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Sun Myung Moon

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The Rev. Dr. Sun Myung Moon (born January 6, 1920) is the founder of the Family Federation for World Peace and Unification, first established as the Unification Church on May 1, 1954, in Seoul, South Korea. With his wife Hak Ja Han, he is co-leader of the Unification Movement. Rev. Moon's followers regard him and his wife as "the True Parents of humankind" and hail him as the Messiah.

Name and forms of address

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The Hanja for "Moon" (문, 文), the reverend's surname, means "word" or "truth" in Korean. The character "sun" (선, 鮮) contains Chinese character for fish. The character "myung" (명, 明), part of his given name, means "bright" or "shining", and is composed of the Chinese characters for sun and moon. Much wordplay has been made of the fact that Sun and Moon are parts of "Sun Myung Moon", although the Korean words carry no connotation similar to the English words they resemble. For example, Evangelical author James Bjornstad entitled his theological critique on Unificationism The Moon is Not the Son, thus asserting that Rev. Moon is no Christ, i.e., not the "son of God".

Members call Rev. Moon "Father" (short for "True Father"). Some ministers who have recently come to associate themselves with the Unification Movement have taken to calling him "Father Moon". Similar titles are used for Mrs. Moon.

At scientific or other scholarly conferences, the form "Dr. Moon" has been used since Rev. Moon received an honorary doctorate from Shaw Divinity School.

Biography

Life in Korea

Sun Myung Moon was born Moon Yong-myung in Sangsa-ri, Deogun-myun, Jeongju-gun, North P'yŏng'an Province, Korea (now in North Korea) to Moon Kyung-yoo and Kim Kyung-gye. The Moon family held traditional Confucianist beliefs, but converted to Christianity when he was about 10 years old. On Easter morning in 1935, when he was 16 (in Korean age reckoning), Moon says he had a vision or revelation of Jesus while praying atop a small mountain. According to Moon, Jesus implored him to complete Jesus' mission of saving all of humankind. Moon's high school years were spent at a boys' boarding school in Seoul, and later in Japan, where he studied electrical engineering.

Moon was arrested in 1946 by North Korean officials for preaching Christianity, forbidden by the communist government. The church says that the charges stemmed from the jealousy and resentment of other church pastors after parishioners stopped tithing to their old churches upon joining Sun Myung Moon's congregation. Police beat him and left him for dead, but teenage disciple, Won Pil Kim, nursed him back to health.

Moon got a five-year sentence in 1948 to the Heung-Nam labor camp, where prisoners were routinely worked to death on short rations. Moon credits his own survival to God's protection over his life, and his habit of saving half his meager water ration for washing the toxic chemicals off his skin after long days work bagging and loading chemical fertilizer with his bare hands. After serving 34 months of his sentence, he was liberated in 1950 when UN troops advanced on the camp and the guards fled.

Moon was jailed briefly on counterfeiting charges during the Korean War when, shortly after escaping from North Korea, he tried to spend some North Korean currency in South Korea. He was released after his former kindergarten teacher vouched for him. He was also charged with draft evasion; these charges were eventually dropped, after it was determined that Moon was in a North Korean prison camp during the war. Later he would explain to his followers that as a man of God, he never wanted to be in a position where he would be required to kill his fellow men.

After the end of the Japanese occupation of Korea, Moon personally suffered the brutal excesses of North Korean communism. Some writers have asserted that Moon's anti-Communism is a reaction to his personal suffering, as opposed to having any spiritual or religious basis. Many critics have seized upon this point of view as evidence for their claim that the Unification Movement has primarily a political basis. Thus, they argue, his Unification Church is a cult as opposed to a religion.

Others, notably church members, argue that the only reason the Communists put him on trial and sentenced him to a death camp was because of his religious teachings. And Frederick Sontag wrote that 'the church has a genuine spiritual basis'.

A German court, too, found that:

Moon, who was born and grew up in a Japan-occupied Korea, started to preach his religious teachings back in 1945 or 1946 before he personally encountered difficulties with communism. Following Moon's torture and imprisonment by the North Korean communists from 1947 to 1950 he was not reported to have engaged primarily in political agitation, but rather in daily worship. Furthermore, he was barred from the Presbyterian Church as early as 1948 owing to his different religious teachings. These facts alone prove that Moon's teachings have a religious foundation and do not result solely from his personal experience with communism. [1]

In 1951 he began preaching, and in 1954 he registered the Holy Spirit Association for the Unification of World Christianity in Seoul (short form: Unification Church).

Marriage

In 1944 he married Bak Choi Sun-kil (최선길, 崔先吉); (the couple divorced in 1957). They had two children, a son Moon Sung-jin ( 文聖進) and another child, who was killed in a train accident in 1970. [2]

In 1960, at the age of 40 and recently divorced, Moon married the teenage daughter of Mrs. Soon-ae Hong, who at the time did the cooking for the church. Many members were surprised and dismayed, as some believed that they had received revelations that they would be the 'bride of the Messiah'. Hak Ja Han Moon (한학자, 韓鶴子) was 17 years old at the 'Holy Marriage'. Hak Ja Han ('Mother Moon') and Rev. Moon together became the True Parents to UC members. Hak Ja Han gave birth to 14 children, although only 13 are usually mentioned by church members; her second daughter died in infancy.


Views on Communism

Rev. Kwak wrote,

'In the 1960’s he spoke about communism as having only 70 years to prosper, from 1917 to 1987, after which time it would decline rapidly. In 1984 he asked me to convene an international conference in Geneva on the theme, “The Fall Of The Soviet Empire”. Many leaders advised him not to use this title. But he insisted, and the conference, on that theme, was held. A few short years later, communism was turned upside down.'[3]

Leading the Unification Church overseas

Arrival in the United States

Moon arrived in the United States for the first time in 1965. Upon arriving, Rev. Moon had established an account at Chase Manhattan Bank with approximately $1 million on deposit. Some of this money went to support his family, and was recorded as salary on his personal income tax returns. The funds were transferred to the Unification Church upon its incorporation. Rev. Moon did not take a deduction for donating the hundreds of thousands of dollars remaining in the Chase account. Justice Department investigators considered this a sign that Moon and his church both clearly considered the money to have been church property all the time. They note that he would have saved considerable money if he had taken a deduction.


The U.S. press began using the term 'Moonies' in 1974 (a play on 'hippies'). Members of the church were divided in their feelings about the name, some wearing it as a badge of pride and others disdaining it as lacking respect. (In the 1980s, the church publicly rejected the term as a pejorative intended to tarnish its image.)

In the early 1970s, Rev. Moon was denounced as a cult leader who used mind control and brainwashing on his followers to extort money from them. The controversy over these charges had peaked by 1976 and gradually diminished as his youthful American followers settled down, got jobs or started businesses, and built links to local churches in their communities. The APA's pronouncement that there is no scientific merit behind the theory of mind control removed the legal basis for deprogramming in the US. In the 1970s, Moon was accused of breaking up families by aggressively encouraging young college students to break off contact with the outside world, and sell trinkets to raise money for the church. Church sources counter that Moon urged members to 'write a letter to your parents every ten days'.

The Unification Church became known for its mass weddings, or, as they called it, 'a blessing of couples'.

1980s

U.S. Tax Case

The sixth time Rev. Moon was imprisoned, it was in the United States. The charges were tax evasion and conspiracy to obstruct justice.

Congressional investigations

Congressional investigators such as Robert Boettcher reported what they described as breathtaking financial misdoing, including a scheme to raise money for a church PR fund that disguised itself as a fundraiser for sick children. Congressman Donald Fraser also investigated the church's aggressive recruitment practices. No criminal allegations came out of these congressional investigations.

IRS investigation

After an IRS team spent two years poring over all the church's financial records, three Justice Department officials independently concluded that there was no wrongdoing. Moreover, they emphasized that the amount of possible tax liability was too small (less than $7,500 per year over a three-year period) to merit prosecution.

Federal prosecution

Nonetheless, in 1982 U.S. federal prosecutors charged Rev. Sun Myung Moon with criminal tax fraud, and a federal Grand Jury brought forward an indictment. The charges stated that Moon failed to declare as income (and pay taxes on) $112,000 in earned interest on a Chase Manhattan bank account, $50,000 of corporate stock.

The prosecution maintained that both the money and stock were his personal property, and that his non-payment of approximately $22,000 in taxes was deliberate and thus criminal.

One of the defenses used at trial was that the funds were not really his, but were held in trust for members of the Japanese Unification Church. The United States church had only about 300 members at the time and had not yet incorporated. Moon claimed that, after using a small portion of those funds for his family's living expenses (and declaring the portion used on his income tax returns), he transferred the balance to the Unification Church of America after its incorporation. Holding church funds in a minister's name is a fairly commonplace action, particularly in small churches, and many churches filed amicus curiae briefs in Moon's support.

There was quite a bit of sentiment against Moon and his church in the United States at that time. Moon and his supporters felt that they were being specifically targeted because of their religious beliefs and practices. The opposition claimed that Moon was a con artist and that his organization was a criminal enterprise.

The judge forbade any mention of religion at the trial and denied Moon's request to have a bench trial.

The charge of criminal tax fraud carries a high legal requirement: the prosecution must prove to a jury, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the defendant intended to evade paying taxes, not simply that the taxes were unpaid due to a mistake or failure to understand the law. The jury did not accept the defense's contention that the funds in question were being held in trust for the church Rev. Moon was building. Indeed, the judge forbade any mention of religion at the trial.

Moon was convicted of the charges, and given an 18-month sentence and a $15,000 fine. He served 13 months of the sentence at Danbury minimum-security prison and because of good behavior was released to a halfway house.

Moon is forbidden under the Schengen Treaty to travel to major continental European countries, however several Schengen nations have overruled it. Japan currently refuses him entry. However in November 2005, during a visit in 13 European Countries - part of a 100 City World Tour ending in December 2005 - to deliver keynote address at the inauguration of the Universal Peace Federation, Sun Myung Moon and his wife were allowed to enter the United Kingdom, Netherland and Denmark, showing a possible soon removal of the Schengen ban, to allow finally Rev. Moon and his wife to visit all European countries.

Supporters regard the tax case as politically motivated. Moreover, the prosecutors even offered to drop the case in return that Moon surrendered his green card.

Other 1980s events

The second son of Hak Ja Han and Rev. Moon, Heung-Jin Moon, died in 1984 from injuries sustained in a December 1983 car crash; a truck jacknifed into his lane while he was driving two friends. According to two other people in the car, Heung-Jin swerved to take the brunt of the impact on himself and saved the others.

In Washington Moon first found common ground with strongly anti-Communist leaders of the 1980s who appreciated Moon's fierce opposition to the USSR and support of Nixon in his hour of need. He found a fellow opponent of Communism in Ronald Reagan. Moon reportedly spent a billion dollars from business-related sources to establish and support the influential conservative newspaper The Washington Times, which he called in 2002, "the instrument in spreading the truth about God to the world."[4] Furthermore, decades after Congressional scrutiny and a prison term for tax fraud, his generosity to the New Right (including opening an account for the Contra part of the Iran-Contra equation) has earned him a world of deference from his former enemies.

1990s

By the early 1990s Moon and his church had largely rehabilitated its public image.

Rev. Moon initially opposed U.S. President George H. W. Bush's 1990 plan to use military force against Iraq (which had then recently invaded its oil-rich neighbor, Kuwait). Moon wrote a letter to Bush that said, "George Bush, President of the United States, you cannot win this battle without the help of God Almighty." [5] A letter to Mikhail Gorbachev in January of 1991 asked the Soviet leader to spend forty days in peace negotiations. [6]

After the allied offensive he gave a speech in which he said:

100,000 soldiers are reported to have died in the Iraqi war. If you count 100 relatives of each soldier, it means that practically there are millions of people who now have antagonism towards the white people of America. These Arab people will remember this country whose main religion is Christianity, who came and destroyed all Iraqi facilities and industry. They won't easily forget this. [7]

In the 1990s, thousands of Japanese elderly claimed to have been defrauded of their life savings by Moon followers' spiritual sales, a conviction upheld in 1997 by the Supreme Court of Japan.

2000s

In February 2003, Moon and Han re-affirmed their wedding vows after 43 years of marriage in a ceremony named the "Holy Marriage Blessing Ceremony of the Parents of Heaven and Earth."

Moon's followers are indirectly supporting George W. Bush's faith-based initiative at the grass-roots level, due to a common interest in increasing religious participation in government-funded social services, and in encouraging sexual abstinence as a solution to unwed pregnancy over an emphasis on contraceptive promotion. By 2003, Unificationist missionaries were working for their longtime goal of sex purity in New Jersey public schools, on a government abstinence-based sex education grant.

That same year many Christian ministers began joining Rev. Moon's "take down the cross" campaign theme which was initiated with the understanding that the cross was a symbol of religious intolerance in many parts of the non-Christian world. [8] Some Christians expressed offense that it would take place during Easter.

Moon Crowned by U.S. Congressmen

As part of an Ambassadors for Peace ceremony, Rev. Moon was one of several dozen honorees at a ceremony at the Dirksen Senate Office Building on March 23, 2004. In what both church insiders and media commentators have called a "coronation ceremony," Moon and his wife were given bejeweled crowns by Rep. Danny K. Davis, D-IL.

Moon announced that he would save everyone on Earth as he had saved the souls of even such murderous dictators as Hitler and Stalin, who he claimed had received "the Blessing" through him. Moon said the reformed Hitler and Stalin vouched for him from the spirit world, calling him "none other than humanity's Savior, Messiah, Returning Lord and True Parent." [9]

The media ignored the event at the time except for Moon's Washington Times, but freelance journalist John Gorenfeld spent the next three months reconstructing the details of the event. His writings forced a sheepish Washington Post, scooped by Web sites, to cover the Senate ritual, which The New York Times editorial page compared to an act of the Roman emperor Caligula.

The awards ceremony was the grand finale of the Family Federation's coast-to-coast "take down the cross" tour, intended to inspire almost 300 Christian ministers to remove crosses from their churches, the idea being that the cross has been an obstacle to uniting religions. Wealthy churches largely have refused to participate in the tour, and nearly all the church's success has been in poor neighborhoods.

The invitation for the event lists representatives Danny Davis of Illinois, Curt Weldon of Pennsylvania, Roscoe Bartlett of Maryland, Sanford Bishop of Georgia, Chris Cannon of Utah, and Harold Ford of Tennessee as "Congressional Co-Chairs." Senator Lindsey Graham of South Carolina, representatives Tom Davis of Virginia and Phil Crane of Illinois, and Republican consultant Charlie Black (whose PR firm represents Ahmed Chalabi's Iraqi National Congress) were among a list of members of the "Host Committee."[10]

Most of those named as in attendance later denied it, and/or claimed to have had no idea what was going to occur at the event, stating that they didn't expect a coronation but thought the awards dinner was only to honor activists from their home states as "Ambassadors for Peace".

Davis, who actually placed the crown on Moon's head said "I'm not involved in any cult activities."

Weldon's office initially vehemently denied that he had attended, but retracted the claim after photos of him speaking were published. Weldon's spokesman Michael Conallen said he "was not there for the crowning" and "had no idea that the Reverend Moon was going to be at this event ... If we had known that Reverend Moon was going to attend the event, be crowned and make an unbelievably interesting speech, the congressman likely would not have attended." Weldon's press secretary Angela Sowa stated, "Apparently he was there, but we really had nothing to do with it. I don't think it's quite accurate that the Washington Times said that we hosted the event. We may have been a Congressional co-host, but we have nothing to do with the agenda, the organization, the scheduling, and our role would be limited explicitly to the attendance of the Congressman."

Bishop said he did not attend, adding "My Messiah is Jesus Christ", but accepted an award in absentia. Bishop had, however, attended a previous event presided over by Moon's son, on February 4, 2004, at the Ronald Reagan Building.

Ford spokesman Mark Sherman denied any association with Moon, saying, "If we were contacted it's not clear that they represented themselves as being with Reverend Moon's church."

Crane spokeswoman Tami Stough said he "was absolutely not there" that evening.

Spokeswoman Lisa Wright said that Bartlett was "notified that he was a recipient by the Washington Times Foundation" (of an Ambassador of Peace Medal which was presented at the ceremony), but that Bartlett "does not recall" being present during Moon's speech. She added, "Congressman Bartlett will decline to attend future and similar events to receive awards from the Washington Times Foundation. ... There was no representation of personal involvement by the Reverend Moon in connection with the event."

Minnesota senator Mark Dayton said he merely "stopped by to greet" Minnesota Reverend Rosilyn M. Carroll who was to receive an honor; "I did not see anyone identified as a Rev. Moon during the brief time I attended the reception to visit with Rev. Dr. Carroll, nor did I see any award given to a Reverend Moon." He denied reserving the room or accepting an award.

Maryland representative Elijah Cummings' spokeswoman Devika Koppikar said the "only reason [Cummings] went was at the request of his constituent" Bishop Joseph Showell, who was receiving an honor; she added that Cummings did not support Moon's claim to be the Messiah.

General criticism

Some critics describe Moon as a billionaire businessman who uses his followers as political footsoldiers. They accuse conservative figures like Jerry Falwell of compromising their stated beliefs to take his millions (Moon lent Falwell US$3.5 million for his struggling Liberty University.) His followers love him in spite of the criticisms, which they have often portrayed as an organized smear campaign.

And while the movement is out of the public eye, it has risen as an influential force in American civic life. Shunned as a convicted felon by Japan and the European Union, Moon has come to be seen as a martyr by his followers and even by some outside conservatives.

Prison terms

Opponents often cite the fact that Moon has served time in prison or been banned from traveling to some countries as proof that he is illegitimate, and has been called a cult leader. Moon's supporters dismiss the prison terms and travel bans as examples of persecution, arguing in particular that Jesus himself was persecuted and ultimately executed at Jewish leaders' behest (Moon and his followers hold the controversial position that the Jews were responsible for Jesus' death[11]. See Unification Church and anti-Semitism). However, supporters argue that this is not anti-semetic, in the same sense that saying white members of the Ku Klux Klan were responsible for the death of a black man is not racist.

Other issues

Rev. Moon, perhaps the most controversial religious leader in the United States in the 1970s, has been criticized by a wide range of opponents. Some civil libertarians consider his call for unity between religion and politics a violation of democracy's separation of church and state, and that he would crush individualism.

Some Jews have objected to his doctrine that the Holocaust is a consequence for killing Jesus. See Unification Church and anti-Semitism. However Moon has invested much effort for the cause of reconciliation in Israel between the Abrahamic religions, by organizing many peace pilrimages with religious and political leaders.

Gay rights groups object to his uncompromising calls for a heterosexual-only society. Moon is implacably opposed to homosexuality, calling gays "dung-eating dogs" who would have no place in a "peace kingdom". Rev. Moon views the homosexual lifestyle as a violation of the divine dignity with which each human being is endowed by our Creator. Additionally, he sees it as a form of enslavement which deprives people of the opportunity to fulfill the fundamental purpose in life which as he teaches is to raise a God-centered family.

Early Congressional opponents like Donald Fraser dogged Moon for association with figures in the Koreagate influence-peddling scandal, as well as alleged financial fraud.

The Unification Church has rejected foes' claims of coercive mind control. The church has had brushes with deprogrammers who kidnap members out of the movement.

Opponents also frequently challenge Moon's credibility, calling his conviction and prison term in the United States for tax evasion as evidence that he is a fraud and a deliberate felon. They also criticize him for using the Unification Movement to operate and subsidize a number of major conservative news organizations, including the Washington Times and United Press International.

Sociological views

Some sociologists and scholars of new religious movements wrote that Moon's leadership of the Unification Church is based on charismatic authority. [12] [13]

References

  1. ^ Bromley, David G. and Anson D. Shupe Moonies in America. Cult, Church and - Crusade Beverly Hills, Sage (1979) page 110 "a living, awe - inspiring leader who is the medium of ongoing supernatural revelation" Shupe and Bromley considered Moon an ideal type of charismatic authority
  2. ^ Robbins, Thomas Charisma in the Encyclopedia of Religion and Society edited by William H. Swatos (February 1998) ISBN 0-7619-8956-0


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