Leo Frobenius
Leo Frobenius (29 June 1873 - 9 August 1938) was an ethnologist and archaeologist and a major figure in German ethnography. He was born in Berlin as the son of a Prussian officer, and died in Biganzolo, Lago Maggiore, Piedmont, Italy. He undertook his first expedition in 1904 to the Kasai district in Congo. Until 1918 he travelled in the western and central Sudan, and in northern and northeastern Africa. In 1920 he founded the Institute for Cultural Morphology in Munich. In 1932 he became honorary professor at the University of Frankfurt, and in 1935 director of the municipal ethnographic museum.
In 1897/98 Frobenius defined several culture areas (Kulturkreise), cultures showing similar traits that have been spread by diffusion or invasion. With his term 'paideuma', Frobenius wanted to describe a 'Gestalt', a manner of creating meaning (Sinnstiftung), that was typical of certain economic structures. Thus, the Frankfurt cultural morphologists tried to reconstruct 'the' world-view of hunters, early planters, megalith-builders or sacred kings.
Frobenius taught at the University of Frankfurt; the institute of ethnology there was named after him in 1946.
His writings, with Douglas Fox, were a channel through which some of African traditional story and epic entered European literature. This applies in particular to Gassire's lute, an epic from West Africa which Frobenius had encountered in Mali. Ezra Pound corresponded with Frobenius from the 1920s, initially on economic topics. The story made its way into Pound's Cantos through this connection.
Works
- Die Geheimbünde Afrikas (Hamburg 1894)
- Der westafrikanische Kulturkreis. Petermanns Mitteilungen 43/44, 1897/98
- Weltgeschichte des Krieges (Hannover 1903)
- Unter den unsträflichen Athiopen (Berlin 1913)
- Paideuma (München 1921)
- Dokumente zur Kulturphysiognomik. Vom Kulturreich des Festlandes (Berlin 1923)
- Erythräa. Länder und Zeiten des heiligen Königsmords (Berlin 1931)
- Kulturgeschichte Afrikas (Zürich 1933)