Eunice Rivers Laurie
Eunice Verdell Rivers Laurie | |
|---|---|
.jpg?lang=en) Laurie in 1981 | |
| Born | November 12, 1899[1] Jakin, Georgia, U.S |
| Died | August 28, 1986 (aged 86) |
| Other names | Eunice Rivers |
| Occupation | Nurse |
| Known for | Medical study coordinator |
| Spouse | Julius Laurie |
Eunice Verdell Rivers Laurie (1899–1986) was an African American nurse who worked in the state of Alabama. She is known for her work as one of the nurses of the U.S. Public Health Service Syphilis Study in Macon County from 1932 to 1972 which was "arguably the most infamous biomedical research study in U.S. history."
Early life and education
[edit]Born into a farming family in rural Georgia in 1899, Eunice Verdell Rivers was the oldest of three daughters.[2] Originating from a poor, working-class family, Rivers' education allowed her access to middle-class life.[2] Her mother, who died when Rivers was 15 years old, encouraged her to attend school from a young age.[3] Her father, who was a proponent of education, encouraged her to become a nurse.[3] In order to ensure that his three daughters received sufficient education, he worked extended shifts at the sawmill to finance their studies.[3]
In 1918, Rivers' father sent her to study at the Tuskegee Institute. For the first year, she took classes in "handicrafts".[4] Following her father's advice,[3] Eunice inquired and enrolled in the Institute's School of Nursing, where she graduated in 1922.[5][6][3] After graduation, Rivers worked in the public health sector from 1923 until well after her retirement in 1965.[3]
Career
[edit]Beginning in January 1923, Rivers worked for the Tuskegee Institute Movable School. As part of the school, she provided various public health services to African-American men and women in rural Alabama and became a trusted health authority for African-American farming families in the area around Tuskegee, Alabama.[5][3] She supplied adult education programs in agriculture, home economics, and health.[3] In her work with the Movable School, Rivers was an employee of the Alabama Bureau of Child Welfare.
Beginning in 1926, the state transferred her to the Bureau of Vital Statistics, where her projects included improving birth and death registration, regulating and training midwives, and reducing infant mortality.[5] She was instrumental in creating a system that tracked the number of births and deaths in the state of Alabama.[3] She also helped to regulate midwifery and lower infant mortality rates.[3] She continued to work with the Movable School, traveling around Alabama, but this time focusing on pregnant women and midwives.[3] She visited over 20 counties in her first year and was noted for tending to 1,100 people during a particularly busy month.[3]
Impact on race relations
[edit]Rivers became one of the first African-Americans to be employed by the United States Public Health Service, thus paving the way for other people of color in this area of service.[3][2]
She was the third recipient of the Oveta Culp Hobby Award, the highest award the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare could grant an employee.[2]
Tuskegee syphilis study
[edit]Beginning in 1932, Rivers worked for the United States Public Health Service on The Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male in Macon County, Alabama, popularly known as the Tuskegee syphilis experiment.[7] She recruited 600 African-American men with syphilis for the study and worked to keep them enrolled as participants in the program.[8] In exchange for their participation, the study offered participants free medical care, which Rivers provided. Rivers was the experiment's only consistent full-time staff member.[7]
Although the study was initially planned to run only six months, over time, this endeavor extended to a duration of 40 years.[9] During the entire study, the participants were not informed that the ailment they called "bad blood" was actually syphilis. When the study started, arsphenamine (Salvarsan) and Neosalvarsan were the only available treatments for syphilis, and both compounds had dangerous side effects. However, even after the 1940s, when the discovery of penicillin offered a reliable and safe cure for the disease, study participants did not receive treatment. After the New York Times and Washington Post revealed that study participants had been allowed to suffer rather than receiving a known safe treatment, the Public Health Service ended it in 1972.[7][9]
Historians have offered a variety of interpretations for why Rivers continued her role in a project that, by modern standards of medical ethics, was completely unethical.[10]
Public perception
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Once the news of the unethical treatment of participants in the Tuskegee Study was exposed in 1972, Rivers retreated into silence.[11] For some, she is viewed primarily as a committed nurse who is willing to obey any instructions to continue providing care for her patients.[11] Others see her as a race traitor who used her education and class power to keep her job and sell out the rural men she was caring for.[11][5] Just as she was crucial in recruiting and keeping participants in the study, she also provided them with both medical and mental care they otherwise would not have received.[11] She listened to their complaints, suggested ways to gain assistance outside of the hospital, offered them comfort, and provided simple medication, such as vitamins.[11] She helped establish the Miss Rivers Lodge, which provided the men's families financial assistance for burials in exchange for the men's participation in the study.[11] She participated in a study that provided the men with more treatment opportunities for other conditions than they had received from health professionals, but ended in the deaths of many and serious harm to families and communities in the process.
Later life and death
[edit]In 1977, Rivers was interviewed for the Black Women Oral History Project.[12]
She died in 1986.
References
[edit]- ^ "Black Women in America: Eunice Rivers Laurie". Beautiful, Also, Are the Souls of my Black Sisters. 21 August 2011. Retrieved 24 May 2014.
- ^ a b c d Jones, James H.; King, Nancy M. P. (2012-12-01). "Bad Blood Thirty Years Later: A Q&A with James H. Jones". The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics. 40 (4): 867–872. doi:10.1111/j.1748-720X.2012.00716.x. ISSN 1748-720X. PMID 23289690.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Smith, Susan L. (2010-03-25). "Neither Victim nor Villain: Nurse Eunice Rivers, the Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment, and Public Health Work". Journal of Women's History. 8 (1): 95–113. doi:10.1353/jowh.2010.0446. ISSN 1527-2036.
- ^ Hill, Ruth Edmonds (2013). Black Women Oral History Project, Volume 7. München: Verlag K.G. Saur. p. 627. ISBN 978-3-11-097391-4. OCLC 922948706.
- ^ a b c d Smith, Susan L. (1996). "Neither Victim nor Villain: Nurse Eunice Rivers, the Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment, and Public Health Work". Journal of Women's History. 8 (1): 95–113. doi:10.1353/jowh.2010.0446.
- ^ Hill, Ruth Edmonds (2013). Black Women Oral History Project, Volume 7. München: Verlag K.G. Saur. pp. 628–629. ISBN 978-3-11-097391-4. OCLC 922948706.
- ^ a b c Marriott, Michel (16 February 1997). "First, Do No Harm: a Nurse And the Deceived Subjects Of the Tuskegee Study". New York Times. Retrieved 24 May 2014.
- ^ “History of an Apology: From Tuskegee to the White House”. Research Nurse, Vol 3 No 4.
- ^ a b Bernal, Ethan (14 March 2013). "Rivers' role: A deeper look into nurse Eunice Rivers Laurie". The Tuskegee News. Retrieved 24 May 2014.
- ^ Joan Lynaugh (1 June 1999). Nursing History Review, Volume 7, 1999: Official Publication of the American Association for the History of Nursing. Springer Publishing Company. pp. 10–. ISBN 978-0-8261-9698-9.
- ^ a b c d e f Reverby, S. M. (1999). "Rethinking the Tuskegee Syphilis Study: Nurse Rivers, Silences, and the Meaning of Treatment" (PDF). Nursing History Review. 7: 3–28. doi:10.1891/1062-8061.7.1.3. PMID 10063364.
- ^ Laurie, Eunice (10 October 1977). "Black Women Oral History Project. Interviews, 1976–1981. Eunice Laurie. OH-31". Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University (Interview). Interviewed by A. Lillian Thompson. Cambridge, Massachusetts. Retrieved 24 May 2014.
Additional resources
[edit]- Reverby, Susan (2009). "Gallery: Nurse Eunice Verdell Rivers Laurie". Examining Tuskegee. Retrieved 24 May 2014.
- Reverby, Susan (2009). Examining Tuskegee: the infamous syphilis study and its legacy. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 9780807833100.
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