1291
| Years: 1288 1289 1290 - 1291 - 1292 1293 1294 | |
| Decades: 1260s 1270s 1280s - 1290s - 1300s 1310s 1320s | |
| Centuries: 12th century - 13th century - 14th century | |
| 1291 by topic |
|---|
| Leaders |
| Birth and death categories |
| Births – Deaths |
| Establishments and disestablishments categories |
| Establishments – Disestablishments |
| Art and literature |
| 1291 in poetry |
| Gregorian calendar | 1291 MCCXCI |
| Ab urbe condita | 2044 |
| Armenian calendar | 740 ԹՎ ՉԽ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6041 |
| Balinese saka calendar | 1212–1213 |
| Bengali calendar | 698 |
| Berber calendar | 2241 |
| English Regnal year | 19 Edw. 1 – 20 Edw. 1 |
| Buddhist calendar | 1835 |
| Burmese calendar | 653 |
| Byzantine calendar | 6799–6800 |
| Chinese calendar | 庚寅年 (Metal Tiger) 3988 or 3781 — to — 辛卯年 (Metal Rabbit) 3989 or 3782 |
| Coptic calendar | 1007–1008 |
| Discordian calendar | 2457 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1283–1284 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5051–5052 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| - Vikram Samvat | 1347–1348 |
| - Shaka Samvat | 1212–1213 |
| - Kali Yuga | 4391–4392 |
| Holocene calendar | 11291 |
| Igbo calendar | 291–292 |
| Iranian calendar | 669–670 |
| Islamic calendar | 689–691 |
| Japanese calendar | Shōō 4 (正応４年) |
| Javanese calendar | 1201–1202 |
| Julian calendar | 1291 MCCXCI |
| Korean calendar | 3624 |
| Minguo calendar | 621 before ROC 民前621年 |
| Nanakshahi calendar | −177 |
| Thai solar calendar | 1833–1834 |
| Tibetan calendar | 阳金虎年 (male Iron-Tiger) 1417 or 1036 or 264 — to — 阴金兔年 (female Iron-Rabbit) 1418 or 1037 or 265 |
1291 (MCCXCI) was a common year in the 13th century.
Events
Europe
- In the spring of this year, Vandino and Ugolino Vivaldi set sail from Genoa with the goal of reaching India; they never return.
- May 10 - Scottish nobles recognize the authority of King Edward I of England in mediating resolution of the succession crisis created by the death of King Alexander III of Scotland five years prior.
- Early August - According to tradition, the Swiss Confederation is formed by Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden, the "three forest cantons. A purported enacting document, the Federal Charter of 1291, is now widely believed to be a forgery.
- Sancho IV of Castile captures Tarifa from the Moors.
- The Habsburgs acquire the Swiss city of Lucerne.
- Pope Nicholas IV confirms the independence of San Marino via papal bull.
- All glassmakers in Venice are forced to moved to the island of Murano in order to contain the risk of fire, thus establishing the glass industry there.
- Klenová castle is constructed in southern Bohemia as part of a frontier defense system.
Asia
- June 17 - Mamluk Sultan of Egypt Khalil captures Acre, thus exterminating the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem — the final Christian landholding remaining from the Crusades — and ending the Ninth Crusade and effectively all Crusades by eliminating the possibility of further attacks on the Holy Land (see Siege of Acre (1291)).
- Kaifeng is made capital of the Chinese Yuan Dynasty province of Henan.
- The artificial Kunming Lake is constructed as a reservoir for Beijing in Yuan Dynasty China by famous engineer and astronomer Guo Shoujing.
- Emperor Kameyama, emperor of Japan, establishes the Zen Buddhist temple of Nanzenji in Kyoto.
Births
- February 8 - King Afonso IV of Portugal (died 1357)
- October 31 - Philippe de Vitry, French composer (died 1361)
- Pope Clement VI (died 1352)
- Theodore I of Montferrat (died 1338)
- Aimone of Savoy (died 1343)
Deaths
- March 10 - Arghun, Persian ruler
- June 18 - King Alfonso III of Aragon (born 1265)
- June 26 - Eleanor of Provence, queen of Henry III of England
- July 15 - Rudolph I of Germany, Holy Roman Emperor (born 1218)
- Hong Dagu, Korean military leader (born 1244)