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Ouija

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This article is about the spiritualist use of the Ouija board. For other uses, see Ouija (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Ouida.

An original Ouija board created c. 1890
Norman Rockwell cover of the May 1, 1920 issue of The Saturday Evening Post, showing a Ouija board in use
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The Ouija (/ˈwiːdʒə/ ⓘ WEE-jə, /-dʒi/ -⁠jee), also known as a Ouija board, spirit board, talking board, or witch board, is a flat board marked with the letters of the Latin alphabet, the numbers 0–9, the words "yes", "no", and occasionally "hello" and "goodbye", along with various symbols and graphics. It uses a planchette (a small heart-shaped piece of wood or plastic) as a movable indicator to spell out messages during a séance. Participants place their fingers on the planchette, and it is moved about the board to spell out words. The name "Ouija" is a trademark of Hasbro[1] (inherited from Parker Brothers), but is often used generically to refer to any talking board.

Spiritualists in the United States believed that the dead were able to contact the living, and reportedly used a talking board very similar to the modern Ouija board at their camps in Ohio during 1886 with the intent of enabling faster communication with spirits.[2] Following its commercial patent by businessman Elijah Bond being passed on 10 February 1891,[3] the Ouija board was regarded as an innocent parlor game unrelated to the occult until American spiritualist Pearl Curran popularized its use as a divining tool during World War I.[4]

Paranormal and supernatural beliefs associated with Ouija have been criticized by the scientific community and are characterized as pseudoscience. The action of the board can be most easily explained by unconscious movements of those controlling the pointer, a psychophysiological phenomenon known as the ideomotor effect.[2][5][6][7][8]

Mainstream Christian denominations, including Catholicism, have warned against the use of Ouija boards, considering their use in Satanic practices, while other religious groups hold that they can lead to demonic possession.[9][10] Occultists, on the other hand, are divided on the issue, with some claiming it can be a tool for positive transformation, while others reiterate the warnings of many Christians and caution "inexperienced users" against it.[9]

Etymology

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The popular belief that the word Ouija comes from the French (oui) and German (ja) words for yes is a misconception. In fact, the name was given from a word spelled out on the board when medium Helen Peters Nosworthy asked the board to name itself. When asked what the word meant, it responded "Good Luck".[2][11]

History

[edit]

Precursors

[edit]
A model of a scene depicting divination
Wang Chongyang, founder of the Quanzhen School, depicted in Changchun Temple, Wuhan

One of the first mentions of the automatic writing method used in the Ouija board is found in China around 1100 AD, in historical documents of the Song dynasty. The method was known as fuji "planchette writing". The use of planchette writing as an ostensible means of necromancy and communion with the spirit-world continued, and, albeit under special rituals and supervisions, was a central practice of the Quanzhen School, until it was forbidden by the Qing dynasty.[12]

Talking boards

[edit]

As a part of the spiritualist movement, mediums began to employ various means for communication with the dead. Following the American Civil War in the United States, mediums did significant business in allegedly allowing survivors to contact lost relatives. Use of talking boards was so common by 1886 that news reported the phenomenon taking over the spiritualists' camps in Ohio.[2] The Ouija was named in 1890 in Baltimore, Maryland by medium and spiritualist Helen Peters Nosworthy.[11]

Commercial parlor game

[edit]

Charles Kennard, the founder of Kennard Novelty Company, claims to have invented the board with his business partner, Elijah Bond, who patented it with help from his sister-in-law, spiritualist and medium Helen Peters Nosworthy.[13] The local patent office at first refused a patent. Bond and Nosworthy then traveled to Washington, D.C. where they were also denied a patent until the chief patent officer asked the board to spell out his name, which it did.[14] In 1901, an employee of Bond, William Fuld, took over the talking board production under the name "Ouija".[15][failed verification]

Scientific investigation

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Experimental setup with eye tracking
Video capture of experiment[16]

The Ouija phenomenon is considered by the scientific community to be the result of the ideomotor response.[5][17][18][19] Michael Faraday first described this effect in 1853, while investigating table-turning.[20][21]

Various studies have been conducted, recreating the effects of the Ouija board in the lab and showing that, under laboratory conditions, the subjects were moving the planchette involuntarily.[17][22] A 2012 study found that when answering yes or no questions, Ouija use was significantly more accurate than guesswork, suggesting that it might draw on the unconscious mind.[18] Skeptics have described Ouija board users as "operators".[23] Some critics have noted that the messages ostensibly spelled out by spirits were similar to whatever was going through the minds of the subjects.[24] According to professor of neurology Terence Hines in his book Pseudoscience and the Paranormal (2003):[25]

The planchette is guided by unconscious muscular exertions like those responsible for table movement. Nonetheless, in both cases, the illusion that the object (table or planchette) is moving under its own control is often extremely powerful and sufficient to convince many people that spirits are truly at work ... The unconscious muscle movements responsible for the moving tables and Ouija board phenomena seen at seances are examples of a class of phenomena due to what psychologists call a dissociative state. A dissociative state is one in which consciousness is somehow divided or cut off from some aspects of the individual's normal cognitive, motor, or sensory functions.

Some involuntary movements are known as "Automatism".[26]

This correlates with the ideomotor phenomenon because both rely on unconscious movement. The difference is that the ideomotor phenomenon is based on the idea that just the idea that something can happen tricks the brain into doing it. For example, thinking about not moving the planchette leads to the possibility of the planchette moving, which then makes someone unconsciously move the planchette.[26]

Ouija boards were already criticized by scholars early on, being described in a 1927 journal as "'vestigial remains' of primitive belief-systems" and a con to part fools from their money.[27] Another 1921 journal described reports of Ouija board findings as 'half truths' and suggested that their inclusion in national newspapers at the time lowered the national discourse overall.[28]

Religious responses

[edit]
Further information: Christian views on magic

Since early in the Ouija board's history, it has been criticized by several Christian denominations.[9] The Catholic Church in the Catechism of the Catholic Church explicitly forbids any practice of divination, which includes the usage of Ouija boards.[29] Catholic Answers, a Roman Catholic Christian apologetics organization, claims that "The Ouija board is far from harmless, as it is a form of divination (seeking information from supernatural sources)."[30]

In 2005, Catholic bishops in the Chuuk State of the Federated States of Micronesia called for the boards to be banned and warned congregations that they were talking to demons when using Ouija boards.[31] In a 1995 pastoral letter, The Dutch Reformed Churches encouraged its communicants to avoid Ouija boards, as it is a practice "related to the occult".[32] The Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod forbids its faithful from using Ouija boards as a violation of the Ten Commandments.[33]

In 2001, Ouija boards were burned in Alamogordo, New Mexico, by fundamentalist groups as "symbols of witchcraft".[34][35][36] Religious criticism has expressed beliefs that the Ouija board reveals information which should only be in God's hands, and thus it is a tool of Satan.[37] A spokesperson for Human Life International described the boards as a portal to talk to spirits and called for Hasbro to be prohibited from marketing them.[38]

These religious objections to use of the Ouija board have given rise to ostension type folklore in the communities where they circulate. Cautionary tales that the board opens a door to evil spirits turn the game into the subject of a supernatural dare, especially for young people.[4]

Notable users

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Literature

[edit]

Ouija boards have been the source of inspiration for literary works, used as guidance in writing or as a form of channeling literary works. As a result of Ouija boards' becoming popular in the early 20th century, by the 1920s many "psychic" books were written of varying quality often initiated by Ouija board use.[39]

  • Emily Grant Hutchings claimed that her novel Jap Herron: A Novel Written from the Ouija Board (1917) was dictated by Mark Twain's spirit through the use of a Ouija board after his death[40]
  • Pearl Lenore Curran (1883–1937), alleged that for over 20 years she was in contact with a spirit named Patience Worth. This symbiotic relationship produced several novels, and works of poetry and prose, which Pearl Curran claimed were delivered to her through channelling Worth's spirit during sessions with a Ouija board, and which works Curran then transcribed
  • Much of William Butler Yeats's later poetry was inspired, among other facets of occultism, by the Ouija board[citation needed]
  • In late 1963, Jane Roberts and her husband Robert Butts started experimenting with a Ouija board as part of Roberts' research for a book on extra-sensory perception.[41] According to Roberts and Butts, on 2 December 1963, they began to receive coherent messages from a male personality (an "energy personality essence no longer focused in the physical world") who eventually identified himself as "Seth", culminating in a series of books dictated by "Seth"
  • In 1982, poet James Merrill released an apocalyptic 560-page epic poem titled The Changing Light at Sandover, which documented two decades of messages dictated from the Ouija board during séances hosted by Merrill and his partner David Noyes Jackson. Sandover, which received the National Book Critics Circle Award in 1983,[42] was published in three volumes beginning in 1976. The first contained a poem for each of the letters A through Z, and was called The Book of Ephraim. It appeared in the collection Divine Comedies, which won the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry in 1977.[43] According to Merrill, the spirits ordered him to write and publish the next two installments, Mirabell: Books of Number in 1978 (which won the National Book Award for Poetry)[44] and Scripts for the Pageant in 1980.

Aleister Crowley

[edit]

Aleister Crowley had great admiration for the use of the ouija board and it played a passing role in his magical workings.[45] Jane Wolfe, who lived with Crowley at Abbey of Thelema, also used the Ouija board. She credits some of her greatest spiritual communications to use of this implement. Crowley also discussed the Ouija board with another of his students, and the most ardent of them, Frater Achad (Charles Stansfeld Jones): it is frequently mentioned in their unpublished letters. In 1917 Achad experimented with the board as a means of summoning Angels, as opposed to Elementals. In one letter Crowley told Jones:

Your Ouija board experiment is rather fun. You see how very satisfactory it is, but I believe things improve greatly with practice. I think you should keep to one angel, and make the magical preparations more elaborate.

Over the years, both became so fascinated by the board that they discussed marketing their own design. Their discourse culminated in a letter, dated 21 February 1919, in which Crowley tells Jones,

Re: Ouija Board. I offer you the basis of ten percent of my net profit. You are, if you accept this, responsible for the legal protection of the ideas, and the marketing of the copyright designs. I trust that this may be satisfactory to you. I hope to let you have the material in the course of a week.

In March, Crowley wrote to Achad to inform him, "I'll think up another name for Ouija". But their business venture never came to fruition and Crowley's new design, along with his name for the board, has not survived. Crowley has stated, of the Ouija Board, that[45]

There is, however, a good way of using this instrument to get what you want, and that is to perform the whole operation in a consecrated circle, so that undesirable aliens cannot interfere with it. You should then employ the proper magical invocation in order to get into your circle just the one spirit you want. It is comparatively easy to do this. A few simple instructions are all that is necessary, and I shall be pleased to give these, free of charge, to any one who cares to apply.

Others

[edit]
  • Roland Doe used a Ouija board, which the Catholic Church stated led to his possession by a demon[46]
  • Dick Brooks, of the Houdini Museum in Scranton, Pennsylvania, uses a Ouija board as part of a paranormal and seance presentation[47]
  • G. K. Chesterton used a Ouija board in his teenage years
    • Around 1893, he had gone through a crisis of scepticism and depression, and during this period Chesterton experimented with the Ouija board and grew fascinated with the occult[48]
  • Bill Wilson, the co-founder of Alcoholics Anonymous, used a Ouija board and conducted seances in attempts to contact the dead[49]
  • Early press releases stated that Vincent Furnier's stage and band name "Alice Cooper" was agreed upon after a session with a Ouija board, during which it was revealed that Furnier was the reincarnation of a 17th-century witch with that name. Alice Cooper later revealed that he just thought of the first name that came to his head while discussing a new band name with his band[50]
  • Former Italian Prime Minister Romano Prodi claimed under oath that, in a séance held in 1978 with other professors at the University of Bologna, the "ghost" of Giorgio La Pira used a Ouija to spell the name of the street where Aldo Moro was being held by the Red Brigades
    • According to Peter Popham of The Independent: "Everybody here has long believed that Prodi's Ouija board tale was no more than an ill-advised and bizarre way to conceal the identity of his true source, probably a person from Bologna's seething far-left underground whom he was pledged to protect."[51]
  • The Mars Volta wrote their album Bedlam in Goliath (2008) based on their alleged experiences with a Ouija board
    • According to their story (written for them by a fiction author, Jeremy Robert Johnson), Omar Rodriguez Lopez purchased one while traveling in Jerusalem. At first the board provided a story which became the theme for the album. Strange events allegedly related to this activity occurred during the recording of the album: the studio flooded, one of the album's main engineers had a nervous breakdown, equipment began to malfunction, and Cedric Bixler-Zavala's foot was injured. Following these bad experiences the band buried the Ouija board[52]
  • In the murder trial of Joshua Tucker, his mother insisted that he had carried out the murders while possessed by the Devil, who found him when he was using a Ouija board[53][54]
  • In London in 1994, convicted murderer Stephen Young was granted a retrial after it was learned that four of the jurors had conducted a Ouija board séance and had "contacted" the murdered man, who had named Young as his killer.[55] Young was convicted for a second time at his retrial and jailed for life[56][57][58]
  • E. H. Jones and C. W. Hill, whilst prisoners of the Turks during the First World War, used a Ouija board to convince their captors that they were mediums as part of an escape plan[59]
[edit]
Ouija board painted on a two-story building in downtown Austin, Texas

Ouija boards have figured prominently in horror tales in various media as devices enabling malevolent spirits to spook their users.

In the 1960 supernatural horror film 13 Ghosts the family Zorba plays the game "Ouija, the mystifying oracle".

Episodes of Lost in Space ("Ghost in Space" (1966)) and The Waltons ("The Ghost Story" (1974)) have spirit boards as part of their plots.

A Ouija board is an early part of the plot of the 1973 horror film The Exorcist. Using a Ouija board the young girl Regan makes what first appears to be harmless contact with an entity named "Captain Howdy". She later becomes possessed by a demon.

Based on Ouija Board, a song and album of the name, Ojah Awake, by Osibisa, was released in 1976.

The 1986 film Witchboard and its sequels center on the use of Ouija. The 1991 film And You Thought Your Parents Were Weird features use of a Ouija board in an important early scene. What Lies Beneath (2000) includes a séance scene with a board. Paranormal Activity (2007) involves a violent entity haunting a couple that becomes more powerful when the Ouija board is used.

Aparichithan (The Stranger) is a 2004 Indian Malayalam-language horror film. The plot centers around a Ouija board and spiritualism.[citation needed]

Another 2007 film, Ouija, depicted a group of adolescents whose use of the board causes a murderous spirit to follow them. In 2011, The Ouija Experiment portrayed a group of friends whose use of the board opens, and fails to close, a portal between the worlds of the living and the dead.[60] The 2012 film I Am Zozo follows a group of people that run afoul of a demon, based on Pazuzu, after using a Ouija board.[61] The 2014 film Ouija features a group of friends whose use of the board prompts a series of deaths.[62] A 2016 prequel, Ouija: Origin of Evil, also features the device.[citation needed]

Romancham (Goosebumps) is a 2023 Malayalam-language horror-comedy film. The plot involves several bachelors from Bangalore who improvise a Ouija board from a Carrom game.[citation needed]

The British singer Morrissey released a controversial single titled "Ouija Board, Ouija Board" in 1989. The lyrics and the video of the song mockingly play with the idea of supernaturally contacting dead persons.[citation needed]

The rap group Bone Thugs-n-Harmony referenced Ouija on their Horrorcore albums Creepin on ah Come Up and E. 1999 Eternal, having been inspired by seeing the board at Toys "R" Us.[63]

Jeremy Gans' nonfiction book, The Ouija Board Jurors: Mystery, Mischief and Misery in the Jury System, based on an article he wrote for the University of Melbourne,[64] recounts an incident in which four jurors sought the help of a Ouija board during a double murder trial, both for guidance and to relieve the stress precipitated by the brutal images of evidence.[64]

The National Geographic show Brain Games Season 5 episode "Paranormal" clearly showed the board did not work when all participants were blindfolded.[65]

The sitcom Steptoe and Son in Series 8 Episode 6, includes a scene with a Ouija board where Harold briefly fools Albert into believing that they are in contact with the ghost of Adolf Hitler.[66]

Ouija boards appear in the video game Phasmophobia as an item investigators can use to communicate with the ghost, although using it can prove dangerous.

Ouija Board ( ওইজা বোর্ড ) is a Bangladeshi television drama directed by Humayun Ahmed and starring Bipasha Hayat, Shila Ahmed, Al Monsoor, Dilara Zaman, Abul Hayat and others.

See also

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Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ U.S. Trademark 71,546,217
  2. ^ a b c d Rodriguez McRobbie, Linda (27 October 2013). "The Strange and Mysterious History of the Ouija Board". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 16 October 2023.
  3. ^ "The Bel Air native who patented the Ouija Board". Dying to tell their stories. 17 January 2018. Archived from the original on 4 November 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2024.
  4. ^ a b Brunvand, Jan Harold (2006) [1996]. "Ouija". American folklore: An encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. p. 534. ISBN 978-1-135-57877-0.
  5. ^ a b Heap, Michael (14 November 2002). "Ideomotor Effect (the Ouija Board Effect)". In Shermer, Michael (ed.). The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience. ABC-CLIO. pp. 127–129. ISBN 1-57607-654-7.
  6. ^ Adams, Cecil; Ed Zotti (3 July 2000). "How does a Ouija board work?". The Straight Dope. Retrieved 6 July 2010.
  7. ^ Carroll, Robert T. (31 October 2009). "Ouija board". Skeptic's Dictionary. Retrieved 6 July 2010.
  8. ^ French, Chris (27 April 2013). "The unseen force that drives Ouija boards and fake bomb detectors". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 24 December 2019. Retrieved 16 October 2023.
  9. ^ a b c Ellis, Bill (2000). Raising the Devil: Satanism, New Religions, and the Media. University Press of Kentucky. p. 65. ISBN 978-0-8131-2682-1. Retrieved 16 October 2023. Practically since its invention a century ago, mainstream Christian religions, including Catholicism, have warned against using Ouija boards, claiming that they are a means of dabbling with Satanism (Hunt 1985:93–95). Occultists are divided on the Ouija board's value. Jane Roberts (1966) and Gina Covina (1979) express confidence that it is a device for positive transformation and they provide detailed instructions on how to use it to contact spirits and map the other world. But some occultists have echoed Christian warnings, cautioning inexperienced persons away from it.
  10. ^ Carlisle, Rodney P. (2009). Encyclopedia of Play in Today's Society. Sage Publications. p. 434. ISBN 978-1412966702. In particular, Ouija boards and automatic writing are kin in that they can be practiced and explained both by parties who see them as instruments of psychological discovery; and both are abhorred by some religious groups as gateways to demonic possession, as the abandonment of will and invitation to external forces represents for them an act much like presenting an open wound to a germ-filled environment.
  11. ^ a b Woods, Baynard (30 October 2016). "The Ouija board's mysterious origins: War, spirits, and a strange death". The Guardian. Retrieved 16 October 2023.
  12. ^ Silvers, Brock. The Taoist Manual (Honolulu: Sacred Mountain Press, 2005), pp. 129–132.
  13. ^ Cornelius 2005, pp. 20–21.
  14. ^ "Helen Peters Nosworthy". Pinehurst, Massachusetts, USA: Talking Board Historical Society. 22 September 2018. Retrieved 16 October 2023.
  15. ^ Orlando, Eugene. "Ancient Ouija Boards: Fact or Fiction?". Museum of Talking Boards. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
  16. ^ Andersen, Marc; Nielbo, Kristoffer L.; Schjoedt, Uffe; Pfeiffer, Thies; Roepstorff, Andreas; Sørensen, Jesper (17 July 2018). "Predictive minds in Ouija board sessions". Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences. 18 (3): 577–588. doi:10.1007/s11097-018-9585-8. ISSN 1572-8676. S2CID 150336658.
  17. ^ a b Burgess, Cheryl A; Irving Kirsch; Howard Shane; Kristen L. Niederauer; Steven M. Graham; Alyson Bacon (1998). "Facilitated Communication as an Ideomotor Response". Psychological Science. 9 (1). Blackwell Publishing: 71. doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00013. JSTOR 40063250. S2CID 145631775.
  18. ^ a b Gauchou, Hélène L.; Rensink, Ronald A.; Fels, Sidney (2012). "Expression of nonconscious knowledge via ideomotor actions". Consciousness and Cognition. 21 (2). Elsevier: 976–982. doi:10.1016/j.concog.2012.01.016. ISSN 1053-8100. PMID 22377138. S2CID 5728755.
  19. ^ Shenefelt, Philip D. (2011). "Ideomotor Signaling: From Divining Spiritual Messages to Discerning Subconscious Answers during Hypnosis and Hypnoanalysis, a Historical Perspective". American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis. 53 (3). Informa UK: 157–167. doi:10.1080/00029157.2011.10401754. ISSN 0002-9157. PMID 21404952. S2CID 19324123.
  20. ^ Faraday, Michael (1853). "Experimental investigation of table-moving". Journal of the Franklin Institute. 56 (5): 328–333. doi:10.1016/S0016-0032(38)92173-8.
  21. ^ Podmore, Frank (1911). "Table-turning" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 337.
  22. ^ Garrow, Hattie Brown (1 December 2008). "Suffolk's Lakeland High teens find their own answers". The Virginian-Pilot. Archived from the original on 29 October 2014. Retrieved 28 October 2014.
  23. ^ Dickerson, Brian (6 February 2008). "Crying rape through a Ouija board". Detroit Free Press. Gannett. p. B1. Archived from the original on 29 October 2014.
  24. ^ Tucker, Milo Asem (April 1897). "Comparative Observations on the Involuntary Movements of Adults and Children". The American Journal of Psychology. 8 (3). University of Illinois Press: 402. doi:10.2307/1411486. JSTOR 1411486.
  25. ^ Hines, Terence. (2003). Pseudoscience and the Paranormal. Prometheus Books. p. 47. ISBN 1-57392-979-4
  26. ^ a b Wegner, Daniel (2018). "An Analysis of Automatism". The Illusion of Conscious Will. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. pp. 99–144.
  27. ^ Howerth, I. W. (August 1927). "Science and Religion". The Scientific Monthly. Vol. 25, no. 2. American Association for the Advancement of Science. p. 151. JSTOR 7828.
  28. ^ Lloyd, Alfred H. (September 1921). "Newspaper Conscience--A Study in Half-Truths". The American Journal of Sociology. 27 (2). The University of Chicago Press: 198–205. doi:10.1086/213304. JSTOR 2764824.
  29. ^ Kosloski, Philip (28 October 2020). "The spiritual dangers of playing with a Ouija board". Aleteia. Retrieved 9 February 2021.
  30. ^ "Are Ouija boards harmless?". Catholic Answers. 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2018.
  31. ^ Dernbach, Katherine Boris (Spring 2005). "Spirits of the Hereafter: Death, Funerary Possession, and the Afterlife in Chuuk, Micronesia". Ethnology. 44 (2). Pittsburgh: 99–123. doi:10.2307/3773992. JSTOR 3773992.
  32. ^ Synod of the Free Reformed Churches of North America (March 1995), Pastoral Letter Issued by the Free Reformed Churches of North America Out of concern for all confessing and baptized members, Synod of the Free Reformed Churches Publications Committee, archived from the original on 8 March 2018, retrieved 8 March 2018
  33. ^ Schultz, Scott (2016). "What Does God Tell Us To Do In The Second Commandment?" (PDF). Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 March 2018. Retrieved 8 March 2018. A final way we misuse God's name is when we use any type of witchcraft such as crystal balls, Ouija boards, tarot cards, etc. Using these things are sinful because we are asking the devil to help us instead of God. In the Second Commandment God not only commands us not to do these things, but he also commands us to do certain things.
  34. ^ Ishizuka, Kathy (1 February 2002). "Harry Potter book burning draws fire". School Library Journal. Vol. 48, no. 2. New York. p. 27.
  35. ^ "Book banning spans the globe". Houston Chronicle. 3 October 2002.
  36. ^ LaRocca, Lauren (13 July 2007). "The Potter phenomenon". The Frederick News-Post.
  37. ^ Zyromski, Page McKean (October 2006). "Facts for Teaching about Halloween". Catechist Magazine.
  38. ^ Smith, Hortense (7 February 2010). "Pink Ouija Board Declared 'A Dangerous Spiritual Game', Possibly Destroying Our Children". Jezebel.
  39. ^ White, Stewart Edward (March 1943). The Betty Book. US: E. P. Dutton & CO., Inc. pp. 14–15. ISBN 0-89804-151-1.
  40. ^ "Jap Herron. A Novel Written from the Ouija Board". Book Review Section. The New York Times (Book review). 9 September 1917. p. 336. Retrieved 11 June 2012.
  41. ^ ESP Power, by Jane Roberts (2000) (introductory essay by Lynda Dahl). ISBN 0-88391-016-0
  42. ^ "All Past National Book Critics Circle Awards Winners and Finalists". National Book Critics Circle. Archived from the original on 8 April 2014. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
  43. ^ "Past winners & finalists by category". The Pulitzer Prizes. Pulitzer.org. Retrieved 6 April 2012.
  44. ^ "National Book Awards – 1979". National Book Foundation. Retrieved 6 April 2012.
  45. ^ a b Cornelius 2005.
  46. ^ Heiney, James J. (29 August 2016). "Demonic possession". In Fee, Christopher R.; Webb, Jeffrey B. (eds.). American Myths, Legends, and Tall Tales: An Encyclopedia of American Folklore. ABC-CLIO. p. 305. ISBN 978-1-61069-568-8.
  47. ^ "Psych Theater". psychictheater.com.
  48. ^ Chesterton, G.K. (2006). Autobiography. Ignatius Press. pp. 77ff. ISBN 1586170716.
  49. ^ Raphael, Matthew J. (2002). Bill W. and Mr. Wilson: The Legend and Life of A. A.'s Cofounder. University of Massachusetts Press. p. 159. ISBN 978-1-55849-360-5. Retrieved 24 August 2011.
  50. ^ "Alice Cooper Biography". The Rock Radio.
  51. ^ Popham, Peter (2 December 2005). "The seance that came back to haunt Romano Prodi". The Independent. Archived from the original on 6 January 2008. Retrieved 3 April 2010.
  52. ^ "The Bedlam in Goliath Offers Weird Ouija Tale of The Mars Volta". Alarm Magazine. 2007.
  53. ^ Horton, Paula (15 March 2008). "Teen gets 41 years in Benton City slayings". Tri-City Herald. McClatchy.
  54. ^ Horton, Paula (26 January 2008). "Mom says son influenced by Satan on day of Benton City slayings". McClatchy.
  55. ^ Mills, Heather (25 October 1994). "Retrial order in 'Ouija case'". The Independent. Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 11 June 2012.
  56. ^ Spencer, J.R. (November 1995). "Seances, and the Secrecy of the Jury–Room". The Cambridge Law Journal. 54 (3): 519–522. doi:10.1017/S0008197300097282. JSTOR 4508123. S2CID 144881338.
  57. ^ "Jury deliberations may be studied". BBC News. 22 January 2005. Retrieved 11 June 2012.
  58. ^ "'Ouija board' appeal dismissed". BBC News. 7 December 2004. Retrieved 18 October 2012.
  59. ^ Jones, Emyr Gwynne (2001). "Jones, Elias Henry". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
  60. ^ "The Ouija Experiment". Phase 4 Films. Phase 4 Films Inc. n.d. Retrieved 23 September 2015.
  61. ^ Hallam, Scott A. (6 October 2011). "Teaser Trailer Arrives for Ouija Thriller I Am ZoZo". Dread Central. Archived from the original on 7 October 2011. Retrieved 12 July 2013.
  62. ^ "The Ouija Experiment (2014)". Rotten Tomatoes.
  63. ^ "Layzie Bone opens up about the crack era, ouija boards, and the days before Bone Thugs" (video). youtube.com. Tru Headz. 30 October 2021.
  64. ^ a b Gans, Jeremy (3 October 2017). "Trial by Ouija Board: When jurors misbehave". Pursuit. University of Melbourne. Retrieved 12 May 2022.
  65. ^ Davis, Adam 'Tex'; Kolber, Jerry; Young, Julia (9 February 2015). "Paranormal". Brain Games. Season 5. Episode 5. National Geographic Channel. IMDB.
  66. ^ Galton, Ray; Simpson, Alan (10 October 1974). "Seance in a Wet Rag and Bone Yard". Steptoe and Son. Season 8. Episode 6. IMDB. YouTube. DailyMotion.

References

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