Hemorrhagic gastroenteritis
Hemorrhagic gastroenteritis (HGE) is a disease of dogs characterized by sudden vomiting and bloody diarrhea. The symptoms are usually severe, and HGE can be fatal if not treated. The cause is unknown, but Clostridium perfringens has been found in large numbers in the intestines of many affected dogs.[1]
HGE is most common in young adult dogs of any breed, but especially small dogs such as the Toy Poodle and Miniature Schnauzer.[1] Profuse vomiting is usually the first symptom, followed by depression and bloody diarrhea with a foul odor. Severe dehydration is one of the hallmarks of the disease, and severe hemoconcentration (a very high hematocrit) is considered necessary for diagnosis. The progression of HGE is so rapid that hypovolemic shock and death can occur within 24 hours.[1] Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a possible sequela of HGE.
Symptoms of HGE and canine parvovirus (CPV) are similar enough that they need to be differentiated. HGE is different from CPV in that there is no fever or low white blood cell count, and that there is a high hematocrit. A negative fecal parvovirus test is sometimes necessary to completely rule out CPV. X-rays are needed to rule out other causes of vomiting and diarrhea.
The most important aspect of treatment of HGE is intravenous fluid therapy to replace lost fluid volume. The vomiting and diarrhea are treated symptomatically and will usually resolve after one to two days. Antibiotics targeting C. perfringens are also used. With prompt, aggressive treatment, the prognosis is good.