Wikipedia:WikiProject Chemicals/Chembox validation/VerifiedDataSandbox and Chlorodifluoromethane: Difference between pages

{{Short description|Chemical propellant and refrigerant}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}

| Watchedfields = changed

| verifiedrevid = 464366177

| ImageFile =

| ImageFileL1 = Chlorodifluoromethane-2D-skeletal.svg

| ImageSizeL1 =

| ImageFileR1 = Chlorodifluoromethane-3D-vdW.png

| ImageFile2 = Liquid R-22.png

| ImageSize2 = 250px

| ImageCaption2 = Liquefied chlorodifluoromethane boiling when exposed to STP

| PIN = Chloro(difluoro)methane <!-- Parentheses are used according to Subsection P-16.5.1.3 of Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry – IUPAC Recommendations and Preferred Names 2013 (Blue Book) -->

| OtherNames = Chlorodifluoromethane<br />Difluoromonochloromethane<br />Monochlorodifluoromethane<br />HCFC-22<br />R-22<br />Genetron 22<br />Freon 22<br />Arcton 4<br />Arcton 22<br />UN 1018<br />Difluorochloromethane<br />Fluorocarbon-22<br />Refrigerant 22

| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers

| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}

| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}

| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}

| UNII = ZFO627O6CN

| EINECS = 200-871-9

| PubChem = 6372

| SMILES = ClC(F)F

| InChI = 1/CHClF2/c2-1(3)4/h1H

| RTECS = PA6390000

| KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|changed|kegg}}

| KEGG = C19361

| UNNumber = 1018

| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties

| Formula = CHClF₂

| MolarMass = 86.47{{nbsp}}g/mol

| Appearance = Colorless gas

| Odor = Sweetish<ref name=PGCH />

| Density = 3.66{{nbsp}}kg/m³ at 15{{nbsp}}°C, gas

| MeltingPtC = −175.42

| BoilingPtC = −40.7

| Solubility = 0.7799{{nbsp}}vol/vol at 25{{nbsp}}°C; 3.628{{nbsp}}g/L

| LogP = 1.08

| VaporPressure = 908{{nbsp}}kPa at 20{{nbsp}}°C

| HenryConstant = 0.033{{nbsp}}mol⋅kg⁻¹⋅bar⁻¹

| MagSus = −38.6·10⁻⁶ cm³/mol

| Section3 = {{Chembox Structure

| CrystalStruct =

| Coordination =

| MolShape = [[Tetrahedron|Tetrahedral]]

| Section4 = {{Chembox Hazards

| MainHazards = Dangerous for the environment ('''N'''), Central nervous system depressant, [[Carcinogen|Carc. Cat. 3]]

| GHSPictograms = {{GHS07}}

| GHSSignalWord = '''WARNING'''

| NFPA-H = 1

| NFPA-F = 0

| NFPA-R = 1

| NFPA-S =

| HPhrases = {{H-phrases|420}}

| PPhrases = {{P-phrases|202|262|271|403}}

| FlashPt = nonflammable

| FlashPt_ref = <ref name=PGCH />

| AutoignitionPtC = 632

| AutoignitionPt_notes =

| PEL = None<ref name=PGCH>{{PGCH|0124}}</ref>

| IDLH = N.D.<ref name=PGCH />

| REL = TWA 1000{{nbsp}}ppm (3500{{nbsp}}mg/m³) ST 1250{{nbsp}}ppm (4375{{nbsp}}mg/m³)<ref name=PGCH />

}}

}}

'''Chlorodifluoromethane''' or '''difluoromonochloromethane''' is a [[hydrochlorofluorocarbon]] (HCFC). This colorless gas is better known as '''HCFC-22''', or '''R-22''', or {{chem|C|H|Cl|F|2}}. It was commonly used as a [[propellant]] and [[refrigerant]]. These applications were phased out under the [[Montreal Protocol]] in [[Developed country|developed countries]] in 2020 due to the compound's [[ozone depletion potential]] (ODP) and high [[global warming potential]] (GWP), and in [[developing countries]] this process will be completed by 2030. R-22 is a versatile intermediate in industrial [[organofluorine chemistry]], e.g. as a precursor to [[tetrafluoroethylene]].

[[File:R22 - Chlorodifluoromethane Cylinder.png|thumb|R22 - Chlorodifluoromethane Cylinder]]

== Production and current applications ==

Worldwide production of R-22 in 2008 was about 800{{nbsp}}Gg per year, up from about 450{{nbsp}}Gg per year in 1998, with most production in developing countries.<ref name=increase>{{cite news |last1=Rosenthal |first1=Elisabeth |last2=Lehren |first2=Andrew W. |title=Relief in Every Window, but Global Worry Too |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=20 June 2012 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/21/world/asia/global-demand-for-air-conditioning-forces-tough-environmental-choices.html |access-date=21 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120621011050/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/21/world/asia/global-demand-for-air-conditioning-forces-tough-environmental-choices.html |archive-date=21 June 2012}}</ref> R-22 use is being phased out in developing countries, where it is largely used for [[air conditioning]] applications.

R-22 is prepared from [[chloroform]]:

:HCCl₃ + 2 HF → HCF₂Cl + 2 HCl

An important application of R-22 is as a precursor to [[tetrafluoroethylene]]. This conversion involves [[pyrolysis]] to give [[difluorocarbene]], which dimerizes:<ref>{{Ullmann |first1=Günter |last1=Siegemund |first2=Werner |last2=Schwertfeger |first3=Andrew |last3=Feiring |first4=Bruce |last4=Sart |first5=Fred |last5=Behr |first6=Herward |last6=Vogel |first7=Blaine |last7=McKusick |title=Fluorine Compounds, Organic |year=2002 |doi=10.1002/14356007.a11_349}}</ref>

:2 CHClF₂ → C₂F₄ + 2 HCl

The compound also yields difluorocarbene upon treatment with strong base and is used in the laboratory as a source of this reactive intermediate.

The pyrolysis of R-22 in the presence of [[chlorofluoromethane]] gives [[hexafluorobenzene]].

== Environmental effects ==

R-22 is often used as an alternative to the highly ozone-depleting [[CFC-11]] and [[CFC-12]], because of its relatively low ozone depletion potential of 0.055,<ref>The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. UNEP, 2000. {{ISBN|92-807-1888-6}}</ref> among the lowest for [[chlorine]]-containing [[haloalkane]]s. However, even this lower ozone depletion potential is no longer considered acceptable.

As an additional environmental concern, R-22 is a powerful [[greenhouse gas]] with a GWP equal to 1810 (which indicates 1810 times as powerful as [[carbon dioxide]]). [[Hydrofluorocarbons]] (HFCs) are often substituted for R-22 because of their lower ozone depletion potential, but these refrigerants often have a higher GWP. [[R-410A]], for example, is often substituted, but has a GWP of 2088. Another substitute is [[List of refrigerants|R-404A]] with a GWP of 3900. Other substitute refrigerants are available with low GWP. [[Ammonia]] (R-717), with a GWP of <1, remains a popular substitute on fishing vessels and large industrial applications. Ammonia's toxicity in high concentrations limit its application in small-scale refrigeration applications.

[[Propane]] (R-290) is another example, and has a GWP of 3. Propane was the de facto refrigerant in systems smaller than industrial scale before the introduction of CFCs. The reputation of propane refrigerators as a fire hazard kept delivered ice and the ice box the overwhelming consumer choice despite its inconvenience and higher cost until safe CFC systems overcame the negative perceptions of refrigerators. Illegal to use as a refrigerant in the US for decades, propane is now permitted for use in limited mass suitable for small refrigerators. It is not lawful to use in air conditioners or larger refrigerators because of its flammability and potential for explosion.

{{gallery

|align=center |mode=packed

|File:HCFC-22 mm.png

|HCFC-22 measured by the Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment ([http://agage.mit.edu/ AGAGE]) in the lower atmosphere ([[troposphere]]) at stations around the world. Abundances are given as pollution free monthly mean mole fractions in [[Parts-per notation|parts-per-trillion]].

|File:HCFC22 concentration.jpg

|Growth of R-22 (CFC-22) abundance in Earth's atmosphere since year 1992.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/hats/gases/HCFC22.html |title=HCFC-22 (Chlorodifluoromethane) |publisher=NOAA Earth System Research Laboratories/Global Monitoring Division |access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref>

{{clear|left}}

== Phaseout in the European Union ==

[[File:Container 【 2?T? 】 GRPU 918195(3)---No,2 【 Pictures taken in Japan 】.jpg|thumb|Shipping container for the gas in Japan.]]

Since 1 January 2010, it has been illegal to use newly manufactured HCFCs to service refrigeration and air-conditioning equipment; only reclaimed and recycled HCFCs may be used. In practice this means that the gas has to be removed from the equipment before servicing and replaced afterwards, rather than refilling with new gas.

Since 1 January 2015, it has been illegal to use any HCFCs to service refrigeration and air-conditioning equipment; broken equipment that used HCFC refrigerants must be replaced with equipment that does not use them.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/394852/fgas-rac8-hcfc-phase-out.pdf |title=Guidance for Stationary Refrigeration & Air-Conditioning |publisher=[[Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs]] |access-date=8 September 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310132126/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/394852/fgas-rac8-hcfc-phase-out.pdf |archive-date=10 March 2016}}</ref>

== Phaseout in the United States ==

R-22 was mostly phased out in new equipment in the United States by regulatory action by the EPA under the Significant New Alternatives Program (SNAP) by rules 20 and 21 of the program,<ref>{{Cite web |title=SNAP Regulations |date=4 November 2014 |url=https://www.epa.gov/snap/snap-regulations |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151010024346/http://www2.epa.gov:80/snap/snap-regulations |archive-date=10 October 2015}}</ref> due to its high global warming potential. The EPA program was consistent with the Montreal Accords, but international agreements must be ratified by the US Senate to have legal effect. A 2017 decision of the US Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mexichem Fluor, Inc. v. EPA |url=https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/cadc/15-1328/15-1328-2017-08-08.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817113101/http://law.justia.com:80/cases/federal/appellate-courts/cadc/15-1328/15-1328-2017-08-08.html |archive-date=17 August 2017}}</ref> held that the US EPA lacked authority to regulate the use of R-22 under SNAP. In essence the court ruled the EPA's statutory authority<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ozone Protection under Title VI of the Clean Air Act |date=14 July 2015 |url=https://www.epa.gov/ozone-layer-protection/ozone-protection-under-title-vi-clean-air-act |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125194222/http://www.epa.gov:80/ozone-layer-protection/ozone-protection-under-title-vi-clean-air-act |archive-date=25 January 2016}}</ref> was for ozone reduction, not global warming. The EPA subsequently issued guidance to the effect that the EPA would no longer regulate R-22. A 2018 ruling<ref>{{Cite web |title=Natural Resources Defense Council v. EPA |url=https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/ca2/19-2896/19-2896-2020-04-01.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210205829/https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/ca2/19-2896/19-2896-2020-04-01.html |archive-date=10 December 2020}}</ref> by the same court held that the EPA failed to conform with required procedure when it issued its guidance pursuant to the 2017 ruling, voiding the guidance, but not the prior ruling that required it. The refrigeration and air conditioning industry had already discontinued production of new R-22 equipment. The practical effect of these rulings is to reduce the cost of imported R-22 to maintain aging equipment, extending its service life, while preventing the use of R-22 in new equipment.

=== R-22, retrofit using substitute refrigerants ===

{{See also|Refrigerant#Notable blends}}

The energy efficiency and system capacity of systems designed for R-22 is slightly greater using R-22 than the available substitutes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=THEORETICAL EVALUATION OF R22 AND R502 ALTERNATIVES |url=https://www.ahrinet.org/App_Content/ahri/files/RESEARCH/Technical%20Results/MCLR-Program/Theoretical%20Evaluation%20of%20R22%20and%20R502%20Alternatives-Domanski%20and%20Didion-1993-DOE-CE-23810-7.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405220003/http://ahrinet.org/App_Content/ahri/files/RESEARCH/Technical%20Results/MCLR-Program/Theoretical%20Evaluation%20of%20R22%20and%20R502%20Alternatives-Domanski%20and%20Didion-1993-DOE-CE-23810-7.pdf |archive-date=5 April 2015}}</ref>

[[R-407A]] is for use in low- and medium-temp refrigeration. Uses a [[polyolester]] (POE) oil.

[[R-407C]] is for use in air conditioning. Uses a minimum of 20 percent POE oil.

R-407F and R-407H are for use in medium- and low-temperature refrigeration applications (supermarkets, cold storage, and process refrigeration); direct expansion system design only. They use a POE oil.

R-421A is for use in "air conditioning split systems, heat pumps, supermarket pak systems, dairy chillers, reach-in storage, bakery applications, refrigerated transport, self-contained display cabinets, and walk-in coolers". Uses [[mineral oil]] (MO), Alkylbenzene (AB), and POE.

R-422B is for use in low-, medium-, and high-temperature applications. It is not recommended for use in flooded applications.

R-422C is for use in medium- and low-temperature applications. The TXV power element will need to be changed to a 404A/507A element and critical seals (elastomers) may need to be replaced.

R-422D is for use in low-temp applications, and is mineral oil compatible.

R-424A is for use in air conditioning as well as medium-temp refrigeration temperature ranges of 20 to 50˚F. It works with MO, [[alkylbenzene]]s (AB), and POE oils.

R-427A is for use in air conditioning and refrigeration applications. It does not require all the mineral oil to be removed. It works with MO, AB, and POE oils.

R-434A is for use in water cooled and process chillers for air conditioning and medium- and low-temperature applications. It works with MO, AB, and POE oils.

R-438A (MO-99) is for use in low-, medium-, and high-temperature applications. It is compatible with all lubricants.

<ref>[http://refrigerantauthority.com/blog/retrofit-round-up-plenty-of-options/ Retrofit Refrigerants] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130624202344/http://refrigerantauthority.com/blog/retrofit-round-up-plenty-of-options/ |date=24 June 2013 }}</ref>

R-458A is for use in air conditioning and refrigeration applications, without capacity or efficiency loss. Works with MO, AB, and POE oils.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2017/07/21/2017-15379/protection-of-stratospheric-ozone-determination-33-for-significant-new-alternatives-policy-program |title=Protection of Stratospheric Ozone: Determination 33 for Significant New Alternatives Policy Program |date=21 July 2017}}</ref>

R-32 or HFC-32 ([[difluoromethane]]) is for use in air conditioning and refrigeration applications. It has zero ozone depletion potential (ODP) [2] and a global warming potential (GWP) index 675 times that of carbon dioxide.

== Physical properties ==

{| class="wikitable"

! Property

! Value

|-

| [[Density]] (ρ) at −69&nbsp;°C (liquid)

| 1.49{{nbsp}}g⋅cm⁻³

|-

| [[Density]] (ρ) at −41&nbsp;°C (liquid)

| 1.413{{nbsp}}g⋅cm⁻³

|-

| [[Density]] (ρ) at −41&nbsp;°C (gas)

| 4.706&nbsp;kg⋅m⁻³

|-

| [[Density]] (ρ) at 15&nbsp;°C (gas)

| 3.66&nbsp;kg⋅m⁻³

|-

| Specific gravity at 21&nbsp;°C (gas)

| 3.08 ([[air]] is 1)

|-

| [[Specific volume]] (ν) at 21&nbsp;°C (gas)

| 0.275{{nbsp}}m³⋅kg⁻¹

|-

| [[Density]] (ρ) at 15&nbsp;°C (gas)

| 3.66&nbsp;kg⋅m⁻³

|-

| [[Triple point]] temperature (T_t)

| −157.39&nbsp;°C (115.76{{nbsp}}K)

|-

| [[Critical temperature]] (T_c)

| 96.2&nbsp;°C (369.3{{nbsp}}K)

|-

| Critical pressure (p_c)

| 4.936{{nbsp}}MPa (49.36{{nbsp}}bar)

|-

| Vapor pressure at 21.1&nbsp;°C (p_c)

| 0.9384{{nbsp}}MPa (9.384{{nbsp}}bar)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://frogen.co.uk/product/frogen-r22/ |title=Frogen R-22 – Frogen UK: Refrigerant and Cooling Specialists |website=frogen.co.uk |access-date=23 April 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125194205/http://frogen.co.uk/product/frogen-r22/ |archive-date=25 January 2017}}</ref>

|-

| Critical density (ρ_c)

| 6.1&nbsp;mol⋅l⁻¹

|-

| [[Latent heat of vaporization]] (l_v) at boiling point (−40.7&nbsp;°C)

| 233.95{{nbsp}}kJ⋅kg⁻¹

|-

| [[Specific heat capacity|Heat capacity]] at constant pressure (C_p) at 30&nbsp;°C (86&nbsp;°F)

| 0.057{{nbsp}}kJ.mol⁻¹⋅K⁻¹

|-

| [[Specific heat capacity|Heat capacity]] at constant volume (C_v) at 30&nbsp;°C (86&nbsp;°F)

| 0.048{{nbsp}}kJ⋅mol⁻¹⋅K⁻¹

|-

| [[Heat capacity ratio]] (γ) at 30&nbsp;°C (86&nbsp;°F)

| 1.178253

|-

| [[Compressibility factor]] (Z) at 15&nbsp;°C

| 0.9831

|-

| [[Acentric factor]] (ω)

| 0.22082

|-

| [[Molecular dipole moment]]

| 1.458{{nbsp}}D

|-

| [[Viscosity]] (η) at 0&nbsp;°C

| 12.56{{nbsp}}μPa⋅s (0.1256{{nbsp}}cP)

|-

| [[Ozone depletion potential]] (ODP)

| 0.055 ([[Trichlorofluoromethane|CCl₃F]] is 1)

|-

| [[Global warming potential]] (GWP)

| 1810 ([[Carbon dioxide|CO₂]] is 1)

|}

It has two [[allotrope]]s: crystalline II below 59{{nbsp}}K and crystalline I above 59{{nbsp}}K and below 115.73{{nbsp}}K.

[[File:R22_ph.gif|thumb|The pressure-enthalpy properties of R22, obtained using [[REFPROP]] version 9.0 and the [[International Institute of Refrigeration]] reference.]]

{| class="wikitable"

|+Thermal and physical properties of saturated liquid refrigerant 22:<ref>{{Cite book |last=Holman |first=Jack P. |title=Heat Transfer |publisher=McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-07-240655-9 |edition=9th |location=New York, NY |pages=600–606 |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Incropera 1 Dewitt 2 Bergman 3 Lavigne 4 |first=Frank P. 1 David P. 2 Theodore L. 3 Adrienne S. 4 |title=Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer |publisher=John Wiley and Sons, Inc. |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-471-45728-2 |edition=6th |location=Hoboken, NJ |pages=941–950 |language=English}}</ref>

!Temperature (K)

!Density (kg/m^3)

!Specific heat (kJ/kg K)

!Dynamic viscosity (kg/m s)

!Kinematic viscosity (m^2/s)

!Conductivity (W/m K)

!Thermal diffusivity (m^2/s)

!Prandtl Number

!Bulk modulus (K^-1)

|+

|230

|1416

|1.087

|3.56E-04

|2.51E-07

|0.1145

|7.44E-08

|3.4

|0.00205

|-

|240

|1386.6

|1.1

|3.15E-04

|2.27E-07

|0.1098

|7.20E-08

|3.2

|0.00216

|-

|250

|1356.3

|1.117

|2.80E-04

|2.06E-07

|0.1052

|6.95E-08

|3

|0.00229

|-

|260

|1324.9

|1.137

|2.50E-04

|1.88E-07

|0.1007

|6.68E-08

|2.8

|0.00245

|-

|270

|1292.1

|1.161

|2.24E-04

|1.73E-07

|0.0962

|6.41E-08

|2.7

|0.00263

|-

|280

|1257.9

|1.189

|2.01E-04

|1.59E-07

|0.0917

|6.13E-08

|2.6

|0.00286

|-

|290

|1221.7

|1.223

|1.80E-04

|1.47E-07

|0.0872

|5.83E-08

|2.5

|0.00315

|-

|300

|1183.4

|1.265

|1.61E-04

|1.36E-07

|0.0826

|5.52E-08

|2.5

|0.00351

|-

|310

|1142.2

|1.319

|1.44E-04

|1.26E-07

|0.0781

|5.18E-08

|2.4

|0.004

|-

|320

|1097.4

|1.391

|1.28E-04

|1.17E-07

|0.0734

|4.81E-08

|2.4

|0.00469

|-

|330

|1047.5

|1.495

|1.13E-04

|1.08E-07

|0.0686

|4.38E-08

|2.5

|0.00575

|-

|340

|990.1

|1.665

|9.80E-05

|9.89E-08

|0.0636

|3.86E-08

|2.6

|0.00756

|-

|350

|920.1

|1.997

|8.31E-05

|9.04E-08

|0.0583

|3.17E-08

|2.8

|0.01135

|-

|360

|823.4

|3.001

|6.68E-05

|8.11E-08

|0.0531

|2.15E-08

|3.8

|0.02388

|}

== Price history and availability ==

[[File:Refrigerants-Prices-Wikipedia-2016-08-25.svg|thumb|upright|Refrigerants price history]]

EPA's analysis indicated the amount of existing inventory was between 22,700t and 45,400t.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2013/04/03/2013-07758/protection-of-stratospheric-ozone-adjustments-to-the-allowance-system-for-controlling-hcfc |title=Protection of Stratospheric Ozone: Adjustments to the Allowance System for Controlling HCFC Production, Import, and Export |date=3 April 2013 |website=federalregister.gov |access-date=23 April 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304035544/https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2013/04/03/2013-07758/protection-of-stratospheric-ozone-adjustments-to-the-allowance-system-for-controlling-hcfc |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2013/04/03/2013-07758/protection-of-stratospheric-ozone-adjustments-to-the-allowance-system-for-controlling-hcfc#t-5 |title=Protection of Stratospheric Ozone: Adjustments to the Allowance System for Controlling HCFC Production, Import, and Export |date=3 April 2013 |website=federalregister.gov |access-date=23 April 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304035544/https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2013/04/03/2013-07758/protection-of-stratospheric-ozone-adjustments-to-the-allowance-system-for-controlling-hcfc#t-5 |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref>{{when?|date=June 2019}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;"

|-

! scope="col" | Year

! scope="col" | 2010

! scope="col" | 2011

! scope="col" | 2012

! scope="col" | 2013

! scope="col" | 2014

! scope="col" | 2015–2019

! scope="col" | 2020

|-

! scope="row" | R-22 Virgin (t)

| {{convert|{{#expr:1000000*110}}|lb|MT|sigfig=3|disp=number}} || {{convert|{{#expr:1000000*100}}|lb|MT|sigfig=3|disp=number}} || {{convert|{{#expr:1000000*55.4}}|lb|MT|sigfig=3|disp=number}} || {{convert|{{#expr:1000000*56.5}}|lb|MT|sigfig=3|disp=number}} || {{convert|{{#expr:1000000*44.5}}|lb|MT|sigfig=3|disp=number}} || {{abbr|TBD|To be determined}} || 0

|-

! scope="row" | R-22 Recoupment (t)

| -- || -- || -- || {{convert|{{#expr:1000000*6.5}}|lb|MT|sigfig=3|disp=number}} || {{convert|{{#expr:1000000*6.5}}|lb|MT|sigfig=3|disp=number}} || -- || --

|-

! scope="row" | R-22 Total (t)

| {{convert|{{#expr:1000000*110}}|lb|MT|sigfig=3|disp=number}} || {{convert|{{#expr:1000000*100}}|lb|MT|sigfig=3|disp=number}} || {{convert|{{#expr:1000000*55.4}}|lb|MT|sigfig=3|disp=number}} || {{convert|{{#expr:1000000*63.0}}|lb|MT|sigfig=3|disp=number}} || {{convert|{{#expr:1000000*51.0}}|lb|MT|sigfig=3|disp=number}} || -- || --

|}

In 2012 the EPA reduced the amount of R-22 by 45%, causing the price to rise by more than 300%. For 2013, the EPA has reduced the amount of R-22 by 29%.<ref>[http://www.specialtycoolingandheating.com/blog/2013/01/refrigerant-prices-continue-to-rise/ Specialty Cooling and Heating (Blog) January 22, 2013] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006094313/http://www.specialtycoolingandheating.com/blog/2013/01/refrigerant-prices-continue-to-rise/ |date=6 October 2013 }}</ref>{{clear}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}https://www.iiar.org/

== External links ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130816220005/http://www.dupont.com/content/dam/assets/corporate-functions/our-approach/sustainability/commitments/product-stewardship-regulator/articles/product-stewardship/documents/Chlorodifluoromethane%20R22%20Product%20Safety%20Summary.pdf MSDS from DuPont]

* {{ICSC|0049|00}}

* [http://www.epa.gov/iris/subst/0657.htm Data at Integrated Risk Information System: IRIS 0657]

* [https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0124.html CDC – NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards – Chlorodifluoromethane]

* [http://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=C75456&Units=SI&Mask=4#Thermo-Phase Phase change data at webbook.nist.gov]

* [https://www.nist.gov/kinetics/spectra/ir_spectra/CHF2Cl%20(HCFC-22)1.pdf IR absorption spectra] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071128163353/http://www.nist.gov/kinetics/spectra/ir_spectra/CHF2Cl%20(HCFC-22)1.pdf |date=28 November 2007 }}

* IARC summaries and evaluations: [http://www.inchem.org/documents/iarc/vol41/chlorodifluoromethane.html Vol. 41 (1986)], [http://www.inchem.org/documents/iarc/suppl7/chlordifluorometh.html Suppl. 7 (1987)], [http://www.inchem.org/documents/iarc/vol71/074-chlordiflmeth.html Vol. 71 (1999)]

{{Halomethanes}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Halomethanes]]

[[Category:Hydrochlorofluorocarbons]]

[[Category:Greenhouse gases]]

[[Category:Refrigerants]]

[[Category:Propellants]]

[[Category:Airsoft]]

[[Category:IARC Group 3 carcinogens]]

[[Category:Ozone-depleting chemical substances]]