Schooner

For the Australian beer glass, see here.

A schooner (IPA: [ˈskuːnə]) is a type of sailing vessel characterized by the use of fore-and-aft sails on two or more masts. Schooners were first used by the Dutch in the 16th or 17th century, and further developed in North America from the time of the American Revolution.

Construction

Schooner rigging:
1) Bowsprit 2) Jib, followed by fore stay-sail 3) (fore)gaff top-sail 4) Foresail 5) Main-gaff-topsail 6) Mainsail 7) End of boom

The schooner sail-plan has two or more masts with the forward mast being shorter or the same height as the rear masts. Most traditionally rigged schooners are gaff rigged, sometimes carrying a square topsail on the foremast and occasionally, in addition, a square fore-course (together with the gaff foresail). Schooners carrying square sails are called square-topsail schooners. Modern schooners may be Marconi or Bermuda rigged. Some schooner yachts are Bermudan rigged on the mainmast and gaff-rigged on the foremast. A stay-sail schooner has no foresail, but instead carries and main-stay sail between the masts in addition to the fore-staysail ahead of the foremast. A stay-sail or gaff-topsail schooner may carry a fisherman (a four sided fore and aft sail) above the main-stay sail or foresail, or a triangular mule. Multi masted stay-sail schooners usually carried a mule above each stay sail except the fore-stay sail. Gaff-rigged schooners generally carry a triangular fore-and-aft topsail above the gaff sail on the main topmast and sometimes also on the fore topmast(see illustration), called a gaff-topsail schooner. A gaff-rigged schooner that is not set up to carry one or more gaff topsails is sometimes termed a 'bare-headed or bald-headed' schooner. Schooners were more widely used in the United States than in any other country. Two masted schooners were and are most common. They were popular in trades that required speed and windward ability, such as slaving, privateering, blockade running and offshore fishing. They also came to be favoured as pilot vessels, both in the United States and in Northern Europe.

There was no set maximum number of masts for a schooner. A small schooner has two or three masts, but they were built with as many as six (e. g. the wooden six-masted Wyoming) or seven masts to carry a larger volume of cargo. The only seven-masted (steel hulled) schooner, the Thomas W. Lawson, was built in 1902, with a length of 395 ft (120 m), the top of the tallest mast being 155 feet above deck, and carrying 25 sails with 43,000 ft² (4,000 m²) of total sail area. A two or three masted schooner is quite maneuverable and can be sailed by a smaller crew than some other sailing vessels. The larger multi-masted schooners were somewhat unmanageable and the rig was largely a cost-cutting measure introduced towards the end of the days of sail.

Operation

Schooners were used to carry cargo in many different environments, from ocean voyages, to coastal runs and on large inland bodies of water. They were popular in North America, and in their heyday of the late 1800s over 2000 schooners carried cargo back and forth across the Great Lakes. Three-masted "terns" were a favourite rig of Canada's Maritime Provinces. A two-masted schooner, the Bluenose, became greatly celebrated.

Famous schooners

External links

http://www.schoonerman.com/home.htm
http://www.ernestina.org
http://users.hgea.net/twelch2/
http://tallships.sailtraining.org
University of Washington Libraries Digital Collections – Transportation Photographs An ongoing digital collection of photographs depicting various modes of transportation in the Pacific Northwest region and Western United States during the first half of the 20th century.