Nochiya
The Nochiya Tribe, or Nochiyayeh (Assyrian: ܢܵܒ̣ܟ̰ܝ̣ܵܐ) as they are commonly known, are an Assyrian Christian tribe that were based in and around the district of Shamizdin, modern day Şemdinli in Hakkari, Turkey. Known as the "Keepers of the Nestorian Church", the estimated 20,000 left are now dispersed throughout the world.
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| Nochiya Tribe |
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| Est. 1663 A.D. |
People
The Assyrians of the Nochiya Region were simple farmers who owned cattle and grew food. They were particularly known for their fine tobacco which was their main source of income along with herding sheep. Prayer and fasting were strictly observed in the villages of belonging to the Nochiyayeh. An Englishman visiting the Nochiya Region in the late 1800’s a noted that ‘’“there is perhaps no Assyrian district where simple piety and loyal devotion to the church of their fathers is more beautifully seen than Nochiya”’’. Nochiyayeh were and are still today most famous for their Nestorian faith and for being the guardians of the Assyrian Church of the East's canon laws, which they have faithfully preserved.
The Assyrians of the Nochiya Region were sometimes referred to as “B'Shashtu”. They received this nickname because it is the name of the conical cap which at one time was worn by Nochiyayeh. The Assyrians of Urmia refer to the people of Nochiya tribe as “Shapadtnayeh”, the old name for the area before the Ottoman-Persian border split in 1515.
Collectively the ten sub-districts of the Nochiya Region contained some 65 villages that eventually became known as the Nochiya Tribe in 1663, with the appointment of the first Metropolitan of Shamizdin, from the Matran family of the Gida House. The Ottoman Empire did not integrate the Nochiyayeh as an official tribe within their "millet" social structure, nonetheless they were recognized as an independent tribe by their Assyrian and Kurdish neighbors.
Clothing
The famous cap worn by the Nochiyayeh is a white conical cap made of wool-felt material, similar to that worn by the ancient Assyrian kings and Bishops, known as a "Shashta", hence; the tribal nickname B'Shashtu. The Shashta can be worn either with or without a turban, known as a "Shashikta".
Second, the cummerbund (Kharkhasa) tied around the waist is knotted, not looped.
Third, the clothes although similar to other Assyrian and Kurdish tribes are not patterned or striped but made of plain choice mohair wool.
The men's outfit consists of wide straight-legged trousers, buttoned shirt, a jacket tucked into the baggy trousers and a short pocketless waistcoat (Karika), usually white in color. Of course, a cummerbund to tie everything together round the waist and finally a 'Shashta Cap' with an optional red turban.
Language
| Syriac alphabet (200 BCE–present) |
| ܐ ܒ ܓ ܕ ܗ ܘ |
| ܙ ܚ ܛ ܝ ܟܟ ܠ |
| ܡܡ ܢܢ ܣ ܥ ܦ |
| ܨ ܩ ܪ ܫ ܬ |
All Assyrian tribes speak the same language but differ in their dialects. The Nochiya tribe all speak with the same dialects, from Targawar in the North to Rawandiz in the South. It is practically impossible to differentiate between their Aramaic dialects.
This is one of the most bonding factors in Assyrian tribes and it's interesting that the tribes adjacent to the Nochiyayeh; Urmijnayeh to the east, Gawarnayeh to the north, Jilwayeh to the west and Barwarnayeh to the southwest, all have completely different accents, to the point that some are almost unintelligible to the Nochiyayeh.
Society
The Nochiya tribe is not a "tribal confederation", but is based on the "bond of kinship" (tukhma). This point is important and what it means is that the ten clans are not just unified by leadership or geographical factors alone but primarily by blood and so cannot be separated, they are shackled by the "bond of kinship", which defines their tribal affinity to outsiders.
To further illustrate this point, the Rawandiz Clan in the late 19th century changed both religious and leadership loyalty to the Chaldean faith but did not change their tribal identity. In fact, they still proudly identify themselves as "Catholic Nochiyayeh".
Kinship is an essential ingredient and the basis of any tribe. By contrast, some European tribes are only paternally related, however Assyrian Tribes are both paternal and maternal. The Nochiyayeh are mostly paternal descendants of the Matran family of the Gida House, the rest are mostly related maternally.
Leadership
An Assyrian tribe must have both religious and civil leaders to qualify as a tribe. This principle is called Gooraneh.
In the case of Nochiyayeh it was the Metropolitan (Matran) of Shamizdin who was the religious chief and his brother was always the civil Chief who presided over the local Lords (Maliks) of the Nochiya Region, such as Malik Tammu of Sararu, Malik Breemu of Badtemu, Malik Diryawish of Ambeh and Malik Samu of Baigardeh.
The Matran controlled the religious figures such as Mar Dinkha of Tees and Mar Youkhanan of Dariyan and various others, such as the archdeacons and priests within the tribe. He was primarily the Archbishop of the Assyrian Church of the East and was second in command only to the Patriarch, Mar Eshai Shimun XXIII.
Geography
Nochiyayeh are unique because their region is spread over three countries: Turkey, Iran and Iraq. The reason for this is that the Nochiya Tribe predates these international borders. The Turkey-Iran border created in 1515 after the Chaldiran War split the Targawar, Bagzadeh and Margawar Clans away from the Shamizdin district, this natural extension of the Zagros mountain range, overnight, became part of Iran. The Turkey-Iraq border cruelly cut away the Bradost and Sherwan Clans from Shamizdin in 1926, with the signing of the Sykes-Picot Agreement.
Districts
The Nochiya Region, which is different from Nochiya (Rustaqa) (a sub-district located in the Nochiya Region), is the area which consists of provinces, districts and sub-districts. The Nochiya Region lies in 3 different countries: western Iran, northeastern Iraq and southeast Turkey. The districts that make up parts of the Nochiya Region are Shamizdin (modern day Şemdinli), Soran District, Mergasur District and the western part of Urmia District.
Nochiya (Rustaqa) itself was the central sub-district of the Nochiya Region. To the north of Rustaqa in the district of Shamizdin, Turkey were the sub-districts of Khumara and Dairaneh; to the east, in the district of Urmia, Persia were the sub-districts of Bagzadeh, Margawar and Targawar. To the south, in what is now modern day Arbil, Iraq were the sub-districts of Gargan, Bradost, Sherwan and Rawandiz.
Religion
There was at least 6 monasteries and more than 40 churches within the Nochiya Region. The Nochiyayeh were best known for their adherence to the Nestorian faith, religious customs such as lent and prayer were strictly observed. The Mar Ishu Monastery in the village of Mar Ishu was a theological school for priests and was run by the Metropolitans of Shamizdin, who would not tolerate any changes to the church's canon laws.
An Englishman visiting the Nochiya Region in the late 1800’s a noted that ‘’“there is perhaps no Assyrian district where simple piety and loyal devotion to the church of their fathers is more beautifully seen than Nochiya”’’. Nochiyayeh were and are still today most famous for their Nestorian faith and for being the guardians of the Assyrian Church of the East's canon laws, which they have faithfully preserved.
There were other important religious figures in the tribe, including two bishops, four archdeacons, twelve priests and a large number of deacons distributed among the clans. To this day, the majority of the priests and deacons within the Assyrian Church belong to the Nochiya tribe, including the Patriarch Mar Dinkha IV who still relentlessly clings on to the old faith.
Churches and monasteries
- The names of all the churches and monasteries within the Nochiya Region are yet to be determined, some date back to 400 AD, the following is a partial list:
| Church / Monastery | Town / Village | Sub-District (Clan) |
|---|---|---|
| Mart Maryam | Diyana | Rawandiz |
| Rabban Hormiz | Diyana | Rawandiz |
| Mar Quryaqus | Diyana | Rawandiz |
| Mar Gewargis | Diyana | Rawandiz |
| Mar Gewargis | Diyana | Rawandiz |
| Mar Ishu | Mar Ishu | Rustaqa |
| Mart Maryam | Sararu | Rustaqa |
| Mar Shalidta | Baikareh | Rustaqa |
| Mar Yukhanan Mamdana | Baidaiweh | Rustaqa |
| Mar Quryaqus | Baidaiweh | Rustaqa |
| Mar Shmuni | Badtemu | Rustaqa |
| Mar Isqiyil | Dariyan | Nochiya |
| Mar Shimun | Katuna | Nochiya |
| Mar Gewargis | Halana | Nochiya |
| Mart Maryam | Harunan | Khumara |
| Mar Christopher | Harunan | Khumara |
| Mar Quryaqos | Tees | Khumara |
| Mar Bishu | Mar Bishu | Dairaneh |
| Mart Maryam | Paara | Gargan |
| Mart Maryam | Qaloqa | Targawar |
| Mart Maryam | Balulan | Targawar |
| Mar Tooma | Balulan | Targawar |
| Mar Yukhanan | Balulan | Targawar |
| Mar Yaqu | Darband | Targawar |
| Mart Maryam | Mawana | Targawar |
| Mar Yaqu | Mawana | Targawar |
| Mar Gewargis | Shebaneh | Targawar |
| Mar Quryaqus | Rizga | Margawar |
| Mar Gewargis | Dazgairi | Margawar |
| Rabban Hormiz | Dazgairi | Margawar |
| Mar Gewargis | Hbash Kobeh | Margawar |
Mar Iskhaq Khnanisho IX
Mar Iskhaq Khnanisho, was the spiritual leader of the Shamizdin Assyrians and Metropolitan of the Assyrian Church of the East. In the old days, he was styled as the Metropolitan of Rustaqa. His Diocese in 1914 grew to included Shamizdin, Targawar, and Margawar. In his diocese were bishop Mar Dinkha in the village of Tis, an ancestor of the present Patriarch of the Assyrian Church of the East, Mar Dinkha IV; bishop Mar Youkhana of the village of Tulaki in Targawar, and after 1914 his own nephew Mar Yosip Khnanisho X who was ordained a Bishop on the eve of WWI in Qochanis by Patriarch Mar Benyamin Shimon XXI.
Saint Mar Yosip Khnanisho X
The tenth and the last of the Metropolitans the Matran family donated to the Church was His Beatitude the late Mar Yosip Khnanisho, God rest his soul, who was called to heaven by his Heavenly Father on Saturday the third of July, 1977, in the city of Baghdad, Iraq. At an early age, while a young boy he was aware for what sublime position he was dedicated, thus he had learned by heart the complete Eucharistic rites, performed in the church by a deacon or priest. He was tutored adequately by a learned scholar, Rev. Rehana, his father's uncle, who was well versed in the Aramaic, Russian and Turkish languages and an Authority in Eastern theology. Rev. Rehana was the head of the Seminary in Mar Ishu Monastery and he taught classes to a number of students studying for the priesthood. From this Seminary many graduated to become bishops and priests in various dioceses and parishes.
At age twelve, Mar Yosip was ordained a deacon. By 1912 Mar Yosip had already acquired a thorough knowledge of theology therefore he was found to be well suited to be ordained a priest. In the year 1914, at the beginning of World War I, he was sent as a delegate, representing the Metropolitan Mar Iskhaq Khnanisho, to participate in a most important meeting called by His Holiness Mar Benyamin Shimon XXI, the Catholicos Patriarch at the patriarchal cell in Qudchanis, Turkey, to discuss the effects of the World War on the Church and the nation and prepare for the changes that were expected to take place. While there he was consecrated a Bishop on August 10, 1914, by His Holiness and was appointed as assistant to the Patriarch.
He remained in Qudchanis until 1916 when the Assyrians had to leave their homeland and all their worldly possessions in consequence of the Great War. After the treacherous assassination of the Patriarch Mar Benyamin Shimon XXI in 1918, Mar Yosip assumed to a great extent, the leadership of the nation, until the Assyrians arrived in the refugee camps, set up by the Red Cross and League of Nations, at Baaqooba, Iraq in 1918. In December of 1918 His Lordship was elevated to the rank of Metropolitan in Baghdad, by the late Patriarch Mar Paulos Shimon XX.
When Mar Eshai Shimun XXIII, the Catholicos Patriarch, was exiled in 1933 by the puppet monarchial regime of Iraq, Mar Yosip Khnanisho was entrusted with the Church administration in Iraq and the Middle East.
In 1973 when Mar Eshai Shimun XXIII resigned his position as the Catholicos Patriarch, Mar Yosip Khnanisho was vested with responsibilities of administering the Church of the East throughout the world. At the same time the Iraqi government issued a Republican decree appointing Mar Yosip Khnanisho as the Supreme Head of all the Assyrians in Iraq.
On Sunday the 3rd of July 1977, at 1:10 PM. His Beatitude passed away in Baghdad, Iraq. His death coincides with the feast celebrated every year in memory of Mar Tooma Shlikha (St. Thomas the Apostle).
History
During WWI, a genocide of epic proportions took place in Nochiya that decimated the tribe. They were blindly misled by the Allied Forces who promised a lot and delivered little. In the end, the war took its toll on the Nochiyayeh, who lost their villages, lands, houses and churches. The battle turned into a religious one, surrounded by hostile Muslims, the Nochiyayeh had no choice but to flee southwards, away from the raging enemy. Led by the metropolitan Mar Iskhaq Khnanisho IX, the tribe left its ancestral mountains, never to see them again.
Urmia, Iran (1915 – 1918)
At the end of the Assyrian Genocide, in a matter of just a few years the population of the Nochiya Tribe was drastically reduced from around 12,000 to 4,000 as a result of the war, they found themselves in Urmia where they spent 3 years. Then in 1918, they made the long trek to the Baqubah and Mandan safe camps in Iraq.
Baqubah (1918 – 1920)
In Baqubah, 4,000 Nochiyayeh stayed in the camps for 2 years under the care of the British Army. The Assyrians were segregated into large tents according to tribe, the Nochiyayeh had a separate dwelling area.
Sumail (1920 – 1928)
In 1920, they relocated again this time to Sumail and the villages around it (such as Graipan) for a period of 8 years until 1928, before they eventually settled in the Arbil province, distributed amongst various villages.
Arbil Province (1928 – 1963)
The majority of the Targawar and Margawar Clans headed for Habbanya and others to Baghdad and Kirkuk, some other tribal members fled to Syria, where they established the village of Tell Faitha. The Matran family however, along with their tribal members settled in 12 villages in the Arbil province, those villages being Harir, Batas, Qalatdeh, Hinareh, Darbandokeh, Almandana, Qoba, Alaneh, Sarishmeh, Hawdiyan, Diyana and Bidyal. Graipan and Hazarjut were two villages in the Dohuk province that were also partly inhabited by Nochiyayeh.
There were three main reasons why they chose the province of Arbil, first it was geographically closer to Nochiya Region than say Dohuk, in fact it was close to existing Clan areas anyway such as Rawandiz, Bradost and Sherwan that were part of the Iraqi province of Arbil.
Secondly, there was some friction with other tribes namely the Lower Tyari Tribe, who chose the Dohuk province since it too was closer to their former district; the British might have sensed this tribal agitation.
Thirdly, it was at the suggestion of Ishmael Beg of Rawandiz and Said Taha of Nehri, who by then had been appointed Governors of the Rawandiz District, had settled in Batas and invited Mar Yosip Khnanisho to be their new neighbor again. Since they shared clan territories pre-1915, they were old mates and Ishmael Beg owned a huge chunk of northern Arbil province and was looking for people to work his lands, who better to strike a deal with than his trusted Nochiyayeh border neighbors.
The Nochiyayeh stayed in these villages for 35 years until July 1963 when they were defeated, fighting for an independent Iraqi Kurdistan Region against the Iraqi army. After this upheaval, the Nochiyayeh left their villages and fled to major cities such as Arbil, Kirkuk and Baghdad. The residents of Hawdiyan and Bidyal however were not uprooted by the War; they remained in their respective villages.
Nochiyayeh of today (1963 - Present Day)
During the 1970s and 1980s the majority of Nochiyayeh immigrated to Europe and North America where the vast majority now lives. Some 3,500 Nochiyayeh are remaining in Iraq with half living in Baghdad and the other half in Iraqi Kurdistan region. Renewed efforts are being made to re-establish the old villages of Harir, Cairu and Zariwan. The already established villages of Diyana, Hawdiyan and Bidyal are being re-built at this time.
Identity issues
Village identification
Even some village members are guilty of elevating their villages into tribes. The village of Mar Bishu lies in the center of the Nochiya Region. The Assyrian village of Mar Bishu is located within the sub-district of Dairaneh which is part of the district of Shamizdin.
Sub-district idenification
An example of sub-district idenification is the Gargan, a sub-district which is located within the Shamizdin district. The land that this clan inhabited was called ‘Gargan’, commonly known as ‘the land of the Gargans’ (Atra D'Garganayeh) but their loyalty lied to the Matran of Nochiya. Mistakingly, they even occasionally refer to themselves as "Gardi" (a Kurdish tribe in Gargan), distancing themselves completely from both their Nochiya Tribe and the Assyrian Christian nation.
A sub-district is not a tribe and the tribal name is always derived from where the tribal chief dwells, in this case the district of Nochiya. To further illustrate this point, had the Matran family lived in the Gargan area, the tribe would now have been known as the Gargan Tribe, instead of the Nochiya Tribe.
Nowadays, many clan members wrongly assume that the name of their clan, is the name of their tribe. Also, when asking an Assyrian from the sub-district of what tribe they're apart of Targawar are? They might answer the "Targawar Tribe", when the correct answer is actually the Nochiya Tribe. There has never been an organized tribe called the "Targawar Tribe", because it’s simply a geographical area belonging deep within the Nochiya Region.
See also
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Pictures
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Batas -
Diyana - In the year of 1978
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Nawchiya - Renew section of Harir
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Yellow Crown Imperial - Native flower of the Nochiya Region
References
- Assyrian Church of the East
- Assyrian Church News
- Assyrians of Shamizdin - By Solomon (Sawa) Solomon – Nineveh Magazine, 1st ~ 2nd quarter 1997, vol. 20, no. 1& 2.
- Qeenatha - Pure Assyrian Music
- Zinda Magazine
- United Nation's Maps of Iraq
- United Nation's Map of Arbil Province, Iraq
- United Nation's Map of Districts in Northern Iraq
- United Nation's Map of Mergasur District, Iraq
- United Nation's Map of Shaqlawa District, Iraq
- United Nation's Map of Soran District, Iraq