Monterrey
- This article is about the Mexican city; for other uses, see Monterrey (disambiguation).
| File:Escudo Monterrey.gif Coat of arms of the Municipality of Monterrey | |
| Motto: El Trabajo Templa el Espíritu ("Work forges the spirit") | |
| Foundation date | September 20, 1596 |
| Population | 1 139 417 (2005) |
| Population Metro Area | 3 837 910 (2005) |
| Population density | 6 700/km² (2005) |
| Altitude | 537 meters |
| Coordinates | 25°40′N 100°18′W / 25.667°N 100.300°W |
| UTC | - 6 hours(Central) |
| Telephone code number | 81 |
| Sources: INEGI, Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México,) CONAPO | |
Monterrey is the capital city of the Mexican state of Nuevo León.
Geography
Monterrey is located in northeastern Mexico, and has about 1.1 million inhabitants, although the Greater Monterrey metropolitan area (composed of the municipios (i.e. "municipality") of San Pedro Garza García, San Nicolás de los Garza, Apodaca, Guadalupe, Escobedo, Santa Catarina, Garcia, and Juarez) add another 2.7 million distributed on 572.8 km² making Monterrey's metropolitan area the third most populous in Mexico but the second largest urban area.
Monterrey is located at 25°40′N 100°18′W / 25.667°N 100.300°W, in the Northeastern Mexican state of Nuevo León. The Santa Catarina river bisects the city. Though it is dry for most of the year, it flows after occasional heavy rainstorms.
Monterrey, also known as "La Ciudad de las Montañas" ("City of the Mountains"), has the highest GDP per capita in Latin America. It sits on the Sierra Madre Oriental mountain range (a continuation of the Rocky Mountains) which seem to come to an abrupt end south of the city with the famous peak La Eme (the "m") in San Pedro Garza García. A small, dead volcano, the Cerro del Topo, and its smaller Topo Chico are located in the suburb of San Nicolás de los Garza. West of the city rises the Cerro de las Mitras, so called because the profile of a bishop with his mitre (mitra) can be seen along its upper edge. East of the city, the iconic Cerro de la Silla ("Saddle Hill") dominates the view. South of the Santa Catarina river, the Loma Larga separates Monterrey from the suburb of San Pedro Garza García. North of the river, the summit of the Cerro del Obispado is the site of the historic Bishop's Palace (Obispado), where one of the most important battles in the Mexican-American War was fought.
Economy, government, and public security
Monterrey is a politically mature city; it has been present at the political power alternancy between political parties in clear and frank peace and stability. At the present time it has by mayor Ricardo Cannavatti that will remain in the position until the 2006. The state of Nuevo León is governed by José Natividad Gonzáles Parás who belongs to Institutional the Revolutionary Party PRI and will remain in the position until the 2009.
At enterprise level the city is host of important industrial groups between which Cementos Mexicanos (Mexican Cements) CEMEX emphasize, Cuahtémoc-Moctezuma Brewery, Banorte Bank, Maseca flour based foods company, Bimbo bread and snack foods company, Alestra telecomunications services suplier, Mexican Galletera, Monterrey Industries and Multimedios Estrellas de Oro (Multimedios Gold Stars) a media group, all with operations at international level. Also, is host of Grupo Reforma a corporative mass media grupo with presence in several cities of the country.
The GIP per capita fit by Purchase ability and Life cost of Monterrey is of 13,930 Dollars, highest of Latin America, only surpassed by San Juan, Puerto Rico. Nevertheless, San Pedro Garcia, one of the metropolitan municipalities near Monterrey has a GIP Per capita of $32.000 Dollars, the highest one of the country.
On the transport infrastructure issue, the city is communicated, by ground: by several roads, including the Carretera Nacional (National Highway) that runs from Laredo City to México City, and the Autopista Interoceánica (Oceanic freeway) connecting Matamoros city with Mazatlán sea port), also it is crossed by 40, 45, 57 and regional freeways). Counts with two important [ [ railroad ] ] lines: New Laredo-City of Mexico and Monterrey-Tampico. And by air: sorrounded by two international airports Aeropuerto internacional General Mariano Escobedo (General Mariano Escobedo International Airport) and Aeropuerto del Norte (Monterrey´s Airport of the North). This means that Monterrey is the third richer city of Latin America just behind Mexico City and Rio de Janeiro.
Monterrey is the only metropolitan zone of the Country that is below the National Average of Criminal Incidence.
The Nuevo Leon State´s capital and 10 of its sorrounding municipalities (Apodaca, García, San Pedro Garza García, General Escobedo, Guadalupe, Juárez, Salinas Victoria, San Nicolas de los Garza, Santa Catarina and Santiago) reported in the year 2004 to have a criminal incidence of 8 thousand 34 crimes by each one hundred thousand of people, whereas the national average of criminal incidence were located in 11 thousands 246. The metropolitan zone of Monterrey, in spite of being third in importance by the number of inhabitants, is very underneath in the levels of insecurity in México, converting the city in the most secure of all mayor metropolitan areas of the Country.
Features of note
It is well known for its industries, particular beers, finance, glass, and steel. Carta Blanca, Tecate, Bohemia, Sol, Casta, Indio, XX (Dos Equis), and Nochebuena are produced in the city by FEMSA group. Vitro figures as one of the most important glass factories in North America. Cemex, the world wide conglomerate of cement, concrete, and building materials, has its headquarters there, as well as Banorte, the only large Mexican bank controlled by Mexicans. The industry used to be led by the "Compañía Fundidora de Fierro y Acero de Monterrey", popularly known as Fundidora, which went broke in the mid-1980s. Today, the remains of the Fundidora factory have been transformed into the beautiful Fundidora Park, which hosts a Champ Car World Championship race once a year. OXXO the convenience store was also founded in Monterrey; it has about 350 stores in this city and about 4,000 in the rest of the Mexican Republic.
Famous Places
- El Palacio del Obispado, the Bishop's Palace, hosting a regional museum.
- La Macro Plaza, the largest in the world.
- El Faro del Comercio, the Commerce Beacon.
- La Basílica del Roble, one of the three basilicas of the city.
- El Palacio de Gobierno, where the office of the governor is located.
- El Museo de Historia, which exhibits a large collection of artifacts from Pre-Columbian days until present.
- MARCO, the Museum of Contemporary Art.
- La Cervecería Cuauhtémoc Moctezuma, with its XIX Century buildings and where the national Baseball Hall of Fame is located.
- The Monument to the Sun by Rufino Tamayo, located at the rear of the City Hall.
- The Barrio Antiguo, the colonial sector of the city where one can also find bars, cafés and restaurants. On November of every year the Festival Cultural Barrio Antiguo takes place in the Barrio Antiguo with artists from different places of the world.
- El Río Santa Catarina: despite being called "río" (river) the Santa Catarina is pretty much dry, except for the times it rains. The river channel is now home to soccer and baseball fields, a running track and on weekends a market. The market, which is more of a flea market, is located under El Puente del Papa, which gives the market its name.
- Opened in 2003, the controversial Puente Atirantado is a suspension bridge that crosses the Río Santa Catarina and joins San Pedro Garza García with Monterrey. It was highly controversial due to its cost, its design (which appears to have been cribbed from Santiago Calatrava), and the fact that the river it crosses is dry.
- Grutas de Garcia - a cave system located northwest of Monterrey in the Villa de Garcia.
History
In the mid 1500s, the area was unexplored by the Spanish and known as Extremadura Valley. Several unsuccessful expeditions led by Alberto del Canto had tried to colonize the area. An expedition led by Luis Carvajal y de la Cueva established a settlement in the area called San Luis Re di Francia but was frustrated by the Inquisition and the persecution of the Sephardim among the colonists. A third expedition of twelve families led by Diego de Montemayor founded Ciudad Metropolitana de Nuestra Señora de Monterrey (Metropolitan City of Our Lady of Monterrey, now only Monterrey) on September 20, 1596, next to a spring called Ojos de Agua de Santa Lucia, where the National Museum of Mexican History is now located.
During the years of Spanish Rule, Monterrey was a place that connected trade between San Antonio (nowadays in Texas), Tampico, and Saltillo. Tampico's port brought many products from Europe, while Saltillo concentrated the Northern Territories trade with the capital, Mexico City. San Antonio was the key trade point with the northern foreign colonies (British and French).
After the Mexican Independence War, Monterrey rose as a key economical center for the newly formed nation, especially due to its balanced ties between Europe (with its connections to Tampico), the United States (with its connections to San Antonio), and the capital (through Saltillo). However, the anarchy that followed the first 50 years of the new country allowed for two American Invasions, and a secession war. Monterrey became capital of the State of Nuevo León, which during its endeavor to become an independent country, annexed the state of Coahuila.
Most of the generals in the Mexican War against France are indigenous to this city, including Mariano Escobedo, Juan Zuazua and Jerónimo Treviño.
During the last decade of the 19th Century, the city of Monterrey gained access to the railroads, which benefitted industry. It was during this period that José Eleuterio González, "Gonzalitos", founded the Colegio Civil, an early effort to create a university in Nuevo León, he also founded the Hospital Civil which is one of the best public hospitals in the northeast of Mexico nowadays, and also serves as medicine school support to the Facultad de Medicina de la UANL, making it a teaching/community-serving facility in the present.
Eugenio Garza Sada also founded, in 1943, the largest private university in Latin America, the Monterrey Institute of Technology (Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, ITESM, or Tec). This university has evolved into one of the leading business schools in Latin America, and it also excels in engineering disciplines.
By the mid 20th century, in a country where state-owned companies sustained the economy, Monterrey shone brightly as one of the most important economic districts in the land due to its strong private sector and fierce sense of independence.
In the last decades of the 20th century, El Norte, a newspaper founded by Junco de la Vega, became important due to its efforts to denounce government corruption, and due to its principles of independence in journalism. Today, the newspaper has evolved into the Reforma news group, comprising the original El Norte, Reforma in Mexico City, Mural in Guadalajara and Palabra in Saltillo.
In 1988, Hurricane Gilbert caused great damage to the city, flooding the Santa Catarina River and causing deaths and economic damage.
In 2002, the United Nations' Forum for Economic Development was held in the city, grouping heads of state and heads of government from over 50 countries. Cuban President Fidel Castro left the meeting before U.S President George W. Bush arrived: Castro alleged the Mexican government asked him to leave to prevent an uncomfortable encounter between the two.
In 2007, Monterrey will hold the Universal Forum of Cultures. The debt holding this event is causing is making it unpopular among the community.
Food
Typical Monterrey cuisine includes machacado con huevo, a dish prepared with dry beef, eggs, and salsa. Perhaps the most traditional dish from Monterrey is cabrito al pastor, a young goat cooked in embers based on the Jewish cuisine of the founders of the city.
Education
The most famous private university in Mexico is the Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey (Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Studies) (ITESM), the largest educational system in Latin America with 33 campi and agreements with other universities in America, Europe and Asia. The ITESM holds its headquarters in this city.
The UANL, Autonomous University of the State of Nuevo Leon, is among the most prestigious public schools in Latin America and one of the top medical schools in the country.
Many other private universities, like the University of Monterrey (UDEM) and others are also present in the city.
Sports
Monterrey has two soccer teams in the Mexican league, the Tigres of the Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León and the Club de Futbol Monterrey, known as the Rayados. While Tigres play in their stadium, the Estadio Universitario in San Nicolás de los Garza, Rayados plays in the Estadio Tecnológico, a facility owned by the ITESM, and rented to the team.
The city also hosted many official games during the 1986 FIFA World Cup.
Baseball has a long history in the city, where it became the most popular sport during the early 20th century. Monterrey has twice been champion of the Little League World Tournament and often hosts Major League games. In the Mexican league, the Sultanes are one of the strongest teams every season and in the year 2003, they unsuccessfully attempted to buy the Montreal Expos franchise in the MLB.
Monterrey also has a basketball team, Fuerza Regia, which plays in the Mexican league.
The city also hosts a Champ Car World Championship race once a year in Fundidora Park, since 2001.
Other popular sports include golf and football (American). People can also find fishing and extreme-sports facilities near the city.
Famous people
- See also articles in the category People from Monterrey
Famous people from Monterrey include:
- Alfonso Reyes, Mexican poet and essayist.
- Eugenio Garza Sada, businessman and philanthropist.
- Alejandro Junco de la Vega, journalist.
- Lorenzo Zambrano, businessman.
- José A. Muguerza, businessman and philanthropist.
- Felipe de Jesús Benavides Guerra, businessman.
- Gabriel Zaid, author.
- Valentín Canalizo, Mexican president in the 19th century.
- Eloy Cavazos, bullfighter.
- Ricardo Elizondo Elizondo, writer.
- José Marroquín "Pipo", Clown.
- Eugenio Garza Lagüera, businessman.
- Alfonso Romo Garza, businessman.
- Rolando Hernandez Verastegui "Rolando Vera", wrestler.
Monterrey, Nuevo León is not the only city of that name that exists; there is also a city with that name in Colombia (Monterrey, Colombia; airport code MOY). Monterrey is sometimes known as "Old Monterrey" since it was founded before Monterey, California, USA, which is spelled with only one "R". In Spain, the name of the original city that inspired both New World cities is written Monterrei, with an "I" at the end.