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Hezbollah flag
For other uses, see Hezbollah (disambiguation).

Hezb'Allah'[1] (Template:Lang-ar, meaning Party of God) is a Lebanese Shia Islamic group and political party, with a military arm and a civilian arm, founded in 1982 to fight the Israeli Defense Forces who occupied southern Lebanon until the year 2000. [2] Its leader is Hassan Nasrallah.

Hezballah was "inspired by the success of the Iranian Revolution"[3] and was formed primarily to combat Israeli occupation following the 1982 Lebanon War.[4][5][6] The United States and Israel claim that Hezballah receives financial and political assistance, as well as weapons and training, from Iran and Syria.[7] Syria and Iran admit supporting Hezballah, but deny supplying it with weapons.[8][9] Along with the Amal movement, Hezbollah is the main political party and military organization representing the Shia community, Lebanon's largest religious bloc.[10] Founded with the aid of Iran and funded by it,[11] Hezbollah follows the distinct Shia Islamic ideology developed by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, leader of the Islamic Revolution in Iran.[12]

Hezbollah is regarded by the Iranian[13] and Syrian[14] governments as a legitimate resistance, a view common in the Arab and Muslim world,[15] [16] and is a recognized political party in Lebanon, where it has participated in government.[17] The civilian wing participates in the Parliament of Lebanon, taking 18% of the seats (23 out of 128) and the bloc it forms with others, the "Resistance and Development Bloc", 27.3% (see Lebanese general election, 2005). It is a minority partner in the current Cabinet. The civilian wing also runs hospitals, news services, and educational facilities. Its Reconstruction Campaign (Jihad al-Bina) is responsible for numerous economic and infrastructural development projects in Lebanon.[18]

Hezbollah is considered a terrorist organization, by Israel,[19] the United States,[20] the United Kingdom,[21] and Canada.[22] The European Union does not list Hezbollah as a "terrorist organization", but does list Imad Mugniyah,[23] Hezbollah's senior Intelligence officer, as a terrorist. The EU also supports measures aimed at ending Hezbollah's "terrorist activities".[24]

History

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Origins

Scholars differ as to when Hezbollah came to be a distinct entity. Some organizations list the official formation of the group as early as 1982. (GlobalSecurity.org, 2005) whereas Diaz and Newman maintain that Hezbollah remained an amalgamation of various violent Shi’a extremists until as late as 1985 (Diaz & Newman, 2005, p. 55). Regardless of when the name came into official use, a number of Shi’a groups were slowly assimilated into the organization, such as Islamic Jihad, Organization of the Oppressed on Earth and the Revolutionary Justice Organization [citation needed]. These designations are considered to be synonymous with Hezbollah by the US[25], Israel[26] and Canada[27]

Hezbollah's strength was enhanced by the dispatching of one thousand members of the Irani Revolutionary Guards and the financial backing of Iran. It became the main politico-military force among the Shi’a community in Lebanon and the main arm of what became known later as the Islamic Resistance in Lebanon.[28]

Hezbollah follows Shi'ite Islamist ideology developed by the leader of the 1979 Islamic Revolution in Iran, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, but it has abandoned its goal of establishing a fundamentalist Shi'ite state in Lebanon.[29]

Hezbollah during the Lebanese war (1982-1990)

Combat Operations

After emerging during the civil war of the early 1980s as an Iranian-sponsored second resistance movement (besides Amal) for Lebanon's Shia community, Hezbollah focused on expelling Israeli and Western forces from Lebanon. It is the principal suspect[citation needed] in several notable attacks on United States, French and Italian Multinational forces, whose stated purpose was the stabilization of Lebanon: the suicide bombings of the U.S. Embassy, which killed 63, including 17 U.S. citizens; of the U.S. Marine barracks in Beirut (see 1983 Beirut barracks bombing), which killed 241 U.S. servicemen; and of the French multinational force headquarters which killed 58 French troops. Hezbollah has always denied having any involvement with these bombings, although regarding them as justified. [citation needed]

Elements of the group have been linked to involvement in kidnapping, detention and interrogation of U.S. and other Western hostages in Lebanon by groups such as Islamic Jihad who claimed the hostage-takings were in retaliation to the detentions, hostage-taking and torture by the Israeli proxy army South Lebanon Army (SLA).


The South Lebanon period (1990-2000)

The continued existence of Hezbollah's military wing after 1990 violates the Taif Agreement that ended the Lebanese civil war, which requires the "disbanding of all Lebanese and non-Lebanese militias" and requires the government to "deploy the Lebanese army in the border area adjacent to Israel." The Lebanese government did not try to disarm the Hezbollah during the 1990-2000 period, justifying its position by the fact that Hezbollah was a legitimate national resistance force, fighting for the liberation of the south, then occupied by Israel.

Conflict in South Lebanon

See: South Lebanon conflict
File:Hizbullahmartyrs.jpg
Billboard in Southern Lebanon depicting Hezbollah martyrs

South Lebanon was occupied by Israel between 1982 and 2000. Hezbollah, along with the mainly leftist and secular groups in the Lebanese National Resistance Front, fought a guerilla war against Israel and the Israeli proxy South Lebanon Army. The National Resistance Front militias disarmed in accordance with the Taif Accords, but Hezbollah remained defiant, claiming until all Lebanese soil was liberated and Israel expelled, resistance against occupation would continue. They had become by far the largest and most powerful and effective of the resistance organizations. The fighting culminated during Operation Grapes of Wrath in April 1996 when Israel launched an assault and air-campaign against Hezbollah. The campaign failed and resulted in the Israelis killing 106 civilians and refugees in an aerial bombardment of a United Nations base at Qana.(Grapes of Wrath operation)[4]

In January 2000, Hezbollah assassinated the commander of the South Lebanon Army's Western Brigade, Colonel Aql Hashem, at his home in the security zone. Hashem had been responsible for day to day operations of the SLA.[30]

On the 24th of May, "after the collapse of the SLA and the rapid advance of Hezbollah forces, Israel withdraws its troops from southern Lebanon, more than six weeks before its stated deadline of 7 July."[31] This was widely considered a victory for Hezbollah and boosted its popularity hugely in Lebanon.[32]

Continued activities against Israel after 2000

Hezbollah's missile
Hezbollah's missile

Hezbollah's role in the Israeli withdrawal from southern Lebanon gained the organization much respect within Lebanon and the wider Arab and Islamic world, particularly among the country's large Shi'a community. The Shi'a are the single largest religious group in Lebanon, comprising at least 40% of the three million citizens (see Demographics of Lebanon). The Maronite Christian President of Lebanon, Emile Lahoud, said: "For us Lebanese, and I can tell you the majority of Lebanese, Hezbollah is a national resistance movement. If it wasn't for them, we couldn't have liberated our land. And because of that, we have big esteem for the Hezbollah movement."[33]

Since Israel forces left Southern Lebanon, Hezbollah has provided military defense of the area acting as the area's army. Despite no official declaration, the stated policy of the Lebanese Government has supported Hezbollah as the army of South Lebanon[34]. Fouad Siniora said that "the continued presence of Israeli occupation of Lebanese lands in the Chebaa Farms region is what contributes to the presence of Hezbollah weapons. The international community must help us in (getting) an Israeli withdrawal from Chebaa Farms so we can solve the problem of Hezbollah's arms," [5]


Clashes between Hezbollah and Israeli forces continued, albeit at a relatively low level, in the years following 2000[35]

Hezbollah after the Israeli withdrawal

Hezbollah outpost near the Israeli border. This small outpost was built after the Israeli withdrawal.

On May 25, 2000, Israel withdrew from Lebanon to the UN-agreed Israeli border, and their pullout was certified by the UN as complete.[36] Lebanon and Syria claim the Shebaa Farms, a 35 km² area, to be occupied Lebanese territory[37] despite the UN ruling, and on that basis Hezbollah has continued to engage Israeli forces in that area. The UN recognizes the Shebaa farms as part of the Golan Heights, and thus Syrian (and not Lebanese) territory occupied by Israel since the 1967 Six-Day War.

Israeli aircraft continue to fly over Lebanese territory, eliciting condemnation from the ranking UN representative in Lebanon. Hezbollah's retaliatory anti-aircraft fire, doubling as small caliber artillery, has on some occasions landed within Israel's northern border towns, inciting condemnation from the UN Secretary-General.[38] On November 7, 2004, Hezbollah responded to what it described as repeated Israeli violations of Lebanese airspace by flying an Iranian-built unmanned drone aircraft over northern Israel.[39]

Furthermore Hezbollah says Israel's withdrawal from southern Lebanon proves that the Jewish state only understands the language of resistance. They defend their right to keep their weapons as a deterrent against Israeli attack, to liberate the disputed Shebaa Farms border area, which is occupied by Israel.[40]

File:BND Hezbollah.jpg
The former President of the German intelligence service BND, August Hanning, during the press conference in Beirut, regarding the German negotiated prisoner exchange between Israel and Hezbollah. January 30, 2004 see also Elchanan Tenenbaum.

Hezbollah abducted three Israel Defense Forces soldiers during an October 2000 attack in Shebaa Farms, and sought to obtain the release of 14 Lebanese prisoners, some of whom had been held since 1978. On January 25, 2004, Hezbollah successfully negotiated an exchange of prisoners with Israel, through German mediators. The prisoner swap was carried out on January 29: 30 Lebanese and Arab prisoners, the remains of 60 Lebanese militants and civilians, 420 Palestinian prisoners, and maps showing Israeli mines in South Lebanon were exchanged for an Israeli businessman and army reserve colonel Elchanan Tenenbaum kidnapped in 2001 and the remains of the three Israel Defense Forces (IDF) soldiers mentioned above, who were killed either during the Hezbollah operation, or in its immediate aftermath.

On July 19, 2004, a senior Hezbollah official, Ghaleb Awwali, was assassinated in a car bombing in Beirut. Hezbollah blamed Israel; credit was claimed, and then retracted, by a previously unheard of Sunni group called Jund Ash Sham, while Israel denied involvement.[41] According to Al-Arabiya, unidentified Lebanese police also identified the group as a cover for Israel.[42] Israel alleges that Hezbollah had been increasingly involved in training and arming Hamas (see section in this article: Hezbollah activities in the al-Aqsa Intifada.) This claim has been strengthened by Nasrallah's own words. In 2001 Jordan arrested three Hezbollah members attempting to smuggle Katyusha rockets into the West Bank. Nasrallah responded that "it is a duty to send arms to Palestinians from any possible place."[43] After Israel's assassination of Hamas spiritual leader Sheikh Ahmed Yassin, Hezbollah attacked the IDF along the Blue Line.[44] Most recently, during Awwali's funeral, Nasrallah proclaimed that Awwali was "among the team that dedicated their lives in the last few years to help their brothers in occupied Palestine,"[45] which some take to refer to aiding Hamas. On February 9, 2005 Palestinian Authority officials blamed Hezbollah of attempting to derail the recent truce between Israel and Palestine by offering increased funding and bonuses to the militant cells it operates in Israel for any attack they carry out.[46]

In June 2006, the Lebanese military arrested an alleged assassination squad led by former South Lebanese Army corporal Mahmoud Abu Rafeh. According to army statements, the cell was trained and supported by the Israeli Mossad and "used ... to carry out assigned assassinations in Lebanon." Among the killings attributed to the squad are those of Hezbollah officials Ali Saleh (2003) and Ali Hassan Dib (1999).[47]


UN resolution 1559

On September 2, 2004, the UN Security Council adopted UN Security Council Resolution 1559, coauthored by France and the United States. Echoing the Taif Agreement, the resolution "calls upon all remaining foreign forces to withdraw from Lebanon" and "for the disbanding and disarmament of all Lebanese and non-Lebanese militias." Lebanon is currently in violation of Resolution 1559 over its refusal to disband the military wing of Hezbollah[48][49]. Critics of the resolution argue however that an attempt from the weak and confessionally divided Lebanese army to disarm Hezbollah would be very difficult and could restart the Lebanese civil war. Syria was also in violation of the resolution until recently because of their military presence in Lebanon.

On October 7, 2004 the UN Secretary General Kofi Annan reported to the Security Council regarding the lack of compliance with Resolution 1559. Mr. Annan concluded his report by saying: "It is time, 14 years after the end of hostilities and four years after the Israeli withdrawal from Lebanon, for all parties concerned to set aside the remaining vestiges of the past. The withdrawal of foreign forces and the disbandment and disarmament of militias would, with finality, end that sad chapter of Lebanese history."[50]

The January 20, 2005 UN Secretary-General's report on Lebanon stated that "The continually asserted position of the Government of Lebanon that the Blue Line is not valid in the Shab'a farms area is not compatible with Security Council resolutions. The Council has recognized the Blue Line as valid for purposes of confirming Israel’s withdrawal pursuant to resolution 425 (1978). The UN Security Council has repeatedly requested that all parties respect the Blue Line in its entirety."[51]

On January 28, 2005 UN Security Council Resolution 1583 called upon the Government of Lebanon to fully extend and exercise its sole and effective authority throughout the south, including through the deployment of sufficient numbers of Lebanese armed and security forces, to ensure a calm environment throughout the area, including along the Blue Line, and to exert control over the use of force on its territory and from it.[52]

On January 23, 2006 the UN Security Council called on the Government of Lebanon to make more progress in controlling its territory and disbanding militias, while also calling on Syria to cooperate with those efforts. In a statement read out by its January President, Augustine Mahiga of Tanzania, the Council also called on Syria to take measures to stop movements of arms and personnel into Lebanon.[53]

The question of compliance with Resolution 1559 is a prominent matter in Lebanese politics. Prime Minister Fouad Siniora has stated that the government considers Hezbollah arms to be a domestic affair and that stated policy should reassure Hezbollah that the government will protect its military wing.[54]. Hezbollah was trying to convince the government to clearly state that the Shiite group's military wing was a resistance group, not a militia, and therefore did not have to comply with the resolution.

Druze leader MP Walid Jumblatt has repeatedly insisted that he objects to the disarmament of Hizbullah, according to the international resolution, describing the party as a "resistance group" and not a militia. He engaged in an electoral alliance with Hizbullah during last year's parliamentary election, with one of the titles of the alliance being "the protection of the resistance," but is now calling on Hizbullah to be integrated into the Lebanese Army and hand in its weapons over to the government.[55]

Saniora has more recently stated that "the continued presence of Israeli occupation of Lebanese lands in the Shebaa Farms region is what contributes to the presence of Hezbollah weapons. The international community must help us in (getting) an Israeli withdrawal from Chebaa Farms so we can solve the problem of Hezbollah's arms."[56]

Hezbollah activities in the al-Aqsa Intifada

Main article: al-Aqsa Intifada
File:Lebanese Hezbollah recruts being sworn in.jpg
Recruits being sworn in – Beirut, November 11, 2001.

In December 2001 three Hezbollah operatives were caught in Jordan while attempting to bring BM-13 Katyusha rockets into the West Bank. Syed Hassan Nasrallah, secretary general of Hezbollah, responded that "It is every freedom loving peoples right and duty against occupation to send arms to Palestinians from any possible place."[57]

During 2002, 2003 and 2004, the Israeli Security Forces thwarted numerous suicide bombing attacks, some of which Israel claims were planned and funded by Hezbollah and were to have been carried out by Tanzim (Fatah's armed wing) activists. Israeli officials accused Hezbollah of aiding Palestinian political violence and participating in weapon smuggling (see also: Santorini, Karin A).

On June 16, 2004, two Palestinian girls — aged 14 and 15 — were arrested by the Israeli Defense Forces for plotting a suicide bombing.[58] According to an IDF statement, the two minors were recruited by Tanzim activists.[59] On June 23, 2004, another allegedly Hezbollah-funded suicide bombing attack was foiled by the Israeli security forces.[60]

In February 2005 the Palestinian Authority accused Hezbollah of attempting to derail the truce signed with Israel. Palestinian officials and former militants described how Hezbollah promised an increase in funding for any occupation resistance group able to carry out an attack on Israeli military targets.[61]

Since the May 2000 Israeli withdrawal, Hezbollah has continued fighting the IDF around the disputed 35 km² Shebaa Farms area on the Lebanese-Syrian border.

Hezbollah and the "Cedar Revolution"

After the assassination of Rafik Hariri in February 2005, Hezbollah strongly supported Syria through demonstrations. On March 8, in response to the demonstrations of the Cedar Revolution which resulted in Syria's withdrawal, Hezbollah organized a counterdemonstration, reiterating Hezbollah's rejection of Resolution 1559 and support for Lebanese-Syrian alliance.[62] It later won the greatest number of representatives in its history during the national parliamentary elections of May 2005, and was asked to join the government in July 2005 in the name of national unity. Hezbollah still retains its weapons, and the subject remains extremely controversial in Lebanon.

Hezbollah following the "Cedar Revolution"

During the months following Syria's (Hezbollah's main backer) April 2005 withdrawal from Lebanon, international and domestic pressure has mounted on Hezbollah to dismantle its military wing and become solely a political party. On November 21, 2005 Hezbollah launched a heavy attack along the entire border with Israel which was intended to provide tactical cover for a squad of Hezbollah special forces attempting to abduct Israeli troops from the Israeli side of the village of Al-Ghajar.[63] The attack failed when IDF Paratroopers ambushed and killed 4 Hezbollah members and scattered the rest.[64] The IDF counter-attacked and destroyed Hezbollah's front line outposts and communication centers. The scope of the attack forced Lebanon (whose army does not control southern Lebanon) to request a cease-fire. Following the attack the UN Security Council denounced Hezbollah.[65] Commentators have speculated that the attack was an attempt to draw Israel into renewed conflict in Lebanon, alleviating diplomatic pressure on its backers Syria (which is under investigation for the assassination of Lebanese prime minister Rafiq Hariri) and Iran (which is under UN investigation regarding alleged violations of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty).[66]

On December 27, 2005, BM-21 Grad rockets fired from Hezbollah territory smashed into houses in the northern Israeli city of Kiryat Shmona wounding three people.[67] UN Secretary General Kofi Annan called on the Lebanese Government "to extend its control over all its territory, to exert its monopoly on the use of force, and to put an end to all such attacks."[68] Lebanese Prime Minister Fouad Siniora denounced the attack as "aimed at destabilizing security and diverting attention from efforts exerted to solve the internal issues prevailing in the country."[69] Hezbollah denied any responsibility or knowledge that an attack was going to take place.

Post-Lebanese election

After the 2005 elections, Hezbollah held 23 seats (up from eight previously) in the 128-member Lebanese Parliament. It also participated for the first time in the Lebanese government that was formed in July 2005. Hezbollah has two ministers in the government, and a third is Hezbollah-endorsed. It is primarily active in the Bekaa Valley, the southern suburbs of Beirut, and southern Lebanon. The group is headed by Sayyed Hassan Nasrallah and is financed largely by Iran and Syria, though it also raises funds itself through charities and commercial activities.

In spite of having a foot inside the government, Hezbollah has been frequently at odds with certain members of Fouad Siniora's cabinet and in early 2006 formed an alliance with Michel Aoun (a former critic of both Hezbollah and Syria) and the Free Patriotic Movement. This new Shiite-Christian alliance aims at creating a new majority outside the 14 March forces and is likely to provide the basis for Aoun's presidency when Emile Lahoud's term expires in 2007.[70]

2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict

Main article: 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict
Further information: [[:International reactions to the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict]]

Political activities

Hezbollah is an active participant in the political life and processes of Lebanon. The organization has been involved in activities like building schools, clinics, and hospitals.[71][72]. In 1992, it participated in Lebanese elections for the first time, winning 12 out of 128 seats in parliament. It won 10 seats in 1996, and 8 in 2000. In the general election of 2005, it won 23 seats nationwide, and an Amal-Hezbollah alliance won all 23 seats in Southern Lebanon.

Mohamed Fneish was appointed Energy and Water Minister in the cabinet and has been quoted as saying "We are a political force that took part in the polls under the banner of defending the resistance and protecting Lebanon and got among the highest level of popular backing ... Hezbollah’s resistance (against Israel) does not in any way contradict its political role. If joining the government and parliament is a national duty, then so is defending the country.”[73]

Foreign relations

Hezbollah claims that it forbids its fighters entry into Iraq for any reason, and that no Hezbollah units or individual fighters have entered Iraq to support any Iraqi faction fighting the United States. However, on April 2, 2004, Muqtada al-Sadr announced his intention to form chapters of Hezbollah and Hamas in Iraq.[74] He is not known to have consulted Hezbollah or Hamas before making this statement.

Hezbollah has been accused of having links to Al-Qaeda.[75] Since September 11 2001 Hezbollah's alleged links with al-Qaeda came under more scrutiny. U.S. intelligence officials have stated they believe there has been contact between Hezbollah and low-level al-Qaeda figures that fled Afghanistan for Lebanon.[76] Many have even suggested a broader alliance between Hezbollah, al-Qaeda, and the Iranian Revolutionary Guard.[77] Such claims are dubious however since Al-Qaeda's Wahhabist ideology considers Shia muslims as infidels, which it has demonstrated in suicide bombings and attacks on Shia targets in Iraq.[78] Hezbollah has publicly denied having any ties with al-Qaeda,[79] and many sources have reported no connection between Hezbollah and Al-Qaeda.[80] Finally, Zarqawi issued an audio recording where he called the Hezbollah an "enemy of Sunnis" and a "shield" for Israel,[81] referring to the party's handling of the Lebanese border dispute with Israel.

In 2004 the Dutch internal security agency AIVD, concluded:

"Investigations have shown that Hezbollah’s militant wing, the Hezbollah External Security Organization, has been directly and indirectly involved in terrorist acts. It can also be concluded that Hezbollah’s political and terrorist wings are controlled by one coordinating council. This means that there is indeed a link between these parts of the organization. The Netherlands has changed its policy and no longer makes a distinction between the political and terrorist Hezbollah branches. The Netherlands informed the relevant EU bodies of its findings."[82]

It is widely believed that Hafez al-Assad and Hezbollah were closely linked; this did not significantly affect his relations with the rest of the world. Bashar al-Assad, his son and successor, has been subjected to sanctions by the U.S. due to (among other things, such as occupying Lebanon) his continued support for Hezbollah, which it views as a terrorist organization. However, on March 3, 2005, the Bush administration stated that it would consider Hezbollah legitimate if it disarmed, but also said that this did not represent a change in their view of the organization, which is unlikely to do so.

Those who consider Hezbollah to be a terrorist organization consider its sponsors (in particular Iran, Syria, and Lebanon) to stand in violation of UN Security Council Resolutions 1373 and 1566. Further, UN Security Council Resolution 1559 calls for the dismantling of Hezbollah and all other militias. Israel has lodged continuous complaints about Hezbollah's actions.[83] Israel has bombed several Syrian targets in retaliation for terrorist and guerrilla attacks by Islamic Jihad and Hezbollah that Israel claims were sponsored by Syria. An Israeli official said that those attacks are a "message to Syria to stop sponsoring terrorism."

Ideology

The organization views an Islamic republic, on the Iranian model, as the ideal and eventual form of state. However, as their conception of an Islamic republic requires the consent of the people, and since Lebanon remains a religiously and ideologically heterogeneous society (see Demographics of Lebanon), their political platform revolves around more mundane issues.[citation needed] According to their published political platform in 2003, Hezbollah favors the introduction of an Islamic government in Lebanon by peaceful democratic means.

Hezbollah supports the destruction of the state of Israel[84] and co-operates with other militant Islamic organizations such as Hamas in order to promote this goal.

Hezbollah's ideology is based in the Shi'a tradition of Islam, specifically in the concept of "Willayat Al-Faqih" put forth by Ayatollah Khomeini and other Islamic scholars in Iran. Hezbollah seeks to set up an Islamic government in Lebanon modeled after the one in Iran.[citation needed] The following excerpt is taken from the group's political platform, first published in 1985: "The solution to Lebanon's problems is the establishment of an Islamic republic as only this type of regime can secure justice and equality for all of Lebanon's citizens." The Hizballah organization views as an important goal the fight against 'western imperialism' and its eradication from Lebanon. The group strives for complete U.S. and French withdrawal from Lebanon, including all their institutions.[citation needed]

The conflict with Israel is viewed as a central concern. This is not only limited to the IDF presence in Lebanon. Rather, the complete destruction of the State of Israel and the establishment of Islamic rule over Jerusalem is an expressed goal.[citation needed]

Media operations

Hezbollah operates a satellite television station from Lebanon, Al-Manar TV ("the Lighthouse") as well as a radio station, al-Nour ("the light"). Qubth Ut Alla ("The Fist of God") is the monthly magazine of Hezbollah's paramilitary wing.

Al Manar broadcasts news in Arabic, English, French and Hebrew and is widely watched both in Lebanon and in other Arab countries. Its transmission in France (even via satellite, not by any station based on French territory) is controversial. It has been accused of promoting religious and racial hatred (against Jews), which is a criminal offense in France. On December 13, 2004, the French Conseil d'État, acting on the request of the French TV authorities, issued an injunction to Eutelsat to cease the broadcasting of Al Manar in France.[85]

The Hezbollah Central Internet Bureau in 2003 released a video game titled Special Force, intended to simulate Arab-Israeli conflicts from an Arab perspective.

The United States, Britain, Israel and some other Western countries consider Hezbollah a terrorist organization but throughout most of the Arab and Muslim worlds, Hezbollah is highly regarded as a legitimate resistance movement. [86]. The Lebanese government confirmed it as a legitimate resistance against occupation.[87] [88]

Alternate names

Hezbollah has a military branch known as Al-Muqawama al-Islamiyya ("The Islamic Resistance"), and is the possible sponsor of a number of lesser-known militant organizations, some of which may be little more than fronts for Hezbollah itself. These organizations include the Organization of the Oppressed, the Revolutionary Justice Organization, the Organization of Right Against Wrong, and Followers of the Prophet Muhammad[89][90][91].

Allegations of specific terrorist attacks

Hezbollah is believed by the United States and some other countries' intelligence agencies to have kidnapped and tortured to death U.S. Marine Colonel William R. Higgins and the CIA Station Chief in Beirut, William Francis Buckley without incontrovertible evidence, [92][citation needed] and to have kidnapped around 30 other Westerners between 1982 and 1992, including U.S. journalist Terry Anderson, British journalist John McCarthy, the Archbishop of Canterbury's special envoy Terry Waite and Irish citizen Brian Keenan.[93] Hezbollah was accused by the US government of being responsible for the April 1983 bombing of the U.S. Embassy in Beirut that killed 63; of being behind the 1983 Beirut barracks bombing, a suicide truck bombing that killed 241 U.S. Marines in their barracks in Beirut in October 1983; of bombing the replacement U.S. Embassy in East Beirut on September 20, 1984, killing 20 Lebanese and two U.S. soldiers; and of carrying out the 1985 hijacking of TWA Flight 847 en route from Athens to Rome. These accusations are denied by Hezbollah.[94]

It is claimed that Hezbollah had a hand in the terrorist attacks in Argentina in 1990 and 1994: theIsraeli Embassy Attack in Buenos Aires and the AMIA Bombing, respectively.[95][96] Hezbollah denies these claims.[97]

Hezbollah has denounced some acts of terror, such as the September 11 attacks,[98] GIA massacres in Algeria, Armed Islamic Group attacks on tourists in Egypt[99], and the murder of Nick Berg.[100] However, it expresses support and sympathy[101] for the activities of Hamas and Islamic Jihad, Islamist groups responsible for suicide attacks and armed resistance in Israel and the Palestinian territories.

Designation as terrorist organization

Hezbollah has been labeled a terrorist organization by the United States,[102] the United Kingdom,[citation needed] the Netherlands,[103] Canada, [104] Israel and Australia,[105] but not by the European Union.[106]

In a non-binding resolution adopted by the European Parliament on 10 March 2005, the MEPs urged the EU Council to brand Hezbollah a terrorist organization. However, the Council has so far been reluctant to do so, as France, Spain, and Britain fear that such a move would further damage the prospects for Middle East peace talks.[107] The EU has, however, agreed to block Hezbollah's Al-Manar television from European satellites in order to enforce European regulations against "incitement to racial and/or religious hatred."[108]

Military Wing

The goverment of Lebanon has accepted Al-Muqawama al-Islamiyya as an arm against occupation of Lebanese land. The P.M. of Lebanon said that "the continued presence of Israeli occupation of Lebanese lands in the Chebaa Farms region is what contributes to the presence of Hezbollah weapons. The international community must help us in (getting) an Israeli withdrawal from Chebaa Farms so we can solve the problem of Hezbollah's arms," [6]

The United Nations has called for the disbanding of Hezbollah's military wing in UN Security Council Resolution 1559.

Armed strength

Its strength is disputed, and has been variously estimated as "several thousand" [109] and "several thousand supporters and a few hundred terrorist operatives"[110].

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The name حزب الله is transliterated from the Arabic in a number of ways. An exact transliteration would be hizbu' llāh. Hezballah is predominantly used by American media, such as CNN, Fox News and The New York Times, as well as by the BBC and The Times in the UK, but the organization itself alternatively transliterates its name as Hizbollah or Hizbullah. The leading English-language newspaper in the region, the Daily Star of Beirut, transliterates it as Hizbullah, as do the British newspapers The Guardian and The Economist. The Guardian's Sunday sister publication The Observer and British newspapers The Independent and The Daily Telegraph prefer Hizbollah, however, as does the American Christian Science Monitor. Both Hizbollah and Hezballah are common transliterations into other languages with a Latin-based alphabet, such as French, Spanish, Italian and the Nordic languages. It may, however, also be written as Hizballah or Hisbollah, and the literal Arabic version Hizb Allah, which is used by Al Jazeera. "Hizb" (party) is the Modern Standard Arabic pronunciation, and "Hezb" is closer to Persian and to Lebanese dialect. The 'h' is pharyngeal in Arabic, but a normal 'h' sound in Persian. The "-llah" ending, originally "Allah", means "(the) God". The name is derived from a Qu'ranic aayat (verse) referring to those who belong to and follow the "Party of God".
  2. ^ See:
    • "Final Pullout". PBS. 2000-05-24. Retrieved 2006-07-19. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
    • Lee Hockstader (2000-05-22). "Israel Begins Lebanon Pullout". Washington Post Foreign Service. p. A01. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  3. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1908671.stm
  4. ^ BBC News, 'Who are Hezballah?'
  5. ^ Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 'Hizbullah'
  6. ^ Robin Wright, Washington Post, Options for U.S. Limited As Mideast Crises Spread, Thursday, July 13, 2006; Page A19. Link: http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/07/12/AR2006071201557.html
  7. ^ Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism (2006-04-28). "Country Reports on Terrorism: State Sponsors of Terror Overview". Retrieved 2006-07-17.
  8. ^ http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/HG20Ak02.html
  9. ^ "Hezballah: Violence mixed with social mission". CNN. 2006-06-13. Retrieved 2006-06-15. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  10. ^ PBS report: http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/dispatches/lebanon.syria/seelye2.html
  11. ^ http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20031101faessay82606/daniel-byman/should-hezbollah-be-next.html
  12. ^ Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Hizbullah
  13. ^ http://www.president.ir/eng/ahmadinejad/cronicnews/1384/10/30/#b3
  14. ^ PBS report: http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/dispatches/lebanon.syria/seelye2.html
  15. ^ http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/HG20Ak02.html
  16. ^ http://www.angus-reid.com/polls/index.cfm/fuseaction/viewItem/itemID/12527
  17. ^ http://www.mercurynews.com/mld/mercurynews/news/world/15047883.htm
  18. ^ See:
  19. ^ "Summary of Terrorist Activity 2004". Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 2005-01-05. Retrieved 2006-07-15.
  20. ^ "Foreign Terrorist Organizations (FTOs)". United States Department of State. 2005-10-11. Retrieved 2006-07-16. "Current List of Designated Foreign Terrorist Organizations . . . 14. Hizballah (Party of God)".
  21. ^ "Proscribed terrorist groups". "Home Office"
  22. ^ "Listed entities pursuant to the Anti-Terrorism Act (2001, c. 41)". Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness Canada (PSEPC), Government of Canada. Retrieved 2006-07-16.
  23. ^ "COUNCIL DECISION of 21 December 2005 implementing Article 2(3) of Regulation (EC) No 2580/2001 on specific restrictive measures directed against certain persons and entities with a view to combating terrorism and repealing Decision 2005/848/EC(2005/930/EC)" (PDF). Official Journal of the European Union.
  24. ^ "European parliament calls for putting an end to Hizbullah terrorist acts". ArabicNews.com. 2005-03-11. Retrieved 2006-07-16.
  25. ^ US Department of State Background Information on Foreign Terrorist Organizations
  26. ^ Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Hizbullah
  27. ^ Canada Gazette, v 137, no 1
  28. ^ Iraq and the Future of Gulf Security Cooperation: A Lebanese perspective, Lebanese Army Magazine
  29. ^ [1]
  30. ^ http://www.asylumlaw.org/docs/lebanon/ind01b_lebanon_ca.pdf
  31. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/country_profiles/819200.stm
  32. ^ See:
  33. ^ http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2003/04/18/60minutes/main550000.shtml
  34. ^ NPR report: Hezbollah's Role in Lebanon's Government. Link: http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5554992
  35. ^ Hezbollah condemned for attacking Israel, BBC 15 April, 2001
  36. ^ See:
  37. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/763504.stm
  38. ^ http://www.un.org/apps/sg/sgstats.asp?nid=449
  39. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/3990773.stm
  40. ^ http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/article.php?enewsid=48880
  41. ^ http://archives.tcm.ie/breakingnews/2004/07/19/story157767.asp
  42. ^ http://quote.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=10000087&sid=aGFhFUAb_8d0&refer=top_world_news
  43. ^ See:
  44. ^ http://www.dailystar.com.lb/article.asp?article_ID=1315&categ_ID=2&edition_id=1
  45. ^ http://www.moqawama.org/archive/drep_2004/july/dr_0720.htm
  46. ^ See:
  47. ^ "Lebanon: Israeli spying cell busted". Xinhua. 2006-06-13. Retrieved 2006-07-20. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  48. ^ Hezbollah disarmament unclear: CNN May 7, 2005
  49. ^ Lebanon, Independent on Syrian Terms: JINSA August 25, 2005
  50. ^ http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=12147&Cr=lebanon&Cr1=
  51. ^ http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2005/sc8299.doc.htm
  52. ^ http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2005/sc8299.doc.htm
  53. ^ http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=17263&Cr=middle&Cr1=leban
  54. ^ Lebanon's Siniora won't yield to Hezbollah, Safir, 16 January, 2006
  55. ^ EU demands Lebanon implement Resolution 1559 Daily Star, Beirut, January 17, 2006
  56. ^ Israelis, Hezbollah Clash Again in Lebanon, AP, July 20, 2006
  57. ^ http://www.dailystar.com.lb/article.asp?edition_id=10&categ_id=5&article_id=6519
  58. ^ http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/439981.html
  59. ^ http://www1.idf.il/DOVER/site/mainpage.asp?sl=EN&id=7&docid=32081.EN
  60. ^ http://www.maarivintl.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=article&articleID=8960
  61. ^ http://story.news.yahoo.com/news?tmpl=story&cid=540&ncid=736&e=1&u=/ap/20050209/ap_on_re_mi_ea/hezbollah_threat
  62. ^ http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/7128785/
  63. ^ http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=648271&contrassID=1&subContrassID=5
  64. ^ http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/objects/pages/PrintArticleEn.jhtml?itemNo=648771
  65. ^ http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=16671&Cr=middle&Cr1=east
  66. ^ http://www.defense-update.com/2005/12/al-ghajar-village-flashpoint.html
  67. ^ http://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20051228/wl_nm/mideast_attack_dc_6
  68. ^ http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=17049&Cr=Middle&Cr1=Lebanon
  69. ^ http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/663101.html
  70. ^ http://yalibnan.com/site/archives/2006/02/it_is_official_1.php
  71. ^ See report by Ted Koppel on NPR: Lebanon's Hezbollah Ties. All Things Considered, July 13, 2006. Link: http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5555771
  72. ^ JoMarie Fecci, Washington Report on Middle East Affairs: Despite End of Lebanon’s Long Civil War, Low-Level Conflict Continues Around Israeli-Occupied Zone Link: http://www.washington-report.org/backissues/0199/9901020.html
  73. ^ Gulf Times (Reuters) Hezbollah seeks talks over arms Link: http://www.gulf-times.com/site/topics/article.asp?cu_no=2&item_no=53862&version=1&template_id=37&parent_id=17
  74. ^ http://www.nytimes.com/2004/04/05/international/middleeast/05SADR.html?8bl
  75. ^ See: http://www.ict.org.il/articles/articledet.cfm?articleid=425
  76. ^ See:
  77. ^ See:
  78. ^ See Aljazeera report: http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/407AAE91-AF72-45D7-83E9-486063C0E5EA.htm
  79. ^ http://english.people.com.cn/200207/01/eng20020701_98923.shtml
  80. ^ See:
  81. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/5040974.stm
  82. ^ http://www.fas.org/irp/world/netherlands/aivd2004-eng.pdf
  83. ^ http://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/85255db800470aa485255d8b004e349a/2005131e10c4ac7485256cb10053e171!OpenDocument
  84. ^ http://www.unb.ca/web/bruns/9900/issue14/intnews/israel.html
  85. ^ See:
  86. ^ http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/HG20Ak02.html]
  87. ^ [2]
  88. ^ [3]
  89. ^ US Department of State Background Information on Foreign Terrorist Organizations
  90. ^ Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Hizbullah
  91. ^ Canada Gazette, v 137, no 1
  92. ^ Link to Library of Congress site inoperable, 2006-07-21
  93. ^ Telegraph, 2004/2/21
  94. ^ http://www.redding.com/redd/nw_columnists/article/0,2232,REDD_17528_4389698,00.html
  95. ^ United States Department of State, April 2005.
  96. ^ Rex A. Hudson, The Sociology and Psychology of Terrorism, 1999.
  97. ^ Hezbollah again denies involvement in deadly Buenos Aires bombing BEIRUT, March 19 (AFP)
  98. ^ http://cfrterrorism.org/groups/hezbollah2.html
  99. ^ Hezbollah's condemnation of murder of civilians in Egypt and Algeria is described in Saad-Ghorayeb, p. 101.
  100. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/3710057.stm
  101. ^ http://www.unb.ca/web/bruns/9900/issue14/intnews/israel.html
  102. ^ http://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/pgtrpt/2000/2450.htm
  103. ^ http://www.fas.org/irp/world/netherlands/aivd2004-eng.pdf
  104. ^ See:
  105. ^ http://www.ag.gov.au/www/attorneygeneralHome.nsf/Alldocs/9F22AF531A4693F2CA256D66007C1F14?OpenDocument
  106. ^ http://europa.eu.int/comm/external_relations/lebanon/intro/
  107. ^ http://www.jihadwatch.org/dhimmiwatch/archives/005325.php
  108. ^ http://europa.eu.int/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=MEMO/05/98&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en
  109. ^ http://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/rpt/fto/2801.htm Background Information on Foreign Terrorist Organizations, United States Department of State
  110. ^ http://library.nps.navy.mil/home/tgp/hizbalah.htm Country Reports on Terrorism, 2004. United States Department of State, April 2005

Raad-1

Literature

External links, resources, and references

Official sites

UN resolutions regarding Lebanon

United States Department of State

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