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Hazael

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Not to be confused with Ḫazaʾil.
Hazael
(El/God has seen)
Ivory inlay possibly depicting Hazael of Damascus
King of Aram Damascus
(King of Syria)
Reign842–796 BC
PredecessorHadadezer
SuccessorBen-Hadad III
OccupationCourt official

Hazael (/ˈheɪziəl/; Biblical Hebrew: חֲזָאֵל or חֲזָהאֵל, romanized: Ḥăzāʾēl[1]) was a king of Aram-Damascus mentioned in the Bible.[2][3] Under his reign, Aram-Damascus became an empire that ruled over large parts of contemporary Syria and Israel-Samaria.[4] While he was likely born in the greater Damascus region of today, his place of birth is unknown, with both Bashan and the Beqaa Valley being favoured by different historians.[5][6][7]

In the Bible

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Ancient Arameans
Syro-Hittite states
Aramean kings
Aramean cities
Sources

Hazael is first mentioned by name in 1 Kings 19:15. God tells Elijah the prophet to anoint Hazael king of Syria. Years after this, the Syrian king Ben-Hadad II, probably identical to the Hadadezer mentioned in the Tel Dan stele, was ill and sent his court official Hazael with gifts to Elijah's successor, Elisha. Elisha told Hazael to tell Hadadezer that he would recover and revealed to Hazael that the king would recover but would die another way. He also predicted that Hazael would commit atrocities against the Israelites. Hazael denies that he is capable of perpetrating such deeds. Elisha predicts that Hazael will be king of Syria; he returns to Damascus the next day and tells Hadadezer he will recover but suffocates Hadadezer and seizes power himself.

During his reign (c. 842–800 BCE),[4] King Hazael led the Arameans in a battle against the allied forces of Jehoram of Israel and Ahaziah of Judah. After defeating them at Ramoth-Gilead, Hazael repelled two attacks by the Assyrians, seized Israelite territory east of the Jordan River, and the Philistine city of Gath. Although unsuccessful, he also sought to take Jerusalem (2 Kings 12:17–18). Hazael's death is mentioned in 2 Kings 13:24.

Tel Dan stele

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A monumental Aramaic inscription discovered at Tel Dan is seen by most scholars as having been erected by Hazael, after he defeated the kings of Israel and Judah.[8][9] Recent excavations at Tell es-Safi/Gath have revealed dramatic evidence of the siege and subsequent conquest of Gath by Hazael. An archaeomagnetic study has suggested that the sites of Tell Zeitah, Tel Rehov and Horvat Tevet were destroyed by Hazael's campaign.[10]

Items belonging to Hazael

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Bronze plaques

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Main article: Hazael horse frontlet

Decorated bronze plaques from chariot horse-harness taken from Hazael, identified by their inscriptions, have been found as re-gifted votive objects at two Greek sites, the Heraion of Samos and in the temple of Apollo at Eretria on Euboea. The inscriptions read "that which Hadad gave to our lord Hazael from 'Umq in the year that our lord crossed the River".[11] The river must be the Orontes. The triangular front pieces show a "Master of the animals"[12] gripping inverted sphinxes or lions in either hand, and with goddesses who stand on the heads of lions. When Tiglath-Pileser III took Damascus in 733/2, these heirlooms were part of the loot that fell eventually into Greek, probably Euboean hands.[13]

Arslan Tash ivories

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A set of ivory bed decorations were found in 1928 in Arslan Tash in northern Syria (ancient Hadātu) by a team of French archaeologists.[14] Among them is the Arslan Tash ivory inscription in Old Aramaic that carries the name 'Hazael'; this bed seems to have belonged to king Hazael of Aram-Damascus. The inscription is known as KAI 232.[15]

Also, some fragmentary ivories mentioning Hazael were found in Nimrud, Iraq.[16]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ I Kings 19:15, II Kings 8:8, etc.
  2. ^ Hastings, James; Driver, Samuel Rolles (1899). A Dictionary of the Bible: Dealing with its Language, Literature, and Contents, including the Biblical Theology. Vol. 3. T. & T. Clark. p. 832.
  3. ^ Arnold, Bill T.; Williamson, Hugh Godfrey Maturin (2006). Dictionary of the Old Testament: Historical Books (Illustrated ed.). InterVarsity Press. p. 46. ISBN 978-0-8308-1782-5.
  4. ^ a b David Noel Freedman; Allen C. Myers (31 December 2000). Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. Amsterdam University Press. p. 84. ISBN 978-90-5356-503-2.
  5. ^ Sigurður Hafþórsson (2006). A Passing Power: An Examination of the Sources for the History of Aram-Damascus in the Second Half of the Ninth Century B.C. Almqvist & Wiksell International. p. 61. ISBN 978-91-22-02143-8.
  6. ^ D. Matthew Stith (2008). The Coups of Hazael and Jehu: Building an Historical Narrative. Gorgias Press. p. 55. ISBN 978-1-59333-833-6.
  7. ^ Hadi Ghantous (14 October 2014). The Elisha-Hazael Paradigm and the Kingdom of Palestine: The Politics of God in Ancient Syria-Palestine. Routledge. p. 71. ISBN 978-1-317-54435-7.
  8. ^ "Biblical Archaeology 4: The Moabite Stone (A.k.a. Mesha Stele)". 15 July 2011.
  9. ^ "The Tel Dan Inscription: The First Historical Evidence of King David from the Bible". 11 June 2021.
  10. ^ Vaknin, Yoav; Shaar, Ron; Lipschits, Oded; Mazar, Amihai; Maeir, Aren M.; Garfinkel, Yosef; Freud, Liora; Faust, Avraham; Tappy, Ron E.; Kreimerman, Igor; Ganor, Saar; Covello-Paran, Karen; Sergi, Omer; Herzog, Zeev; Arav, Rami; Lederman, Zvi; Münger, Stefan; Fantalkin, Alexander; Gitin, Seymour; Ben-Yosef, Erez (2022-10-24). "Reconstructing biblical military campaigns using geomagnetic field data". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 119 (44): e2209117119. Bibcode:2022PNAS..11909117V. doi:10.1073/pnas.2209117119. PMC 9636932. PMID 36279453.
  11. ^ I. Eph'al and J. Naveh, "Hazael's booty inscriptions", Israel Exploration Journal 39 (1989:192-200).
  12. ^ Compare the Aegean "Mistress of the Animals"
  13. ^ Robin Lane Fox, Travelling Heroes in the Epic Age of Homer, 2008:109-11.
  14. ^ Arslan-Tash. v. 1 p.135: "Trois fragments d'une lamelle d'ivoire portant une ligne de texte en caractères araméens. Ces fragments ont été trouvés aux environs immédiats des cadres décrits plus haut p. 89 et suiv."
  15. ^ Muscarella, Oscar White (29 January 1980). The Catalogue of Ivories from Hasanlu, Iran: Hasanlu Special Studies, Volume II. UPenn Museum of Archaeology. pp. 218–. ISBN 978-0-934718-33-2.
  16. ^ A. R. Millard, Alphabetic Inscriptions on Ivories from Nimrud. Iraq, Vol. 24, No. 1 (Spring, 1962), pp. 41-51 (13 pages). https://doi.org/10.2307/4199711

References

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  • Biran, A., and Naveh, J. 1995. The Tel Dan Inscription: A New Fragment. Israel Exploration Journal 45(1):1–18.
  • Ephal, I., and Naveh, J. 1989. Hazael's booty inscriptions. Israel Exploration Journal 39(3–4):192–200.
  • Lemaire, A. 1991. Hazaël, de Damas, Roi d’Aram. Pp. 91–108 in Marchands, Diplomates et Empereurs, Etudes sur la civilisation mésopotamienne offertes à P. Garelli. Paris: Editions Recherche sur la Civilisations.
  • Maeir, A. 2004. The Historical Background and Dating of Amos VI 2: An Archaeological Perspective from Tell es-Safi/Gath. Vetus Testamentum 54(3):319–34.
  • Galil, G., "David and Hazael: War, Peace, Stones and Memory," Palestine Exploration Quarterly, 139,2 (2007), 79–84.
  • Maeir, A. M., and Gur-Arieh, S. 2011. Comparative aspects of the Aramean Siege System at Tell es-Sa¦fi/Gath. Pp. 227–44 in The Fire Signals of Lachish: Studies in the Archaeology and History of Israel in the Late Bronze Age, Iron Age and Persian Period in Honor of David Ussishkin, eds. I. Finkelstein and N. Na’aman. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns.
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Preceded by King of Aram-Damascus
842–796 BC 		Succeeded by
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