Inuit languages
Inuktitut (ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ, lit. 'Like the Inuit') is the language of the Inuit people. The language is a member of the Eskimo-Aleut group of languages.
Varieties
Specifically, Inuktitut is the dialect of the Inuit of the Canadian Eastern Arctic. It is also used to refer to the Inuit language as a whole, which is more in the nature of a dialect continuum than a single language; this continuum can be divided into roughly sixteen varieties, in four groups:
- Inupiaq (northern Alaska)
- Inuinnaqtun (Canadian Western Arctic)
- Inuktitut proper (Canadian Eastern Arctic)
- Kalaallisut or Greenlandic (Greenland).
All Inuktitut varieties taken together have a speaking population of approximately 80,000. Inuktitut proper is spoken by roughly 20,000 people.
Broadly, Inuktitut proper can be divided into three main dialect groups, and various subgroups:
Keewatin - Spoken on the west coast of Hudson Bay.
Baffin - Spoken on the Islands to the north of Hudson Bay, most notably, as the name suggests, on Baffin Island.
Nunavik/Labrador - Spoken to the east of Hudson Bay, as the name suggests, in Nunavik(Northern Quebec) and Labrador.
Keewatin tends to be more conservative, preserving most consonant clusters, whereas the Nunavik dialects tend to be more radical, with the tendency to turn consonant clusters into geminates (Using the name of the language as an example - Keewatin Inuktitut is Nunavik Inuttitut). South Baffin dialects tend to be radical in this way, North Baffin ones more conservative.
Linguistics
It is related to the Aleut language, and together they form the Eskimo-Aleut family; while this has no proven wider affinities, some postulation has taken place as to the relation of Inuktitut to the Indo-European languages and to the Nostratic superphylum. The language of the Inuit called Inuktitut is related to the Turkic language branch.
Inuktitut, like other Eskimo-Aleut languages, represents a particular type of agglutinative language called a polysynthetic language: it "synthesizes" a root and various grammatical affixes to create long words with sentence-like meanings.
An interesting thing is naming of individuals. Some names include 'Ujaraq' (rock), 'Nuvuk' (headland), 'Nasak' (hat, or hood), 'Tupiq' (tent), 'Qajaq' (kayak), etc. There is also names that share names in the animal world: 'Nanuq' (polar-bear), 'Uqalik' (Arctic hare), 'Tiriaq' (ermine), etc. A third class are individual with anatomic reference but are not descriptive of the person named, obviously, in that the names are derived from a long succession of people bearing that same soul. Examples include 'Itigaituk' (has no feet), 'Usuiituk' (has no penis), 'Tulimak' (rib), etc.
Phonology
Inuktitut has fifteen consonants and three vowels(which can be long or short). Consonants are arranged with five places of articulation - bilabial, alveolar, palatal, velar and uvular, and three 'manners of articulation' - voiceless stops, voiced continuants and nasals, as well as two additional sounds - voiceless fricatives.
This leaves us with the following consonants:
p, t ,k - As in English, though not aspirated.
q - As in Arabic. Similar to English k, but further back in the mouth. Sometimes a fricative.
v, l - As in English.
j - As in German. As English, y, when used as a consonant.
g - As in Spanish, between vowels. Similar to English g, but allowing some air to escape (a fricative).
r - As in French. Similar to g above, but further back in the mouth. Also, before nasals, similar to ng, but further back.
m, n - As in English.
ng - As in English sing.
s - As in English.
ł - As Welsh ll. Similar to English l, but allowing air to escape. Spelt kl below.
And the vowels:
a - As in Spanish. Similar to the vowel in English cat, but more open.
i - As in Spanish. A short version of English ee.
u - As in Spanish. A short version of English oo.
aa, ii, uu - Longer versions of the above.
The Canadian Syllabary
The Inuktitut syllabary used in Canada is based on the Cree syllabary, which is in turn based on that of Ojibwe. Both of these were created by missionary James Evans. The syllabary for Canadian Inuktitut was adopted by the Inuit Cultural Institute in Canada in the 1970s. The Inupiaq in Alaska and Greenland use a Roman script and Inuit in Siberia use Cyrillic letters.
Though conventionally called a syllabary, the writing system is, strictly speaking, an abugida, since syllables starting with the same consonant have related glyphs rather than unrelated ones.
All of the characters needed for the Inuktitut syllabary are available in the Unicode character repertoire.
Legal status
Inuktitut is an official language in the following areas:
- Greenland (Greenlandic, with Danish)
- Nunavut, Canada (Inuktitut and Inuinnaqtun, with English and French)
- Northwest Territories, Canada (Inuktitut, Inuinnaqtun, and Inuvialuktun, with Chipewyan, Cree, English, French, Gwich'in, Slavey, and Tli Cho).
Also, according to the Charter of the French Language in Quebec, Canada, Inuktitut is the official language of instruction for Inuit school districts in Nunavik (northern Quebec).
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