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Chinese sovereign

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How to refer to a specific sovereign in a dynasty or kingdom

All sovereigns are denoted by a string of Chinese characters. I'll use

1) 'Han' Gao Zu Liu Bang ('漢 han4' 高祖 gao1 zu3 劉邦 liu3 bang1)
2) 'Tang' Tai Zong Li Shi Min ('唐 tang2' 太宗 tai4 zong1 李世民 li3 shi4 min2)
3) 'Wei' Wu Di Cao Cao ('魏 wei4' 武帝 wu3 di4 曹操 cao2 cao1)
4) 'Hou Han' Gao Zu Liu Zhi Yuan ('後漢 hou4 han4' 高祖 gao1 zu3 劉知遠 liu3 zhi1 yuan3)
5) 'Han' Guang Wu Di Liu Xiu ('漢 han4' 光武帝 guang1 wu3 di4 劉秀 liu3 xiu4)

as examples.

The first character(s) are the name of the dynasty or kingdom. e.g. 'Han', 'Tang', 'Wei' and 'Hou Han'.

Then come the characters of how the sovereign is commonly called, in most of the times the posthumous names or the temple names. e.g. Gao Zu, Tai Zong, Wu Di, Guang Wu Di

Then follow the characters of their personal names. e.g. Liu Bang, Li Shi Min, Cao Cao, Liu Zhi Yuan and Liu Xiu

In contemporary historical texts, the string including the name of dynasty and temple or posthumous names is sufficient enough as a clear reference to a particular sovereign.

e.g. 'Han' Gao Zu

Note that 'Wei' Wu Di Cao Cao never was a sovereign but his son was. Thus he was revered as Wu Di.
Cao Cao is good enough for reference.

Some rules of thumb and helpful tips for reading a list of sovereigns

All sovereigns starting from the Tang Dynasty are contemporarily referred using the temple names. They also had posthumous names but less used unless in traditional historical texts. Reversed situation before Tang as posthumous names are contemporarily used.

e.g. The posthumous name of 'Tang' Tai Zong Li Shi Min was Wen Di (文帝 wen2 di4)

If sovereigns after Tang were referenced using posthumous names, they were the last ones of their sovereignties or their reigns were short and unpopular.

e.g. 'Tang' Ai Di Li Zhu (唐哀帝 tang2 ai1 di4 李柷 li3 zhu4), also known as 'Tang' Zhao Xuan Di (唐昭宣帝 tang2 zhao1 xuan1 di4), was last emperor of the Tang Dynasty reigning from 904 to 907.

'Han' Guang Wu Di is equivalent to 'Dong Han' Guang Wu Di since he was the founder of the Eastern Han Dynasty. All east-west, north-south, former-later conventions were invented only by past or present historiographers for denoting a new era in a dynasty. Never used during that era.

The most common convention of naming Chinese Sovereigns

If you were even more confused after reading above, here is a quick guide (so not a thorough explanation).

1) Emperors before the Tang dynasty: use name of dynasty + posthumous names. eg. Han Wu Di
2) Emperors between Tang dynasty and Ming dynasty: use name of dynasty + temple names eg. Tang tai zong
3) Emperors of the Ming and Qing dynasty: use era names (same as reign names) eg. kangxi
4) Overrides rules 1 to 3: If there is a more common convention than using posthumous, temple or era names, then use it. eg. Cao Cao instead of Wei wu di. Or Sima Yi instead of Jin xuan di.

Actually these rules are followed by almost all historians now (except those really nerdy ones) but it may not be so apparent to those not familiar with Chinese. Please refer to the guide above or write any comment on talk. My pleasure to answer them.

If you prefer better clarification and do not want to bother with all those "names", please refer to each dynasty of which the specific convention is shown on top of its sovereigns. Hopefully it helps you.

Tables

Only the most recognized posthumous or temple names were used for all tables of sovereigns and referencing. For example, many kings of the Ten Kingdoms in the Period of Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms had tiresome posthumous names consisting of 10 to 20 Chinese characters. Why bother quoting them while only clear referencing is needed.

Han Dynasty Sovereigns
Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號) Personal Names Period of Reigns Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years
Convention: "Han" + posthumous name
Western Han Dynasty 206 B.C.-9 AD
Gao Zu (高祖 gao1 zu3) 劉邦 (liu3 bang1) 206 B.C.-195 B.C. Did not exist
Hui Di (惠帝 hui4 di4) 劉盈 (liu3 ying2) 194 B.C.-188 B.C. Did not exist
Shao Di (少帝 shao4 di4) Liu Gong|劉恭 liu3 gong1 188 B.C.-184 B.C. Did not exist
Shao Di (少帝 shao4 di4) Liu Hong|劉弘 liu3 hong2 184 B.C.-180 B.C. Did not exist
Wen Di (文帝) (wen2 di4) 劉恆 (liu3 heng2) 179 B.C.-157 B.C. Houyuan (後元 hou4 yuan2) 163 B.C.-156 B.C.
Jing Di (景帝 jing3 di4) 劉啟 (liu3 qi3) 156 B.C.-141 B.C. Chngyuan (中元 zhong1 yuan2) 149 B.C.-143 B.C.
Houyuan (後元 hou4 yuan2) 143 B.C.-141 B.C.
Wu Di (武帝 wu3 di4) 劉徹 (liu3 che4) 140 B.C.- 87 B.C. Jianyuan (建元 jian4 yuan2) 140 B.C.-135 B.C.
   Yuanguang(元光 yuan2 guang1) 134 B.C.-129 B.C.

   Yuanshuo (元朔 yuan2 shuo4) 128 B.C.-123 B.C.

   Yuanshou (元狩 yuan2 shou4) 122 B.C.-117 B.C.

   Yuanding (元鼎 yuan2 ding3) 116 B.C.-111 B.C.

   Yuanfeng (元封 yuan2 feng1) 110 B.C.-105 B.C.

   Taichu   (太初 tai4 chu1) 104 B.C.-101 B.C.

   Tianhan  (天漢 tian1 han4) 100 B.C.-97 B.C.

   Taishi   (太始 tai4 shi3) 96 B.C.-93 B.C.

   Zhenghe  (征和 zheng1 he2) 92 B.C.-89 B.C.

   Houyuan  (後元 hou4 yuan2) 88 B.C.-87 B.C.
Zhao Di (昭帝 zhao1 di4) 劉弗陵 (liu3 fu2 ling2) 86 B.C.- 74 B.C. Shiyuan (始元 shi3 yuan2) 86 B.C.-81 B.C.
   Yuanfeng (元鳳 yuan2 feng4) 80 B.C.-75 B.C.

   Yuanping(元平 yuan2 ping2) 74 B.C.
Chang Yi Wang (昌邑王 chang1 yi2 wang2) 劉賀 (liu3 he4) 74 B.C. Yuanping(元平 yuan2 ping2) 74 B.C.
Xuan Di (宣帝 xuan1 di4) 劉詢 (liu3 xun2) 73 B.C.- 49 B.C. Benshi (本始 ben3 shi3) 73 B.C.-70 B.C.
   Dijie  (地節 di4 jie2) 69 B.C.-66 B.C.

   Yuankang (元康 yuan2 kang1) 65 B.C.-62 B.C.

   Shenjue (神爵 shen2 jue2)  61 B.C.-58 B.C.

   Wufeng (五鳳 wu3 feng4) 57 B.C.-54 B.C.

   Ganlu (甘露 gan1 lu4) 53 B.C.-50 B.C.

   Huanglong   (黃龍 hunag2 long2) 49 B.C.
Yuan Di (元帝 yuan2 di4) 劉奭 (liu3 shi4) 48 B.C.- 33 B.C. Chuyuan (初元 chu1 yuan2) 48 B.C.-44 B.C.
   Yongguang  (永光 yong3 guang1) 43 B.C.-39 B.C.

   Jianzhao (建昭 jian4 zhao1)  38 B.C.-34 B.C.

   Jingning (竟寧 jing4 ning2) 33 B.C.
Cheng Di (成帝 cheng2 di4) 劉驁 (liu3 ao2) 32 B.C.-7 B.C. Jianshi (建始 jian4 shi3) 32 B.C.-29 B.C.
   Heping  (河平 he2 ping2) 28 B.C.-25 B.C.

   Yangshuo(陽朔 yang2 shuo4) 24 B.C.-21 B.C.

   Hongjia (鴻嘉 hong2 jia1) 20 B.C.-17 B.C.

   Yongshi (永始 yong3 shi3) 16 B.C.-13 B.C.

   Yuanyan (元延 yuan2 yan2) 12 B.C.-9 B.C.

   Suihe (綏和 sui1 he2) 9 B.C.-7 B.C.
Ai Di (哀帝 ai1 di4) 劉欣 (liu3 xin1) 6 B.C.-1 B.C. Jianping (建平 jian4 ping2) 6 B.C.-3 B.C.
   Yuanshou (元壽 yuan2 shou4) 2 B.C.-1 B.C.
Ping Di (平帝 ping2 di4) 劉衎 (liu3 kan4) 1-5 Yuanshi (元始 yuan2 shi3) 1-5
Ru Zi Ying (孺子嬰 ru2 zi5 ying1) 劉嬰(liu3 ying1) 6-8 Jushe (居攝 ju1 she4) 6- October 8
   Chushi (初始 chu1 shi3) November 8-December 8
the Xin Dynasty by Wang Mang 9-23 Shijianguo (始建國 shi3 jian4 guo1) 9- 13
   Tianfeng (天鳳 tian1 feng1) 14-19

   Dihuang (地皇 di4 huang2) 20-23
Geng Shi Di (更始帝 gang4 shi3 di4) 劉玄 (liu3 xuan2) 23-25 Gengshi (更始 geng4 shi3) 23-25
Eastern Han Dynasty 25 AD - 220 AD
Guang Wu Di (光武帝 guang1 wu3 di4) 劉秀 (liu3 xiu4) 25-57 Jianwu (建武 jian4 wu3) 25-56
   Jianwuzhongyuan  (建武中元 jian4 wu3 zhong1 yuan2) 56-57
Ming Di (明帝 ming2 di4) 劉莊 (liu3 zhuang1) 58-75 Yongping (永平 yong3 ping2) 58-75
Zhang Di (章帝 zhang1 di4) 劉炟 (liu3 da2) 76-88 Jianchu (建初 jian4 chu1) 76-83
   Yuanhe  (元和 yuan2 he2) 84-87

   Zhanghe (章和 zhang1 he2) 87-88
He Di (和帝 he2 di4) 劉肇 (liu3 zhao4) 89-105 Yongyuan (永元 yong3 yuan2) 89-105
   Yuanxing (元興 yuan2 xing1) 105
Shang Di (殤帝 shang1 di4) 劉隆 (liu3 long2) 106 Jianping (延平 jian4 ping2) 100 days in 106
An Di (安帝 an1 di4) 劉祜 (liu3 hu4) 106-125 Yongchu (永初 yong3 chu1) 106-113
   Yuanchu (元初 yuan2 chu1) 114-120

   Yongning(永寧 yong3 ning2) 120-121

   Jianguang (建光 jian4 guang1) 121-122

   Yanguang (延光 yan2 guang1) 122-125
Shao Di (少帝 shao4 di4) or Bei Xiang Hou (北鄉侯 bei3 xiang1 hou2) 劉懿 (liu3 yi4) 125 Yanguang (延光 yan2 guang1) 125
Shun Di (順帝 shun4 di4) 劉保 (liu3 bao2) 125-144 Yongjian (永建 yong3 jian4) 125-132
   Yangjia  (陽嘉 yang2 jia1) 132-135

   Yonghe   (永和 yong3 he2) 136-141

   Hanan    (漢安 han4 an1) 142-144

   Jiankang (建康 jian4 kang1) 144
Chong Di (沖帝 chong1 di4) 劉炳 (liu3 bing3) 144-145 Yongxi (永熹 yong1 xi1) 144-145
Zhi Di (質帝 zhi2 di4) 劉纘 (liu3 zuan3) 145-146 Benchu (本初 ben3 chu1) 145-146
Huan Di (桓帝 huan2 di4) 劉志 (liu3 zhi3) 146-168 Jianhe (建和 jian4 he2) 147-149
   Heping   (和平 he2 ping2) 150

   Yuanjia  (元嘉 yuan2 jia1) 151-153

   Yongxing (永興 yong3 xing1) 153-154

   Yongshou (永壽 yong3 shou4) 155-158

   Yanxi    (延熹 yan2 xi1) 158-167

   Yongkang (永康 yong3 kang1) 167-168
Ling Di (靈帝 ling2 di4) 劉宏 (liu2 hong2) 168-189 Jianning (建寧 jian4 ning2) 168-172
   Xiping   (熹平 xi1 ping2) 172-178

   Guanghe  (光和 guang1 he2) 178-184

   Zhongping(中平 zhong1 ping2) 184-189
Shao Di (少帝 shao4 di4) or Hong Nong Wang (弘農王 hong2 nong2 wang2) 劉辯 (liu3 bian4) 189 Guangxi (光熹 guang1 xi1) 189
   Zhaoning (昭寧 zhao1 ning2) 189
Xian Di (獻帝 xian4 di4) 劉協 (liu3 xie2) 189-220 Yonghan (永漢 yong3 han4) 189
   Chuping  (初平 chu1 ping2) 189-193

   Xingping (興平 xing1 ping2) 194-195

   Jianan   (建安 jian4 an1) 196-220

   Yankang  (延康 yan2 kang1) 220




Three Kingdoms Sovereigns
Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號) Personal Names Period of Reigns Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years
Wei 220-265 AD
Convention: "Wei" + posthumous name, sometimes except Cao Pi who was referred using personal names.
Wen Di (文帝 wen2 di4) Cao Pi|曹丕 cao2 pi1 220-226 Huangchu (黃初 huang2 chu1) 220-226
Ming Di (明帝 ming2 di4) Cao Rui|曹叡 cao2 rui4 226-239 Taihe (太和 tai4 he2) 227-233
   Qinglong (青龍 qing1 long2) 233-237

   Jingchu  (景初 jing3 chu1)  237-239
Qi Wang (齊王 qi2 wang2) Cao Fang|曹芳 cao2 fang1 239-254 Zhengshi (正始 zheng4 shi3) 240-249
   Jiaping  (嘉平 jia1 ping2)  249-254
Gao Gui Xiang Gong (高貴鄉公 gao1 gui4 xiang1 gong1) Cao Mao|曹髦 cao2 mao2 254-260 Zhengyuan (正元 zheng4 yuan2) 254-256
Ganlu (甘露 gan1 lu4) 256-260
Yuan Di (元帝 yuan2 di4) Cao Huan|曹奐 cao2 huan4 260-265 Jingyuan (景元 jing3 yuan2) 260-264
   Xianxi   (咸熙 xian2 xi1)   264-265
Shu or Shu Han 221 - 263
Convention: use personal name
Zhao Lie Di (昭烈帝 zhao1 lie4 di4) 劉備 (liu2 bei4) 221-223 Zhangwu (章武 zhang1 wu3) 221-223
Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3) Liu Chan|劉禪 (liu2 xhan2) 223-263 Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 223-237
   Yanxi     (延熙 yan2 xi1)    238-257

   Jingyao   (景耀 jing3 yao4)  258-263

   Yanxing   (炎興 yan2 xing1)  263
Wu 222-280
Convention: use personal name
Da Di (大帝 da4 di4) 孫權 sun1 quan2 222-252 Huangwu (黃武 huang2 wu3) 222-229
   Huanglong (黃龍 huang2 long2) 229-231

   Jiahe     (嘉禾 jia1 he2)     232-238

   Chiwu     (赤烏 chi4 wu1)     238-251

   Taiyuan   (太元 tai4 yuan2)   251-252

   Shenfeng  (神鳳 shen2 feng4)  252
Kuai ji wang (會稽王 kuai4 ji1 wang2) Sun Liang|孫亮 sun1 liang4 252-258 Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 252-253
   Wufeng    (五鳳 wu3 feng4)   254-256

   Taiping   (太平 tai4 ping2)  256-258
Jing Di (景帝 jing3 di4) Sun Xiu|孫休 sun1 xiu1 258-264 Yongan (永安 yong3 an1) 258-264
Wu Cheng Hou (烏程侯 wu1 cheng2 hou2) Sun Hao|孫皓 sun1 hao4 264-280 Yuanxing (元興 yuan2 xing1) 264-265
   Ganlu     (甘露 gan1 lu4)     265-266

   Baoding   (寶鼎 bao3 ding3)   266-269

   Jianheng  (建衡 jian4 heng2)  269-271

   Fenghuang (鳳凰 feng4 huang2) 272-274

   Tiance    (天冊 tian1 ce4) 275-276

   Tianxi    (天璽 tian1 xi3) 276

   Tianji    (天紀 tian1 ji4) 277-280




Jin Dynasty (265-420) Sovereigns
Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號) Personal Names Period of Reigns Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years
Convention: "Jin" + posthumous name
Western Jin Dynasty 265-317
Wu Di (武帝 wu3 di4) Sima Yan|司馬炎 si1 ma3 yan2 265-290 Taishi (泰始 tai4 shi3) 265-274
   Xianning (咸寧 xian2 ning2)275-279

   Taikang  (太康 tai4 kang1) 280-290

   Taixi    (太熙 tai4 xi1)   290
Hui Di (惠帝 hui4 di4) Sima Zhong|司馬衷 si1 ma3 zhong1 290-306 Yongxi (永熙 yong3 xi1) 290
   Yongping (永平 yong3 ping)  291

   Yuankang (元康 yuan2 kang1) 291-299

   Yongkang (永康 yong3 kang1) 300-301

   Yongning (永寧 yong3 ning2) 301-302

   Taian    (太安 tai4 an1)    302-303

   Yongan   (永安 yong3 an1)   304

   Jianwu   (建武 jian4 wu3)   304

   Yongan   (永安 yong3 an1)   304

   Yongxing (永興 yong3 xing1) 304-306

   Guangxi  (光熙 guang1 xi1)  306
Huai Di (懷帝 huai2 di4) Sima Zhong|司馬熾 si1 ma3 chi4 307-311 Yongjia (永嘉 yong3 jia1) 307-313
Min Di (愍帝 min3 di4) Sima Ye|司馬鄴 si1 ma3 ye4 313-317 Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 313-317
Eastern Jin Dynasty 317 AD - 420 AD
Yuan Di (元帝 yuan2 di4) Sima Rui|司馬睿 si1 ma3 rui4 317-322 Jianwu (建武 jian4 wu3) 317-318
   Daxing    (大興 da4 xing1)    318-321

   Yongchang (永昌 yong3 chang3) 321-322
Ming Di (明帝 ming2 di4) Sima Shao|司馬紹 si1 ma3 shao4 322-325 Yongchang (永昌 yong3 chang3) 322-323
   Taining   (太寧 tai4 ning2)   323-325
Cheng Di (成帝 cheng2 di4) Sima Yan|司馬衍 si1 ma3 yan3 325-342 Taining (太寧 tai4 ning2) 325
   Xianhe   (咸和 xian2 he2)   326-334

   Xiankang (咸康 xian2 kang1) 335-342
Kang Di (康帝 kang1 di4) Sima Yue|司馬岳 si1 ma3 yue4 342-344 Jianyuan (建元 jian4 yuan2) 342-344
Mu Di (穆帝 mu4 di4) Sima Dan|司馬聃 si1 ma3 dan1 345-361 Yonghe (永和 yong3 he2) 345-356
   Shengping (升平 sheng1 ping2) 357-361
Ai Di (哀帝 ai1 di4) Sima Pi|司馬丕 si1 ma3 pi1 361-365 Longhe (隆和 long2 he2) 362-363
   Xingning (興寧 xing1 ning2) 363-365
Hai Xi Gong (海西公 hai3 xi1 gong1) Sima Yi|司馬奕 si1 ma3 yi4 365-371 Taihe (太和 tai4 he2) 365-371
Jian Wen Di (簡文帝 jian3 wen2 di4) Sima Yu|司馬昱 si1 ma3 yu4 371-372 Xianan (咸安 xian2 an1) 371-372
Xiao Wu Di (孝武帝 xiao4 wu3 di4) Sima Yao|司馬曜 si1 ma3 yao4 372-396 Ningkang (寧康 ning2 kang1) 373-375
   Taiyuan  (太元 tai4 yuan2)        376-396
An Di (安帝 an1 di4) Sima De Zong|司馬德宗 si1 ma3 de2 zong1 396-418 Longan (隆安 long2 an1) 397-401
   Yuanxing (元興 yuan2 xing1)     402-404

   Yixi     (義熙 yi4 xi1)         405-418
Gong Di (恭帝 gong1 di4) Sima De Wen|司馬德文 si1 ma3 de2 wen2 419-420 Yuanxi (元熙 yuan2 xi1) 419-420




Sovereigns in the Period of Sixteen Kingdoms
Temple Names ( Miao Hao 廟號 miao4 hao4) Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號 ) Personal Names Period of Reigns Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years
Convention: use personal name
Han Zhao Empire 304-329 AD (addressed separately in traditional texts as Han Empire and Former Zhao Empire)
Han Empire 304-318
Gao Zu (高祖 gao1 zu3) Guang Wen Di (光文帝 guang1 wen2 di4) Liu Yuan|劉淵 liu2 yuan1 304-310 Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 304-308
   Yongfeng (永鳳 yong3 feng4) 308-309
Herui (河瑞 he2 rui4) 309-310
Did not exist Liang Wang (梁王 liang2 wang2) Liu He|劉和 liu2 he2 7 days in 310 Did not exist
Lie Zong (烈宗 lie4 zong1) Zhao Wu Di (昭武帝 zhao1 wu3 di4) Liu Cong|劉聰 liu2 cong1 310-318 Guangxing (光興 guang1 xing1) 310-311
   Jiaping   (嘉平 jia1 ping2)   311-315

   Jianyuan  (建元 jian4 yuan2)  315-316

   Linjia    (麟嘉 lin2 jia1)   264-265
Did not exist Yin Di (隱帝 yin3 di4) Liu Can|劉粲 liu2 can4 a month and days in 318 Hanchang (漢昌 han4 chang1) 318
Former Zhao Empire 318-329
Did not exist Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3) Liu Yao|劉曜 liu2 yao4 318-329 Guangchu (光初 guang1 chu1) 318-329
Later Zhao Empire 319 - 351
Gao Zu (高祖 gao1 zu3) Ming Di (明帝 ming2 di4) Shi Le|石勒 shi2 le4 319-333 Zhaowang (趙王 zhao4 wang2) 319-328
   Taihe    (太和 tai4 he2)    328-330

   Jianping (建平 jian4 ping2) 330-333
Did not exist Hai Yang Wang (海陽王 hai3 yang2 wang2) Shi Hong|石弘 shi2 hong2 333-334 Jianping (建平 jian4 ping2) 333
   Yanxi    (延熙 yan2 xi1)    334
Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3) Wu Di (武帝 wu3 di4) Shi Hu|石虎 shi2 hu3 334-349 Jianwu (建武 jian4 wu3) 334-349
   Taining (太寧 tai4 ning2)   349
Did not exist Qiao Wang (譙王 qiao2 wang2) Shi Shi|石世 shi2 shi4 73 days in 349 Taining (太寧 tai4 ning2) 73 days in 349
Did not exist Pang Cheng Wang (彭城王 pang2 cheng2 wang2) Shi Zun|石遵 shi2 zun1 183 days in 349 Taining (太寧 tai4 ning2) 183 days in 349
Did not exist Yi Yang Wang (義陽王 yi4 yang2 wang2) Shi Jian|石鑒 shi2 jian4 103 days within 349-350 Qinglong (青龍 qing1 long2) 103 days within 349-350
Did not exist Xin Xing Wang (新興王 xin1 xing1 wang2) Shi Zhi|石祗 shi2 zhi1 350-351 Yongning (永寧 yong3 ning2) 349-350
Cheng Han Empire 303-347 AD(addressed separately in traditional texts as Cheng Empire and Han Empire)
Cheng Empire 303-338
Shi Zu (始祖 shi3 zu3) or Shi Zu (世祖 shi4 zu3) Jing Di (景帝 jing3 di4) Li Te|李特 li3 te4 303 Jianchu (建初 jian4 chu1) or Jingchu (景初 jing3 chu1) 303
Did not exist Qin Wen Wang (秦文王 qin2 wen2 wang2) Li Liu|李流 li3 liu2 several months in 303 Did not exist
Tai Zong (太宗 tai4 zong1) Wu Di (武帝 wu3 di4) Li Xiong|李雄 li3 xiong2 303-334 Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 303-305
   Yanping  (晏平 yan4 ping2)  305-311

   Yuheng   (玉衡 yu4 heng2)   311-334
Did not exist Ai Di (哀帝 ai1 si4) Li Ban|李班 li3 ban1 7 months in 334 Yuheng (玉衡 yu4 heng2) 7 months in 334
Did not exist You Gong (幽公 you1 gong1) Li Qi|李期 li3 qi1 334-338 Yuheng (玉恆 yu4 heng2) 334-338
Han Empire 338-347
Zhong Zong (中宗 zhong1 zong1) Zhao Wen Di (昭文帝 zhao1 wen2 di4) Li Shou|李壽 li3 shou4 338-343 Hanxing (漢興 han4 xing1) 338-343
Did not exist Gui Yi Hou (歸義侯 gui1 yi4 hou2) Li Shi|李勢 li3 shi4 343-347 Taihe (太和 tai4 he2) 343-346
   Jianing (嘉寧 jia1 ning2) 346-347
Former Yan Empire 337-370
Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3) Wen Ming Di (文明帝 wen2 ming2 di4) Mu Rong Huang|慕容皝 mu4 rong2 huang3 337-348 Yanwang (燕王 yan4 wang2) 337-348
Lie Zong (烈宗 lie4 zong1) Jing Zhao Di (景昭帝 jing3 zhao1 di4) Mu Rong Jun|慕容俊 mu4 rong2 jun4 348-360 Yanwang (燕王 yan4 wang2) 348-353
   Yuanxi    (元璽 yuan2 xi3)        353-357

   Shengping (升平 sheng1 ping2) 357

   Guangshou (光壽 gunag1 shou4)     357-360
Did not exist You Di (幽帝 you1 di4) Mu Rong Wei|慕容暐 mu4 rong2 wei3 360-370 Jianxi (建熙 jian4 xi1) 360-365
   Jianyuan (建元 jian4 yuan2) 365-370
Later Yan Empire 384-407
Shi Zu (世祖 shi4 zu3) Wu Cheng Di (武成帝 wu3 cheng2 di4) Mu Rong Chui|慕容垂 mu4 rong2 chui2 384-396 Yanyuan (燕王 yan4 wang2) 384-385
   Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 386-396
Lie Zong (烈宗 lie4 zong1) Hui Min Di (惠愍帝 hui4 min3 di4) Mu Rong Bao|慕容寶 mu4 rong2 bao3 396-398 Yongkang (永康 yong3 kang1) 348-353
Zhong Zong (中宗 zhong1 zong1) Zhao Wu Di (昭武帝 zhao1 wu3 di4) Mu Rong Sheng|慕容盛 mu4 rong2 sheng4 398-401 Jianping (建平 jian4 ping2) 398
   Changluo (長樂 chang2 le4)  399-401
Did not exist Zhao Wen Di (昭文帝 zhao1 wen2 di4) Mu Rong Xi|慕容熙 mu4 rong2 xi1 401-407 Guangshi (光始 guang1 shi3) 401-406
   Jianshi  (建始 jian4 shi3)  407
Southern Yan Empire 398-410
Shi Zong (世宗 shi4 zong1) Xian Wu Di (獻武帝 xian4 wu3 di4) Mu Rong De|慕容德 mu4 rong2 de2 398-405 Yanwang (燕王 yan4 wang2) 398-400
   Jianping (建平 jian4 ping2) 400-405
Did not exist Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3) Mu Rong Chao|慕容超 mu4 rong2 chao1 405-410 Taishang (太上 tai4 shang4) 405-410
Northern Yan Empire 407-436
Did not exist Hui Yi Di (惠懿帝 hui4 yi4 di4) Gao Yun|高雲 gao1 yun2 407-409 Zhengshi (正始 zheng4 shi3) 407-409
Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3) Wen Cheng Di (文成帝 wen2 cheng2 di4) Feng Ba|馮跋 feng2 ba2 409-430 Taiping (太平 tai4 ping2) 409-430
Did not exist Zhao Cheng Di (昭成帝 zhao1 cheng2 di4) Feng Hong|馮弘 feng2 hong2 430-436 Daxing (大興 da4 xing1) 430-436
Former Liang Kingdom 320-376
Did not exist Cheng Gong (成公 cheng2 gong1) Zhang Mao|張茂 zhang1 mao4 320-324 Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 320-324
Did not exist Zhong Cheng Gong (忠成公 zhong1 cheng2 gong1) Zhang Jun|張駿 zhang1 jun4 324-346 Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 324-346
Did not exist Huan Gong (桓公 huan2 gong1) Zhang Chong Hua|張重華 zhang1 chong2 hua2 346-353 Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 346-353
Did not exist Ai Gong (哀公 ai1 gong1) Zhang Yao Ling|張曜靈 zhang1 yao4 ling2 3 months (the ninth to the twelfth month) in 353 Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 353
Did not exist Wei Wang (威王 wei1 wang2) Zhang Zuo|張祚 zhang1 zuo4 353-355 Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 353-354
   Heping   (和平 he2 ping2) 354-355
Did not exist Jing Dao Gong (敬悼公 jing4 dao4 gong1) or Chong Gong (沖公 chong1 gong1) Zhang Xuan Jing|張玄靖 zhang1 xuan2 jing4 355-363 Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 355-361
   Shengping (升平 sheng1 ping2) 361-363
Did not exist Dao Gong (悼公 dao4 gong1) Zhang Tian Xi|張天錫 zhang1 tian1 xi2 364-376 Shengping (升平 sheng1 ping2) 364-376
Later Liang Kingdom 386 AD - 403 AD
Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3) Yi Wu Wang (懿武王 yi4 wu3 wang2) Luu Guang|呂光 uu3 guang1 386-399 Taian (太安 tai4 an1) 386-389
   Lunjia  (麟嘉 lun2 jia1) 389-396

   Longfei (龍飛 long2 fei1) 396-399
Did not exist Yin Wang (隱王 yin3 wang2) Luu Shao|呂紹 luu3 shao4 399 Longfei (龍飛 long2 fei1) 399
Did not exist Ling Wang (靈王 ling2 wang2) Luu Zuan|呂纂 luu3 zuan3 399-401 Xianning (咸寧 xian2 ning2) 399-401
Did not exist Shang Shu Gong (尚書公 shang4 shu1 gong1) or Jiankang Gong (建康公 jian4 kang1 gong1) Luu Long|呂隆 luu3 long2 401-403 Shending (神鼎 shen2 ding3) 401-403
Southern Liang Kingdom 397 AD - 414 AD
Lie Zu (烈祖 lie4 zu3) Wu Wang (武王 wu3 wang2) Tufa Wu Gu|禿髮烏孤 tu1 fa3 wu1 gu1 397-399 Taichu (太初 tai4 chu1) 397-399
Did not exist Kang Wang (康王 kang1 wang2) Tufa Li Lu Gu|禿髮利鹿孤 tu1 fa3 li4 lu4 gu1 399-402 Jianhe (建和 jian4 he2) 399-402
Did not exist Jing Wang (景王 jing3 wang2) or Jing Wang (敬王 jing4 wang2) Tufa Ru Tan|禿髮(人+辱)檀 tu1 fa3 li4 ru? tan2 402-414 Hongchang (弘昌 hong2 chang1) 402-404
   Jiaping   (嘉平 jia1 ping2)   409-414
Northern Liang Kingdom 397-414 (as Kings of Gao Chang 442-460)
Did not exist Did not exist Duan Ye|段業 duan4 ye4 397-401 Shen Xi (神璽 shen2 xi3) 397-399
   Tian Xi (天璽 tian1 xi3) 399-401
Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3) Wu Xuan Wang (武宣王 wu3 xuan1 wang2) Ju Qu Meng Xun|沮渠蒙遜 ju3 qu2 meng2 xun4 401-433 Yongan (永安 yong3 an1) 401-412
   Xuanshi   (玄始 xuan2 shi3)   412-428

   Chengxuan (承玄 cheng2 xuan2) 428-430

   Yihe      (義和 yi4 he2)      430-433
Did not exist Ai Wang (哀王 ai1 wang2) Ju Qu Mu Jian|沮渠牧犍 ju3 qu2 mu4 jian1 433-439 Yonghe (永和 yong3 he2) 433-439
Did not exist Did not exist Ju Qu Wu Hui|沮渠無諱 ju3 qu2 wu2 hui4 442-444 Chengping (承平 cheng2 ping2) 442-443
   Ganshou   (乾壽 gan1 shou4)   443-444
Did not exist Did not exist Ju Qu An Zhou|沮渠安周 ju3 qu2 an1 zhou1 444-460 Chengping (承平 cheng2 ping2) 444-460
Western Liang Kingdom 400-421
Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3) Wu Zhao Wang (武昭王 wu3 zhao1 wang2) Li Gao|李暠 li3 gao3 400-417 Gengzi (庚子 geng1 zi5) 400-405
   Jianchu (建初 jian4 chu1)   406-417
Did not exist Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3) Li Xin|李歆 li3 xin1 417-420 Jiaxing (嘉興 jia1 xing1) 417-420
Did not exist Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3) Li Xun|李恂 li3 xun2 420-421 Yongjian (永建 yong3 jian4) 420-421
Former Qin Empire 351 AD - 394 AD
Gao Zu (高祖 gao1 zu3) Jing Ming Di (景明帝 jing3 ming2 di4) Fu Jian|苻健 fu2 jian4 351-355 Huangshi (皇始 huang2 shi3) 351-355
Did not exist Li Wang (厲王 li4 wang2) Fu Sheng|苻生 fu2 sheng1 355-357 Shouguang (壽光 shou4 guang1) 355-357
Shi Zu (世祖 shi4 zu3) Xuan Zhao Di (宣昭帝 xuan1 shao1 di4) Fu Jian|苻堅 fu2 jian1 357-385 Yongxing (永興 yong3 xing1) 357-359
   Ganlu    (甘露 gan1 lu4)    359-364

   Jianyuan (建元 jian4 yuan2) 365-385
Did not exist Ai Ping Di (哀平帝 ai1 ping2 di4) Fu Pi|苻丕 fu2 pi1 385-386 Taian (太安 tai4 an1) 385-386
Tai Zong (太宗 tai4 zong1) Gao Di (高帝 gao1 di4) Fu Deng|苻登 fu2 deng1 386-394 Taichu (太初 tai4 chu1) 385-394
Did not exist Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3) Fu Chong|苻崇 fu2 chong2 several months in 394 Yanchu (延初 yan2 chu1) 394
Later Qin Empire 384 AD - 417 AD
Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3) Wu Zhao Di (武昭帝 wu3 zhao1 di4) Yao Chang|姚萇 yao2 chang2 384-393 Bai Que(白雀 bai2 que4) 384-386
   Jianchu (建初 jian4 chu1) 386-393
Gao Zu (高祖 gao1 zu3) Wen Huan Di (文桓帝 wen2 huan2 di4) Yao Xing|姚興 yao2 xing1 394-416 Huangchu (皇初 huang2 chu1) 394-399
   Hongshi  (弘始 hong2 shi3) 399-416
Did not exist Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3) Yao Hong|姚泓 yao2 hong2 416-417 Yonghe (永和 yong3 he2) 416-417
Western Qin Kingdom 385-400,409-431
Lie Zu (烈祖 lie4 zu3) Xuan Lie Wang (宣烈王 xuan1 lie4 wang2) Qifu Guo Ren|乞伏國仁 qi3 fu2 guo2 ren2 385-388 Jianyi (建義 jian4 yi4) 385-388
Gao Zu (高祖 gao1 zu3) Wu Yuan Wang (武元王 wu3 yuan2 wang2) Qifu Gan Gui|乞伏乾歸 qi3 fu2 gan1 gui1 388-400,409-412 Taichu (太初 tai4 chu1) 388-400
   Gengshi (更始 geng4 shi3) 409-412
Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3) Wen Zhao Wang (文昭王 wen2 zhao1 wang2) Qifu Chi Pan|乞伏熾磐 qi3 fu2 chi4 pan2 388-400,409-412 Yongkang (永康 yong3 kang1) 412-419
   Jianhong (建弘 jian4 hong2) 420-428
Did not exist Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3) Qifu Mu Mo|乞伏暮末 qi3 fu2 mu4 mo4 428-431 Yonghong (永弘 yong3 hong2) 428-431
Xia Empire 407-431
Shi Zu (世祖 shi4 zu3) Wu Lie Di (武烈帝 wu3 lie4 di4) Helian Bo Bo|赫連勃勃 he4 lian2 bo2 bo2 407-425 Longsheng (龍升 long2 sheng1) 407-413
   Fengxiang (鳳翔 feng4 xiang2) 413-418

   Changwu   (昌武 chang1 wu3)   418-419

   Zhenxing  (真興 chen1 xing1)  419-425
Did not exist Qin Wang (秦王 qin2 wang2) Helian Chang|赫連昌 he4 lian2 chang1 425-428 Chengguang (承光 cheng2 guang1) 425-428
Did not exist Ping Yuan Wang (平原王 ping2 yuan2 wang2) Helian Ding|赫連定 he4 lian2 ding4 428-431 Shengguang (勝光 sheng4 guang1) 425-428




Sovereignties established by Chinese and Wu Hu but traditionally not counted in the Sixteen Kingdoms
Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號) Personal Names Period of Reigns Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years
Convention: use personal name
Ran Wei Kingdom 350-352 (addressed as Wei Kingdom in traditional texts)
Wu Dao Tian Wang (武道天王 wu3 dao4 tian1 wang2) Ran Min|冉閔 ran3 min3 350-352 Yongxing (永興 yong3 xing1) 350-352
Western Yan Empire 384-394
Wei Di (威帝 wei1 di4) Mu Rong Hong|慕容泓 mu4 rong2 hong2 384 Yanxing (燕興 yan4 xing1) 384
Did not exist Mu Rong Chong|慕容沖 mu4 rong2 chong1 384-386 Yanxing (燕興 yan4 xing1) 384-385
   Gengshi (更始 geng4 shi3)  385-386
Did not exist Duan Sui|段隨 duan4 sui2 386 Changping (昌平 chang1 ping2) 386
Did not exist Mu Rong Tao|慕容韜 mu4 rong2 tao1 386 Jianming (建明 jian4 ming2) 386
Did not exist Mu Rong Yao|慕容瑤 mu4 rong2 yao2 386 Jianping (建平 jian4 ping2) 386
Did not exist Mu Rong Zhong|慕容忠 mu4 rong2 zhong1 386 Jianwu (建武 jian4 wu3) 386
Did not exist Mu Rong Yong|慕容永 mu4 rong2 yong3 386-394 Zhongxing (中興 zhong1 xing1) 386-394
Shu Kingdom 405-413
Cheng Du Wang (成都王 cheng2 du1 wang2) Qiao Zong|譙縱 qiao2 zong4 405-413 Did not exist
Chieftains of Tiefu Tribe ( mid-3rd century-391 )
Did not exist Liu Qu Bei|劉去卑 liu2 qu4 bei1 mid 3rd century Did not exist
Did not exist Liu Gao Sheng Yuan|劉誥升爰 liu2 gao4 sheng1 yuan2 mid 3rd century - late 3rd century Did not exist
Did not exist Liu Hu|劉虎 liu2 hu3 early 4th century (309?) - 341 Did not exist
Did not exist Liu Wu Heng|劉務恒 liu2 wu4 heng2 341-356 Did not exist
Did not exist Liu E Lou Tou|劉閼陋頭 liu2 e4 lou4 tou2 356-358 Did not exist
Did not exist Liu Xi Wu Qi|劉悉勿祈 liu2 xi1 wu4 qi2 358-359 Did not exist
Did not exist Liu Wei Chen|劉衛辰 liu2 wei4 chen2 359-391 Did not exist
Chieftains of Yuwen Tribe ( late-3rd century-345 )
Did not exist Yuwen Mo Huai|宇文莫槐 yu3 wen2 mo4 huai2 late 3rd century-293 Did not exist
Did not exist Yuwen Pu Hui|宇文普回 yu3 wen2 pu3 hui2 or Yuwen Pu Bo|宇文普撥 yu3 wen2 pu3 bo1 293-late 3rd century Did not exist
Did not exist Yuwen Qiu Bu Quan|宇文丘不勤 yu3 wen2 qiu1 bu4 qin2 late 3rd century Did not exist
Did not exist Yuwen Mo Gui|宇文莫圭 yu3 wen2 mo4 gui1 late 3rd century (299?)- early 4th century (302?) Did not exist
Did not exist Yuwen Xi Du Guan|宇文悉獨官 yu3 wen2 xi1 du2 guan1 early 3rd century Did not exist
Did not exist Yuwen Qi De Gui|宇文乞得歸 yu3 wen2 qi3 de5 gui1 early 3rd century - 333 Did not exist
Did not exist Yuwen Yi Dou Gui|宇文逸豆歸 yu3 wen2 yi4 dou4 gui1 333-345 Did not exist
Dukes of Liaoxi 303-338
Did not exist Duan Wu Wu Chen|段務勿塵 duan4 wu4 wu4 chen2 303-310 or 311 Did not exist
Did not exist Duan Ji Lu Quan|段疾陸眷 duan4 ji2 lu4 juan4 310 or 311 - 318 Did not exist
Did not exist Duan She Fu Chen|段涉復辰 duan4 she4 fu4 chen2 318 Did not exist
Did not exist Duan Pi Di|段匹磾 duan4 pi3 di1 318-321 Did not exist
Did not exist Duan Mo Pei|段末柸 duan4 mo4 pei1 318-325 Did not exist
Did not exist Duan Ya|段牙 duan4 ya2 325 Did not exist
Did not exist Duan Liao|段遼 duan4 liao2 326-338 Did not exist
Chieftains, Dukes and Kings of Chouchi, Wuxing and Yinping (late 2nd century- mid 6th century (555?) )
First Phase of Chouchi (late 2nd century-371)
Did not exist Yang Teng|楊騰 yang2 teng2 late 2nd century- early 3rd century Did not exist
Did not exist Yang Ju|楊駒 yang2 ju1 early 3rd century Did not exist
Did not exist Yang Qian Wan|楊千萬 yang2 qian1 wan4 early 3rd century - mid 3rd century Did not exist
Did not exist Yang Fei Long|楊飛龍 yang2 fei1 long2 mid 3rd century - late 3rd century Did not exist
Did not exist Yang Mao Sou|楊茂搜 yang2 mao4 sou1 late 3rd century - 317 Did not exist
Did not exist Yang Nan Di|楊難敵 yang2 nan2 di2 317-334 Did not exist
Did not exist Yang Yi|楊毅 yang2 yi4 334-337 Did not exist
Did not exist Yang Chu|楊初 yang2 chu1 337-355 Did not exist
Did not exist Yang Guo|楊國 yang2 guo2 355-356 Did not exist
Did not exist Yang Jun|楊俊 yang2 jun4 356-360 Did not exist
Did not exist Yang Shi|楊世 yang2 shi4 360-370 Did not exist
Did not exist Yang Cuan|楊篡 yang2 cuan4 370-371 Did not exist
Second Phase of Chouchi 385-473
Wu Wang|武王 wu3 wang2 Yang Ding|楊定 yang2 ding4 385-394 Did not exist
Hui Wen Wang|惠文王 hui4 wen2 wang2 Yang Sheng|楊盛 yang2 sheng4 394-425 Did not exist
Xiao Zhao Wang|孝昭王 xiao4 zhao1 wang2 Yang Xuan|楊玄 yang2 xuan2 425-429 Did not exist
Did not exist Yang Bao Zong|楊保宗 yang2 bao3 zong1 429 and 443 Did not exist
Did not exist Yang Nan Dang|楊難當 yang2 nan2 dang1 429-441 Jianyi (建義 jian4 yi4) 436-440
Did not exist Yang Bao Chi|楊保熾 yang2 bao3 chi4 442-443 Did not exist
Did not exist Yang Wen De|楊文德 yang2 wen2 de2 443-454 Did not exist
Did not exist Yang Yuan He|楊元和 yang2 yuan2 he2 455-466 Did not exist
Did not exist Yang Seng Si|楊僧嗣 yang2 seng1 si4 466-473 Did not exist
Kings of Wuxing 473-506 and 534-555
Did not exist Yang Wen Du|楊文度 yang2 wen2 du4 473-477 Did not exist
Did not exist Yang Wen Hong|楊文弘 yang2 wen2 hong2 477-482 Did not exist
Did not exist Yang Hou Qi|楊後起 yang2 hou4 qi3 482-486 Did not exist
An Wang (安王 an1 wang2) Yang Ji Shi|楊集始 yang2 ji2 shi3 482-503 Did not exist
Did not exist Yang Shao Xian|楊紹先 yang2 shao4 xian1 503-506, 534-535 Did not exist
Did not exist Yang Zhi Hui|楊智慧 yang2 zhi4 hui4 535-545 Did not exist
Did not exist Yang Bi Xie|楊辟邪 yang2 bi4 xie2 545-553 Did not exist
Note: Yang Zhi Hui and Yang Bi Xie could be the same person
Kings of Yinping 477- mid 6th century
Did not exist Yang Guang Xiang|楊廣香 yang2 guang3 xiang1 477-483? Did not exist
Did not exist Yang Jiong|楊炯 yang2 jiong3 483-495 Did not exist
Did not exist Yang Chong Zu|楊崇祖 yang2 chong2 zu3 495-before 502 Did not exist
Did not exist Yang Meng Sun|楊孟孫 yang2 meng4 sun1 before 502-511 Did not exist
Did not exist Yang Ding|楊定 yang2 ding4 511- ? Did not exist
Chieftains of Tuoba Tribe 219-377 (as Kings of Dai 305?-377)
As a well known fact, Tuoba Family was the ruling family of Northern Wei Dynasty, founded by Tuoba Gui. Hence Table of Northern Wei Dynasty will start with him, not as a continuation of this table.
Note: All chieftains were revered as emperors in Weishu and Beishi which they never were. They were denoted here as 王(wang2) which was inherited by all successors of Tuoba Yi Lu.
Shen Yuan Wang|神元王 shen2 yuan2 wang2 Tuoba Li Wei|拓拔力微 tou4 ba2 li4 wei2 219-277 Did not exist
Note: His temple name was Shi Zu|始祖 shi2 zu3. Another column was not created since only he was the only chieftain before Tuoba Gui revered with a temple name
Zhang Wang|章王 zhang1 wang2 Tuoba Xi Lu|拓拔悉鹿 tou4 ba2 xi1 lu4 277-286 Did not exist
Ping Wang|平王 ping2 wang2 Tuoba Chuo|拓拔綽 tou4 ba2 chuo4 286-293 Did not exist
Si Wang|思王 si1 wang2 Tuoba Fu|拓拔弗 tou4 ba2 fu2 293-294 Did not exist
Zhao Wang|昭王 zhao1 wang2 Tuoba Lu Guan|拓拔祿官 tou4 ba2 lu4 guan1 294-307 Did not exist
Mu Wang|穆王 mu4 wang2 Tuoba Yi Tuo|拓拔猗(拖 without 手) tou4 ba2 yi1 tuo1 294-305 Did not exist
Mu Wang|穆王 mu4 wang2 Tuoba Yi Lu|拓拔猗盧 tou4 ba2 yi1 lu2 294-316 Did not exist
Did not exist Tuoba Pu Gen|拓拔普根 tou4 ba2 pu3 gen1 316 Did not exist
Did not exist Tuoba (no first name)|拓拔? tou4 ba2 ? 316 Did not exist
Ping Wen Wang|平文王 ping2 wen2 wang2 Tuoba Yu Luu|拓拔鬱律 tou4 ba2 yu4 luu4 316-321 Did not exist
Hui Wang|惠王 hui4 wang2 Tuoba He Ru|拓拔賀(人+辱) tou4 ba2 he4 ru3 321-325 Did not exist
Yang Wang|煬王 yang2 wang2 Tuoba He Na|拓拔紇那 tou4 ba2 he2 na3 325-329 and 335-337 Did not exist
Lie Wang|烈王 lie4 wang2 Tuoba Yi Huai|拓拔翳槐 tou4 ba2 yi4 huai2 329-335 and 337-338 Did not exist
Zhao Cheng Wang|昭成王 zhao1 cheng2 wang2 Tuoba Shi Yi Jian|拓拔什翼健 tou4 ba2 shi2 yi4 jian4 338-377 Jianguo (建國 jian4 guo2) 338-377




Sovereigns in the Period of Southern and Northern Dynasty
Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號) Personal Names Period of Reigns Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years
Northern dynasty
Northern Wei Dynasty 386-535
Convention: Northern Wei + posthumous name
As a well known fact Tuoba family changed their family name to 元(yuan2) during the reign of Xiao Wen Di in 496 so we will also change from there.
Dao Wu Di|道武帝 dao4 wu3 di4 Tuoba Gui|拓拔珪 tou4 ba2 gui1 386-409 Dengguo (登國 deng1 guo2) 386-396
   Huangshi (皇始 huang2 shi3) 396-398

   Tianxing (天興 tian1 xing1) 398-404

   Tianci   (天賜 tian1 ci4)   404-409
Ming Yuan Di|明元帝 ming2 yuan2 di4 Tuoba Si|拓拔嗣 tou4 ba2 si4 409-423 Yongxing (永興 yong3 xing1) 409-413
   Shenrui  (神瑞 shen2 rui4)  414-416

   Taichang (泰常 tai4 chang2) 416-423
Tai Wu Di|太武帝 tai4 wu3 di4 Tuoba Tao|拓拔燾 tou4 ba2 tao2 424-452 Shiguang (始光 shi3 guang1) 424-428
   Shenjia        (神麚 shen2 jia1)                  428-[{431]]

   Yanhe          (延和 yan2 he2)                    432-434

   Taiyan         (太延 tai4 yan2)                   435-440

   Taipingzhenjun (太平真君 tai4 ping2 zhen1 jun1)   440-451

   Zhengping      (正平 zheng4 ping2)                451-452
Nan An Wang|南安王 nan2 an1 wang2 Tuoba Yu|拓拔余 tou4 ba2 yu2 452 Yongping (永平 yong3 ping2) or Chengping (承平 cheng2 ping2) 452
Wen Cheng Di|文成帝 wen2 cheng2 di4 Tuoba Jun|拓拔濬 tou4 ba2 jun4 452-465 Xingan (興安 xing1 an1) 452-454
   Xingguang (興光 xing1 guang1) 454-455

   Taian     (太安 tai4 an1)     455-459

   Heping    (和平 he2 ping2)    460-465
Xian Wen Di|獻文帝 xian4 wen2 di4 Tuoba Hong|拓拔弘 tou4 ba2 hong2 466-471 Tianan (天安 tian1 an1) 466-467
   Huangxing (皇興 huang2 xing1) 467-471
Xiao Wen Di|孝文帝 xiao4 wen2 di4 Yuan Hong|元宏 yuan2 hong2 471-499 Yanxing (延興 yan2 xing1) 471-476
   Chengming (承明 cheng2 ming2) 476

   Taihe     (太和 tai4 he2)     477-499
Xuan Wu Di|宣武帝 xuan1 wu3 di4 Yuan Ke|元恪 yuan2 ke4 500-515 Jingming (景明 jing3 ming2) 500-503
   Zhengshi (正始 zheng4 shi3) 504-508

   Yongping (永平 yong3 ping2) 508-512

   Yanchang (延昌 yan2 chang1) 512-515
Xiao Ming Di|孝明帝 xiao4 ming2 di4 Yuan Xu|元詡 yuan2 xu3 516-528 Xiping (熙平 xi1 ping2) 516-518
   Shengui    (神龜 shen2 gui1)    518-520

   Zhengguang (正光 zheng4 guang1) 520-525

   Xiaochang  (孝昌 xiao4 chang1)  525-527

   Wutai      (武泰 wu3 tai4)      528
Xiao Zhuang Di|孝莊帝 xiao4 zhuang1 di4 Yuan Zi You|元子攸 yuan2 zi5 you1 528-530 Jianyi (建義 jian4 yi4) 436-440
   Yongan (永安 yong3 an1) 528-530
Chang Guang Wang|長廣王 chang2 guang3 wang2 or Jing Di|敬帝 jing4 di4 Yuan Ye|元曄 yuan2 ye4 530-531 Jianming (建明 jian4 ming2) 530-531
Jue Min Di|節閔帝 jie2 min3 di4 Yuan Gong|元恭 yuan2 gong1 531-532 Putai (普泰 pu3 tai4) 531-532
An Ding Wang|安定王 an1 ding4 wang2 or Chu Di|出帝 chu1 di4 Yuan Lang|元朗 yuan2 lang3 531-532 Zhongxing (中興 zhong1 xing1) 531-532
Xiao Wu Di|孝武帝 xiao1 wu3 di4 Yuan Xiu|元脩 yuan2 xiu1 532-535 Taichang (太昌 tai4 chang1) 532
   Yongxing (永興 yong3 xing1) 532

   Yongxi   (永熙 yong3 xi1)   532-535
Eastern Wei Dynasty 534-550
Convention: Eastern Wei + posthumous name
Xiao Jing Di|孝靜帝 xiao1 jing4 di4 Yuan Shan Jian|元善見 yuan2 shan4 jian4 534-550 Tianping (天平 tian1 ping2) 534-537
   Yuanxiang (元象 yuan2 xiang4) 538-539

   Xinghe    (興和 xing1 he2)    539-542

   Wuding    (武定 wu3 ding4)    543-550
Northern Qi Dynasty 550-577
Convention: Northern Qi + posthumous name
Wen Xuan Di|文宣帝 wen2 xuan1 di4 Gao Yang|高洋 gao1 yang2 550-559 Tianbao (天保 tain1 bao3) 550-559
Fei Di|廢孝 fei4 di4 Gao Yin|高殷 gao1 yin1 560 Gan Ming (乾明 gan1 ming2) 560
Xiao Zhao Di|孝昭帝 xiao1 zhao1 di4 Gao Yan|高演 gao1 yan3 560-561 Huangjian (皇建 huang2 jian4) 560-561
Wu Cheng Di|武成帝 wu3 cheng2 di4 Gao Zhan|高湛 gao1 zhan4 561-565 Taining (太寧 tai4 ning2) 561-562
   Heqing  (河清 he2 qing1)  562-565
Hou Zhu|後主 hou4 zhu3 Gao Wei|高緯 gao1 wei3 565-577 Tiantong (天統 tian1 tong3) 565-569
   Wuping   (武平 wu3 ping2)   570-576

   Longhua  (隆化 long2 hua3   576
You Zhu|幼主 you4 zhu3 Gao Heng|高恆 gao1 heng2 577 Chengguang (承光 cheng2 guang1) 577
Fan Yang Wang|范陽王 fan4 yang2 wang2 Gao Shao Yi|高紹義 gao1 shao4 yi4 577-579? Did not exist
Western Wei Dynasty 535-556
Convention: Western Wei + posthumous name
Wen Di|文帝 wen2 di4 Yuan Bao Ju|元寶炬 yuan2 bao3 ju4 535-551 Datong (大統 da4 tong3) 535-551
Fei Di|廢帝 fei4 di4 Yuan Qin|元欽 yuan2 qin1 552-554 Did not exist
Gong Di|恭帝 gong1 di4 Yuan Kuo|元廓 yuan2 kuo4 554-556 Did not exist
Northern Zhou Dynasty 557-581
Convention: Northern Zhou + posthumous name
Xiao Min Di|孝閔帝 xiao1 min3 di4 Yuwen Jue|宇文覺 yu3 wen2 jue2 557 Did not exist
Ming Di|明帝 ming2 di4 or Xiao Ming Di|孝明帝 xiao4 ming2 di4 Yuwen Yu|宇文毓 yu3 wen2 yu4 557-560 Wucheng (武成 wu3 cheng2) 559-560
Wu Di|武帝 wu3 di4 Yuwen Yong|宇文邕 yu3 wen2 yong1 561-578 Baoding (保定 bao3 ding4) 561-565
   Tianhe    (天和 tian1 he2)    566-572

   Jiande    (建德 jian4 de2)    572-578

   Xuanzheng (宣政 xuan1 zheng4) 578
Xuan Di|宣帝 xuan1 di4 Yuwen Yun|宇文贇 yu3 wen2 yun1 579 Dacheng (大成 da4 cheng2) 579
Jing Di|靜帝 jing4 di4 Yuwen Chan|宇文闡 yu3 wen2 chan3 579-581 Daxiang (大象 da4 xiang4) 579-581
   Dading  (大定 da4 ding4)  581
Southern dynasty 420-589
Song Dynasty (420-479)
Convention: Song + posthumous name, sometimes except Liu Yu who was referred using personal name.
Wu Di|武帝 wu3 jing4 di4 Liu Yu|劉裕 liu3 yu4 420-422 Yongchu (永初 yong3 chu1) 420-422
Shao Di|少帝 shao4 di4 Liu Yi Fu|劉義符 liu3 yi4 fu2 423-424 Jingping (景平 jing3 ping2) 423-424
Wen Di|文帝 wen2 di4 Liu Yi Long|劉義隆 liu3 yi4 long2 424-453 Yuanjia (元嘉 yaun2 jia1) 424-453
Xiao Wu Di|孝武帝 xiao1 wu3 di4 Liu Jun|劉駿 liu3 jun4 454-464 Xiaojian (元嘉 xiao1 jian4) 454-456
   Daming   (大明 da4 ming2)   457-464
Qian Fei Di|前廢孝 qian2 fei4 di4 Liu Zi Ye|劉子業 liu3 zi5 ye4 465 Yongguang (永光 yong3 guang1) 465
   Jinghe    (景和 jing3 he2)    465
Ming Di|明帝 ming2 di4 Liu Yu|劉彧 liu3 yu4 465-472 Taishi (泰始 tai4 shi3) 465-471
   Taiyu  (泰豫 tai4 yu4) 465-471
Hou Fei Di|後廢孝 hou4 fei4 di4 or Cang Wu Wang|蒼梧王 cang1 wu2 wang2 Liu Yu|劉昱 liu3 yu4 473-477 Yuanhui (元徽 yuan2 hui1) 473-477
Shun Di|順帝 shun4 di4 Liu Zhun|劉準 liu3 zhun3 477-479 Shengming (昇明 sheng1 ming2) 477-479
Qi Dynasty 479-502
Convention: Qi + posthumous name
Gao Di|高帝 gao1 di4 Xiao Dao Cheng|蕭道成 xiao1 dao4 cheng2 479-482 Jianyuan (建元 jian4 yuan2) 479-482
Wu Di|武帝 wu3 jing4 di4 Xiao Ze|蕭賾 xiao1 ze2 483-493 Yongming (永明 yong3 ming2) 420-422
Yu Lin Wang|鬱林王 yu4 lin2 wang2 Xiao Zhao Ye|蕭昭業 xiao1 zhao1 ye4 494 Longchang (隆昌 long2 chang1) 494
Hai Ling Wang (海陵王 hai3 ling2 wang2) Xiao Zhao Wen|蕭昭文 xiao1 zhao1 wen2 494 Yanxing (延興 yan2 xing1) 494
Ming Di|明帝 ming2 di4 Xiao Luan|蕭鸞 xiao1 luan2 484-498 Jianwu (建武 jian4 wu3) 484-498
   Yongtai (永泰 yong3 tai4) 498
Dong Hun Hou (東昏侯 dong1 hun1 hou2) Xiao Bao Juan|蕭寶卷 xiao1 bao3 juan3 499-501 Yongyuan] (永元 yong3 yuan2) 499-501
He Di|和帝 he2 di4 Xiao Bao Rong|蕭寶融 xiao1 bao3 rong2 501-502 Zhongxing (中興 zhong1 xing1) 531-532
Liang Dynasty 502-557
Convention: Liang + posthumous name
Wu Di|武帝 wu3 jing4 di4 Xiao Yan|蕭衍 xiao1 yan3 502-549 Tianjian (天監 tian1 jian1) 502-519
   Putong        (普通 pu3 tong1)            520-527

   Datong        (大通 da4 tong1)            527-529

   Zhongdatong   (中大通 zhong1 da4 tong1)   529-534

   Datong        (大同 da4 tong2)            535-546

   Zhongdatong   (中大同 zhong1 da4 tong2)   546-547

   Taiqing       (太清 tai4 qing1)           547-549
Jian Wen Di (簡文帝 jian3 wen2 di4) Xiao Gang|蕭綱 xiao1 gang1 549-551 Dabao (大寶 da4 bao3) 550-551
Yu Zhang Wang (豫章王 yu4 zhang1 wang2) Xiao Dong|蕭棟 xiao1 dong4 551-552 Tianzheng (天正 tian1 zheng4) 551-552
Yuan Di (元帝 yuan2 di4) Xiao Yi|蕭繹 xiao1 yi4 552-555 Chengsheng (承聖 cheng2 sheng4) 552-555
Zhen Yang Hou (貞陽侯 zhen1 yang2 hou2) Xiao Yuan Ming|蕭淵明 xiao1 yuan1 ming2 555 Tiancheng (天成 tian1 cheng2) 555
Jing Di|敬帝 jing4 di4 Xiao Fang Zhi|蕭方智 xiao1 fang1 zhi4 555-557 Shaotai (紹泰 shao4 tai4) 555-556
   Taiping (太平 tai4 ping2) 556-557
Chen Dynasty 557-589
Convention: Chen + posthumous name
Wu Di|武帝 wu3 di4 Chen Ba Xian|陳霸先 chen2 ba4 xian1 557-559 Yongding (永定 yong3 ding4) 557-559
Wen Di|文帝 wen2 di4 Chen Qian|陳蒨 chen2 qian4 560-566 Tianjia (天嘉 tian1 jia1) 560-566
   Tiankang (天康 tian1 kang1) 560-566
Fei Di|廢孝 fei4 di4 Chen Bo Zong|陳伯宗 chen2 bo2 zong1 567-568 Guangda (光大 guang1 da4) 567-568
Xuan Di|宣帝 xuan1 di4 Chen Xu|陳頊 chen2 xu1 569-582 Taijian (太建 tai4 jian4) 569-582
Hou Zhu|後主 hou4 zhu3 Chen Shu Bao|陳叔寶 chen2 shu2 bao3 583-589 Zhide (至德 zhi4 de2) 583-586
   Zhenming (禎明 zhen1 ming2) 587-589



Nan Liang Dynasty 555-587
Temple Names ( Miao Hao 廟號 miao4 hao4) Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號 ) Personal Names Period of Reigns Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years
Convention: Nan Liang + posthumous name
Note: some historians set Nan Liang as a continuation of Liang Dynasty since it was found by descendents of the Xiao's, ruling family of Liang Dynasty.
Zhong Zong (中宗 zhong1 zong1) Xuan Di|宣帝 xuan1 di4 Xiao Cha|蕭察 xiao1 cha2 555-562 Dading (大定 da4 ding4) 555-562
Shi Zong (世4宗 zhong1 zong1) Xiao Ming Di|孝明帝 xiao4 ming2 di4 Xiao Kui|蕭巋 xiao1 kui1 562-585 Tianbao (天保 tian1 bao3) 562-585
Did not exist Xiao Jing Di|孝靜帝 xiao4 jing4 di4 or Ju Gong|莒公 ju3 gong1 Xiao Cong|蕭琮 xiao1 cong2 585-587 Guangyun (廣運 guang3 yun4) 562-585




Sui Dynasty 581-618
Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號 ) Personal Names Period of Reigns Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years
Convention: "Sui" + posthumous name
Wen Di|文帝 wen2 di4 Yang Jian|楊堅 yang2 jian1 581-604 Kaihuang (開皇 kai1 huang2) 581-600
   Renshou  (仁壽 ren2 shou4)  601-604
Yang Di|煬帝 yang2 di4 Yang Guang|楊廣 yang2 guang3 605-617 Daye (大業 da4 ye4) 605-617
Gong Di|恭帝 gong1 di4 Yang You|楊侑 yang2 you4 617-618 Yining (義寧 yi4 ning2) 617-618




Tang Dynasty 618-690, 705-907
Temple Names ( Miao Hao 廟;號 ) Personal Names Period of Reigns Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years
Convention: "Tang" + temple name
Gao Zu (高祖 gao1 zu3) Li Yuan|李淵 li3 yuan1 618-626 Wude (武德 wu3 de2) 618-626
Tai Zong (太宗 tai4 zong1) Li Shi Min|李世民 li3 shi4 min2 627-649 Zhenguan (貞觀 zhen1 guan1) 627-649
Gao Zong (高宗 gao1 zong1) Li Zhi |李治 li3 zhi4 650-683 Yonghui (永徽 yong3 hui1) 650-655
   Xianqing  (顯慶 xian3 qing4)  656-661

   Longshuo  (龍朔 long2 shuo4)  661-663

   Linde     (麟德 lin2 de2)     664-665

   Ganfeng   (乾封 gan1 feng1)   666-668

   Zongzhang (總章 zong3 zhang1) 668-670

   Xianning  (咸寧 xian2 ning2)  670-671

   Shangyuan (上元 shang4 yuan2) 674-676

   Yifeng    (儀鳳 yi2 feng4)    676-679

   Tiaolu    (調露 tiao2 lu4)    679-680

   Yonglong  (永隆 yong3 long2)  680-681

   Kaiyao    (開耀 kai1 yao4)    681-682

   Yongchun  (永淳 yong3 chun2)  682-683

   Hongdao   (弘道 hong2 dao4)   683
Zhong Zong (中宗 zhong1 zong1) Li Xian|李顯 li3 xian3 or Li Zhe|李哲 li3 zhe2 684, 705-710 Sisheng (嗣聖 si4 sheng4) 684
   Shenlong (神龍 shen2 long2) 705-707

   Jinglong (景龍 jing3 long2) 707-710<be>
Rui Zong (睿宗 rui4 zong1) Li Dan|李旦 li3 dan4 684, 710-712 Wenming (文明 wen2 ming2) 684
   Jingyun (景雲 jing3 yun2) 710-711

   Taiji   (太極 tai4 ji2)   712

   Yanhe   (延和 yan2 he2)   712
Wu Hou (武后 wu3 hou4) Wu Ze Tian|武則天 wu3 ze2 tian1 684-705 Guangzhai (光宅 guang1 zhai2) 684
   Chuigong  (垂拱 chui2 gong3)  685-688

   Yongchang (永昌 yong3 chang1) 689

   Zaichu    (載初 zai4 chu1)    690
Zhou Dynasty (690 AD - 705 AD)
Convention: use personal name
Wu Hou (武后 wu3 hou4) Wu Ze Tian|武則天 wu3 ze2 tian1 684-705 Tianshou (天授 tian1 shou4) 690-692
   Ruyi           (如意 ru2 yi4)                   692

   Changshou      (長壽 chang2 shou4)              692-694

   Yanzai         (延載 yan2 zai4)                 694

   Zhengsheng     (證聖 zheng4 sheng4)             695

   Tiancewansui   (天冊萬歲 tian1 ce4 wan4 sui4)   695-696

   Wansuidengfeng (萬歲登封 wan4 sui4 deng1 feng1) 696

   Wansuitongtian (萬歲通天 wan4 sui4 tong1 tian1) 696-697

   Shengong       (神功 shen2 gong1)               697

   Shengli        (聖曆 sheng4 li4)                698-700
 
   Jiushi         (久視 jiu3 shi4)                 [[700}
  
   Daju           (大足 da4 ju2)                   701

   Changan        (長安 chang2 an1)                701-705
Shao Di (少帝 shao4 di4) Li Chong Mao|李重茂 li3 chong2 mao4 710 Tanglong (唐隆 tang2 long2) 710
Xuan Zong (玄宗 xuan2 zong1) Li Long Ji|李龍基 li3 long2 ji1 684, 710-712 Xiantian (先天 xian1 tian1) 712-713
   Kaiyuan  (開元 kai1 yuan2)  713-741

   Tianbao  (天寶 tian1 bao3)  742-756
Su Zong (肅宗 su4 zong1) Li Heng|李亨 li3 heng1 756-762 Jide (至德 zhi4 de2) 756-758
   Ganyuan   (乾元 gan1 yuan2)   758-760

   Shangyuan (上元 shang4 yuan2) 760-761
Dai Zong (代宗 dai4 zong1) Li Yu|李豫 li3 yu4 762-779 Baoying (寶應 bao3 ying4) 762-763
   Guangde (廣德 guang3 de2) 763-764

   Yongtai (永泰 yong3 tai4) 765-766

   Dali    (大曆 da4 li4)    766-779
De Zong (德宗 de2 zong1) Li Gua|李适 li3 gua1 780-805 Jianzhong (建中 1jian4 zhong1) 780-783
   Xingyuan  (興元 xing1 yuan2)   784

   Zhenyuan  (貞元 zhen1 yuan2)   785-805
Shun Zong (順宗 shun4 zong1) Li Song|李誦 li3 song4 805 Yongzhen (永貞 yong3 zhen1) 805
Xian Zong (憲宗 xian4 zong1) Li Chun|李純 li3 chun2 806-820 Yuanhe (元和 yuan2 he2) 806-820
Mu Zong (穆宗 mu4 zong1) Li Heng|李恆 li3 heng2 821-824 Changqing (長慶 chang2 qing4) 821-824
Jing Zong (敬宗 jing4 zong1) Li Zhan|李湛 li3 zhan4 824-826 Baoli (寶曆 bao3 li4) 824-826
Wen Zong (文宗 wen2 zong1) Li Ang|李昂 li3 ang2 826-840 Baoli (寶曆 bao3 li4) 826
   Dahe  (大和 da4 he2) or Taihe (tai4 he2 太和) 827-835

   Kaicheng (開成 kai1 cheng2)                   836-840
Wu Zong (武宗 wu3 zong1) Li Yan|李炎 li3 yan2 840-846 Huichang (會昌 hui4 chang1) 840-846
Xuan Zong (宣宗 xuan1 zong1) Li Chen|李忱 li3 chen2 846-859 Dachong (大中 da4 chong1) 847-859
Yi Zong (懿宗 yi4 zong1) Li Cui|李漼 li3 cui3 859-873 Dachong (大中 da4 chong1) 859
   Xiantong (咸通 xian2 tong1) 860-873
Xi Zong (僖宗 xi1 zong1) Li Xuan|李儇 li3 xuan1 873-888 Xiantong (咸通 xian2 tong1) 873
   Ganfu     (乾符 gan1 fu2)     874-879

   Guangming (廣明 guang3 ming2) 880-881

   Zhonghe   (中和 zhong1 he2)   881-885

   Guangqi   (光啟 guang1 qi3)   885-888

   Wende     (文德 wen2 de2)     888
Zhao Zong (昭宗 zhao1 zong1) Li Ye|李曄 li3 ye4 888-904 Longji (龍紀 long2 ji4) 889
   Dashun   (大順 da4 shun4)   890-891

   Jingfu   (景福 jing3 fu2)   892-893

   Ganning  (乾寧 gan1 ning2)  894-898

   Guanghua (光化 guang1 hua4) 898-901

   Tianfu   (天復 tian1 fu4)   901-904

   Tianyou  (天佑 tian1 you4)  904
Ai Di (哀帝 ai1 di4) or 昭宣帝 zhao1 xuan1 di4 Li Zhu|李柷 li3 zhu4 904-907 Tianyou (天佑 tian1 you4) 904-907

As noted ib the guide at the top of the page, Shao Di (少帝 shao4 di4), Ai Di (哀帝 ai1 di4) and 昭宣帝 zhao1 xuan1 di4 are posthumous. A new column only for three commonly used posthumous name was not be created since other Tang emperors are commonly referred usng temple names.

Sovereigns in Period of Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms 907-960) the Five Dynasties Convention: name of dynasty + temple name or posthumous name Hou Liang Dynasty Tai Zu|太祖 tai4 zu3 Zhu Wen|朱溫 zhu1 wen1 907-912 Kaiping (開平 kai1 ping2) 907-911

   Ganhua  (乾化 gan1 hua4)  911-912exist

List of the Ming Emperors:

  • call sign of emporer, original name, (name of era, range of year)
  • 明太祖 朱元璋 (洪武 1368-1398)
  • 明惠帝 朱允炆 (建文 1399-1402)
  • 明成祖 朱棣 (永樂 1403-1424)
  • 明仁宗 朱高熾 (洪熙 1425)
  • 明宣宗 朱瞻基 (宣德 1426-1435)
  • 明英宗 朱祁鎮 (正統 1436-1449)
  • 明景帝 朱祁鈺 (景泰 1450-1456)
  • 明英宗 朱祁鎮 (天順 1457-1464) A rerun, same person as in 1436-1449
  • 明憲宗 朱見深 (成化 1465-1487)
  • 明孝宗 朱祐樘 (弘治 1488-1505)
  • 明武宗 朱厚照 (正德 1506-1521)
  • 明世宗 朱厚熜 (嘉靖 1522-1566)
  • 明穆宗 朱栽垢 (隆慶 1567-1572)
  • 明神宗 朱翊鈞 (萬歷 1573-1620)
  • 明光宗 朱常洛 (泰昌 1620)
  • 明熹宗 朱由校 (天啟 1621-1627)
  • 明思宗 朱由檢 (崇禎 1628-1644)


See also: Chinese History, Chinese Historiography, Mongols, Huns, Wu Hu, Xia dynasty, Shang dynasty, Zhou dynasty, Qin dynasty, Han dynasty, Three Kingdoms, Southern and Northern dynasties, Jin Dynasty (265-420) Northern Wei dynasty, Sui dynasty, Tang Dynasty, Song Dynasty, Liao Dynasty, Jin Dynasty (1115-1234), Yuan Dynasty, Ming Dynasty, Qing Dynasty, Sixteen Kingdoms Period of Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, List of reference tables

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