Jump to content

Cyrillic script

Edit links
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Mzajac (talk | contribs) at 16:59, 22 September 2004 (→[[Russian language|Russian]]: ISO 9 isn't recommended by the U.N.). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

The Cyrillic alphabet is an alphabet used to write six natural Slavic languages (Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Serbian, Macedonian, and Bulgarian) and many other languages of the former Soviet Union, Asia and Eastern Europe.

The plan of the alphabet is derived from the Early Cyrillic alphabet, itself a derivative of the Glagolitic alphabet, a 9th century uncial cursive usually credited to two brothers, Saint Cyril and Saint Methodius. But the shapes of the glyphs in the Cyrillic alphabet are mainly Byzantine Greek letters, although some letters, especially those representing sounds that did not exist in medieval Greek, retain their Glagolitic forms.

Whereas it is widely accepted that the Glagolitic alphabet, was invented by Saint Cyril and Saint Methodius, the origins of the Early Cyrillic alphabet are still a source of much controversy. Though the alphabet is usually attributed to Saint Climent of Ohrid, a Bulgarian scholar and disciple of Saint Cyril and Saint Methodius, some scholars claim that the alphabet was created by Saint Cyril and Saint Methodius themselves, by another of their Bulgarian disciples, Saint Naum of Preslav, or that it preceded the Glagolic alphabet representing a "transitional" stage between Greek and Glagolic cursive.

Cyril's contributions to the Glagolitic alphabet and hence to the Cyrillic alphabet are still recognised, as the latter is named after him.

Table of Cyrillic letters

Languages using Cyrillic

The following languages have used Cyrillic at one time or another:

Typography

It is a special property of Cyrillic that the italic shapes of many letters look entirely different from the upright shapes, which can confuse people who have only learned the upright shapes. In Bulgarian and Serbian, some italic letters are different from those used in other languages.

As used in various languages

Sounds are indicated using SAMPA. These are only approximate indicators. While these languages by and large have a phonemic orthography, there are occasional exceptions -- most notably Russian ЕГО (meaning him/his), which is pronounced /jevO/ instead of /jegO/.

Note that spellings of names may vary, especially Y/J/I but also GH/G/H and ZH/J.)

Slavic languages

Russian

Main article: Russian alphabet

А Б В Г Д Е Ё Ж З И Й
К Л М Н О П Р С Т У Ф
Х Ц Ч Ш Щ Ъ Ы Ь Э Ю Я
Capital Small NameSoundtransliterationISO 9
АаA/a/a
БбBe/b/b
ВвVe/v/v
ГгGe/g/g
ДдDe/d/d
ЕеYe/jE/e
ЁёYo/jO/yoë
ЖжZhe/Z/zhž
ЗзZe/z/z
ИиI/i/i
ЙйShort I/j/j
КкKa/k/k
ЛлEl/l/l
МмEm/m/m
НнEn/n/n
ОоO/o/o
ПпPe/p/p
РрEr/r/r
СсEs/s/s
ТтTe/t/t
УуU/u/u
ФфEf/f/f
ХхHa/x/khh
ЦцTse/ts/c
ЧчChe/tS/chč
ШшSha/S/shš
ЩщShcha/Sj/shhŝ
ЪъHard Signno palatalisation¹''
ЫыYery/1/y'y
ЬьSoft Sign/j/ -- palatalisation¹'
ЭэE/E/e'e
ЮюYu/ju/yuû
ЯяYa/ja/yaâ

Transliteration can be done in many different ways; the most commonly used method of transliteration from Russian to English is presented here. The ISO recommendation ISO 9:1995 ("scientific transliteration") uses one letter for every letter in the Cyrillic alphabet. This results in many accented characters, but it has the advantage of being common to every language, Cyrillic and Latin-based.

Notes on the Hard Sign and Soft Sign:

  1. When a iotated vowel (vowel whose sound begins with /j/) follows a consonant, the consonant will become palatalised (the /j/ sound will mix with the consonant), and the vowel's /j/ sound will not be heard independently. The Hard Sign will indicate that this does not happen, and the /j/ sound will appear only in front of the vowel. The Soft Sign will indicate the consonant should be palatised, but the vowel's /j/ sound will not mix with the palatalization of the consonant. The Soft Sign will also indicate that a consonant before another consonant or at the end of a word is palatised. Examples: та - ta; тя - tja; тья - tjja; тъя - tja; т - t; ть - tj.
  2. In the pre-reform Russian orthography, in Old Russian and in Old Church Slavonic the letter is called yer. Historically, the "hard sign" takes the place of a now-absent vowel, still preserved in Bulgarian. See the notes for Bulgarian.

Historical letters:

Before 1918, there were four extra letters in use: Іі (replaced by Ии), Ѳѳ (Фита "Fita", replaced by Фф), Ѣѣ (Ять "Yat", replaced by Ее), and Ѵѵ (ижица "Izhitsa", replaced by Ии).

Ukrainian

Main article: Ukrainian alphabet.

Differences from the Russian alphabet:

  • Г is a voiced fricative consonant and is called "Ge". Between Ge and De is the letter Ghe (Ґ, ґ), pronounced /g/, i.e., like a Russian Г. It looks like Ge but has an "upturn" pointing up from the right side of the top bar. (This letter was not officially used in the Soviet Union, so it doesn't appear in many Cyrillic fonts.)
  • Ye is pronounced /E/ and is called "E". Yo does not appear. Between E and Zhe is the letter Ye (Є, є), pronounced /jE/, which looks like the Russian letter E, only backwards. The Russian letter E does not appear.
  • I is pronounced /1/ and is called "Y". Accordingly, Short I is called "Short Y". Between Y and Short Y appear the letter I (І, і), pronounced /i/, which looks like the Latin letter I, and the letter Yi (Ї, ї), pronounced /ji/, which looks like I with a diaeresis (the same two dots that appear in the Russian letter Yo) above it.
  • Yery does not appear.
  • The Hard Sign is not used; instead, its purpose is served by an apostrophe.

Belarusian

Like Russian except:

  • I looks like the Latin letter I (І, і). (But short I still looks the same as in Russian!)
  • Between U and Ef is the letter U short (Ў, ў), which looks like U (У) with a breve and pronounced /w/, or like the "u" part in diphthongs in "now", "low".
  • Shcha (Щщ) does not appear. A combination of sh and ch (ШЧ/шч) is used instead.
  • The Hard Sign is not used. Its purpose (removing of palatalisation) is served by an apostrophe.
  • Г represents a voiced fricative consonant

Bulgarian

Like Russian except:

  • Ye is pronounced /E/ and is called "E".
  • Yo does not appear.
  • The Russian letter E does not appear.
  • Shcha is pronounced /Sht/ and is called "Shta".
  • The Hard Sign is used for a vowel, /@/ (Schwa).
  • Yery does not appear.

Modern Serbian since 19th century

Like Russian except:

  • Ye is pronounced /E/ . Yo does not appear. The Russian letter E does not appear.
  • Between D and E is the letter Gj (Ђ, ђ), which is pronounced /dj/, and looks like Tjerv, except that the loop of the H curls farther and dips downwards.
  • Short I does not appear. Between I and K is the letter Ej (Ј, ј), pronounced /j/, which looks like the Latin letter J.
  • Between E and E is the letter Lj (Љ, љ), pronounced /lj/, which looks like L and the Soft Sign smashed together.
  • Between n and O is the letter Nj (Њ, њ), pronounced /nj/, which looks like N and the Soft Sign smashed together.
  • Between T and U is the letter Tj (Ћ, ћ), which is pronounced /tj/ and looks like a lowercase Latin letter H with a bar. On the uppercase letter, the bar appears at the top; on the lowercase letter, the bar crosses the top half of the vertical line.
  • Between Ch and S is the letter Dzh (Џ, џ), pronounced /dZ/, which looks like Ts but with the downturn moved from the right side of the bottom bar to the middle of the bottom bar.
  • Sh is the last letter; the rest do not appear.

Macedonian

Like Serbian except:

  • Between Ze and I is the letter Dze (Ѕ, ѕ), pronounced /dz/, which looks like the Latin letter S.
  • Djerv is replaced by Gje (Ѓ, ѓ), pronounced /gj/, which looks like Ghe with an acute accent (').
  • Tjerv is replaced by Kja (Ќ, ќ), pronounced /kj/, which looks like Ka with an acute accent (').

Non-Slavic languages

These alphabets are generally modelled after Russian, but often bear striking differences, particularly when adapted for Caucasian languages. In Central Asia, the use of Cyrillic to represent local languages has often been a politically controversial issue after the collapse of the Soviet Union, as it evokes the era of Soviet rule. An number of languages have switched from Cyrillic to other orthographies -- either Latin-based or returning to its former script.

Unlike the Latin alphabet, which is usually adapted to different languages using additions to existing letters such as accents, umlauts, tildes, and cedillas, the Cyrillic alphabet is usually adapted by the creation of entirely new letter shapes.

Kazakh

Cyrillics Qaydar latin transliteration
Аa Aa
Әә Ää
Бб Bb
Вв Vv
Гг Gg
Ғғ Ğğ
Дд Dd
Ее Ee
Ёё Yo yo
Жж Jj
Зз Zz
Ии Iy iy
Йй Yy
Кк Kk
Ққ Qq
Лл Ll
Мм Mm
Нн Nn
Ңң Ññ
Оо Oo
Өө Öö
Пп Pp
Рр Rr
Сс Ss
Тт Tt
Уу Ww
Ұұ Uu
Үү Üü
Фф Ff
Хх Xx
Һһ Hh
Цц Cc
Чч Çç
Шш Şş
Щщ ??
Ъъ ??
Ыы Iı
İi İi
Ьь ??
Ээ Ee
Юю Yu yu
Яя Ya ya

Cyrillic in Unicode

In Unicode, the Cyrillic block extends from U+0400 to U+052F. The characters in the range U+0400 — U+045F are basically the characters from ISO 8859-5 moved upward by 864 positions. The characters in the range U+0460 — U+0489 are historic letters, not used now. The characters in the range U+048A — U+052F are additional letters for various languages that are written with Cyrillic script.

Unicode does not include accented Cyrillic letters, but they can be composed by adding U+0301 ("combining acute accent") after the accented vowel (e.g. ы́ э́ ю́ я́). Some languages (e.g. modern Church Slavonic) still are not fully supported.

    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
400   Ѐ Ё Ђ Ѓ Є Ѕ І Ї Ј Љ Њ Ћ Ќ Ѝ Ў Џ
410   А Б В Г Д Е Ж З И Й К Л М Н О П
420   Р С Т У Ф Х Ц Ч Ш Щ Ъ Ы Ь Э Ю Я
430   а б в г д е ж з и й к л м н о п
440   р с т у ф х ц ч ш щ ъ ы ь э ю я
450   ѐ ё ђ ѓ є ѕ і ї ј љ њ ћ ќ ѝ ў џ
460   Ѡ ѡ Ѣ ѣ Ѥ ѥ Ѧ ѧ Ѩ ѩ Ѫ ѫ Ѭ ѭ Ѯ ѯ
470   Ѱ ѱ Ѳ ѳ Ѵ ѵ Ѷ ѷ Ѹ ѹ Ѻ ѻ Ѽ ѽ Ѿ ѿ
480   Ҁ ҁ ҂ ҃ ҄ ҅ ҆ ҇ ҈ ҉ Ҋ ҋ Ҍ ҍ Ҏ ҏ
490   Ґ ґ Ғ ғ Ҕ ҕ Җ җ Ҙ ҙ Қ қ Ҝ ҝ Ҟ ҟ
4A0   Ҡ ҡ Ң ң Ҥ ҥ Ҧ ҧ Ҩ ҩ Ҫ ҫ Ҭ ҭ Ү ү
4B0   Ұ ұ Ҳ ҳ Ҵ ҵ Ҷ ҷ Ҹ ҹ Һ һ Ҽ ҽ Ҿ ҿ
4C0   Ӏ Ӂ ӂ Ӄ ӄ Ӆ ӆ Ӈ ӈ Ӊ ӊ Ӌ ӌ Ӎ ӎ ӏ
4D0   Ӑ ӑ Ӓ ӓ Ӕ ӕ Ӗ ӗ Ә ә Ӛ ӛ Ӝ ӝ Ӟ ӟ
4E0   Ӡ ӡ Ӣ ӣ Ӥ ӥ Ӧ ӧ Ө ө Ӫ ӫ Ӭ ӭ Ӯ ӯ
4F0   Ӱ ӱ Ӳ ӳ Ӵ ӵ Ӷ ӷ Ӹ ӹ Ӻ ӻ Ӽ ӽ Ӿ ӿ
500   Ԁ ԁ Ԃ ԃ Ԅ ԅ Ԇ ԇ Ԉ ԉ Ԋ ԋ Ԍ ԍ Ԏ ԏ
510   Ԑ ԑ Ԓ ԓ Ԕ ԕ Ԗ ԗ Ԙ ԙ Ԛ ԛ Ԝ ԝ Ԟ ԟ
520   Ԡ ԡ Ԣ ԣ Ԥ ԥ Ԧ ԧ Ԩ ԩ Ԫ ԫ Ԭ ԭ Ԯ ԯ
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyrillic_script&oldid=6071676"