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User:Felix Wan/Draft/Penkyamp

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Penkyamp (拼音 in Jyutping: ping1 jam1) or Cantonese pinyin, is a transliteration system for writing Cantonese Chinese with the Latin alphabet. This system of Cantonese Romanization serves as the standard in Guangzhou, Hong Kong, Kuala Lumpur, Vancouver and San Francisco. On the other hand, the Linguistic Society Hong Kong adopts another Cantonese Romanization called Jyutping (sometimes spelled Jyutpin) (粵拼), that is used in some recently published Cantonese-English or English-Cantonese dictionaries.

The two systems are improvements from previous systems. Penkyamp reflects the vowel system of Cantonese more systematically than Jyutping by recognizing all long-short vowel contrasts, whereas Jyutping only recognizes short a and long a. Penkyamp indicates long and short vowels using the unique orthographic feature of altering the ending consonant of the shengmu. Penkyamp does not have the ambiguous distinction between "oe" and "eu" (as in Jyutping), and treats the two (not three) front-round vowels using the same silent vowel letter "e", placed before the substantial vowel, and categorizes the other front-round vowel (an underdeveloped one) as a short "o". Also, Penkyamp does not use the consonant "j", which is used in traditional Cantonese anglicization as "z" instead of "y" (as in Jyutping). However, in terms of practicality and visual esthetics Jyutping is not a clumsy or ugly system.

Drawing a parallel between Cantonese and Japanese, Penkyamp is analogous to the Nihon system whereas Jyutping to the Hepburn system.


Alphabet

A B C D E F G H I K L M N O P (q) S T U W Y Z

Shengmus (Consonants aided by International Phonetic Alphabets. In order to see proper display of IPA, you must download a Unicode font)

  • B [p] unaspirated
  • C [ts'] aspirated
  • D [t] un...
  • F [f]
  • G [k] un...
  • H [h]
  • K [k'] asp...
  • L [l]
  • M [m]
  • N [n]
  • P [p'] asp...
  • S [s]
  • T [t'] asp...
  • W [w]
  • Y [j]
  • Z [ts] un...

Special Attention

  • C is [ts'] as "tz" in Politzer.
  • Z [tz] is the unaspirated form of C.
  • q is a glottal stop, Arabic "hamsa", as it appears in Cantonese interjection lâq which is interchangeable with lâg.

Yunmus

Vowels:

  • long: A E I O U Eo Eu
  • short: Ah Eh Oh
  • diphthongs1: Ai Oi Ui Au Iu Ay Ey Oy Aw Ow
  • diphthongs2: single vowels and diphthongs1 preceded by semi-vowel u, such as uay as in guây (expensive)

Yunmus aided by International Phonetic Symbols

long

  • A [a] ("a" alone or followed by "g", "b", "d", "ng", "m", "n", "i", "u")
  • E [ɛ] open-mid front unrounded
  • I [i]
  • O [ɔ]open-mid back rounded
  • U [u]
  • Eo [ɶ] open-mid front rounded
  • Eu [y]

short

  • Ah [ɠ]open-mid back unrounded ("a" followed by "h", "k", "p", "t", "nk", "mp", "nt", "y", "w")
  • Eh [e] close-mid front unrounded ("e" followed by above)
  • Oh [o] close-mid back rounded ("o" followed by above)

diphthongs

  • Ai [ai]
  • Oi [ɔy]
  • Ui [uy]
  • Au [au]
  • Iu [iw]
  • Ay [ɠj]
  • Ey [ej]
  • Oy [øy] (ø is mid-close front rounded)
  • Aw [ɠu]
  • Ow [ow]

Short vowels are those in short yunmus, and long vowels in long yunmus. All short vowels are pronounced with tighter, smaller enclosure of lips than are their long counterparts.

Orthography

Long yunmus followed by consonants:

  • Ru:
    • Ab Ad Ag
  • Ping/shang/qu:
    • Am An Ang
    • Eg Eng
    • Ib Id Im In
    • Od Og On Ong
    • Ud Un

Short yunmus followed by consonants:

  • Ru:
    • Ap At Ak
  • P/S/Q:
    • Amp Ant Ank
    • Ek Enk
    • Ot Ok Ont Onk

Tones

  1. Yin1Ping2 or high Yin1Ru4 (Yamp1Penk4 cum high Yamp1Yap6): a1, ä (umlaut)
  2. Yin1Shang3(Yamp1Seong5): a2, ã (tilde)
  3. Yin1Qu4 or low Yin1Ru4 (Yamp1Hoy3 cum low Yamp1Yap6): a3, â (circumflex)
  4. Yang2Ping2(Yeong4Penk4): a4, a (plain)
  5. Yang2Shang3(Yeong4Seong5): a5, á (acute)
  6. Yang2Qu4(Yeong4Hoy3): a6, à (grave)

6 tones represented by numerical scales of pitch, "1" being the lowest, "6" the highest"

  • First: "Zäw" tone, scale= 66
  • Second: "Hãw" tone, scale= 35
  • Third: "Dîm" tone, scale= 44
  • Fourth: "Ho" tone, scale= 11
  • Fifth: "Mów", scale=24
  • Sixth: "Dòw", scale=22

Either the tone numbers 1-6 or the diacritic marks may be used

  • note: a shortcut for memorizing all 6 of them is a couplet:
Zaw1 Haw2 Dim3, Ho4 Mow2 Dow6
Zhou1 Kou3 Dian4, He2 Mu3 Du4 (Mandarin)
(周口店, 河姆渡)

Zhoukoudian is an archeological site near Beijing containing a 500,000 year old Homo Erectus habitat; Hemudu is a Zhejiang archeological site of Neolithic human activities

Sample

Text sample in the Standard Cantonese Penk3yamp1 (simplified chinese text are place holders for now):

trad. simp. pinyin Penkyamp meaning
北京 北京 Bei3 jing1 Bak1 genk1 Beijing
花花Hua1 Fa1 flower
寫寫Xie3 Se3 write
字字Zi4 Zi6 chinese character
我我Wo3 Ngo5 I, me
湖 湖 Hu2 Wu4 lake
靴靴Xue1 Heo1 boot
柱柱Zhu4 Ceu5 pillar
t s ba4 lah1 one of the interjections at the end of a sentence
壞壞Huai4 Wai6 bad
外外Wai4 Ngoi6 outside
背 背 Bei4 Bui3 back
教教Jiao1 Gau3 teach
腰 腰 Yao1 Yiu1 waist
肺 肺 Fei4 Fay3 lung
地地Di4 Dey6 ground
t s Zhui1 Zoy1 persue
狗狗Gou3 Gaw2 dog
路 路 Lu4 Low6 road
鴨 鴨 Ya1 Ngab3 duck
殺殺Sha1 Sad3 kill
百百Bai3 Bag3 hundred
三 三 San1 Sam1 three
慢慢Man4 Man6 slow
行 行 Xing2 Hang4 walk
劇 劇 Ju4 Keg6 drama
鏡鏡Jing4 Geng3 mirror
頁頁Ye4 Yib6 page
熱熱Re4 Yid6 hot
劍 劍 Jian4 Gim3 sword
線 線 Xian4 Sin3 thread
渴 渴 Ke3 Hod3 thirst
國 國 Guo2 Guog3 state,nation
岸 岸 An4 Ngon6 shore
幫幫Bang1 Bong1 help
活 活 Huo2 Wud6 to live
換 換 Huan4 Wun6 exchange, replace
急急Ji2 Gap1 hasty
失失Shi1 Sat1 lost
得 得 De2 Dak1 gain
心心Xin1 Samp1 heart
新新Xin1 Sant1 new
生生Sheng1 Sank1 student
食 食 Shi2 Sek6 to eat
精 精 Jing1 Zenk1 essence
出出Chu1 Cot1 outside
哭哭Ku1 Hok1 to cry, weep
信信Xin4 Sont3 to trust
中中Zhong1 Zonk1 middle


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