Microsoft Research
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Microsoft Research is a division of Microsoft that is devoted to researching various computer science topics and issues. Created in 1991, it is the oldest corporate computer science research entity. One of the stated goals of Microsoft Research is to "support long-term computer science research that is not bound by product cycles." [1]
There are laboratories around the world in Bangalore, Beijing, Cambridge (set up by Roger Needham), Mountain View, Redmond and San Francisco.