Mary Ann Shadd
Mary Ann Shadd Cary (October 9, 1823 - June 5, 1893) was a pioneering educator, newspaper publisher, abolitionist and suffragist in both the United States and Canada. She started the first racially-integrated school in Canada and was also the first female newspaper editor in Canada, establishing The Provincial Freeman in Windsor, Ontario. This was a weekly paper designed to cover the lives of Canadian blacks and promote the cause of black refugees to Canada. In the United States, she worked as an activist in the causes of anti-slavery, racial equality and women's suffrage, and was one of the first women to graduate as a lawyer in the United States.
Mary Ann Camberton Shadd was born on October 9th, 1823 to Abraham and Harriett Shadd, both free-born blacks, in Wilmington, Delaware. She was the oldest in her family of 13 children. Her father, a shoemaker, was a key figure in the Underground Railroad and a subscription agent for William Lloyd Garrison's abolitionist newspaper, The Liberator.
In her early years, she and her family moved from their home in Delaware to West Chester, Pennsylvania so the children could get an education at a Quaker-run school.
In 1840, Shadd moved back to Wilmington and established a school for black children. She also taught in Norristown, Pennsylvania and New York City.
When the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 in the United States threatened to return free northern blacks and escaped slaves to bondage, Shadd and her brother Isaac moved to Canada and settled in Windsor, Ontario. In Windsor, she founded a racially integrated school with the support of the American Missionary Association. Shadd's support for racial integration embroiled her in a public dispute with Henry Bibb, the established leader in the black community in Canada. Bibb's newspaper, The Voice of the Fugitive, attacked Shadd's ideas and character, leading Shadd to found The Provincial Freeman newspaper in 1853, along with Samuel Ringgold Ward. The paper quickly folded, but Shadd and Ward revived it a year later from an office in King Street, Toronto. The paper continued to be published until 1859 promoting temperance, moral reform, civil rights and black self-help while attacking the racial discrimination blacks faced within North America. It was one of the longest published black newspapers until the Civil War.
Shadd believed that separate churches, schools and communities for blacks would ultimately undermine the search for freedom. She campaigned for equality and integration for black people, making public speeches and addressing issues of abolition and other reforms. Eventually, many of her family members, including her father and sisters, joined her in Canada.
In 1856, she married Thomas F. Cary, a barber from Toronto who was involved with the newspaper. They had two children, Sarah and Linton, and lived in Chatham, Ontario, where she continued to work on her newspaper and teach school. In 1858, John Brown held a secret "convention" at the home of her brother Issac. In 1861, she published Voice from Harper's Ferry, a tribute to Brown's unsuccessful raid.
After her husband died in 1861, Shadd Cary and her children returned to the United States. During the Civil War, she served as a recruiting officer to enlist black volunteers for the Union Army in the state of Indiana. After the Civil War, she taught in black schools in Wilmington, before moving to Washington, D.C., where she taught in public schools and attended Howard University Law School. She graduated as a lawyer in 1883, becoming only the second black woman in the United States to earn a law degree. She wrote for the newspapers National Era and The People's Advocate.
Shadd Cary joined the National Woman's Suffrage Association, working alongside Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton for women's suffrage, testifying before the Judiciary Committee of the House of Representatives and becoming the first black woman to cast a vote in a national election.
She died in Washington, DC in 1893.
References
- Beardon, Jim and Linda Jean Butler. Shadd: the Life and times of Mary Shadd Cary. Toronto: NC Press Ltd., 1977.
- Rhodes, Jane. Mary Ann Shadd Cary: the Black Press and Protest in the Nineteenth Century. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1998.
External links
- Biography from the site of Professor Scott Williams of the University of Buffalo
- Biography from the Afro-American Almanac
- Breaking The Ice, the Story of Mary Ann Shadd, documentary film
- Biography