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Paul Kagame

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Paul Kagame
President of Rwanda
Incumbent
Assumed office
24 March 2000
Prime MinisterBernard Makuza
Pierre Habumuremyi
Preceded byPasteur Bizimungu
Personal details
Born (1957-10-23) 23 October 1957 (age 67)
Tambwe, Ruanda-Urundi
(now Nyarutovu Village, Buhoro Cell, Ruhango Sector, Ruhango District, Southern Province, Rwanda)
Political partyRwandan Patriotic Front
SpouseJeannette Nyiramongi

Paul Kagame (/[invalid input: 'icon']kəˈɡɑːmeɪ/ kə-GAH-may; born 23 October 1957) is the sixth and current President of the Republic of Rwanda. He rose to prominence as the leader of the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), whose military victory over the incumbent government in July 1994 effectively ended the Rwandan genocide. Under his leadership, Rwanda has been called Africa’s “biggest success story”[2] and Kagame has become a public advocate of new models for foreign aid designed to help recipients become self-reliant.[3] However, President Kagame's rule has been criticized for his domestic policies, which have been described as authoritarian. In addition Kagame has been accused of war crimes during Rwanda's invasion of the DR Congo in 1996, and of having led a subsequent proxy war against the DR Congo by arming the CNDP until January 20, 2009.[4]

Kagame has been funding the CECAFA Club Cup since 2002, and because of that the cup has been known as the Kagame Interclub Cup since then.

Early life

Kagame was born to a Tutsi family in Tambwe, Rwanda-Urundi in October 1957 to Deogratius and Asteria Rutagambwa.[5] In November 1959, an increasingly restive Hutu population sparked a revolt, eventually resulting in the overthrow of Mwami Kigeri V Ndahindurwa in 1961.[6] During the 1959 revolt and its aftermath, more than 150,000 people were killed in the fighting, with the Tutsis suffering the greatest losses. Several thousand fled to neighbouring countries including Burundi and Uganda.[6] In all, some 20,000 Tutsis were killed. In 1960 Kagame left with his family at the age of two[7] and moved to Uganda with many other Tutsis. In 1962 they settled in the Gahunge refugee camp, Toro, where Kagame spent the rest of his childhood years.[8] He attended Ntare Secondary School in Uganda.[9] During much of this time Kagame was a "motivated student" and bore an early fascination with revolutionaries such as Che Guevara.[7]

Military service

His military career started when he joined Yoweri Museveni's National Resistance Army (NRA) and spent years fighting as a guerrilla against the government of Milton Obote in what is commonly known in Uganda as the bush war.[5]

On 27 July 1985, Milton Obote was ousted in a military coup led by Tito Okello. In 1986 the NRA succeeded in overthrowing Okello and the NRA leader Yoweri Museveni became President of Uganda.

Paul Kagame and U.S. President George W. Bush in the White House.

This same year, Kagame as a Tutsi was instrumental in forming, along with his close friend Fred Rwigema, the Rwandese Patriotic Front (RPF), which was composed mainly of expatriate Rwandan Tutsi soldiers that had also fought with the NRA; the RPF was also based in Uganda.[10]

In 1986, Kagame became the head of military intelligence in the NRA, and was regarded as one of Museveni's closest allies.[10] He also joined the official Ugandan military.[10]

During 1990, Kagame went to Fort Leavenworth where the U.S. Army gave him military training. When the RPF started an invasion of Rwanda and his close friend and RPF co-founder Fred Rwigema was killed under disputed circumstances, the U.S. arranged the return of Kagame to Uganda and thence to take the leadership of the invasion, thus signaling that the U.S. was siding with the RPF against the incumbent Rwandan government.[10] Broadening this connection, the U.S. and U.K. militaries provided further training and active logistical support to the RPF, which it used to take over power in Rwanda after 1994. After coming to power, Kagame arranged for the RPA to receive further counterinsurgency and combat training from U.S. Special Forces, which was put to use in the 1996–1997 Rwandan-backed military campaign to overthrow the government of neighboring Zaire.[11][12]

Invasions and assassinations

Main article: Rwandan Genocide
Kagame with US President Barack Obama and Michelle Obama in 2009.

In October 1990, while Kagame was undergoing military training in the U.S., the RPF invaded Rwanda in the struggle for the interests of Rwanda's Tutsi minority group. Only two days into the invasion, Rwigema was murdered, making Kagame the military commander of the RPF.[10] Despite initial successes, a force of French, Belgian, Rwandan, and Zairean soldiers forced the RPF to retreat. A renewed invasion was attempted in late 1991, but also had limited success.[citation needed]

The invasion increased ethnic tension throughout the region, including in neighbouring Burundi where similar tensions existed. Peace talks between the RPF and the Rwandan government resulted in the Arusha accords, including political participation of the RPF in Rwanda. Despite the agreement, ethnic tensions still flared dangerously.[citation needed]

On 6 April 1994, a plane carrying both the Rwandan President Juvénal Habyarimana and Burundian President Cyprien Ntaryamira was shot down by a surface-to-air missile as it approached the airport at Kanombe. All on board were killed. The deaths immediately sparked the Rwandan Genocide and an estimated 800,000 to 1,000,000 Rwandans were killed. The outbreak of genocide ended what vestiges remained of the cease fire. The RPF, under the leadership of Kagame, proceeded to take control of the whole country. Kigali was captured 4 July 1994, bringing the collapse of the government of Jean Kambanda.[13]

French indictment

Because three French citizens, crew members of the aircraft, died during the crash, an investigation was carried out by French judge Jean-Louis Bruguière, who controversially concluded that the shooting of the plane was ordered by Kagame. In November 2006, Judge Bruguière signed international indictments against nine of President Kagame's senior aides, and accused Kagame of ordering the assassination of the two African presidents. Kagame could not be indicted under French law, because as a head-of-state he had immunity from prosecution. The indictments did not produce any arrests, due to non-cooperation from the Rwandan government, which accused the judge of partiality. The Kagame government countered that the indictment was based on declarations by fugitives and disgruntled former lower-rank RPF members who testified that the RPF was the only organization with the type of missiles that were used in the assassination.[14] The former chief prosecutor for Yugoslavia and Rwanda, Judge Richard Goldstone, argued in the interview that political motivations were at play in the indictment. Judge Goldstone stated: "Well I don't think that case has been made at all. It's a very political judgement and I don't believe that it's borne out by the evidence."[15]

The accusations against Kagame were corroborated by several witnesses, including former intelligence RPF members, the most publicly known being Commando Lieutenant Abdul Ruzibiza.[16] Ruzibiza published a book (Rwanda: L'histoire secrete) and released testimony pertaining to Kagame and the RPF's involvement in the plane downing and massacres;[better source needed][17] however, Ruzibiza subsequently retracted part of his testimony, especially as pertained to Kagame senior aide Rose Kabuye after she was arrested in Germany and extradited to France.[18] The Association des Avocats de la Defence released a statement backing Judge Bruguière's allegations.[19][20] Paul Rusesabagina, a Rwandan of mixed Hutu and Tutsi origin, whose role in saving 1,268 civilians was the basis of the Academy Award nominated film Hotel Rwanda (2004), has supported the allegation that Kagame and the RPF were behind the plane downing.[21]

Bruguière's pronouncement led to the collapse of diplomatic relations between France and Rwanda as Kagame broke diplomatic relations with the country in November 2006 and then ordered the formation of a Rwandan commission that was charged with assembling proof of the involvement of France in the genocide.[22] In a 2007, interview with BBC, President Kagame said he would co-operate with an impartial inquiry into the matter of responsibility for the assassinations.[15] A 2009 report commissioned by the Rwandan government concluded the RPF and Kagame were not responsible for the crash of the president's plane. [23]

Most recently, a rigorous French investigation found in January 2012 that "the missile fire which brought down the Rwandan president’s plane in 1994 and sparked the country’s genocide came from a military camp and not Tutsi rebels", clearing Kagame of responsibility.[24] The investigation identified Kanombe barracks[25], as the source of the missile. The base was controlled by FAR forces, including the Presidential Guard[26] and the para-commando battalion, and the AntiAircraft Battalion (LAA) were also based there.[27] The flight path would have passed over Kanombe barracks on the way to Kigali International Airport.

Spanish indictment

In February 2008, Fernando Andreu, a Spanish judge, indicted 40 current or former Rwandan military officers for several counts of genocide and human rights abuses during the Rwandan Genocide.

The judge issued international arrest warrants against the 40, including Gen. James Kabarebe, whom the judge believed to be the chief of staff of Rwanda's military; Gen. Kayumba Nyamwasa, Rwanda's ex-ambassador to India; and Lt. Col. Rugumya Gacinya, military attaché at Rwanda's embassy in Washington.

Evidence was presented of crimes allegedly perpetrated by the RPA/RPF in Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of Congo in the period 1990–2000, primarily. This revealed that the RPA/RPF’s hierarchical chain of command headed by Kagame, is responsible for three major and closely interrelated blocks of crime:

  1. crimes perpetrated against 9 Spanish victims – missionaries and aid workers - observers of the killings of Hutu inhabitants in both countries
  2. crimes against Rwandans and Congolese, against various specific leaders, or systematically carried out as mass murders of civilians
  3. crimes of war pillage - the systematic, large-scale plundering of natural resources, especially strategically valuable minerals.[28][29]

First and Second Congo Wars

Main article: Second Congo War

Kagame was part of the cabinet of President Pasteur Bizimungu (who took the office in the aftermath of the genocide) and was made Vice President of Rwanda and Defense Minister. Bizimungu was also a member of the RPF, and as its military leader, Kagame was widely viewed as the power behind a figurehead, and eventually became President in March 2000.[citation needed]

According to the United Nations Mapping Report, Rwanda attacked Zaïre, masking its invasion with proxy militias. It did so to wipe out Hutu militants and cause a mass return of refugees, and committed acts allegedly tantamount to genocide from July 1996. Tutsi/Banyamulenge armed units, who had left Zaïre for military training with the Rwandan Patriotic Army, along with RPA soldiers, began their operations to infiltrate the Congolese province of South Kivu via Burundi and to destabilize North Kivu via Uganda. The first serious clashes between the FAZ and these infiltrés took place on 31 August 1996 near Uvira in the province of South Kivu. On 18 October, the conflict took on a new turn when an armed movement, the AFDL (Alliance des Forces Démocratiques pour la Libération du Congo), was officially formed in Kigali, asserting its intention to topple Mobutu Sese Seko. Under the cover the AFDL, whose own troops, weapons, and logistics were supplied by Rwanda, soldiers from the RPA, the UPDF (Uganda People’s Defense Force) and the FAB (Forces Armées Burundaises) entered Zaïre en masse and set about capturing the provinces of North and South Kivu and the Ituri District. During this lightning offensive, units of the AFDL, RPA and FAB attacked and destroyed all the Rwandan and Burundian Hutu refugee camps set up around the towns of Uvira, Bukavu, and Goma. Several hundreds of thousands of Rwandan refugees returned to Rwanda, but hundreds of thousands of others, like the ex-FAR/Interahamwe, fled towards the territories of Walikale (North Kivu) and Shabunda (South Kivu). For several months, they were pursued by AFDL/RPA soldiers, who are alleged to have gone about systematically destroying the makeshift refugee camps and persecuting anyone who came to their aid.”[30]

In 2001, another United Nations report, on the Illegal Exploitation of Natural Resources and Other Forms of Wealth of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, specifically pointed to the responsibility and profiteering of Kagame and his associates in the illegal exploitation of natural resources that was facilitated by these exactions, and may have motivated them:

  • "On the Rwandan side, most companies with important activities related to the natural resources of the Democratic Republic of the Congo are owned either by the Government or by individuals very close to the inner circle of President Kagame. Rwanda Metals, for example, is a company involved in coltan dealing. It purchases coltan and exports it out of the continent. The Panel has strong indications that RPF controls Rwanda Metals. In mid-January 2001, some very reliable sources met with the senior management of Rwanda Metals in Kigali. During these discussions, the Director told them that Rwanda Metals was a private company with no relation to the army. He further explained that he was expecting key partners that very morning for discussions. As discussions continued, the so-called partners arrived as planned; however, they were in Rwandan army uniforms and were top officers. This incident confirms accounts from various sources indicating that Rwanda Metals is controlled by RPF. Meanwhile there are also indications that RPA is a shareholder of Grands Lacs Metals, a company also dealing in coltan."[31]
  • "[Kagame']s position in the State apparatus with regard to the exploitation of the natural resources of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the continuation of the war has evolved, yet his role has remained pivotal. This role can be situated on three levels: his relations with the Rwandan business community operating in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, control over the army, and the structures involved in the illegal activities."[31]
  • As a result, the UN report concluded that: "Presidents Kagame and Museveni are on the verge of becoming the godfathers of the illegal exploitation of natural resources and the continuation of the conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. They have indirectly given criminal cartels a unique opportunity to organize and operate in this fragile and sensitive region."[31]

Presidency

Kagame (right) with left-to-right Joseph Kabila, Thabo Mbeki, and George W. Bush

Paul Kagame became President of Rwanda in March 2000,[32] after his predecessor, Bizimungu, resigned. Three and a half years later, on 25 August 2003, he won a landslide victory in the first national elections since his government took power in 1994 winning 95.5% of the votes.[32]

Kagame is highly critical of the United Nations and its role in the 1994 genocide. In March 2004, his public criticism of France for its role in the genocide and its lack of preventative actions caused a diplomatic row.[33] In November 2006, Rwanda severed all diplomatic ties with France and ordered all its diplomatic staff out of Rwanda within 24 hours following Judge Bruguière issuing warrants accusing nine high-ranking Rwandans of plotting the downing of President Juvénal Habyarimana's airplane in 1994 and also accusing Kagame of having personally ordered the assassination.[33]

As president, Kagame has also been critical of the West's lack of development aid in Africa. Kagame believes that Western countries keep African products out of the world marketplace. In contrast, he has praised China, saying in a 2009 interview that "the Chinese bring what Africa needs: investment and money for governments and companies."[34]

Human rights

Main article: Human rights in Rwanda

In June 2006, the International Federation of Human Rights and Human Rights Watch described what they called "serious violations of international humanitarian law committed by the Rwanda Patriotic Army".[35]

Kagame at the Tribeca Film Festival premiere of Earth Made of Glass, a documentary he appeared in about the Rwandan genocide.

According to The Economist, Kagame "allows less political space and press freedom at home than Robert Mugabe does in Zimbabwe", and "[a]nyone who poses the slightest political threat to the regime is dealt with ruthlessly".[36] In spite of intimidation against opposition journalists, publications - both domestic and foreign - fiercely critical of Kagame are often sold freely in Kigali. Adam Hochschild, in a New York Times book review of Jason Stearns' book "Dancing in the Glory of Monsters," wrote, "[h]ow this media-savvy autocrat has managed to convince so many American journalists, diplomats, and political leaders that he is a great statesman is worth a book in itself."[37]

The United States government in 2006 described the human rights record of the Kagame government as "mediocre", citing the "disappearances" of political dissidents, as well as arbitrary arrests and acts of violence, torture and murders committed by police. US authorities listed human rights problems including the existence of political prisoners and limited freedom of the press, freedom of assembly and freedom of religion.[38]

Reporters Without Borders listed Rwanda in 147th place out of 169 for freedom of the press in 2007,[39] and reported that "Rwandan journalists suffer permanent hostility from their government and surveillance by the security services". It cited cases of journalists being threatened, harassed and arrested for criticising the government. According to Reporters Without Borders, "President Paul Kagame and his government have never accepted that the press should be guaranteed genuine freedom."[40] In 2010, the BBC reported that a Rwandan website, Umuvugizi (Kinyarwanda for 'the Spokesperson'), was shut down by the government.[41] In 2011, Kagame took issue with a British journalist on Twitter after the journalist's tweets asserted that Kagame is "despotic."[42]

Honors and accolades

  • Kagame was in March 2003 awarded the 2003 Global Leadership Award by the Young Presidents' Organization (YPO). He received the award in recognition of his "commitment and tireless work to address crises, to foster understanding, unity, and peace to benefit all people." YPO regard his role in reconciling the Tutsi and the Hutu differences in Rwanda and in developing a peaceful solution to the conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo as a benchmark of great leadership, uncommon inspiration and remarkable achievement.
  • In April 2005, Kagame was awarded an Honorary Degree of Doctor Laws by the University of the Pacific in the United States.
  • In September 2005, Kagame was awarded the Andrew Young Medal for Capitalism and Social Progress by Georgia State University in the United States.
  • In September 2005, Kagame was awarded the African National Achievement Award by the Africa America Institute in the USA.
  • In April 2006, Kagame was awarded an Honorary Doctorate by Oklahoma Christian University in the USA.
  • In May 2006, Kagame was given the 2006 ICT Africa Award, an award that is designed to recognize and reward organizations and individuals that have demonstrated excellence in promoting the use of ICTs for the overall development of the African continent.
  • In September 2006, Rwanda was listed as a Top-10 reformer on the Ease of doing business index by the World Bank.
  • July 2007, Kagame won the Best Head Of State in Africa in Support of ICT Award. Kagame won the same award in May 2006, in an event that took place in Kigal.
  • In August 2007, Kagame was given the Hands Off Cain Award for his role in ending the death penalty in his country.
  • In November 2007, Kagame was awarded an Honorary Degree of Doctor in Law by the University of Glasgow in Scotland.
  • In December 2007, Kagame was given the African Gender Award in Dakar, Senegal for his role in promoting gender equality in Rwanda.
  • March 2009, Kagame was awarded with “The Distinction of the Grand Cordon in the Most Venerable Order of the Knighthood of Pioneers” by Liberia’s President Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf.The highest honour in Liberian was given to Kagame in recognition of his exemplary leadership and exceptional contribution to the promotion of women’s rights.
  • In June 2009, Kagame was awarded the Children's Champion Award by the US Fund for UNICEF for Promoting Children's Rights
  • In September 2009, Kagame was awarded the International Peace Medal from Saddleback Church for his support and role in the P.E.A.C.E. plan.
  • In September 2009, Kagame honoured with the Clinton Global Citizen Award in recognition of his leadership in public service that has improved the lives of people of Rwanda.
  • November 2009, Kagame was presented with the ‘Most Innovative People Award for Economic Innovation’ at the Lebanon2020 Summit.
  • May 2010, Kagame was awarded 'Lifetime Leadership Award for Development and Equality' by Rwandan Women in recognition of his efforts in developing the nation and promoting equality amongst Rwandans.
  • May 2010, Kagame was awarded the 2010 Rwanda Convention Association (RCA) Award of Excellence in recognition of his role in steering Rwanda towards a knowledge-based economy and promotion of the private sector.
  • On 5 June 2010, Kagame was awarded the prestigious 'Energy Globe Award' on the occasion of World Environment Day celebrated in Kinigi, Rwanda.
  • On 5 July 2010, Rwanda International Network Association (RINA) awarded Kagame for his continuous efforts in the promotion of Education.
  • On 27 September 2010, British Magazine New Statesman included Paul Kagame in the list of "The World's 50 Most Influential Figures 2010" on 49th place.[43]
  • On 19 November 2010, Kagame was presented the “Grand Croix – Ordre de merit du Benin” the country’s highest national award.

The decoration is awarded exclusively to personalities of the rank of Head of State in recognition of outstanding achievement or to express esteem.

  • 1 June 2011: President Kagame was awarded the Chello Foundation Humanitarian Award 2011 for his “outstanding leadership of the Republic of Rwanda since 1994”
  • 1 September 2011: THE International Olympic Committee (IOC) awarded President Paul Kagame with the 2010 IOC award for 'Inspiring Young People' around the world
  • On 7 November 2011, AERG (Association des Etudiants Rescapes du Genocide) awarded Kagame "... in recognition of his efforts and courage to stop the Genocide as he led the Rwanda Patriotic Army,", at the cerebration of AERG 15th Anniversary

See also

References

  1. ^ "Rwandan president belatedly received baptismal certificate". CWNews.com. 29 March 2006. Retrieved 14 March 2009.
  2. ^ "Zakaria: Africa's biggest success story". CNN. Retrieved 19 July 2007.
  3. ^ Fareed Zakaria (18 July 2009). "Africa's New Path: Paul Kagame Charts A Way Forward". Newsweek. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
  4. ^ Miller, Eric (2010). The Inability of Peacekeeping To Address The Security Dilemma. Lambert Academic Publishing. p. 184. ISBN 978-3-8383-4027-2.
  5. ^ a b "Official Website for H.E. Paul Kagame". Government of Rwanda. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 26 November 2007.
  6. ^ a b Octave, Mugabowineza. "Rwanda:Before and after the 1994's genocide" (DOC). University of Kansas. Retrieved 26 November 2007.
  7. ^ a b "A Thousand Hills" by Stephen Kinzer
  8. ^ Jackie Jura. "Rwanda lured Kagame home".
  9. ^ "President attends Ntare School day". Statehouse.go.g. Retrieved 26 November 2007.
  10. ^ a b c d e "Kagame: Quiet soldier who runs Rwanda". BBC. 14 November 2000. Retrieved 26 November 2007. Cite error: The named reference "BBC" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  11. ^ Alex Lefebvre, Rwandan crisis deepens as Kagame begins seven-year term, at http://www.wsws.org/articles/2003/sep2003/rwan-s13.shtml
  12. ^ Lynn Duke (16 August 1997). "U.S. military role in Rwanda greater than disclosed". Washington Post. Retrieved 22 August 2009.
  13. ^ René Lemarchand, Scholarly Review: Rwanda: The State of Research, Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence at http://www.massviolence.org/Rwanda-The-State-of-Research?artpage=1-12
  14. ^ "Kagame accused over plane attack". BBC News. 10 March 2004. Retrieved 22 November 2006.
  15. ^ a b "Rwanda leader defiant on killing claim". BBC. 30 January 2007. Retrieved 26 November 2007.
  16. ^ "L'actuel président montré du doigt". Radio Canada. 20 April 2006. Retrieved 22 November 2006.
  17. ^ Abdul J. Ruzibiza, Testimony of Abdul Ruzibiza, at http://www.fdlr.org/Actualite/Abdul_Ruzibiza_testimony.htm [dead link]
  18. ^ RFI, Key Witness in Kabuye Trial Retracts Testimony, at http://www.rfi.fr/actuen/articles/107/article_2190.asp
  19. ^ Cathy Majtenyi (24 November 2006). "Rwanda Orders Closure of French Embassy in Kigali". Voice of America. Archived from the original on 28 November 2006. Retrieved 30 November 2006.[dead link]
  20. ^ "French judge accuses Rwandan leader in '94 plane downing". CNN. 30 January 2007. Archived from the original on 23 November 2006. Retrieved 30 January 2007.
  21. ^ Paul Rusesabagina, Compendium of RPF crimes – October 1990 to present: The case for overdue prosecution, at http://www.taylor-report.com/articles/Compendium_of_RPF_Crimes.pdf
  22. ^ AFP, Génocide rwandais: le rapport sur le rôle de la France remis à Paul Kagamé, at http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5ivoud7VGPIJv80NnCsNAuC2RnWPw
  23. ^ http://mutsinzireport.com/?page_id=13
  24. ^ "French probe finds missile fire from military camp downed Rwandan president’s plane in 1994", Washingtons Post, 11 January 2012.
  25. ^ http://gov.rw/French-Judges-release-report-on-the-plane-crash-used-as-a-pretext-to-start-genocide-in-Rwanda
  26. ^ Melvern, Linda (10 January 2012). "Rwanda: at last we know the truth". The Guardian. London.
  27. ^ http://sweden.embassy.gov.rw/content/view/287/98/lang,english/
  28. ^ "Spanish judge indicts 40 Rwandan military officers for genocide – CNN.com". CNN. 6 February 2008. Retrieved 22 May 2010.
  29. ^ http://www.veritasrwandaforum.org/material/press_release_080208_eng.pdf
  30. ^ "Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1993-2003" (PDF). United Nations Mapping Report. Retrieved 6 December 2011.
  31. ^ a b c "Report of the panel of experts on the illegal exploitation of natural resources and other forms of wealth of the Democratic Republic of the Congo". United Nations. www.un.org. 12 April 2001. Retrieved 31 December 2011.
  32. ^ a b "Incumbent wins in Rwanda's first presidential vote since genocide". USA Today. 26 August 2003. Retrieved 26 November 2007.
  33. ^ a b "French foreign minister laments Rwanda's move to cut diplomatic ties". International Herald Tribune. Retrieved 26 November 2007.
  34. ^ China praised for African links, BBC News, retrieved 12 October 2009
  35. ^ "ICTR Should Address Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed by the RPA", Human Rights Watch, 2 June 2006
  36. ^ "A flawed hero", The Economist, 21 August 2008
  37. ^ Adam Hochschild Explaining Congo’s Endless Civil War The New York Times 3 April 2011
  38. ^ "Human Rights Reports: Rwanda", embassy of the United States in Rwanda He knows how to cultivate an air of unpredictability.
  39. ^ "Eritrea ranked last for first time while G8 members, except Russia, recover lost ground", Reporters Without Borders
  40. ^ "Rwanda – Annual Report 2007", Reporters Without Borders
  41. ^ "Profile: Rwanda's President Paul Kagame". BBC News. 10 December 2010.
  42. ^ Geoffrey York Rwandan President, journalist duel in Twittersphere The Globe and Mail, 16 May 2011
  43. ^ "49. Paul Kagame – 50 people that matter 2010". New Statesman. UK. Retrieved 26 October 2010.
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Political offices
Preceded by Minister of Defence
1994–2000 		Succeeded by
New office Vice President of Rwanda
1994–2000 		Position abolished
Preceded by President of Rwanda
2000–present 		Incumbent


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