MTT assay
The MTT assay is a colorimetric assay for assessing cell metabolic activity.[1][2] NAD(P)H-dependent cellular oxidoreductase enzymes may, under defined conditions, reflect the number of viable cells present. These enzymes are capable of reducing the tetrazolium dye MTT, which is chemically 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, to its insoluble formazan, which has a purple color. Other closely related tetrazolium dyes including XTT, MTS and the WSTs, are used in conjunction with the intermediate electron acceptor, 1-methoxy phenazine methosulfate (PMS). With WST-1, which is cell-impermeable, reduction occurs outside the cell via plasma membrane electron transport.[3] However, this traditionally assumed explanation is currently contended as proof has also been found of MTT reduction to formazan in lipidic cellular structures without apparent involvement of oxidoreductases.[4]
Tetrazolium dye assays can also be used to measure cytotoxicity (loss of viable cells) or cytostatic activity (shift from proliferation to quiescence) of potential medicinal agents and toxic materials. MTT assays are usually done in the dark since the MTT reagent is sensitive to light.[5][6][7]
MTT and related tetrazolium salts
[edit]MTT, a yellow tetrazole, is reduced to purple formazan in living cells.[8] A solubilization solution (usually either dimethyl sulfoxide, an acidified ethanol solution, or a solution of the detergent sodium dodecyl sulfate in diluted hydrochloric acid) is added to dissolve the insoluble purple formazan product into a colored solution. The absorbance of this colored solution can be quantified by measuring at a certain wavelength (usually between 500 and 600 nm) by a spectrophotometer. The degree of light absorption is dependent on the degree of formazan concentration accumulated inside the cell and on the cell surface. The greater the formazan concentration, the deeper the purple colour and thus the higher the absorbance.
XTT (2,3-bis-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide) has been proposed to replace MTT, yielding higher sensitivity and a higher dynamic range. The formed formazan dye is water-soluble, avoiding a final solubilization step.[9]
Water-soluble tetrazolium salts are more recent alternatives to MTT: they were developed by introducing positive or negative charges and hydroxy groups to the phenyl ring of the tetrazolium salt, or better with sulfonate groups added directly or indirectly to the phenyl ring.
MTS (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium), in the presence of phenazine methosulfate (PMS), produces a formazan product that has an absorbance maximum at 490 nm in phosphate-buffered saline. The MTS assay is often described as a 'one-step' MTT assay, which offers the convenience of adding the reagent straight to the cell culture without the intermittent steps required in the MTT assay. However this convenience makes the MTS assay susceptible to colormetric interference as the intermittent steps in the MTT assay remove traces of coloured compounds, whilst these remain in the microtitre plate in the one-step MTS assay. Precautions are needed to ensure accuracy when using this assay and there are strong arguments for confirming MTS results using qualitative observations under a microscope. (This, however, is prudent for all colormetric assays.)[10]
WSTs (water-soluble tetrazolium salts) are a series of other water-soluble dyes for MTT assays, developed to give different absorption spectra of the formed formazans.[11] WST-1 and in particular WST-8 (2-(2-methoxy-4-nitrophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-(2,4-disulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium), are advantageous over MTT in that they are reduced outside cells, combined with PMS electron mediator, and yield a water-soluble formazan. Finally, WST assays (1) can be read directly (unlike MTT that needs a solubilization step), (2) give a more effective signal than MTT, and (3) decrease toxicity to cells (unlike cell-permeable MTT, and its insoluble formazan that accumulate inside cells).[11]
Significance
[edit]Tetrazolium dye reduction is generally assumed to be dependent on NAD(P)H-dependent oxidoreductase enzymes largely in the cytosolic compartment of the cell.[3][12] Therefore, reduction of MTT and other tetrazolium dyes depends on the cellular metabolic activity due to NAD(P)H flux. Cells with a low metabolism such as thymocytes and splenocytes reduce very little MTT. In contrast, rapidly dividing cells exhibit high rates of MTT reduction. It is important to keep in mind that assay conditions can alter metabolic activity and thus tetrazolium dye reduction without affecting cell viability.[13] In addition, the mechanism of reduction of tetrazolium dyes, i.e. intracellular (MTT, MTS) vs. extracellular (WST-1), will also determine the amount of product. Additionally, proof has been provided as to the spontaneous MTT reduction in lipidic cellular compartments/structures, without enzymatic catalysis involved.[4] Nevertheless, even under this alternative paradigm, MTT assay still assesses the reduction potential of a cell (i.e. availability of reducing compounds to drive cellular energetics).[2] As such, the final cell viability interpretation remains unchanged.
In studying the viability of cells seeded on 3D fibrous scaffolds, the thickness of the scaffolds may influence the MTT assay results.[14]
Observation
[edit]The optical density (OD) at 550 nm is used to calculate the percentage of viability results using the following equation:[15]
- Viability % = 100 × OD550e / OD550b
where:
- OD550e = Mean value of the measured optical density of the test item
- OD550b = Mean value of the measured optical density of the negative control
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Gavanji S, Bakhtari A, Famurewa AC, Othman EM (January 2023). "Cytotoxic Activity of Herbal Medicines as Assessed in Vitro: A Review". Chemistry & Biodiversity. 20 (2): 3–27. doi:10.1002/cbdv.202201098. PMID 36595710. S2CID 255473013.
- ^ a b Stockert JC, Horobin RW, Colombo LL, Blázquez-Castro A (April 2018). "Tetrazolium salts and formazan products in Cell Biology: Viability assessment, fluorescence imaging, and labeling perspectives" (PDF). Acta Histochemica. 120 (3): 159–167. doi:10.1016/j.acthis.2018.02.005. PMID 29496266. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-02-24. Retrieved 2020-04-15.
- ^ a b Berridge MV, Herst PM, Tan AS (2005). "Tetrazolium dyes as tools in cell biology: new insights into their cellular reduction". Biotechnology Annual Review. 11: 127–152. doi:10.1016/S1387-2656(05)11004-7. ISBN 9780444519528. PMID 16216776.
- ^ a b Stockert JC, Blázquez-Castro A, Cañete M, Horobin RW, Villanueva A (December 2012). "MTT assay for cell viability: Intracellular localization of the formazan product is in lipid droplets". Acta Histochemica. 114 (8): 785–796. doi:10.1016/j.acthis.2012.01.006. PMID 22341561.
- ^ Sharma, Dr Rudra (2022-10-05). "Cytotoxicity Test by MTT Assay- Procedure, Analysis and Results - ACME Research Solutions". Retrieved 2022-10-06.
- ^ Müller, G.; Kramer, A. (2006). "Comparative Study of in vitro Cytotoxicity of Povidone-Iodine in Solution, in Ointment or in a Liposomal Formulation (Repithel<sup>®</sup>) and Selected Antiseptics". Dermatology. 212 (Suppl. 1): 91–93. doi:10.1159/000090102. ISSN 1018-8665. PMID 16490982. S2CID 818013.
- ^ Pintor, A. V. B.; Queiroz, L. D.; Barcelos, R.; Primo, L. S. G.; Maia, L. C.; Alves, G. G. (2020-07-27). "MTT versus other cell viability assays to evaluate the biocompatibility of root canal filling materials: a systematic review". International Endodontic Journal. 53 (10): 1348–1373. doi:10.1111/iej.13353. ISSN 0143-2885. PMID 32602945. S2CID 220271896.
- ^ Mosmann T (December 1983). "Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays". Journal of Immunological Methods. 65 (1–2): 55–63. doi:10.1016/0022-1759(83)90303-4. PMID 6606682.
- ^ "Why should I use XTT instead of MTT" (PDF, 0.1 MB). [aniara.com]. ANIARA. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-04-06. Retrieved 2010-11-19.
- ^ Cory AH, Owen TC, Barltrop JA, Cory JG (July 1991). "Use of an aqueous soluble tetrazolium/formazan assay for cell growth assays in culture". Cancer Communications. 3 (7): 207–212. doi:10.3727/095535491820873191. PMID 1867954.
- ^ a b "Water Soluble Tetrazolium Salts (WSTs)" (PDF, 0.4 MB). [interchim.com]. Interchim. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-12-22. Retrieved 2013-08-12.
- ^ Berridge MV, Tan AS (June 1993). "Characterization of the cellular reduction of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT): subcellular localization, substrate dependence, and involvement of mitochondrial electron transport in MTT reduction". Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 303 (2): 474–482. doi:10.1006/abbi.1993.1311. PMID 8390225.
- ^ Ghasemi M, Turnbull T, Sebastian S, Kempson I (November 2021). "The MTT Assay: Utility, Limitations, Pitfalls, and Interpretation in Bulk and Single-Cell Analysis". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 22 (23): 12827. doi:10.3390/ijms222312827. PMC 8657538. PMID 34884632.
- ^ Lyundup AV, Demchenko AG, Tenchurin TH, Krasheninnikov ME, Klabukov ID, Shepelev AD (2016). "Improving the seeding effectiveness of stromal and epithelial cell cultures in biodegradable matrixes by dynamic cultivation". Genes to Cells. 11 (3): 102–107. doi:10.5281/zenodo.1175840. ISSN 2313-1829.
- ^ "ISO 10993-5:2009". ISO. Retrieved 2022-10-06.
Further reading
[edit]- Wilson AP (2000). "Chapter 7: Cytotoxicity and viability". In Masters JR (ed.). Animal Cell Culture: A Practical Approach. Vol. 1 (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-963796-6. LCCN 00026267. OCLC 43555390. Archived from the original on 2020-04-14. Retrieved 2016-09-24.
- Bernas T, Dobrucki J (April 2002). "Mitochondrial and nonmitochondrial reduction of MTT: interaction of MTT with TMRE, JC-1, and NAO mitochondrial fluorescent probes". Cytometry. 47 (4): 236–242. doi:10.1002/cyto.10080. PMID 11933013.