S. government's point of view
- The Infoportal of Cuba Information in English, French and German
- The Cuban Constitution
Official
- Granma — Communist Party of Cuba Newspaper (in English)
- Republic of Cuba — (in English)
- List of members of the Council of State
- Prensa Latina — Cuban World News (in English)
- Cuban News Agency — Cuban News (in English)
Opposition
- CANF — Cuban-American National Foundation, the largest political party of Cubans in exile
- Details the Cuban dissident situation
- Movimiento Humanista Evolucionario Cubano (Cuban Evolutionary Humanist Movement)
- No Castro nor his regime — website of anti-Castro opposition