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This is an old revision of this page, as edited by 66.81.221.18 (talk) at 08:50, 2 August 2006 (Axumite Kingdom). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

We have a terminology problem with the phrase language family. I would say Afro-Asiatic is at least as abstract as Indo-European.

I can't answer that question, I only know that the Semitic languages, judging from some household Arabic, some Biblical Hebrew and five words of Amharic are probably closer to each other than e. g. the Germanic languages.

The phrase "language family" is intentionally vague. Germanic is a language family, as is Indo-European. They're both "families" of languages. Some classifications try to distinguish families (about the time depth of Germanic or Semitic), stocks (about the time depth of Indo-European or Cushitic), and phyla (about the time depth of North Caucasian or Afrasiatic). However, there is no objective way to be rigorous in decided whether a particular grouping should be a family, stock, or phylum, especially when comparing larger or poorly supported languages groups, and few linguists bother. You might get an opinion that Afrasiatic, Altaic, or North Caucasian is older or more diverse than IndoEuropean, but might have a harder time ranking them against each other. --kwami

But another problem: The number of native speakers seams to be somewhat to small: If I am right, Arabic alone has more than 200 millions. Jakob Stevo 15:45, 1 May 2004 (UTC)[reply]

This article must be considered a stub: loads of interesting background (which of these languages has a written form etc.) could go into it --(talk)BozMo 15:07, 13 May 2004 (UTC)[reply]

I got the epicene plural from Chadic Overview, which states that the gendered plural in Semitic and Berber is an innovation. Can you give examples in Egyptian and Beja? What does anyone else say about the plural? -phma 01:22, 5 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Egyptian: m. pl. -w, f. pl. -wt [1]. In Beja, the article varies: something like e- m.pl., te- f. pl., but I'd need to check the book. I know Chadic, and I think Omotic, have epicene plurals, but they don't seem to be all that universal in what Bender calls "Macro-Cushitic". - Mustafaa 19:07, 5 Jul 2004 (UTC)

I'm vaguely considering setting up an Afro-Asiatic WikiProject to try and encourage the development of a more complete set of articles on Afro-Asiatic languages: anybody interested? Recent work of mine that would tie in includes Berber languages, Northern Berber languages, Chenoua language, Soddo language, Bench language (in progress). It would be unrealistic to hope to get every language; but it would be nice to have at least a couple of representatives of every Afro-Asiatic subfamily, and to have some better sub-family articles for Chadic and Cushitic especially. - Mustafaa 08:00, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Map

Map showing the distribution of Afro-Asiatic languages

Ouch. I've been busy creating maps for African language families since I thought this subject could use some color and visualization. The image to the right (Afro-Asiatic.png) is one of them. However, I see that I am a little Africa-minded: I forgot to include the Semitic languages outside the African continent... Forgive me! It will take some time to create a map including the distribution of the Semitic languages outside of Africa, since most of my sources are from an African linguistics perspective. Can someone give me some clues? - Mark Dingemanse (talk) 17:05, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)

The border is basically Syria and Iraq minus Kurdistan plus the Hatay, plus very small islands of Aramaic as far north as Azerbaijan, then plus Khuzistan and parts of Iran's Gulf coast.
For Africa, btw, have a look at Linguasphere, TITUS, and SIL-based maps... - Mustafaa 11:38, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)

I updated the map (lose your browser cache if you still don't see Afro-Asiatic in the Middle East). Sources: the previous map, online maps, and Stroomer 2002. Any comments? Mark Dingemanse (talk) 17:34, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Looks pretty good! But surely it includes too much of Kurdistan? - Mustafaa 17:42, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Well, Arabic is spoken in the Syriac (Syrish?) part of Kurdistan, and a band in the south of Turkey, with an offshoot into central Kurdistan, according to Stroomer's (2002) map. The TITUS and SIL maps confirm this Afro-Asiatic offshoot, as far as I can see. See this quick and dirty map of the precise area. However, I am not at home in that area, so I'd be curious to hear your thoughts. Mark Dingemanse (talk) 18:51, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Hmm. I guess it makes sense that there would be an overlap between Arabic and Kurdish around there, and I'm certainly willing to take Harry Stroomer's word for it. That's a good solution he adopted, actually - coloring in mixed Arabic-Kurdish areas lighter as a transition zone... - Mustafaa 19:08, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Yep, that's a good solution. I also like the way Linguasphere takes inhabitation into account. The layout I have chosen for this series of maps does not permit such subleties. For maps like this that's not really a problem though; they are only meant to present a quick overview of the distribution of the phylum. Mark Dingemanse (talk) 01:03, 9 Nov 2004 (UTC)

An automated Wikipedia link suggester has some possible wiki link suggestions for the Afro-Asiatic_languages article:

  • Can link The Egyptian: ...unts'', are sometimes argued to be Semitic [[loanword]]s.) The Egyptian ''smi'' "report, announce" may also be cognate.... (link to section)
  • Can link possessive pronoun: ...n other groups, such as the [[Niger-Congo languages]]. The possessive pronoun suffixes are supported by Semitic, Berber, Cushitic (includ... (link to section)
  • Can link Cambridge University Press: ...ces== * Bernd Heine and Derek Nurse, ''African Languages,'' Cambridge University Press, 2000 - Chapter 4... (link to section)
  • Can link Stanford University: ...r 4 * Merritt Ruhlen, ''A Guide to the World's Languages'', Stanford University Press, Stanford 1991.... (link to section)

Additionally, there are some other articles which may be able to linked to this one (also known as "backlinks"):

Notes: The article text has not been changed in any way; Some of these suggestions may be wrong, some may be right.
Feedback: I like it, I hate it, Please don't link to — LinkBot 11:27, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Question about the Source of this Information

Hallo, I would like to ask the people responsible for the content of this page of anybody else who could know, about the source of the following information which appears in the article about the Afro-Asiatic languages.

In the section "Common Features and Cognates" there is the following table: 

  Some cognates are:
  b-n- "build" (Ehret: *bĭn), attested in Chadic, Semitic (*bny), Cushitic (*mĭn/*măn "house") 
  m-t "die" (Ehret: *maaw), attested in Chadic (eg Hausa mutu), Egyptian (mwt, mt, Coptic mu), 
  s-n "know", attested in Chadic, Berber, and Egyptian;
  l-s "tongue" (Ehret: *lis' "to lick"), attested in Semitic (*lasaan/lisaan), Egyptian (ns, 
  s-m "name" (Ehret: *sŭm / *sĭm), attested in Semitic (*sm), Berber (isem), Chadic (eg Hausa 
  d-m "blood" (Ehret: *dîm / *dâm), attested in Berber (idammen), Semitic (*dam), Chadic, and

From which book is this information ?

Thank you for your help.


See the Etymological bibliography section; they're from:

  • Christopher Ehret. Reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic (Proto-Afrasian): Vowels, Tone, Consonants, and Vocabulary (University of California Publications in Linguistics 126), California, Berkeley 1996.

It's an interesting book, by the way, though regrettably it mostly neglects Berber. - Mustafaa 17:53, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)

difference in unverified classification

When I last spoke to Fleming a couple years ago, he said he grouped Egyptian, Beja, Chadic, Berber, and Semitic against a very diverse Cushitic, with Ongotá as a tentative third branch of this "Erythræan" family (that is, Erythræan + Omotic = Afrasiatic). The article states that he grouped Semitic with Cushitic, but gives no reference. Is anyone able to verify? --kwami 21:42, 20 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Looking back at Ruhlen's Guide to the World's Languages, I realize I phrased that ambiguously; there was not meant to be any implication that Cushitic and Semitic grouped together. Apparently, Fleming 1981 divides non-Omotic AA into three branhces: Semitic, Cushitic, and everything else. If he's changed his opinion, that would certainly be worth changing. - Mustafaa 02:04, 22 Mar 2005 (UTC)
My undated notes from a telephone call to Fleming were circa CE 2000, so I'll go ahead and make the change. --kwami 20:34, 31 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Emphatic consonants variously realized as?

I'm translating this article into Portuguese and I'd like some help. I'm not sure what this means: a set of emphatic consonants, variously realized as glottalized, pharyngealized, or implosive. Does it mean that all (or many of) those languages have a set of emphatic consonants, and that in some language they are the glottalized ones, in other the pharyngealized ones, and so on? Thanks in advance. Rcaetano 10:20, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Yes, that's exactly what it's supposed to mean. However, there may be some overlap. For instance, in Arabic q counts as an emphatic consonant, though I don't believe it's pharyngealized like the others. kwami 11:06, 2005 Jun 2 (UTC)
I take that back. Arabic q affects vowels the way emphatic consonants do, but that doesn't mean that it would itself be called emphatic.
Yes, that is what it means. As a rule, they are pharyngealized in Berber, Arabic, and Aramaic, glottalized in Cushitic, Omotic, and South Semitic, and implosive in Chadic. - Mustafaa 16:49, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
Hi Mustafaa, by "South Semitic", are you including the languages of Yemen and Oman, or just Ethiopic? kwami 20:02, 2005 Jun 2 (UTC)
I see your point... but yes, Modern South Arabian too has the glottalized consonants. - Mustafaa 20:43, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Thank you. This is enough for me to translate it correctly. However, I still don't quite understand it. I'm not a linguist, I don't speak any Afro-asiatic languages and I know it's difficult to describe sounds in written form, but could you tell me what does it mean for a consonant to be emphatic? The Emphatic_consonant article doesn't help much. Are there emphatic consonants in other languages? What about Hebrew?

In general, the "emphatic" consonants in Arabic are pharyngeal. Basically, this means that in addition to whatever else is going on in the mouth to pronounce the sound, the back of the throat is partly closed up at the same time. In addition to affecting the consonant sound, it also affects the sound of the following vowel. Most modern dialects of Hebrew have lost the emphatic sounds. Richwales 05:03, 14 May 2006 (UTC)[reply]

Incorrect Population estimate

The Figure given in the article of "285 million people" is obviously not correct, if you go to the link for "Semitic" it says on that page that the Semitic group is "spoken by more than 370 million people", so obviously one of these numbers has to be wrong. Somebody needs to eliminate all these inconsistencies, what kind of Encyclopaedia are we if our different articles contradict each other? Hibernian

Axumite Kingdom

What's with "Some scholars believe that, in historical or near-historical times, Semitic speakers crossed from South Arabia back into Ethiopia and Eritrea, while others, such as A. Murtonen , dispute this view, suggesting that the Semitic branch may have originated in Ethiopia."

Isn't the South Arabian origin of the Axumite Kindom well established (beyond some Afrocentrists)?

Should be stated more positively that main view is Semitic entered Ethiopia/Eritrea from S. Arabia in historical times.

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