Kolkata
Template:Infobox Capital IN Kolkata (Bangla: কলকাতা; formerly known as Calcutta) is the capital city of the Indian state of West Bengal. It is situated on the east bank of the River Hooghly in the southeastern portion of the state. With a population of more than 13 million, metropolitan Kolkata is the second-largest urban agglomeration and the fourth-largest city in India.[1] Located close to the city is the Sundarbans National Park - the largest man-grove forest in the world - and the international boundary with Bangladesh.
The name Kolkata was probably derived from Kalikata, one of the three villages in the area before the arrival of the British.[2] Both Calcutta and Kolkata were likely derived from "Kalikata", with the former being an anglicised version of the latter. In an act that was largely seen as a political move, the government of West Bengal changed the official name of Calcutta to Kolkata; the new name was legalised on 30 July 2001.[3] The first human settlement of the area around Kolkata dates to more than two millennia ago. The city was the centre of power of the British Indian Empire, serving as the capital of British India till 1911.
In the nineteenth century, Kolkata developed to become the most important centre for modern education, science, culture and politics in India, and the natural home of Indian intellectuals, scientists and artists. Kolkata became home of the first modern universities in India. Though the decades following Indian independence witnessed Kolkata's loss of much of its past glory and economic importance, the city is now experiencing economic rejuvenation. A vibrant city with a distinct socio-political culture, Kolkata is noted for its revolutionary history, which ranges from the Indian struggle for independence to the Naxalite and trade union movements. Often styled as the "cultural capital of India", "the city of processions", and "the city of joy", it has also been home to the Bengali film industry, Indian cricket and football, and such luminaries as Satyendra Nath Bose, Rabindranath Tagore, Subhash Chandra Bose, Mother Teresa, Satyajit Ray, Mrinal Sen and Amartya Sen.
History
The discovery of the nearby ChandraketugarhTemplate:Inote, an archaeological site, provides evidence that the area has been inhabited for over two millenia. The city's documented history, however, begins with the arrival of the British East India Company in 1690, when the Company was consolidating their trade business in Bengal. Job Charnock, an administrator with the Company, is traditionally credited with founding the city[4]. In 1699, the British completed the construction of Fort William which was used to station its troops and as a regional base. By 1707, as more territory was annexed by the British, Kolkata (then Calcutta) become the headquarters of a separate Presidency. Faced with frequent skirmishes with the French forces, in 1756, the British began to increase their military strength and fortification. Strong protests by the Nawab of Bengal Siraj-Ud-Daulah against the militarisation went unheeded, leading to the Nawab attacking and capturing the Fort. Soon a large British contingent led by Robert Clive suceeded in recapturing the city.
As the British expanded their territorial conquests in India, Kolkata was named as the capital of British India in 1772. By the early 19th century, Kolkata was split into two distinct areas — one British, one Indian. During this period, it became eastern India's commercial and political hub. The city underwent rapid industrial growth from the 1850s, especially in the textile and jute sectors; this acted to stoke improvements in infrastructure. The coalescence of British and Indian cultures resulted in the emergence of a new class of urban Indians — Asia's first middle-class — whose members were often professionals, read newspapers, were Anglophiles, and usually belonged to upper-caste Hindu communities.[5] Throughout the nineteenth century, a socio-cultural reform, often referred to as the Bengal Renaissance (led by Ram Mohan Roy and Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, among others) resulted in the general socio-economic upliftment of the people.
As demands for an independent nation gathered momentum, India's capital city became the centre of independence movement. In 1883, Surendranath Banerjea organised the first National Conference to demand specific political concessions for Indians, leading the subsequent formation of Indian National Congress two years later. In 1905, Partition of Bengal on communal grounds resulted in widespread public agitation and the boycott of British goods. Revolutionary organisations such as the Anushilan Samiti and Jugantar were set up with the intention of using force against the British. These activities, along with the administratively disadvantageous location of Calcutta in eastern fringes of the British India, prompted the British to move the nation's capital to New Delhi in 1911.
During World War II the city's port was bombed twice by the Japanese [6]. As food stocks were being diverted to feed European troops, millions starved to death during the Bengal famine of 1943. After the war, in 1946, demands for the creation of an Islamic state of Pakistan led to large-scale Hindu-Muslim violence resulting in the death of over 2,000.[7]. After India's independence in 1947, the subsequent Partition of Bengal led to a shift in demographics as Hindus from East Bengal poured into the city with exodus of Muslims to East Pakistan (now Bangladesh).
Over the next three decades, several factors, including labour troubles, the predominance of trade-unions, severe power shortages, and frequent strikes led to disruptions in Kolkata's industrial production. In 1971, war between India and Pakistan led to the mass influx of thousands of refugees into Kolkata resulting in a massive strain on its infrastructure. A violent Marxist-Maoist movement — the Naxalites — damaged much of the city's infrastructure in 1970s leading to the economic stagnation of the city. In the mid-1980, Mumbai (Bombay) overtook Kolkata as India's most populous city.
The city's economic recovery gathered momentum after economic reforms in India introduced by the central government in the mid-1990s. Since 2000, information technology services kickstarted and revitialised the stagnant economy of the city. Following similar moves elsewhere in the country, the state government changed the official name of Calcutta to Kolkata in 2001; an act that was seen largely as a political ploy.
Geography
Kolkata is located in eastern India at 22°82′N 88°20′E / 23.367°N 88.333°E Coordinates: latitude minutes >= 60
{{#coordinates:}}: invalid latitude near the Ganges Delta at an elevation ranging between 1.5 to 9 metres.Template:Inote It is spread linearly along the banks of the River Hooghly in a north-south direction. Much of the city was originally a vast wetland, reclaimed over the decades to accomodate the city's burgeoning population. To the south, the Sundarbans National Park, separates the city from the Bay of Bengal, which is located about 154 km to the south.
Like the most of the Indo-Gangetic plains, the predominant soil type is alluvial. Quaternary sediments consisting of clay, silt, various grades of sand and gravel underlie the city, sandwiched between two clay beds: one at the depth of 250 to 260 meters and the other at a depth of 10 to 40 meters. [8]
Climate
Kolkata has a subtropical climate. The annual mean temperature is 26.8 °C (80 °F); monthly mean temperatures range from 19 °C to 30 °C (67 °F to 86 °F) Summers are hot and humid and maximum temperatures often exceed 40 °C (104 °F) during May-June. Winter tends to last for only about two and a half months, with seasonal lows dipping to the 12 °C – 14 °C between December and January. The highest recorded temperature is 43 °C (111 °F) and the lowest is 5 °C (41 °F).[9] Often during early summer, dusty squalls followed by spells of thunderstorm and heavy rains lash the city, bringing relief from the humid heat. These thunderstorms are locally known as Kal baisakhi (Nor'westers).Template:Inote
The southwest monsoon rains lash the city between June and September and supplies the city with most of its annual rainfall of 1,582 mm. Maximum rainfall occurs during the monsoon in August (306 mm). The city receives 2,528 hours of sunshine is per annum, with the maximum sunlight occurring in March.[10]
Urban structure
Kolkata is not a planned city. With an area of 185 km², the Kolkata district (under the Kolkata municipal corporation) is not very large. However, the city has continuously expanded on its seams and today, the urban agglomeration (Kolkata Metropolitan Area) comprises 157 postal areas and is formally administered by several local governments, including 38 local municipalities, 72 cities and 527 towns and villages.[11] The suburban areas of Kolkata metropolitan district incorporates parts of the districts North 24 Parganas, South 24 Parganas, Howrah, Hooghly and Nadia.
The east-to-west dimension of the city is narrow, stretching from the Hooghly River in the west to roughly the Eastern Metropolitan Bypass in the east, a span of roughly 5 km to 6 km Template:Inote. The north-south expansion is roughly divided into North, Central and South Kolkata. North Kolkata locality is the oldest part of the city, with 19th century architecture, narrow alleyways. The ambience is reminiscent of the old Kolkata. South Kolkata mostly grew after the independence and consists of posh localities. The Bidhan Nagar area to the northeast of the city is the only planned section of Kolkata.[citation needed]
Central Kolkata houses the central business district around the B. B. D. Bagh area. The government secretariat, General Post Office, High Court and several other government and private offices are located here. The Maidan is a large open field in the heart of the city where several sporting events and public meetings are held. Several companies have set up their offices around the area south of Park Street which has become a secondary Central Business District.
Economy
Kolkata is the main business, commercial and financial hub of eastern India and the northeastern states. It is home to the Calcutta Stock Exchange — India's second-largest bourse [12]. It is also a major commercial and military port, and the only city in the region to have an international airport.
Once India's leading city, in the years following India's independence, a rise in trade-unionism and frequent strikes supported by left-winged parties led to the steady decline of the city. Between the 1960s to the late 1990s, several factories were closed and businesses relocated. The lack of capital and resources added to this generalised depressed economy of the city and earned the city another sobriquet — the "dying city".[13] However with the liberalisation of the Indian economy in the 1990s along with a new Chief Minister favouring reforms, the city's fortunes have improved.
Until recently, flexible production had always been the norm in Kolkata, and the informal sector has comprised more than 40% of the labour force.[14] State and federal government employees make up a large percentage of the city's workforce. Kolkata has a large unskilled and semi-skilled labour population, who primarily earn their livelihood as hawkers, taxi drivers, mechanics, housecleaners,rickshaw pullers and other such blue collar professions. Kolkata's economic revival is largely led by IT services which is growing at a rate of 70% per year — twice the national average.[15]
Kolkata is home to many industrial units operated by large Indian corporations with products ranging from electronics to jute. Some notable companies headquartered in Kolkata include ITC Limited, Bata India, Birla Corporation, Coal India Limited, United Bank of India, Uco Bank and Allahabad Bank.
Civic administration
The Kolkata Municipal Corporation (KMC), (formerly the Calcutta Municipal Corporation), established in 1876, is responsible for the civic maintainance and infrastructure of Kolkata. The city is divided into 141 administrative wards which are grouped into 15 boroughs. Each of these wards elects a councillor to the KMC. Each borough has a committee consisting of the councillors elected from the respective wards of the borough. The corporation, through the borough committees, maintains government-aided schools and hospitals, municipal markets, urban planning and roads.[16] The corporation as the apex body discharges its function through the Mayor-in-council, consisting of a mayor, assisted by a deputy mayor, and ten other elected members of the KMC. The mayor is responsible for the overall functioning of the KMC and has a tenure of five-years.Template:Inote At present, the CPI(M) led Left Front holds the power in KMC.
The city also has an apolitical titular post, the Sheriff of Kolkata who presides over various city-related functions and conferences. Another ancilliary civic body is the Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority (KMDA) responsible for the statutory planning and development of the Kolkata Metropolitan Area (KMA). The KMA includes a large suburban hinterland around the urban centers of Kolkata.
As the capital of the state of West Bengal, it houses the state Legislative Assembly, the Secretariat (Writers' Building) and the Calcutta High Court. Kolkata also has lower courts, the Small Causes Court for civil matters, and the Sessions Court for criminal cases. The Kolkata Police, headed by the Police Commissioner, comes under the West Bengal Home Ministry. The city is administratively divided into five police-zones subdivided into 48 local police stations. The city elects 5 representatives to the Lok Sabha (India's lower house) and 24 representatives to the state Legislative Assembly.Template:Inote.
Utility services and media
The KMC supplies potable water to the city, sourced from the River Hooghly river. The water is purified and treated at Palta water pumping station located in North 24 Parganas. Almost all of Kolkata's daily refuse is transported to the dumping grounds in Dhapa to the east of the town. Agriculture on this dumping ground is encouraged for natural recycling of garbage and sewer water.[17] Parts of the city still lack in sewage facilities leading to unsanitary methods of waste disposal.[18] Electricity is supplied by the Calcutta Electric Supply Corporation (CESC) to the city region, and by the West Bengal State Electricity Board in the suburbs. Frequent interruption of power supply used to be a problem till late 1990s; though this has improved of late. The city has 20 fire stations (under West Bengal Fire Service) that attend 7,500 fire/rescue calls per year on an average.[19]
State-owned BSNL is the largest telephone service provider[citation needed]. Cell phone coverage is extensive with both GSM and CDMA services available. Major service providers are Hutch, Airtel, Reliance Infocomm and Tata Indicom. Broadband internet penetration has steadily increase with BSNL, Tata, Airtel and Reliance being the leading service providers.
Bengali language newspapers like Anandabazar Patrika, Aajkaal, Bartaman, Sangbad Pratidin are widely circulated and enjoy the patronage of large number of the city's residents. Regional and national English newspapers such as The Telegraph, The Statesman, Asian Age, Hindustan Times and The Times of India are sold in large numbers. Vernacular newspapers such as those in Hindi, Urdu, Punjabi are also read by a minority. Kolkata is serviced by six radio stations: AIR Kolkata, Radio Mirchi (98.3 MHz), Red FM (93.5 MHz), Aamar FM (106.2 MHz), Gyan Vani (105.4 MHz), and Power FM (107.8 MHz). The state-owned television broadcaster Doordarshan provides two free terrestrial channels, while two main cable networks broadcast a mix of Bengali, Hindi, English and other regional channels.
Transport
Public transport is serviced by the Kolkata suburban railway, the Kolkata metro, trams and buses. The suburban network is extensive and extends into the distant suburbs. The Kolkata metro, run by the Indian Railways is the oldest underground system in India. It runs parallel to the Hooghly and spans the north-south length of the city. Buses are the preferred mode of transport and services are run by government agencies and private operators. Kolkata is India's only remaining city to have a tram network. The slow-moving tram services are restricted to certain areas of the city.
Hired forms of mechanised transport include the all-yellow metered taxis and autorickshaws. Almost all the taxis in Kolkata are Ambassadors unlike most other cities where Fiats are more common. In some areas of the city, cycle-rickhaws and hand-pulled rickshaws are also patronised by the public for short distances. Private owned vehicles are less in number and usage compared to other major cities.[20]
Kolkata has two major long distance railway stations at Howrah Station and Sealdah. It is also the headquarters of two divisions of the Indian Railways – Eastern Railway and South Eastern Railway. The city's sole airport, the Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport at Dum Dum to the north of the city, operates both domestic and international flights. Kolkata is also a major seaport in eastern India and handles much of the cargo in the area. It also operates passenger services to Port Blair in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
Demographics
Residents of Kolkata are called Calcuttans. As of 2001, Kolkata city had a population of 4,580,544 and an urban agglomeration population of 13,216,546. The sex ratio is 828 females per 1000 males – which is lower than the national average, because many working males come from rural areas, where they leave behind their families. Kolkata's literacy rate which stands at 80.86%[21]exceeds the all-India average of 59.5%. Bengalis comprise the majority of Kolkata's population, with Marwaris and Bihari communities forming a large portion of the minorities. Some of Kolkata's notable communities include Chinese, Tamils, Marwaris, Anglo-Indians, Jews, Armenians, Tibetans, Greeks, and Parsis. Major languages spoken in Kolkata are Bengali, Hindi, English, Urdu and Bhojpuri.
According to the 2001 census, 77.68% of the population in Kolkata are Hindu, 20.27% Muslim and 0.88% Christian. Other minorities such as Buddhist, Jews and Zoroastrian constitute the rest of the city's population.[22] 1.7 million people (about a third of Kolkata’s population) lives in 2,011 registered and 3,500 unregistered slums.[23] Numerous people live in streets and earn their living as low-wage labourers or beggars; nearly half of these pavement-dwellers are children.[24]
Kolkata reported 67.6% of total Special and Local Laws (SLL) crimes registered in 35 Indian mega cities.[25] Kolkata police district registered 10,757 IPC cases in 2004, which was 10th highest in the country.[26] The crime rate in Kolkata was 81.4 per 100,000 against the national rate of 168.8 in 2004 .[27] Kolkata's Sonagachi area, with more than 9,000 sex workers, is one of India's largest red-light districts.
Culture
Kolkata is long known for its literary, artistic and revolutionary heritage and as the former capital of India was the birthplace of modern Indian literary and artistic thought. Calcuttans tend to have a special appreciation for art and literature; its tradition of welcoming new talent has made it a "city of furious creative energy" [28] The city also has a tradition of dramas in the form of jatra (a kind of folk-theatre), theatres and Group Theatres.
A characteristic feature of Kolkata is the Para or neighbourhoods having a strong sense of community. Typically, every para has its own community club with a clubroom and often, a playing field. People here habitually indulge in adda or leisurely chat , and these adda sessions are often a form of freestyle intellectual conversation.Template:Inote The city has a tradition of political graffitis depicting everything from outrageous slander to witty banter and limericks, caricatures to propaganda.
Kolkata is international known for its Bengali film industry dubbed "Tollywood", and for its art films. Its long tradition of filmmaking includes such acclaimed film directors Satyajit Ray and Ritwik Ghatak to contemporary directors such as Aparna Sen. The city is also noted for its appreciation of Indian classical music and the rich literary tradition set by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay, Rabindranath Tagore and Sunil Gangopadhyay.
Key elements of Kolkata's cuisine include rice and macher jhol (fish curry), with Rasgulla as dessert. Bengal's vast repertoire of fish-based dishes include various hilsa preparations (a favourite among Bengalis). Street foods such as Kati roll, phuchka and chinese food of the China Town in the eastern part of the city are quite popular. Kolkata's male residents usually prefer Western-style clothing over traditional dhotis and kurtas, although females are widely seen wearing outfits based on traditional saris and salwar kameezes.
As the capital of British India, Kolkata witnessed construction of buildings largely influenced by Gothic, Baroque, Roman, Oriental and Indo-Islamic (including Mughal) schools of design. The "City of Palaces", as Kolkata is often called, is dotted with colonial buildings. Some of the major buildings of this period are well maintained and several buildings have been declared as heritage structures, while some are in various stages of decay. Established in 1814, the Indian Museum is the oldest[29] museum in Asia and houses vast collection of Indian natural history and Indian art. The Victoria Memorial, one of the major tourist attractions in Kolkata, hosts a museum documenting the city's history. The National Library of India is India's leading public library.
Durga Puja is the most notable of the religious festival in Kolkata. Durga Puja comprises of four to five days in the month of October. Other notable festivals include Diwali, Eid, Holi and Christmas. Some of the cultural festivals are Calcutta Book Fair, Dover Lane music festival, Kolkata Film Festival and National Theatre Festival.
Kolkata is sister city to Long Beach, California in the United States.
Education
Kolkata's schools are either run by the state government or by private (occasionally religious) organisations. Schools mainly use English or Bengali as the medium of instruction, though Hindi and Urdu may also be used. The schools are affiliated with the Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE), the Central Board for Secondary Education (CBSE), or the West Bengal Board of Secondary Education. Under the 10+2+3 plan, after completing their secondary education, students typically enrol for 2 years in a junior college (also known as a pre-university) or in schools with a higher secondary facility affiliated with West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education. They usually choose from one of three streams — liberal arts, commerce, or science, though vocational streams may also be chosen. Upon completing the required coursework, students may enrol in general or professional degree programs.
Kolkata has nine universities; numerous colleges are affiliated to these nine or to other universities located outside of Kolkata. The University of Calcutta (founded in 1857) has more than 200 affiliated colleges. Bengal Engineering & Science University and Jadavpur University have notable engineering institutions. Other notable institutions are Presidency College and St. Xavier's College. Calcutta Medical College is the oldest institution teaching Western-style medicine in Asia.Template:Inote Some institutions of national importance are the Asiatic Society, the Indian Statistical Institute, the Indian Institute of Management, and the Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics.
Sports
Football (soccer) is the most popular sport in the city and the city is one the major centres of football activity in India. It is home to top national clubs such as East Bengal and Mohan Bagan. Like the rest of India, cricket is another popular sport and is played throughout the city in its grounds and streets. Tournaments, especially those involving outdoor games like cricket, football, and badminton or indoor games like carrom, are regularly organised on an inter-locality or inter-club basis. The Maidan area hosts several minor football and cricket clubs and coaching institures. Notable sports stars from Kolkata include former Indian national cricket captain Sourav Ganguly and Olympic tennic bronze medalist Leander Paes.
Kolkata is known for its large stadiums. The Eden Gardens is India's oldest cricket ground and is, at present, one of only two 100,000-seat cricket amphitheatres in the world. Salt Lake Stadium — a multi-use stadium — is the world's highest-capacity football stadium. Netaji Indoor Stadium is an air-conditioned indoor stadium, while Calcutta Cricket and Football Club is the second-oldest cricket club in the world. Kolkata has three 18-hole golf courses at the Royal Calcutta Golf Club (the first golf club in the world outside Britain), Tollygunge Club and Fort William. The Kolkata Race Course holds regular equestrian races and polo matches. The Calcutta South Club is the venue for some national and international tennis tournaments. The Calcutta Rowing Club hosts regular rowing races and training.
See also
Template:Kolkata related topics
Notes
External links
Kolkata at Wikipedia's sister projects
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