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Blu-ray

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Official Blu-ray Disc logo
Official Blu-ray Disc logo

A Blu-ray Disc (BD) is a next-generation optical disc format meant for high-density storage of high-definition video and data. The Blu-ray standard was jointly developed by a group of consumer electronics and PC companies called the Blu-ray Disc Association (BDA), spearheaded by Sony. It is currently competing with the HD DVD format for wide adoption as the preferred next generation optical standard, similar to the videotape format war between VHS and Betamax. As of 2006, neither format has succeeded in supplanting the present home video standard, the DVD.

The name Blu-ray is derived from the blue-violet laser it uses to read and write to the chalcogenide disc. A Blu-ray Disc can store substantially more data than a DVD, because of the shorter wavelength (405 nm) of the blue-violet laser (DVDs use a 650-nm-wavelength red laser and CDs an infrared 780 nm laser), which allows more information to be stored digitally in the same amount of space. In comparison to HD DVD, which also uses a blue laser, Blu-ray has more information capacity per layer (25 gigabytes instead of 15) but may initially be more expensive to produce.

The Blu-ray Disc Association unveiled their plans for a May 23, 2006 release date at the Consumer Electronics Show (CES) in January 2006. Since then, Blu-ray was delayed, but finally shipped in the U.S. on June 20, 2006.[1]

Physical format

Variations and sizes

Over 9 hours of high-definition (HD) video on a 50GB disc. About 23 hours of standard-definition (SD) video on a 50GB disc

TDK recently announced that they have created a working experimental Blu-ray disc capable of holding 200GB of data (six 33GB data layers).

Laser and optics

Blu-ray systems use a blue-violet laser operating at a wavelength of 405 nm, similar to the one used for HD DVD, to read and write data. Conventional DVDs and CDs use red and infrared lasers at 650 nm and 780 nm respectively.

The blue-violet laser's shorter wavelength makes it possible to store more information on a 12 cm CD/DVD sized disc. The minimum "spot size" on which a laser can be focused is limited by diffraction, and depends on the wavelength of the light and the numerical aperture of the lens used to focus it. By decreasing the wavelength, using a higher numerical aperture (0.85, compared with 0.6 for DVD, and 0.65 for HD DVD), higher quality, dual-lens system, and making the cover layer over the data level thinner (0.1mm (Blu-ray) vs 0.6mm (HD DVD)) to avoid undesirable optical effects, the laser beam can be focused much more tightly. This produces a smaller spot on the disc than in existing CDs or DVDs, and allows more information to be physically stored in the same area.

Hard-coating technology

File:Tdk4.jpg
TDK 100-gigabyte four-layer Blu-ray Disc.

Because the Blu-ray standard places the data recording layer so close to the surface of the disc, early discs were susceptible to contamination and scratches and had to be enclosed in plastic caddies for protection. The consortium worried that such an inconvenience would retard Blu-ray's market adoption in the face of the rival HD DVD standard, as HD DVDs place the data layer farther away from the surface, rather like DVDs. Blu-ray discs now use a purpose developed layer of protective material over the reflective data backing (ie, on the label side).

TDK announced a way to remedy the problem in January 2004 with the introduction of a clear polymer coating that gives Blu-ray Discs substantial scratch resistance. The coating was developed by TDK Corporation and is called "Durabis". It allows BDs to be cleaned safely with only a tissue. The coating is said to successfully resist "wire-wool scrubbing" according to Samsung Optical technical manager Chas Kalsi. HD DVDs are more similar to current DVDs in this respect, as they can be manufactured using essentially the same processes and do not require such a surface layer.

Software standards

Codecs

The codecs are compression schemes used to store audio and video information on disc. For video, all BD-ROM players must be able to decode three codecs: MPEG-2 (the standard also used for DVDs); MPEG-4's H.264/AVC; and VC-1, a codec based on Microsoft's Windows Media 9.

All Blu-ray movies released so far have chosen to use the ten year old MPEG-2 technology (that all standard DVDs use) rather than the much newer VC-1 compression technology that most HD-DVD movies use. A 25GB single layer Blu-ray disc using MPEG-2 holds two hours of high-definition video content, just like a 15GB single layer HD-DVD using VC-1 would hold two hours of high-definition video content. Most HD-DVD movies released so far use dual-layer 30GB discs that hold four hours of high-definition video content, while all Blu-ray movies released so far use a single-layer 25 GB disc that only hold two hours of high-definition video content. This is the main reason why Blu-ray discs have far fewer special features and bonus content than HD-DVD or standard DVD movies.[citation needed]

For audio, BD-ROM players are required to support Dolby Digital and DTS, and linear PCM (up to 7.1 channels.) The standard has optional support for Dolby Digital Plus and the lossless formats Dolby TrueHD and DTS HD. The linear PCM 5.1, Dolby Digital 5.1 and DTS 5.1 formats are mandatory, meaning that one of them may be used as the sole soundtrack on a disc, because every player will have a decoder that can process any of these three bitstreams.[2] For lossless audio in movies in the PCM, Dolby TrueHD or DTS-HD formats, Blu-ray discs support encoding in up to 24-bit/192kHz for up to six channels, or up to eight channels of up to 24-bit/96kHz encoding.[3] For reference, even new big-budget Hollywood films are mastered in only 24-bit/48kHz, with 16-bit/48kHz being common for ordinary films.

For users recording digital television broadcasts, the Blu-ray's baseline datarate of 36 MB/s is more than adequate to record high-definition broadcasts. Support for new codecs will evolve as they are encapsulated by broadcasters into their MPEG-2 transport streams, and consumer set-top boxes capable of decoding them are rolled out.

The choice of codecs affects disc cost (due to related licensing/royalty payments) as well as program capacity. The two more advanced video codecs can typically achieve twice the video runtime of MPEG-2. When using MPEG-2, quality considerations would limit the publisher to around two hours of high-definition content on a single-layer (25GB) BD-ROM.

Java software support

At the 2005 JavaOne trade show, it was announced that Sun Microsystems' Java cross-platform software environment would be included in all Blu-ray players as a mandatory part of the standard. Java will be used to implement interactive menus on Blu-ray discs, as opposed to the method used on DVD video discs, which uses pre-rendered MPEG segments and selectable subtitle pictures, which is considerably more primitive. Java creator James Gosling, at the conference, suggested that the inclusion of a Java virtual machine as well as network connectivity in BD devices will allow updates to Blu-ray discs via the Internet, adding content such as additional subtitle languages and promotional features that are not included on the disc at pressing time. This Java Version will be called BD-J and will be a subset of the Globally Executable MHP (GEM) standard. GEM is the world-wide version of the Multimedia Home Platform standard.

Region codes

The Blu-ray movie region codes are different from the DVD region codes.[4] The following are the region codes for Blu-ray discs:[5]

Region code Area
A North America, South America, East Asia except for China
B Europe and Africa
C China, Russia and other countries

Digital rights management

Blu-ray has an experimental digital rights management (DRM) feature called BD+ which allows for dynamically-changing keys for the cryptographic protections involved. Should the keys currently in use be 'cracked', manufacturers can update them and build them into all subsequent disks, preventing a single key discovery from permanently breaking the entire scheme. Blu-ray also mandates the Mandatory Managed Copy system, which allows users to copy content a limited number of times, but requiring registration with the content provider to acquire the keys needed; this feature was originally requested by HP [6] . The lack of a dynamic encryption model is what has made DeCSS a disaster from the industry's perspective: once CSS was cracked, all DVDs from then on were open to unauthorized decryption (commonly known as "ripping"). However this new technology, together with Self-Protecting Digital Content (SPDC), can allow players judged 'bad' to be effectively disabled [7], preventing their use by their purchaser or subsequent owners.[8] See Advanced Access Content System (AACS).

The Blu-ray Disc Association also agreed to add digital watermarking technology to the discs. Under the name "ROM-Mark", this technology will be built into all ROM-producing devices, and prevent content from being reproduced in the event that a watermark is detected. Through licensing, the BDA believes that it can eliminate the possibility of mass producing BD-ROMs without authorization.

In addition, Blu-ray players must follow AACS guidelines pertaining to outputs over non-encrypted interfaces. This is set by a flag called the Image Constraint Token (ICT), which restricts the output-resolution without HDCP to 960×540. The decision to set the flag to restrict output ("down-convert") is left up to the content provider. According to CED Magazine, Sony/MGM and Disney currently have no plans to down-convert, and Fox is opposed to it as well. Warner Pictures is a proponent of the ICT, and it is expected that Paramount will also implement it [9]. Other studios releasing Blu-ray content have not yet commented on whether or not they will use down-conversion. AACS guidelines require that any title that implements the ICT must clearly state so on the packaging.

Applications

Compatibility

While it is not compulsory for manufacturers, the Blu-ray Disc Association recommends that Blu-ray drives should be capable of reading DVDs for backward compatibility. For instance, Samsung's first Blu-ray drive (now avaliable) will read and write CD, DVD, and Blu-ray.

JVC has developed a three layer technology that allows putting both standard-definition DVD data and HD data on a BD/DVD combo disc. If successfully commercialized, this would enable the consumer to purchase a disc which could be played on current DVD players, and reveal its HD version when played on a new BD player.[10]

Stand-alone recorders and games consoles

The first Blu-ray recorder was unveiled by Sony on March 3, 2003, and was introduced to the Japanese market in April that year. On September 1, 2003, JVC and Samsung Electronics announced Blu-ray based products at IFA in Berlin, Germany. Both indicated that their products would be on the market in 2005.

Sony has announced that the PlayStation 3 will be shipped with a 2x Blu-ray drive, likely read-only as for most game console optical drives. According to Sony's press releases, it will support DVD(8x), CD(24x) and SACD (2x) formats in addition to BD-ROM, BD-R, and BD-RE. The Japanese release date for PS3 is on November 11, 2006. The release date of the PS3 everywhere else has been announced for November 17, 2006.

Microsoft, who did not include Blu-ray technology in its Xbox 360 console, has stated that it is possible that they could add a Blu-ray drive to the unit. However, further comments from Microsoft state that they have no plans to do so, and were merely just trying to illustrate the flexibility of the Xbox 360. In February 2006 (3 months after the console's release), Microsoft announced the development of an external HD DVD drive for use with the Xbox 360, opposing Sony's new Blu-ray format. [11] Microsoft has since said that if Blu-ray becomes the more dominant format, it may release a Blu-ray drive add-on. [12]

PC data storage

Originally, blu-ray drives in production could only transfer approximately 36 MB/s (54 MB/s required for BD-ROM), but 2x speed drives with a 72 MB/s transfer rate are now avaliable. Rates of 8x (288 MB/s) or more are planned for the future.

File:BDR-101 01.jpg
North American Pioneer BDR-101A drive

Hewlett Packard has announced plans to sell Blu-ray-equipped desktop PCs and laptops. In December 2005, HP announced that they would also be supporting the rival HD DVD technology. [13] Philips was scheduled to debut a Blu-ray computer drive in the second half of 2005, but it was also delayed. [14] [15] On March 10, 2005 Apple Computer joined the Blu-ray Disc Association.

In July 2005, information was leaked about an upcoming Pioneer Blu-ray drive; the OEM BDR 101A. [16] On December 27, 2005, Pioneer formally announced the drive which was released in the late second quarter of 2006. The drive writes at 2x on BD-R and BD-RE, 8x on DVD+R and DVD-R, and 4x on DVD-RW and DVD+RW. [17] [18]

Optical heads allowing the reading of CD/DVD/Blu-ray discs have already been developed and are expected to be included after first release of DVD/Blu-ray only drives. [19]

The Panasonic Blu-ray SW-5582 is the first drive to support all 3 formats. [20]

Corporate support

Blu-ray initially received more support than HD DVD from film studios and distributors, but the two formats are now closer in levels of industry support. However, HD-DVD has fewer exclusive content providers: only Universal Studios, among the majors. Blu-Ray is backed by 20th Century Fox, as well as the Sony subsidiaries Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Sony Pictures Entertainment.

The BDA has over 170 members. Its Board of Directors consists of representatives from Apple Computer Corp.; Dell, Inc.; Hewlett Packard Company; Hitachi, Ltd.; LG Electronics Inc.; Mitsubishi Electric Corporation; Panasonic (Matsushita Electric); Pioneer Corporation; Royal Philips Electronics; Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.; Sharp Corporation; Sony Corporation; TDK Corporation; Thomson; Twentieth Century Fox; Walt Disney Pictures and Television; Warner Bros. Entertainment.

Alternatives

The primary rival to Blu-ray is HD DVD, championed by Toshiba, NEC Corporation, Microsoft, and Intel. HD-DVD has lower disc capacity (30GB vs 50GB), but currently (as of 2006) benefits from correspondingly lower manufacturing costs for both pre-recorded (ROM) and recordable media. Blu-Ray proponents expect BD-media manufacturing costs to approach those of HD-DVD, once production volume has ramped. All Blu-ray movies currently released (as of 2006) have been done on single-layer 25GB discs. Sony's goal is to reach the standard of 50GB dual-layer discs capable of storing four hours of high-definition MPEG-2 video content--similar to the four hours of high-definition video content that a 30GB HD-DVD using VC-1 currently holds--but up to this point in time the cost of mass producing dual-layer Blu-ray discs has been too high.

In terms of audio/video compression, Blu-ray and HD-DVD are similar on the surface: both support MPEG-2, VC-1, and H264 for video-compression, and Dolby Digital (AC-3), PCM, and DTS for audio-compression. All Blu-ray movies currently released (as of 2006) use MPEG-2 (the standard currently used in DVDs), whereas most HD-DVDs currently released (as of 2006) use the much newer VC-1. Blu-ray proponents point out that Blu-ray permits a higher maximum video-bitrate, as well as potentially higher average bitrates (due to greater total disc-capacity.) In terms of audio, there are greater differences. Blu-ray allows conventional AC-3 audiotracks at 640Kbps, which is higher than DVD/HD-DVD's maximum: 448Kbps. On the other hand, Dolby Digital Plus is mandatory for all HD-DVD players, whereas it is only optional for BD-players.

On November 29, 2004 four Hollywood studios (New Line Cinema, Paramount Pictures, Universal Studios and Warner Bros.) announced non-exclusive agreements to support HD DVD. Since that time, Paramount and Warner have chosen to release titles in both Blu-ray and HD DVD.

Blu-ray is a very similar format to PDD, another optical disc format developed by Sony (and has been available since 2004) but offering higher data transfer speeds. PDD is not intended for home video use and is aimed towards data archival and backup use in business. The UDO format is also aimed for similar purposes.

Other competitors:

Released titles

Main article: List of Blu-ray releases

The first Blu-Ray titles released on June 20, 2006 were Hitch, The Fifth Element, House of Flying Daggers, Underworld: Evolution, 50 First Dates, XXX by Sony; and The Terminator by MGM.

All titles currently released are on 25GB single layer blu-ray discs, using MPEG-2 video compression.

To date, 14 titles have been released.

25 GB/MPEG2

See also

References

  1. ^ "Blu-ray disc coming June 20". 2006. Retrieved 2006-06-23.
  2. ^ Dolby Audio Coding for Future Entertainment Formats (PDF)
  3. ^ "White Paper Blu-ray Disc Format" (PDF). March 2005. Retrieved 2006-06-27. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  4. ^ "日本ではHDアナログ出力制限が無効に――AACSのコンテンツ運用規定が決定" (in Japanese). 2005. Retrieved 2006-04-03.
  5. ^ "BluRay Region Coding Announced - Japan & US Same Region Code". 2005. Retrieved 2006-06-23.
  6. ^ "The High Definition DVD FAQ". 2006-02-05. Retrieved 2006-05-30. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  7. ^ "HP to Support HD-DVD High-definition DVD Format and Join HD-DVD Promotions Group". 2005-12-16. Retrieved 2006-05-28. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  8. ^ "The DVD War Against Consumers". 2006-05-30. Retrieved 2006-05-31. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  9. ^ Sweeting, Paul (2006). "High-def 'down-converting' forced". Retrieved 2006-04-03.
  10. ^ "Blu-ray/ DVD Combo ROM Disc Technology". 2006. Retrieved 2006-05-30.
  11. ^ Smith, Tony (2006). "MS says no to Xbox 360 Blu-ray support". Retrieved 2006-04-03.
  12. ^ "Moore: Blu-ray Xbox 360 add-on possible". 2006. Retrieved 2006-04-03.
  13. ^ "HP to Support HD-DVD High-definition DVD Format and Join HD-DVD Promotions Group". 2005. Retrieved 2006-04-03.
  14. ^ "Philips Demonstrates its Blu-ray Disc PC drive capable of reading and writing on CD, DVD and Blu-ray Discs". 2005. Retrieved 2006-04-03.
  15. ^ "Philips All-in-One OPU81 Blu-ray Disc Drive". 2005. Retrieved 2006-04-03.
  16. ^ "BluRay DVD burner for PC?". 2005. Retrieved 2006-04-03.
  17. ^ "Pioneer Launches One of Industry's First PC-Based Blu-ray Disc Drives". 2005. Retrieved 2006-04-03.
  18. ^ "Pioneer Launches Its First Internal Blu-Ray Disc Writer". 2005. Retrieved 2006-04-03.
  19. ^ "Development of Blu-ray Disc, DVD and CD compatible, 3 wavelength recording/playback Optical Head". 2004. Retrieved 2006-04-03.
  20. ^ "Panasonic Blu-ray SW-5582". 2006. Retrieved 2006-04-03.
  21. ^ Arnold, Thomas K. (2005). "Another Victory for Blu-ray Camp". Retrieved 2006-04-03.
  22. ^ "Warner joins Blu-ray cabal, Toshiba reacts". 2005. Retrieved 2006-04-03.
  23. ^ "MGM to Support Blu-ray Disc Format". 2005. Retrieved 2006-04-03.
  24. ^ "Sony Pictures Home Entertainment Completes First Full-Length Blu-ray Disc". 2005. Retrieved 2006-04-03.
  25. ^ Shimpi, Anand Lal (2006). "CES 2006 - Day 2: Blu-ray/HD-DVD, PureVideo H.264, Viiv, Centrino Duo and a lot more". Retrieved 2006-04-03. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  26. ^ Kahn, Kat (2006). "Digital Playground Chooses Blu-ray Format". Retrieved 2006-04-03.
  27. ^ "Blueray". 2006. Retrieved 2006-04-03.
  28. ^ "TDK Begins Shipping Its Highly Anticipated Blu-ray Disc 25GB Recordable And Rewritable Media; Exclusive Material Formulations and Manufacturing Processes Deliver Bit-Perfect Recording and Playback". 2006. Retrieved 2006-04-10.
  29. ^ "Sony announces first VAIO notebook computer to include built-in blu-ray burner". 2006. Retrieved 2006-05-17.
  30. ^ "Pioneer Ships PC-Based Blu-ray Disc Drives". 2006. Retrieved 2006-05-25.
  31. ^ "Blu-ray ships on PC". 2006. Retrieved 2006-07-11.
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