Stroke order
Stroke order refers to the way of writing Chinese characters. Stroke order can refer to the numerical order in which strokes are written, or to the direction in which the writing instrument (brush, pen, or pencil) must move in writing a particular stroke.
Chinese characters are used in written Chinese and Japanese and are used to a lesser extent in Korean, but only in South Korea. They were also used in Vietnamese until the 20th century. For further information see Chinese characters and kanji.
Each character is made up of a number of "strokes" (Chinese characters were originally written using a brush) which must be written in a prescribed order.
There are precise rules for stroke order which are intended to maximize ease of writing and reading, to ease the process of learning to write (when one has learned the rules, one can infer the stroke order of most characters) as well as to aid in producing uniform characters. While children must learn and use correct stroke order in school, many adults ignore or forget the correct stroke order for certain characters, or develop idiosyncratic ways of writing. While this is rarely a problem in day-to-day writing, in brush-writing and calligraphy stroke order is of extreme importance; incorrectly ordered or written strokes can produce a visually unappealing or, occasionally, incorrect character.
The precise number of characters in existence is disputed. Estimates range from 40,000 to 80,000, but fluency in Chinese requires knowledge of approximately 3000-5000 and Japanese 2000-3000 characters. The number of strokes per character for most characters is between three and thirty.
Stroke order rules
1. Write from left to right, and from top to bottom.
As a general rule, characters are written from left to right, and from top to bottom. For example, among the first characters usually learned is the word "one," which is written with a single horizontal line: 一. This character has one stroke which is written from left to right. The character for "two" has two strokes: 二. In this case, both are written from left to right, but the top stroke is written first. The character for "three" has three strokes: 三. Each stroke is written from left to right, starting with the uppermost stroke.
This rule applies also to more complex characters. For example, 校 can be divided into two. The entire left side (木) is written before the right side. There are some exceptions to this rule, mainly occurring when the right side of a character has a lower enclosure (see below), for example 誕 and 健. In this case, the left side is written first, followed by the right side, and finally the lower enclosure.
When there are upper and lower components, the upper components are written first, then the lower components, as in 品 and 襲.
2. Horizontal lines are written from left to right; vertical lines are written from top to bottom
3. Horizontal before vertical
When strokes cross, horizontal strokes are usually written before vertical strokes: the character for "ten," 十, has two strokes written as follows: 一 → 十.
4. There are some circumstances where the vertical stroke is written first, usually when the bottom-most stroke is horizontal, such as in 田 or 王.
5. Cutting strokes last
Vertical strokes that "cut" through a character are written last, as in 書 and 筆.
Horizontal strokes that cut through a character are written last, as in 母 and 海.
6. Diagonals right-to-left before left-to-right
Right-to-left diagonals (ノ) are written before left-to-right diagonals (乀): 文.
7. Centre verticals before outside "wings"
Vertical centre strokes are written before vertical or diagonal outside strokes; left outside strokes are written before right outside strokes: 小 and 水.
8. Outside before inside
Outside enclosing strokes are written before inside strokes; bottom strokes are written last (see 4): 日 and 口. This applies also to characters that have no bottom stroke, such as 同 and 月.
9. Left vertical before enclosing
Left vertical strokes are written before enclosing strokes. In the following two examples, the leftmost vertical stroke (|) is written first, followed by the uppermost and rightmost lines (┐) (which are written as one stroke): 日 and 口.
10. Bottom enclosing strokes last
Bottom enclosing strokes are always written last: 道, 週, 画.
11. Dots and minor strokes last
Minor strokes are usually written last, as the small "dot" in the following: 玉.
Types of strokes
There are some 30 distinct types of strokes recognized in Chinese characters, including compound strokes (many of these have no agreed-upon name):
- Horizontal stroke 一
- Vertical stroke 丨
- Left diagonal stroke 乀
- Right diagonal stroke ノ
- "Dot" ｀
- "Left uptick" 亅
- "Right uptick"
The Eight Principles of Yong makes the calligrapher practice basic strokes like the above ones.