Plötzensee (lake)
Plötzensee (IPA: ['plœtsənze:]) is a lake in Berlin with an area of 7.7 ha and a depth of 5.5 m. It is to be found in the Rehberge public park in the former borough of Wedding (now part of Berlin-Mitte).
The lake
Plötzensee is named after the roach, Plötze being one name for this fish in German. The lake teems with roach. The lake is part of a chain of lakes stretching from the northeast to the Spree valley, formed in the last ice age. Until 1443 the St. Marien convent in Spandau had the rights to the lake, but these were eventually assumed by the Prussian treasury. In 1817, the City of Berlin bought the lake and leased the rights to the shoreline and fishing.
Over the years, there have been an army sporting ground, a swimming pool, a man-made beach (photo above), an inn, and conversion into a public park, but Plötzensee is probably best known for its old prison, a notorious place built in the 19th century which reached its height of notoriety in the time of the Third Reich.
Plötzensee Prison
The prison, an old Prussian institution built between 1869 and 1879, lies near the lake, but in the neighbouring borough of Charlottenburg, on Hüttigpfad off Saatwinkler Damm. During Hitler's time in power from 1933 to 1945, more than 2,500 people were executed at Plötzensee Prison. Among them were members of the Red Orchestra (Rote Kapelle), members of the Kreisau Circle (those accused of the plot against Hitler's life on 20 July, 1944 at the Wolf's Lair), Czechoslovakian resistance fighters, and various others deemed by the Volksgerichtshof ("People's Court") to be enemies of the state.
On the nights from 7 to 12 September, 1943, a series of mass executions took place, during which, owing to inevitable mistakes that occurred by the matter being handled not by printed documents but by telephone calls, several inmates whose clemency appeals were still pending were put to death along with the others. The Evangelical chaplain, Harald Poelchau, had this to say about that time:
- "As darkness fell on September 7, the mass murders began. The night was cold. Every now and then, the darkness was lit up by exploding bombs. The searchlight beams danced across the sky. The men were assembled in several columns one behind the other. They stood there, at first uncertain about what was going to happen to them. Then they realized. Eight men at a time were called by name and led away. Those remaining hardly moved at all. Only an occasional whisper between my Catholic colleague and myself [...] Once the hangmen interrupted their work because bombs were thundering down nearby. The five rows of eight men already lined up had to be confined to their cells again for a while. Then the murdering continued. All these men were hanged. [...] The executions had to be carried out by candlelight because the electric light had failed. It was only in the early morning at about eight o'clock that the exhausted hangmen paused in their work, only to continue with renewed strength in the evening."
Part of the reason for these mass executions was that a few days earlier, Plötzensee Prison had been heavily damaged in an Allied air raid on Berlin, and a few prisoners had actually escaped (but been caught again soon afterwards). The general idea was to carry out death penalties before the condemned could escape.
Today a memorial stands at Plötzensee Prison to commemorate those executed by the Nazis. It was dedicated on 14 September, 1952. All that remains now is the execution shed, a small brick building with two rooms, where the victims were either hanged or beheaded. Onto this has been built a memorial wall "To the Victims of Hitler's Dictatorship of the Years 1933-1945" (photo at right).
After World War II until 1987, Plötzensee Prison was used to house youthful offenders between the ages of 14 and 20. After the youth prison was moved to a newly built facility nearby (Jugendstrafanstalt Berlin on Friedrich-Olbricht-Damm), Plötzensee Prison became a men's prison with capacity for 577 prisoners.[1]
Prominent victims
- Cato Bontjes van Beek
- Liane Berkowitz
- Eugen Bolz
- Eva-Maria Buch
- Musa Cälil
- Hans Coppi
- Hilde Coppi
- Alfred Delp
- Julius Fučík
- Carl Friedrich Goerdeler
- Arvid Harnack
- Mildred Harnack
- Ulrich von Hassell
- Albert Hensel
- Liselotte Herrmann
- Caesar von Hofacker
- Helmuth Hübener (youngest victim, only 17 years old)
- Johanna Kirchner
- Hans Georg Klamroth
- Theodor Korselt
- Adam Kuckhoff
- Julius Leber
- Wilhelm Leuschner
- Helmuth James Graf von Moltke
- Johannes Popitz
- Adolf Reichwein
- Rudolf von Scheliha
- Harro Schulze-Boysen
- Libertas Schulze-Boysen
- Elisabeth Schumacher
- Robert Stamm
- Maria Terwiel
- Adam von Trott zu Solz
- Erwin von Witzleben
References
Literature
- Brigitte Oleschinski: Gedenkstätte Plötzensee. Berlin: Gedenkstätte Dt. Widerstand, 1997 (3. Auflage), ISBN 3926082054