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Ghetto uprisings

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Not to be confused with Ghetto riots (1964–1969).
Ghetto uprisings

Top: members of the United Partisan Organization (FPO) in the Vilna Ghetto, one of the first armed resistance organizations established in the Nazi ghettos during World War II.
Bottom: captured Jews during Warsaw Ghetto Uprising led by the Germans for deportation to death camps. Picture taken at Nowolipie street, near the intersection with Smocza
LocationGerman-occupied Europe
Date1941–43, World War II
Incident typeArmed revolt

The ghetto uprisings during World War II were a series of armed revolts against the regime of Nazi Germany between 1941 and 1943 in the newly established Jewish ghettos across Nazi-occupied Europe. Following the German and Soviet invasion of Poland in September 1939, Polish Jews were targeted from the outset. Within months inside occupied Poland, the Germans created hundreds of ghettos in which they forced the Jews to live. The new ghettos were part of the German official policy of removing Jews from public life with the aim of economic exploitation.[1] The combination of excess numbers of inmates, unsanitary conditions and lack of food resulted in a high death rate among them.[2] In most cities the Jewish underground resistance movements developed almost instantly, although ghettoization had severely limited their access to resources.[3]

The ghetto fighters took up arms during the most deadly phase of the Holocaust known as Operation Reinhard (launched in 1942), against the Nazi plans to deport all prisoners – men, women and children – to camps, with the aim of their mass extermination.[3]

History

Armed resistance was offered in over 100 locations on either side of Polish-Soviet border of 1939, overwhelmingly in eastern Poland.[4][5] Some of these uprisings were more massive and organized, while others were small and spontaneous. The best known and the biggest of all Jewish uprisings during the Holocaust took place in the Warsaw Ghetto between 19 April and 16 May 1943,[6] and in Białystok in August. In the course of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 56,065 Jews were either killed on the spot or captured and transported aboard Holocaust trains to extermination camps before the Ghetto was razed to the ground.[7][8][9] At the Białystok Ghetto, following deportations in which 10,000 Jews were led to the Holocaust trains, and another 2,000 were murdered locally, the ghetto underground staged an uprising, resulting in a blockade of the ghetto which lasted for a full month.[10] There were other such struggles, leading to the wholesale burning of the ghettos such as in Kołomyja (now Kolomyia, Ukraine),[11] and mass shootings of women and children as in Mizocz.[12][13]

Selected ghetto uprisings during the Holocaust

Main article: Jewish resistance under Nazi rule

The uprisings erupted in five major cities, 45 provincial towns, 5 major concentration and extermination camps, as well as in at least 18 forced labor camps.[14] Notable ghetto uprisings included:[15]

To some extent, the final liquidation of other ghettos was also met with armed struggle:

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Wolf Gruner (2006), Jewish Forced Labor Under the Nazis: Economic Needs and Racial Aims, 1938-1944, Cambridge University Press, pp. 249–250, ISBN 0521838754, By the end of 1940, the forced-labor program in the General Government had registered over 700,000 Jewish men and women who were working for the German economy in ghetto businesses and as labor for projects outside the ghetto; there would be more.
  2. ^ Marek Edelman. "The Ghetto Fights". The Warsaw Ghetto: The 45th Anniversary of the Uprising. Literature of the Holocaust, at the University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved 2 October 2013.
  3. ^ a b "Resistance in Ghettos". Jewish Uprisings in Ghettos and Camps, 1941–1944. Holocaust Encyclopedia. June 10, 2013. Retrieved 9 January 2014.
  4. ^ Shmuel Krakowski (2010), Armed Resistance, YIVO
  5. ^ "Jewish Resistance". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 2011. Archived from the original on January 26, 2012. Retrieved 9 January 2014 – via Internet Archive.
  6. ^ "April–May 1943, Warsaw Ghetto Uprising". Timeline of Events. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 2013. Retrieved 9 January 2014.
  7. ^ "World War II: Warsaw Ghetto Uprising". Originally published by World War II magazine. 12 June 2006. Retrieved 4 September 2014.
  8. ^ See also Stroop Report for supplementary data
  9. ^ Marcin Wilczek (19 April 2011). "A Somber Anniversary". ZSSEDU. Retrieved 4 September 2014.
  10. ^ Sara Bender (2008). The Jews of Bialystok During World War II and the Holocaust. UPNE. pp. 253–263. ISBN 978-1584657293 – via Google Books preview. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  11. ^ "Warsaw Ghetto Uprising". Holocaust Encyclopedia. Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington DC. 2012. Archived from the original on October 28, 2012. Retrieved 9 January 2014.
  12. ^ Eve Nussbaum Soumerai, Carol D. Schulz, Daily Life During the Holocaust, p. 124. ISBN 0313353093.
  13. ^ Photographs of the Mizocz shootings Archived 2012-08-17 at the Wayback Machine in the USHMM collection (No. 17876, 17877, 17878, 17879). Retrieved 26 October 2015.
  14. ^ United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Resistance during the Holocaust (PDF), The Miles Lerman Center for the Study of Jewish Resistance, p. 6 of 56 in current document.
  15. ^ "Map of the Jewish uprisings in World War II" (PDF). Yad Vashem. 2013. Archived from the original (PDF file, direct download 169 KB) on 18 July 2013. Retrieved 9 January 2014.

References

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