Ivan Konev
Ivan Stepanovich Koniev (Russian Иван Степанович Конев) (December 28, 1897 - May 21, 1973), Soviet military commander, was born into a peasant family near Podosinovsky in central Russia (now in Kirov Oblast). He had little formal education, and worked as a lumberjack before being conscripted into the Russian Army in 1916.
When the Russian Revolution broke out in 1917 he was demobilised and returned home, but in 1919 he joined the Bolshevik party and the Red Army, serving as an artilleryman. During the Russian Civil War he served with the Red Army in the Russian Far Eastern Republic. His commander at this time was Kliment Voroshilov, later a close colleague of Joseph Stalin and Commissar for Defence. This alliance was the key to Koniev's subsequent career.
In 1926 Koniev completed advanced officer training courses at the Frunze Military Academy, and between then and 1941 he held a series of progressively more senior commands, becoming head of first the Transbaikal then the North Caucasus military districts. In July 1938 he was appointed a corps commander. Promotion at this time was rapid for those officers who survived Stalin's Great Purge of 1937-38. Koniev presumably owed his survival and advancement to Voroshilov's patronage. In 1937 he became a Deputy of the Supreme Soviet and in 1939 a candidate member of the Party Central Committee.
When Nazi Germany attacked the Soviet Union in June 1941, Koniev took command of the 19th Army in the Vitebsk region, and waged a series of defensive battles during the Red Army's retreat, first to Smolensk and then to the approaches to Moscow. He commanded the Kalinin Front from October 1941 to August 1942, playing a key role in the fighting around Moscow and the Soviet counter-offensive during the winter of 1941-42. For his role in the successful defence of the Soviet capital Koniev was promoted to Colonel-General.
Koniev held high commands for the rest of the war. He commanded the Western Front until February 1943, the North Western Front February-July 1943, and the Ukrainian Front (later renamed the First Ukrainian Front) from July 1943 until May 1945. During this latter command he participated in the Battle of Kursk, commanding the northern part of the Soviet counter-offensive that successfully enveloped Erich von Manstein's army.
After the victory at Kursk, Koniev's armies liberated Belgorod, Odessa, Kharkov and Kiev from the Germans, and advanced to the Romanian border. For his achievements on the Ukrainian Front Koniev was promoted to the rank of Marshal of the Soviet Union in February 1944.
During 1944 Koniev's armies advanced from Ukraine and Byelorussia into Poland and later into Czechoslovakia. By July he had advanced to the Vistula River in central Poland, and was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. In September 1944 his forces, now designated the Fourth Ukrainian Front, advanced into Slovakia and helped the Slovak partisans in their rising against German occupation.
In January 1945 Koniev commanded the Soviet forces which launched the massive winter offensive in western Poland, which drove the Germans from the Vistula to the Oder. In southern Poland his forces liberated Krakow. In April his forces, together with the First Byelorussian Front, forced the line of the Oder and advanced towards Berlin. The honour of capturing Berlin, however, went to Georgi Zhukov, and Koniev's forces were diverted to the south-west, where the linked up with the United States forces at Torgau, and also liberated Prague shortly before the final surrender of the German forces.
After the war Koniev was appointed head of the Soviet occupation forces in eastern Germany and also Allied High Commissioner for Austria. In 1946 he became commander of Soviet ground forces and First Deputy Minister of Defense of the Soviet Union, replacing Zhukov. He held these posts until 1950, when he was appointed commander of the Carpathian Military District. This was clearly a demotion, and was in line with Stalin's policy of relegating popular wartime commanders to obscure posts so they would not become threats to his position.
After Stalin's death, however, Koniev returned to prominence. He became a key ally of the new Party leader, Nikita Khrushchev, being entrusted with the arrest and trial of the Stalinist police chief, Lavrenty Beria in 1953. He was again appointed First Deputy Minister of Defense and simultaneously Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Warsaw Pact, posts he held until 1955.
In 1957, when Zhukov was removed as Defence Minister by Khrushchev, Koniev was appointed to replace him, ensuring that the army accepted Zhukov's fall from power. He held this post until 1960, when he retired from active service. In 1961-62, however, he was recalled and was again commander of the Soviet forces in East Germany. He was then appointed to the largely ceremonial post of Inspector-General of the Defense Ministry.
Koniev remained one of the Soviet Union's most admired military figures until his death in 1973. He married twice, and his daughter Nataliya is Dean of the Department of Linguistics and Literature at the Russian Military University.