Wikipedia:WikiProject Chemicals/Chembox validation/VerifiedDataSandbox and Perhexiline: Difference between pages

{{Short description|Chemical compound}}

| verifiedrevid = 464199017

| DrugBank_Ref = {{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}

| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}

| C=19 | H=35 | N=1

'''Perhexiline''' ('''Pexsig''') is a prophylactic [[antianginal agent]] used primarily in [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]]. Perhexiline is thought to act by inhibiting [[mitochondrial carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1]]. This shifts myocardial metabolism from fatty acid to glucose utilisation which results in increased ATP production for the same O₂ consumption and consequently increases myocardial efficiency. Its clinical use has been limited by its narrow [[therapeutic index]] and high inter- and intra-individual [[pharmacokinetics|pharmacokinetic]] variability. It was outlawed in many countries due to its adverse effects on [[poor metaboliser]]s (PM). The product has been reintroduced for patients who have [[contraindication]]s, or have not responded to other treatments for angina.

==Perhexiline metabolism==

The major route of perhexiline metabolism in humans is hydroxylation by microsomal [[CYP2D6]].<ref name="ref1">Sørensen, L. B., Sørensen, R. N., Miners, J. O., ''et al.'', Polymorphic hydroxylation of perhexiline ''in vitro''. ''British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology''. 55:635–8, (2003).</ref> The two main metabolites of perhexiline are the cis and trans isomers of hydroxyperhexiline.<ref name="ref1"/> CYP2D6 accounts for only a small percentage of total hepatic CYP450s but it is one of the main pathways for phase one metabolism of [[xenobiotic]]s.<ref name="ref2">Zanger, U.M., Raimundo, S., Eichelbaum, M., Cytochrome P450 2D6: overview and update on pharmacology, genetics, biochemistry. ''Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology''. 369: 23–37, (2003).</ref> The limited availability of CYP2D6 means perhexiline metabolism is a saturable process.<ref name="ref3">Morris, R.G., Sallustio, B.C., Saccoia, N.C., ''et al.'' Application of an improved HPLC perhexiline assay to human plasma specimens. ''Journal of Liquid Chromatography''.15:3219–32, (1992).</ref>

==Poor metabolisers==

It is estimated that 7–10% of Caucasians are CYP2D6 poor metabolisers (PMs).<ref name="ref4">Guttendorf, R.J., Wedlund, P.J., Genetic aspects of drug disposition and therapeutics. ''Journal of Clinical Pharmacology''. 32:107–17, (1992).</ref> Most PMs have an [[autosomal recessive]] [[Polymorphism (biology)|polymorphism]] in the CYP2D6 locus which results in the severely compromised metabolism of at least 25 drugs.<ref name="ref5">Gough, A.C., Miles, J.S., Spurr, N.K., ''et al.'' Identification of the primary gene defect at the cytochrome P450 CYP2D locus. ''Nature''. 347(6295):773-6, (1990).</ref> It is believed that there are hundreds of potential polymorphism which will result in a PM, some result in functionally deficient CYP2D6, while others cause the absence of CYP2D6.<ref name="ref6">Kagimoto M, Heim M, Kagimoto K, ''et al.'' Multiple mutations of the human cytochrome P450IID6 gene (CYP2D6) in poor metabolizers of debrisoquine. Study of the functional significance of individual mutations by expression of chimeric genes. ''[[Journal of Biological Chemistry]]''. 265(28):17209-14, (1990).</ref><ref name="ref7">Hanioka, N., Kimura, S., Meyer, U.A., ''et al.'' The human CYP2D locus associated with a common genetic defect in drug oxidation: a G1934----A base change in intron 3 of a mutant CYP2D6 allele results in an aberrant 3' splice recognition site. ''The American Journal of Human Genetics''. 47(6):994-1001, (1990).</ref>

== Hydroxyperhexiline:perhexiline ratio==

Cis-hydroxyperhexiline is the primary determinant of perhexiline clearance and there is relatively little interindividual variability in the clearance of Cis-hydroxyperhexiline;<ref name="ref8">Sallustio, B.C., Westley, I.S., and Morris, R.G., Pharmacokinetics of the antianginal agent perhexiline: relationship between metabolic ratio and steady-state dose. ''British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology''. 54:107–14, (2002).</ref> therefore, the Cis-hydroxyperhexiline/perhexiline concentration ratio may be useful for optimizing individual patient treatment with the antianginal agent perhexiline.<ref name="ref8"/> There is a segment of the population with very low hydroxyperhexiline/perhexiline ratios, this subpopulation contains those patients with the PM phenotype.<ref name="ref8"/> It has been suggested that those with ratios ≤0.3 should be considered PMs; thus, providing a simple method for identifying PMs.

==Perhexiline toxicity==

The adverse effects of perhexiline have been seen in more than 60% of recipients in some clinical trials. The most commonly reported adverse effects include headache, dizziness, nausea and vomiting. Plasma perhexiline concentrations as low as 0.6mg/L> are known to cause nausea and dizziness; however, perhexiline is also known to cause [[hepatotoxicity]] and [[peripheral neuropathy]] at plasma concentrations >0.6mg/L.<ref name="ref9">Barclay, M.L., Sawyers, S.M., Begg, E.J., ''et al.'' Correlation of CYP2D6 genotype with perhexiline phenotypic metabolizer status. ''Pharmacogenetics''. 13(10):627-32, (2003).</ref><ref name="ref10">Killalea, S.M. and Krum, H., Systematic Review of the Efficacy and Safety of Perhexiline in the Treatment of Ischemic Heart Disease. ''American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs''. 1(3):193-204. (2001).</ref> The symptoms of peripheral neuropathy include weakness or sensory loss and pain in the arms, hand, legs, and feet. [[Histology|Histological]] investigations indicate the development of [[phospholipoidosis]], with scaly inclusions in [[hepatocyte]]s, [[Schwann cells]] and other tissues which could point to the cause of peripheral neuropathy.<ref name="ref11">Fardeau, M., Tome, F.M. and Simon, P., Muscle and nerve changes induced by perhexiline maleate in man and mice. ''Muscle and Nerve''. 2:24-36, (1979).</ref> The peripheral neuropathy is often but not always permanent.<ref name="ref10"/> The risk of perhexiline toxicity is reduced by therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM).<ref name="ref12">Barclay, M., and Begg, E., The practice of digoxin therapeutic drug monitoring. ''Journal of the New Zealand Medical Association''. 116:1187, (2003).</ref>

The simplest way to rectify the problem of perhexiline toxicity is to stop administering the drug and allowing the plasma concentration to fall;<ref name="ref9"/> once the concentration has reached the desired level resume the treatment at a lower dose. Most PMs should receive doses of no more than 50mg/week of perhexiline.<ref name="ref8"/>

==References==

{{Reflist}}

{{Calcium channel blockers}}

[[Category:Antianginals]]

[[Category:CYP2D6 inhibitors]]

[[Category:Hepatotoxins]]

[[Category:Piperidines]]