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Montague Druitt

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Thin young man, with dark hair parted in the middle and a small moustache, sits at a table and reads a book
M. J. Druitt, c. 1879

Montague John Druitt (15 August 1857 – early December 1888)[1] was a suspect in the Jack the Ripper murders that took place in London between August and November 1888.

He came from an English upper-middle class background, and studied at Winchester College and the University of Oxford. After graduating, he took a teaching position at a boarding school and pursued a parallel career in the law; he qualified as a barrister in 1885. His main interest outside work was cricket, which he played with many leading players of the time, including Lord Harris and Francis Lacey.

In November 1888, he lost his post at the school for reasons that remain unclear. One month later his body was found drowned in the River Thames. His death, which was found to be a suicide, roughly coincided with the end of the murders that were attributed to Jack the Ripper. Private suggestions in the 1890s that he could have committed the crimes became public knowledge in the 1960s; however, the evidence against him was entirely circumstantial. He had no known links to the East End of London, where the murders were committed, and he was playing cricket miles from the crime scenes on the weekends that some of the women were killed.

Family and education

Druitt was born in Wimborne Minster, Dorset, England. He was the second son of prominent local physician William Druitt, and his wife Anne née Harvey. William Druitt was a Justice of the Peace, a governor of the local grammar school, and a regular worshiper at the local Anglican church, the Minster.[2] Montague was christened at the Minster by his maternal great-uncle, Rev. William Mayo, six weeks after his birth.[3] The Druitts lived at Westfield, which was the largest house in the town and set in its own grounds with stables and servants' cottages.[2] Montague had six brothers and sisters,[2] including an elder brother William who entered the law, and a younger brother Edward who joined the Royal Engineers.[4]

Medieval stone church with a large arched window at one end and a square tower
Winchester College
Photograph by Christophe Finot

Montague was educated at Winchester College, where he won a scholarship at the age of 13, and excelled at sports, especially cricket and fives.[5] He was active in the school's debating society: an interest that may have spawned his desire to become a barrister.[6] He spoke in favour of French republicanism and against slavery, the subjugation of women, and the influence of Otto von Bismarck.[6] In his final year at Winchester, 1875–76, he was Prefect of Chapel, treasurer of the debating society, school fives champion, and opening bowler for the cricket team.[7] In June 1876, he played cricket against Eton College, whose winning team included cricketing luminaries Ivo Bligh and Kynaston Studd, and future Principal Private Secretary at the Home Office Evelyn Ruggles-Brise. Druitt bowled out Studd for four.[8] With a glowing academic record, he was awarded a Winchester Scholarship to New College, Oxford.[7] At New College, he was popular with his peers, and was elected Steward of the Junior Common Room by his fellow students.[9] He played cricket and rugby for the college team, and was the winner of both double and single fives at the university in 1877.[10] In a seniors' cricket match in 1880, he bowled out William Patterson, who later captained Kent County Cricket Club.[11] Druitt graduated from Oxford in 1880 with a third class Bachelor of Arts degree in Classics.[9] Montague's youngest brother, Arthur, entered New College in 1882,[12] just as Montague followed in his eldest brother William's footsteps by embarking on a career in the law.[4]

Career

Pen and ink drawing of a urban winter scene: to the left a large gothic building with spire and castellations; to the right a tree bereft of leaves; between them pedestrians and a pony and trap
The Inner Temple, 1895
Sketch by Herbert Railton

On 17 May 1882, two years after graduation, Druitt was admitted to the Inner Temple, one of the qualifying bodies for English barristers. His father had promised him a legacy of £500 (equivalent to £64,000 today),[13][14] and Druitt paid his membership fees with a loan secured against the promise of the inheritance.[15] He was called to the bar on 29 April 1885, and set up a practice as a barrister and special pleader.[16] Druitt's father died suddenly from a heart attack in September 1885, leaving an estate valued at £16,579 (equivalent to £2,262,000 today).[13][17] In a codicil, Druitt senior had instructed his executors to deduct the money he had advanced to his son for his studies from the legacy of £500. Montague received very little, if anything, from his father's will. Most of Dr Druitt's estate went to his wife Anne, three unmarried daughters (Georgiana, Edith and Ethel), and eldest son William.[18]

Druitt rented legal chambers at 9 King's Bench Walk in the Inner Temple.[15] In the late Victorian era only the wealthy could afford legal action, and only one in eight qualified barristers was able to make a living from the law.[19] While some of Druitt's biographers claim his practice did not flourish,[20] others suppose that it provided him with a relatively substantial income.[21][22] He is listed in the Law List of 1886 as active in the Western Circuit and Winchester Sessions, and for 1887 in the Western Circuit and Hampshire, Portsmouth and Southampton Assizes.[23]

To supplement his income and help pay for his legal training, Druitt worked as an assistant schoolmaster at George Valentine's boarding school, 9 Eliot Place, Blackheath, London, from 1881.[24] Valentine's school had a long and distinguished history; Benjamin Disraeli had been a student there, and boys from the school had been playmates of Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught, who as a boy had lived nearby at Greenwich Park.[25] Druitt's teaching post came with accommodation in Eliot Place, and the long school holidays gave him time to study the law and to pursue his interest in cricket.[26]

Cricket

In Dorset, Druitt played for the Kingston Park Cricket Club,[27] and the Dorset County Cricket Club.[28] He was particularly noted for his skill as a bowler.[29][30] In 1882 and 1883, he toured the West Country with a gentleman's touring team called the Incogniti Club.[31] One of Druitt's fellow local players was Francis Lacey, the first man knighted for services to cricket.[32] Druitt played for another wandering team, the Butterflies, on 14 June 1883, when they drew against his alma mater Winchester College. The team included first-class cricketers A. J. Webbe, J. G. Crowdy, John Frederick and Charles Seymour.[33]

While working at Blackheath, Druitt joined the local cricket club, Blackheath Morden, and became the club's treasurer.[34][35] It was a well-connected club: the President was politician Sir Charles Mills and its star player was Stanley Christopherson.[36] After the merger of the club with other local sports associations to form the Blackheath Cricket, Football and Lawn Tennis Company, Druitt took on the additional roles of company secretary and director.[34][37] The inaugural game of the new club was played against George Gibbons Hearne's Eleven, which included many members of the famous cricketing Hearne family. Hearne's team won by 21 runs.[38] On 5 June 1886, in a match between Blackheath and a gentleman's touring team called the Band of Brothers, led by Lord Harris, Druitt bowled Harris for 14 and took three other wickets. Blackheath won by 178 runs.[39] Two weeks later, he dismissed England batsman John Shuter, who was playing for Bexley Cricket Club, for a duck, and Blackheath won the game by 114 runs.[40] The following year, Shuter returned to Blackheath with a Surrey County side that included Walter Read, William Lockwood, and Bobby Abel, whom Druitt bowled out for 56. Surrey won by 147 runs.[41]

On 26 May 1884, Druitt was elected to the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) on the recommendation of his fellow Butterflies player Charles Seymour and Vernon Royle, who proposed and seconded his nomination.[42] One of the minor matches he played for MCC was with William Attewell against Harrow School on 10 June 1886. MCC won by 57 runs.[43] He also played against MCC for Blackheath: on 23 July 1887, he bowled out Dick Pougher for 28 runs, but Druitt only made 5 runs before he was bowled out by Arnold Fothergill with a ball caught by Pougher. MCC won by 52 runs.[44]

In June 1888, Lord Harris played twice for Blackheath with Druitt and Stanley Christopherson; Blackheath won both matches easily, but Druitt was off form and contributed neither runs nor wickets in either match.[45] In August 1888, Druitt played for the Gentlemen of Bournemouth against the Parsees cricket team during their tour of England, and took five wickets in the visitors' first innings. Nevertheless, the Parsees won.[46] On 8 September 1888, the Blackheath Club played against the Christopherson brothers. Druitt was bowled out by Stanley Christopherson, who was playing with his brothers instead of for Blackheath, and in reply Druitt bowled out Christopherson. Blackheath won by 22 runs.[47][48]

Death

On 30 November 1888, Druitt was dismissed from his post at the Blackheath boys' school. The reason for his dismissal is unclear.[49] One newspaper reported that he "had got into serious trouble", but did not specify any further.[50] In early December 1888, he disappeared, and on 21 December 1888 the Blackheath Cricket Club's minute book records that he was removed as treasurer and secretary in the belief that he had "gone abroad".[51]

On 31 December 1888, his body was found floating in the River Thames, off Thorneycroft's torpedo works near Chiswick, by a waterman called Henry Winslade.[52][53] Stones in Druitt's pockets had kept his body submerged for about a month.[54] He was carrying a train ticket to Hammersmith dated 1 December, a silver watch, a cheque for £50 and £16 in gold (equivalent to £7,000 and £2,300 today).[13][55][56] It is not known why he should have carried such a large amount of money,[57] but it could have been a final pay-off from the school.[22][58]

Some modern authors suggest that Druitt was dismissed because he was a homosexual or pederast and that it may have driven him to suicide.[59] One speculation is that the money found on his body was a payment to a blackmailer.[60] Others, however, think that there is no evidence of homosexuality and that his suicide was instead precipitated by an hereditary psychiatric illness.[61] His mother suffered from depression and was institutionalised from July 1888.[62] She died in an asylum in 1890.[63] His maternal grandmother committed suicide while insane; his aunt attempted suicide; and his eldest sister committed suicide in old age.[64] A note written by Druitt and addressed to his brother, William, who was a solicitor in Bournemouth, was found in Druitt's room in Blackheath. It read, "I felt that I was going to be like mother, and the best thing for me was to die."[65]

As was usual in the district, the inquest was held at the Lamb Tap public house, Chiswick, by the coroner Dr Thomas Bramah Diplock on 2 January 1889.[66] The coroner's jury concluded that Druitt had committed suicide by drowning "whilst in an unsound state of mind".[67] He was buried in Wimborne cemetery the next day.[55][68] At probate, his estate was valued at £2,600 (equivalent to £365,800 today).[13][69]

It is not known why Druitt committed suicide in Chiswick. One suggested link is that one of his University friends, Thomas Seymour Tuke of the Tuke family, lived there. Tuke was a psychiatric doctor with whom Druitt played cricket, and Druitt's mother was committed to Tuke's asylum in 1890.[22][70]

Jack the Ripper suspect

Dapper paunchy gentleman with a black beard and hair wearing smart clothes and a buttonhole
George R. Sims appears to identify Druitt with the Ripper, albeit obliquely, in his autobiography.

On 31 August 1888, Mary Ann Nichols was found murdered in the impoverished Whitechapel district in the East End of London with a slash to the throat. During September, three more women were found dead with their throats cut, and on 9 November 1888, the body of Mary Jane Kelly was discovered. Her throat had been severed down to the spine. In four of the cases the bodies were mutilated after death. The similarities between the crimes led to the supposition that they were committed by the same assailant, who was given the nickname "Jack the Ripper". Despite an extensive police investigation into the five murders, the Ripper was never identified and the crimes remained unsolved.

Druitt's disappearance and death shortly after the last of the five murders on 9 November 1888, as well as unspecified "private information", led Assistant Chief Constable Sir Melville Macnaghten to name him as a suspect in a memorandum of 23 February 1894.[71] The Victorian journalist George R. Sims seems to have been aware of Macnaghten's suspicions about Druitt: in his memoirs, The Mysteries of Modern London (1906), he writes, "[the Ripper's] body was found in the Thames after it had been in the river for about a month".[72][73] However, Macnaghten incorrectly described the 31-year-old barrister as a 41-year-old doctor,[74] and cited allegations that Druitt "was sexually insane" without specifying the source of the allegations.[75] Macnaghten's memorandum named two other suspects ("Kosminski" and Michael Ostrog) and was written to refute allegations against a fourth, Thomas Cutbush.[76][77]

Macnaghten's memo was eventually discovered in the private papers of Macnaghten's daughter, Lady Aberconway, by British broadcaster Dan Farson, who revealed Druitt's initials "MJD" in a television programme in November 1959.[78] Journalist Tom Cullen revealed the full name in his 1965 book Autumn of Terror, which was followed by Farson's 1972 book Jack the Ripper.[79] They supposed that Druitt was the Ripper on the basis of the Macnaghten memorandum,[80] the coincidence between Druitt's death and the end of the murders,[81] the closeness of Whitechapel to Druitt's rooms in the Inner Temple,[82] the insanity that was acknowledged by the inquest verdict of "unsound mind",[83] and the possibility that Druitt had absorbed the rudimentary anatomical skill supposedly shown by the Ripper through observing his father at work.[84]

Other Ripper authors, however, argue that theories based on such circumstantial evidence are flawed.[54] On 1 September, the day after the first murder, Druitt was in Dorset playing cricket.[85] While he could have travelled by train between his cricket engagements and London, or used his city legal chambers as a base from which to commit the murders, most experts believe that the killer was local to Whitechapel, whereas Druitt lived miles away on the other side of the Thames in Kent.[86] His chambers were an hour's walk from Whitechapel, and it seems unlikely that he could have travelled the distance in blood-stained clothes unnoticed.[87] Inspector Frederick Abberline, who was the lead investigative officer in the case, appeared to dismiss Druitt as a suspect on the basis that the only evidence against him was the coincidental timing of his suicide shortly after the fifth murder.[88] Other officials involved in the Ripper case, Metropolitan Police Commissioner James Monro and pathologist Thomas Bond, believed that the murder of Alice McKenzie on 17 July 1889, seven months after Druitt's death, was committed by the same culprit as the earlier murders.[89] The inclusion of McKenzie among the Ripper's victims was contested by Abberline and Macnaghten among others,[90] but if she was one of his victims, then Druitt clearly could not be the Ripper.[91] In 1961, Dan Farson investigated a claim by an Australian that Montague's cousin, Lionel Druitt, had written a pamphlet that claimed knowledge of the Ripper's identity, but the claim was never substantiated.[22][92]

Conspiracy theories

Druitt was a favoured suspect throughout the 1960s, until the advent of the 1970s conspiracy theories, such as those promoted by Stephen Knight in his 1976 book Jack the Ripper: The Final Solution.[93] Knight's version of the conspiracy supposed that Druitt was a scapegoat, chosen by officialdom to take the blame for the murders.[94] Martin Howells and Keith Skinner followed the same line in their 1987 book The Ripper Legacy, which was panned by one critic as being based on "no evidence whatever".[95] Since the 1970s, the number of Ripper suspects has continued to grow, with the result that there are now over 100 different theories about the Ripper's identity.[96][97]

The conspiracy theories, which are widely condemned as ridiculous,[98] implicate Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale, his tutor James Kenneth Stephen, and their doctor Sir William Gull to varying degrees. Howells and Skinner attempted to link Druitt with these suspects through a network of mutual acquaintances and possible connections.[99] Reginald Acland, the brother of Gull's son-in-law, had legal chambers in King's Bench Walk,[100] as did Harry Lushington Stephen, who was James Kenneth Stephen's brother. Harry Lushington Stephen was good friends with Harry Wilson, who had a house in Chiswick, "The Osiers", near to where Druitt's body was found.[101] Wilson and James Kenneth Stephen were close friends of Clarence, and were both members of an exclusive society called the Cambridge Apostles.[102] As a schoolboy, Druitt had played cricket against two of Wilson's friends, Kynaston Studd and Henry Goodhart, who was also one of the Apostles.[103] Druitt, along with his mother and sister Georgiana, was invited to meet Clarence at a ball at the home of Lord Wimborne on 17 December 1888, although they did not attend because by that time Montague was dead, his mother was in an asylum, and his sister was expecting her second child.[104] Clarence, Stephen, Wilson, Studd, and Goodhart are suggested to have been homosexual by some Ripper authors,[105] although this is contested by historians.[106] The connections between the Apostles and Druitt led to the suggestion that he was part of the same set.[107] John Wilding's 1993 book Jack the Ripper Revealed used parts of the conspiracy theories and the connections between Druitt and Stephen to propose that they committed the crimes together, but reviewers considered it an "exercise in ingenuity rather than … fact".[108] In 2005 and 2006, D. J. Leighton repeated some of Knight's and Wilding's claims, that were considered "outrageous fantasies" by reviewers,[109] and suggested that Druitt could have been murdered either out of greed by his elder brother William or out of fear of exposure by Harry Wilson's homosexual cronies.[110] The propensity of theorists to associate Ripper suspects with homosexuality has led scholars to assume that such notions are based on homophobia rather than evidence.[111]

The conspiracy theories and the accusations against Druitt also draw on cultural perceptions of a decadent aristocracy, and depict an upper-class murderer or murderers preying on lower-class victims.[112] As Druitt and other aristocratic Ripper suspects were wealthy, there is more biographical material on them than on the residents of the Whitechapel slums.[112] Consequently, it is easier for writers to concoct solutions based on a wealthy culprit rather than one based on a Whitechapel resident.[112] There is no real evidence against Druitt,[112][113] and most authorities do not consider him a likely suspect.[114]

In fiction, Druitt is depicted as the murderer in the musical Jack the Ripper by Ron Pember and Denis de Marne. In John Gardner's Sherlock Holmes story The Revenge of Moriarty, Professor Moriarty's criminal exploits are hampered by increased police activity as a result of the Jack the Ripper murders. He discovers that Druitt is the murderer and so fakes his suicide in the hope that the police will lose interest once the murders cease.[115]

Notes

  1. ^ He was found dead on 31 December 1888 carrying a train ticket dated 1 December. His gravestone reads 4 December 1888; his death certificate gives the date his body was found.
  2. ^ a b c Cullen, p. 224; Leighton, pp. 11–12
  3. ^ Leighton, p. 10
  4. ^ a b McDonald, p. 80
  5. ^ Cullen, pp. 224–225
  6. ^ a b Cullen, p. 225; Leighton, p. 20
  7. ^ a b Cullen, p. 225
  8. ^ Leighton, p. 16
  9. ^ a b Cullen, p. 226; Leighton, p. 28; McDonald, p. 82; Rumbelow, p. 155
  10. ^ Leighton, p. 24; McDonald, p. 82
  11. ^ Leighton, p. 24
  12. ^ Foster, Joseph (ed.) (1888) Alumni Oxonienses, London: Parker and Co., vol. I: "Abbay–Dyson"
  13. ^ a b c d UK Retail Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark, Gregory (2017). "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved May 7, 2024.
  14. ^ Begg, p. 259; Cullen, p. 227; Leighton, p. 32; Rumbelow, pp. 154–155
  15. ^ a b Cullen, p. 227
  16. ^ Begg, p. 259; Rumbelow, pp. 154–155
  17. ^ Leighton, p. 44; McDonald, p. 90
  18. ^ McDonald, p. 90
  19. ^ George R. Sims quoted in Cullen, p. 228 and McDonald, p. 90
  20. ^ Cullen, p. 228
  21. ^ Mcdonald, p. 91
  22. ^ a b c d Spallek, Andrew J. (July 2005) "Montague John Druitt: Still Our Best Suspect", in Norder, Dan; Vanderlinden, Wolf; Evans, Stewart P. (editors) Ripper Notes: Suspects & Witnesses, Issue 23, Madison, Wisconsin: Inklings Press, ISBN 9780975912942, pp. 4–21
  23. ^ Begg, pp. 259–260
  24. ^ Rumbelow, p.155
  25. ^ McDonald, pp. 83–85
  26. ^ Leighton, pp. 31–32, 36; McDonald, p. 83
  27. ^ Dorset County Chronicle and Somersetshire Gazette, 10 January 1889, quoted in Evans and Skinner, p. 590; Leighton, p. 56
  28. ^ Leighton, p. 56; McDonald, p. 82
  29. ^ A Brief History of Blackheath CC, Blackheath Cricket Club, retrieved 15 March 2010
  30. ^ Leighton, p. 18
  31. ^ McDonald, p. 83
  32. ^ Leighton, p. 62, 173, 175
  33. ^ Leighton, pp. 55, 177
  34. ^ a b Montague Druitt, CricInfo, ESPN EMEA Ltd, retrieved 2 February 2010
  35. ^ Begg, p. 259; Leighton, p. 37
  36. ^ Leighton, p. 37
  37. ^ Leighton, p. 42
  38. ^ Leighton, pp. 45, 181
  39. ^ Leighton, pp. 45, 182
  40. ^ Leighton, pp. 45, 184
  41. ^ Leighton, pp. 48, 186
  42. ^ Leighton, p. 38
  43. ^ Leighton, pp. 61, 183
  44. ^ Leighton, pp. 62, 189
  45. ^ Leighton, pp. 84, 191–192
  46. ^ Gentlemen of Bournemouth v Parsees 3–4 August 1888, CricInfo, ESPN EMEA Ltd, retrieved 2 February 2010
  47. ^ Blackheath Club v Brothers Christopherson, CricInfo, ESPN EMEA Ltd, retrieved 2 February 2010
  48. ^ Leighton, p. 193
  49. ^ Leighton, p. 90; Whitehead and Rivett, p. 106
  50. ^ Acton, Chiswick and Turnham Green Gazette, 5 January 1889, quoted in Begg, p. 261; McDonald, p. 142 and Evans and Skinner, p. 588
  51. ^ Quoted in Begg, p. 260 and McDonald, p. 147
  52. ^ Acton, Chiswick and Turnham Green Gazette, 5 January 1889, quoted in Begg, p. 261; Evans and Skinner, p. 588; and Leighton, pp. 93–94; Thames Valley Times, 2 January 1889, quoted in Evans and Skinner, p. 589
  53. ^ The County of Middlesex Independent, Wednesday 2 January 1889, p. 3, quoted in Cullen, p. 222 and Leighton, p. 93, said the waterman's name was Winslow.
  54. ^ a b Whitehead and Rivett, p. 106
  55. ^ a b Southern Guardian, 5 January 1889, quoted in Cullen, p. 223; Dorset County Chronicle and Somersetshire Gazette, 10 January 1889, quoted in Evans and Skinner, p. 590
  56. ^ The Acton, Chiswick and Turnham Green Gazette, 5 January 1889, quoted in Begg, p. 261; Leighton, p. 94; McDonald, p. 141; and Evans and Skinner, p. 588, says there were two cheques for £50 and £16 respectively and £2 17s 2d in cash.
  57. ^ Cullen, p. 231; Rumbelow, p. 156
  58. ^ Leighton, p. 96; Rumbelow, p. 156
  59. ^ Eddleston, p. 209; Marriott, pp. 233–234; McDonald, pp. 142–144
  60. ^ Rumbelow, p. 156
  61. ^ Cornwell, pp. 184–185; Rumbelow, p. 155
  62. ^ Begg, p. 260
  63. ^ Begg, p. 260; Cullen, p. 230; McDonald, p. 142; Rumbelow, p. 156
  64. ^ McDonald, p. 144
  65. ^ Inquest testimony of William H. Druitt reported in Acton, Chiswick and Turnham Green Gazette, 5 January 1889, quoted in Begg, p. 259; Evans and Skinner, p. 588; and Leighton, p. 94
  66. ^ Begg, p. 259; County of Middlesex Independent, Saturday 5 January 1889, quoted in Cullen, p. 223
  67. ^ Acton, Chiswick and Turnham Green Gazette, 5 January 1889, quoted in Evans and Skinner, p. 588
  68. ^ Though suicides were not usually buried in consecrated ground, exceptions were made for people found insane.
  69. ^ McDonald, pp. 143–144
  70. ^ McDonald, pp. 142–143
  71. ^ Cullen, p. 219; Leighton, p. 133; Marriott, pp. 231–234; Rumbelow, p. 157; Whitehead and Rivett, p. 106
  72. ^ Cullen, p. 220
  73. ^ Before the discovery of Macnaghten's memo, books on the Ripper case, such as those written by Leonard Matters and Donald McCormick, poured scorn on Sims' assertion (Cullen, p. 222).
  74. ^ Cullen, p. 221; Eddleston, p. 210; Leighton, p. 134; Marriott, p. 233; McDonald, p. 140; Rumbelow, p. 157
  75. ^ Macnaghten's memo, quoted in Cornwell, p. 184; Cullen, p. 219; and Marriott, p. 232
  76. ^ Macnaghten's notes quoted by Cullen, pp. 218–219; Evans and Skinner, pp. 584–587; Marriott, p. 231; McDonald, p. 139; Rumbelow, p. 142; and Whitehead and Rivett, p. 105
  77. ^ The three Macnaghten suspects—Druitt, Kosminski and Ostrog—also match the descriptions of three unnamed suspects in Major Arthur Griffiths' Mysteries of Police and Crime (1898) (quoted in Evans and Skinner, pp. 623–624). Griffiths was Inspector of Prisons at the time of the Ripper murders.
  78. ^ Woods and Baddeley, p. 125
  79. ^ Woods and Baddeley, p. 126
  80. ^ Cullen, p. 232
  81. ^ Cullen, p. 231
  82. ^ Cullen, p. 237
  83. ^ Cullen, pp. 234–235
  84. ^ Cullen, pp. 237–238
  85. ^ Leighton, p. 87; Marriott, p. 223
  86. ^ Marriott, p. 223
  87. ^ Leighton, p. 88
  88. ^ Leighton, p. 152; Interview in the Pall Mall Gazette, 31 March 1903, quoted in Begg, p. 264
  89. ^ Evans and Rumbelow, pp. 207–209; Leighton, p. 125
  90. ^ For Abberline, see: Interview in Cassell's Saturday Journal, 28 May 1892, quoted in Evans and Rumbelow, p. 225. For Macnaghten, see: Macnaghten's notes quoted by Cook, p. 151; Evans and Skinner, pp. 584–587; Leighton, p. 157; and Rumbelow, p. 140. For others (the Head of the London Criminal Investigation Department Sir Robert Anderson and pathologist George Bagster Phillips), see: Evans and Rumbelow, pp. 208–209; Leighton, pp. 157–159; and Marriott, pp. 182–183.
  91. ^ Leighton, p. 125
  92. ^ Eddleston, p. 210; Leighton, pp. 114–115; McDonald, p. 140; Whitehead and Rivett, pp. 106–107
  93. ^ Woods and Baddeley, p. 246
  94. ^ Knight, Stephen (1976) Jack the Ripper: The Final Solution, London: Harrap, ISBN 9780245527241, p. 121
  95. ^ Bennett, Catherine (2 October 1987) "Who was Jack the Ripper? And who really cares?", The Times
  96. ^ Whiteway, Ken (2004). "A Guide to the Literature of Jack the Ripper". Canadian Law Library Review, vol. 29, pp. 219–229
  97. ^ Eddleston, pp. 195–244
  98. ^ e.g. Begg, pp. x–xi; Cook, p. 9; Cornwell, pp. 133–135; Hyde, p. 58; Marriott, pp. 267–268; Rumbelow, pp. 209–244
  99. ^ McDonald, p. 143
  100. ^ Leighton, p. 70
  101. ^ Leighton, pp. 70–71; McDonald, p. 143
  102. ^ Leighton, pp. 70–71
  103. ^ Leighton, p. 74
  104. ^ Leighton, p. 76
  105. ^ Leighton, p. 71
  106. ^ Bradford, Sarah (1989) King George VI, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, ISBN 0297796674, p. 10; Hyde, p. 56
  107. ^ Leighton, pp. 69–80
  108. ^ Whittington-Egan, Richard (April 1994), "Book reviews", Contemporary Review, ISSN 0010-7565
  109. ^ Quote from review of Leighton, D. J. (2005) Montague Druitt: Portrait of a Contender, Hydrangea Publishing, ISBN 0954849507, in Vanderlinden, Wolf (April 2005), Ripper Notes: Murder by Numbers, Issue 22, Madison, Wisconsin: Inklings Press, ISBN 9780975912935, pp. 95–96
  110. ^ Leighton, p. 97
  111. ^ Curtis, Perry L. (2001) Jack the Ripper and the London Press, New Haven: Yale University Press, ISBN 0300088728, pp. 28–29; Lapidus, Stephen (2009) "Bottoming for the Queen", in Roden, Frederick S. Jewish/Christian/Queer: Crossroads and Identities, Burlington, Vermont: Ashgate Publishing, ISBN 9780754673750, pp. 114–115
  112. ^ a b c d Frayling, Christopher, (2008) "The house that Jack built", in Warwick, Alexandra; Willis, Martin (eds.) Jack the Ripper: Media, Culture, History, Manchester University Press, ISBN 9780719074943, p. 16
  113. ^ Cornwell, p. 184; Leighton, p. 149; Marriott, p. 234; Rumbelow, pp. 156, 163; Whitehead and Rivett, p. 106
  114. ^ Leighton, pp. 149–162; Woods and Baddeley, pp. 126, 246
  115. ^ Rumbelow, pp. 291–292

References

  • Begg, Paul (2003). Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History. London: Pearson Education. ISBN 058250631X
  • Cook, Andrew (2009). Jack the Ripper. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Amberley Publishing. ISBN 9781848683273
  • Cornwell, Patricia (2002) Portrait of a Killer. London: Time Warner. ISBN 0751533599
  • Cullen, Tom (1965). Autumn of Terror. London: The Bodley Head.
  • Eddleston, John J. (2002). Jack the Ripper: An Encyclopedia. London: Metro Books. ISBN 1843580462
  • Evans, Stewart P.; Rumbelow, Donald (2006). Jack the Ripper: Scotland Yard Investigates. Sutton: Stroud. ISBN 0750942282
  • Evans, Stewart P.; Skinner, Keith (2000). The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook: An Illustrated Encyclopedia. London: Constable and Robinson. ISBN 1841192252
  • Hyde, H. Montgomery (1976). The Cleveland Street Scandal. London: W. H. Allen. ISBN 0491019955
  • Leighton, D. J. (2006) Ripper Suspect: The Secret Lives of Montague Druitt. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton Publishing. ISBN 9780750943297
  • Marriott, Trevor (2005). Jack the Ripper: The 21st Century Investigation. London: John Blake. ISBN 1844541037
  • McDonald, Deborah (2007). The Prince, His Tutor and the Ripper. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland and Co. ISBN 9780786430185
  • Rumbelow, Donald (2004). The Complete Jack the Ripper: Fully Revised and Updated. Penguin Books. ISBN 0140173951
  • Whitehead, Mark; Rivett, Miriam (2006). Jack the Ripper. Harpenden, Hertfordshire: Pocket Essentials. ISBN 9781904048695
  • Woods, Paul; Baddeley, Gavin (2009). Saucy Jack: The Elusive Ripper. Hersham, Surrey: Ian Allan Publishing. ISBN 9780711034105

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