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Sacagawea

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Sacagawea (Sakakawea, Sacajawea, Sacajewea; see below) (c. 1787 – December 20, 1812 or April 9, 1884) was a Shoshone woman who accompanied the Corps of Discovery with Meriwether Lewis and William Clark in their exploration of the Western United States, traveling thousands of miles from North Dakota to the Pacific Ocean between 1804 and 1806. Clark wrote of her to her husband: “your woman who accompanied you that long dangerous and fatigueing rout to the Pacific Ocian and back diserved a greater reward for her attention and services on that rout than we had in our power to give her.”[1] She was nicknamed Janey by some members of the expedition.

File:SacDollar.jpeg
The U.S. "Sacagawea dollar," depicting the young Shoshone woman and her son, Jean Baptiste

Early life

Sacagawea was born to the Agaidika ("Salmon Eater") tribe of Shoshone between Kenney Creek and Agency Creek, near what is now the city of Tendoy in Lemhi County, Idaho.[2] However, in 1800, when she was about 11 or 12, she was kidnapped by a group of Hidatsa in a battle that resulted in the death of four Shoshone men, four women and several boys. [3] She was then taken to their village near the present Washburn, North Dakota. She therefore grew up culturally affiliated with this tribe. Some believe her name is taken from the Hidatsa phrase for "bird woman", which may have been an adaptation or translation of her Shoshone birth name. The origins and proper pronunciation of her name has become a great point of controversy and contention among interested historians and her brother Cameahwait's descendants (Sacagawea has no known direct descendants).

At the age of about fifteen, Sacagawea was taken as a wife by the French trapper Toussaint Charbonneau, who had also taken another young Shoshone woman as a wife. Two different accounts survive of Charbonneau's acquisition of Sacagawea: he either purchased both wives from the Hidatsa, or he won Sacagawea while gambling.

Sacagawea was pregnant with her first child when the Corps of Discovery arrived near the Hidatsa villages to spend the winter of 1804-1805. Lewis and Clark built Fort Mandan and interviewed several trappers who might be able to translate or guide the expedition further up the river. They agreed to hire Charbonneau as an interpreter when they discovered his wife spoke Shoshone, as they knew they would need the help of the Shoshone tribes at the headwaters of the Missouri River.

Lewis recorded in his journal on November 4th, 1804:

"a french man by Name Chabonah, who speaks the Big Belly (Gros Ventre) language visit us, he wished to hire and informed us his 2 squars were snake (Shoshone) Indians, we enga(ge) him to go on with us and take one his wives to interpret the Snake language…"

Charbonneau and Sacagawea moved into the fort a week later. Lewis himself assisted at the birth of Jean Baptiste Charbonneau on February 11, 1805, administering crushed rattlesnake rattles to speed the delivery. The boy was called "Pomp" or "Pompy", meaning first-born, by Clark and others in the expedition.

The expedition

Contrary to a common romantic view, Sacagawea did not "guide Lewis and Clark across the continent." She did offer some geographic guidance and confirmation as the expedition was approaching the Three Forks area where she had lived as a child. Sacagawea also instructed Lewis on which plants were edible/useful to the party, translated when they met the Shoshone (the original purpose for which she was brought along), and served as a passive goodwill ambassador. The presence of a woman and child with the group served as a signal that the expedition, while armed, was an essentially peaceful undertaking.

In one noted act on May 14, 1805 as the expedition moved up the Missouri River, Sacagawea rescued items that had fallen out of a capsized boat, including the journals and records that Lewis and Clark were keeping. The corps commanders, who praised her quick action on this occasion, would name the Sacagawea River in her honor.

By August of 1805 the corps had located a Shoshone tribe and were attempting to trade for horses to cross the Rocky Mountains. Sacagawea was brought in to translate, and it was discovered the tribe's chief was her brother Cameahwait.

Clark's journal recorded the reunion:

"August 17 Satturday 1805 The Interpreter & Squar who were before me at Some distance danced for joyful sight, and She make signs to me that they were her nation [...] the meeting of those people was effecting, particular between Sah cah gar we ah and an Indian woman, who had been taken prisoner at the same time with her and who, had afterwards escaped from the Minnetares [Hidatsa] and rejoined her nation…"

As the expedition approached the mouth of the Columbia River, Sacagawea gave up her beaded belt in order to allow the captains to trade for a fur robe they wished to return to President Jefferson. The journal entry for November 20, 1805 reads:

"one of the Indians had on a roab made of 2 Sea Otters Skins the fur of them were more butifull than any fur I had ever seen both Capt. Lewis & my Self endeavored to purchase the roab with differant articles at length we precurred it for a belt of blue beeds which the - wife of our interpreter Shabono wore around her waste..."

When the corps reached the Pacific Ocean at last, all members of the expedition—including Sacagawea—were allowed to participate in a November 24 vote on the location where they would build their fort for the winter.

In January, when a whale's carcass washed up onto the beach south of Fort Clatsop, she insisted upon her right to go visit this great wonder.Joe Forman

On the return trip, as they approached the Rocky Mountains in July of 1806, Sacagawea advised Clark to cross into the Yellowstone River basin at what is now known as Bozeman Pass, later chosen as the optimal route for the Northern Pacific Railway to cross the continental divide.

Later life and death

Charbonneau and Sacagawea spent three years among the Hidatsa after the expedition, before accepting William Clark's invitation to settle in St. Louis, Missouri in 1809. They entrusted Jean-Baptiste's eduction to Clark, who enrolled the young man in the Saint Louis Academy boarding school.

Sacagawea gave birth to a daughter, Lisette or Lizette, sometime after 1810. According to Bonnie "Spirit Wind-Walker" Butterfield, historical documents suggest Sacagawea died in 1812:

An 1811 journal entry made by Henry Brackenridge, a fur dealer at Fort Manuel Lisa Trading Post on the Missouri River, stated that both Sacagawea and Charbonneau were living at the fort. He recorded that Sacagawea "...had become sickly and longed to reviste her native country." The following year, John Luttig, a clerk at Fort Manuel Lisa recorded in his journal on December 20, 1812, that "...the wife of Charbonneau, a Snake Squaw [the common term used to denote Shoshone Indians], died of putrid fever." He went on to say that she was "aged about 25 years. She left a fine infant girl".[4] Documents held by Clark show that her son Baptiste had already been entrusted by Charbonneau into Clark's care for a boarding school education, at Clark's insistence (Jackson, 1962).[5]

A few months later, fifteen men were killed in an Indian attack on Fort Manuel Lisa, located at the mouth of the Bighorn River.[4] John Luttig and Sacagawea's young daughter were among the survivors. Some say Toussaint Charbonneau was killed at this time; others say he signed over formal custody of his son to Clark in 1813.

As further proof that Sacagawea died at this time, Butterfield says:

An adoption document made in the Orphans Court Records in St. Louis, Missouri states that "On August 11, 1813, William Clark became the guardian of "Tousant Charbonneau, a boy about ten years, and Lizette Charbonneau, a girl about one year old." For a Missouri State Court at the time, to designate a child as orphaned and to allow an adoption, both parents had to be confirmed dead in court papers.
The last recorded document citing Sacagawea's existence appears in William Clark's original notes written between 1825-1826. He lists the names of each of the expedition members and their last known whereabouts. For Sacagawea he writes: "Se car ja we au- Dead" (Jackson, 1962).[5]

It is not believed that Lizette survived childhood, as there is no later record of her among Clark's papers.

Myths and legends

Reliable historical information about Sacagawea is extremely limited and no contemporary portraits of her exist. Her role in the expedition and this lack of records have led to a number of myths surrounding the girl, most notably that she was romantically involved with Lewis or Clark during their expedition. While the journals show that she was friendly with Clark and would often do favors for him[citation needed], the idea of a liaison is believed to have been created by novelists who wrote about the expedition much later[citation needed].

Some Native American oral traditions are said to relate that rather than dying in 1812, Sacagawea left her husband Charbonneau and fell in with a band of Comanche on the Great Plains while making her way back towards her homeland. She is said to have married into their tribe, then left again after her husband was killed, eventually finding her way back to the Lemhi Shoshone in Wyoming.[2]

A Shoshone woman named Porivo ("chief woman") died at the Wind River Indian Reservation in Wyoming on April 9, 1884. A Reverend John Roberts officiated at her funeral, and claimed after her death that she had been Sacagawea, a belief widely disseminated in the United States by the novelist Grace Hebard who wrote a 1933 novel called Sacagawea. In 1963 a monument to "Sacajawea of the Shoshonis" was erected on a Shoshone reservation near Lander, Wyoming on the basis of this claim.[6]

In 1925, Dr. Charles Eastman, a Dakota Sioux physician, was hired by the Bureau of Indian Affairs to locate Sacagawea's remains. Eastman visited many different Native American tribes to interview individuals that might have known or heard of Sacagawea, although not the Agaidika Shoshone (who were confined at Fort Hall Indian Reservation, not at Wind River). It was his conclusion that the Shoshone woman named Porivo was Sacagawea. [7]

Name

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Sacagawea /səˈkagəˈwiə/ is the most widely used spelling of her name. Lewis and Clark's original journals themselves mention Sacagawea by name seventeen times, each time with the "g" spelling. The spelling Sacagawea was established in 1910 by the United States Bureau of American Ethnology, and is the spelling adopted by the United States Mint for use with the dollar coin. The spelling is used by a wide range of sources, including the United States Board on Geographic Names, the U.S. National Park Service, and a large number of historical scholars [8]. Sacagawea is pronounced with a hard "g" sound, rather than the soft "g" or "j" sound.

Sakakawea /səˈkakəˈwiə/ is the next most widely adopted spelling, and is the official spelling of her name according to the Three Affiliated Tribes, which include the Hidatsa. This spelling is widely used throughout North Dakota (where she is considered a State heroine), notably in the naming of Lake Sakakawea. However, some historians and linguists discount this version, alleging its development was based on faulty research that went into an 1877 US Government Printing Office Publication, Ethnography and Philology of the Hidatsa Indians, which transliterated "bird" as "tsa-ka-ka," and "woman" as "mia," "wia" or "bia."[who?] Some advocates of this version prefer it because it approximates the generally accepted pronunciation but avoids the g/j confusion, however critics also point out that her name could also be the one she was given as a girl by the Shoshone, merely pronounced differently by the Hidatsa.[who?] Since there are, in fact, several different words or phrases in Shoshone which could be the actual root for her name, it is likely that a definitive answer to this question will never be found.

Sacajawea or Sacajewea /ˈsækəʤəˈwiə/, though widely taught until the late 20th century, and preferred by the Lemhi Shoshoni, is generally considered incorrect. The confusion here almost certainly originated from the use of the "j" spelling by Nicholas Biddle, who annotated the expedition's journals in 1814. The error was compounded with the publication of the novel, The Conquest, written by Eva Emery Dye in 1902, in anticipation of the expedition's centennial. It is likely Dye used Biddle's secondary source for the spelling, and her highly popular book made it ubiquitous throughout the United States (previously most non-scholars had never even heard of Sacagawea). While schools and other memorials erected in the area surrounding Sacagawea's birthplace use the spelling Sacajawea, it has subsided from general use. The corresponding pronunciation persists in American culture, and is also considered erroneous.[citation needed]

Rozina George, great-great-great-great-grandaughter of Cameahwait, says the Agaidika tribe of Lemhi Shoshone do not recognize the spelling or pronunciation Sacagawea.

"The Lemhi Shoshone call her Sacajawea. It is derived from the Shoshone word for her name, Saca tzah we yaa. In his Cash Book, William Clark spells Sacajawea with a “J”. Also, William Clark and Private George Shannon explained to Nicholas Biddle (Published the first Lewis and Clark Journals in 1814) about the pronunciation of her name and how the tz sounds more like a “j”. What better authority on the pronunciation of her name than Clark and Shannon who traveled with her and constantly heard the pronunciation of her name? We do not believe it is a Minnetaree (Hidatsa) word for her name. Sacajawea was a Lemhi Shoshone not a Hidatsa."[3]

Memorials

The Sacajawea Interpretive, Cultural, and Educational Center

A 71-acre park dedicated to Sacagawea is located in Salmon, Idaho by the rivers and mountains of Sacajawea’s homeland. [9]

In sculpture

Statue in Bismarck, ND

References

  1. ^ Jackson, Donald, ed. (1962). Letters of the Lewis & Clark Expedition With Related Documents: 1783-1854. Champaign/Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
  2. ^ a b SacajaweaHome.Com, Lemhi County Historical Museum.
  3. ^ a b George, Rozina. "Agaidika Perspective on Sacajawea", Life Long Learning: The Lewis and Clark Rediscovery Project.
  4. ^ a b Drumm, Stella M., ed. (1920). "Journal of a Fur-trading Expedition on the Upper Missouri: John Luttig, 1812-1813". St. Louis: Missouri Historical Society.
  5. ^ a b Butterfield, Bonnie "Spirit Wind-Walker". "Sacagawea: Captive, Indian Interpreter, Great American Legend: Her Life and Death"hddle
  6. ^ Lewis and Clark Trail
  7. ^ University of Wyoming American Heritage Center
  8. ^ Reading Lewis and Clark - Thomasma, Clark, and Edmonds, Idaho Commission for Libraries
  9. ^ The Sacajawea Center, Salmon, Idaho.
  10. ^ Biography and Photo of the Statue of Sacagawea, at the National Statuary Hall in Washington D.C.
  11. ^ "Late May 1805" diorama by Harry Weber.
  12. ^ "Sacajawea and Jean-Baptiste", sculpted by Alice Cooper

Further reading

  • The Lewis and Clark Journals: An American Epic of Discovery (abridged), edited by Gary E. Moulton, 2003 - ISBN 0-8032-2950-X
  • The Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, 13-Volume Set, edited by Gary E. Moulton, 2002 - ISBN 0-8032-2948-8
  • The complete text of the Lewis and Clark Journals online, University of Nebraska-Lincoln (in progress)
  • Ambrose, Stephen (1997). Undaunted Courage, 1997 - ISBN 0-684-82697-6
  • Hebard, Grace Raymond (1907). "Pilot of First White Men to Cross the American Continent". Journal of American History.
  • Ronda, James P. (1984). Lewis and Clark Among the Indians - ISBN 0-8032-3870-3
  • Schroer, Blanche (1977). "A Compendium of Information About the Bird Woman: Her Death and Burial". Montana, The Magazine of Western History, 27, 2.
  • Schroer, Blanche (1970). "Boat-pusher or Bird-Woman? Sacagawea or Sacajawea?" Annals of Wyoming. 52, 1.

Notable fiction

These popular fictionalized historical novels have varying degrees of historical accuracy, which is unfortunate as they shaped much of the popular American understanding of the expedition.

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