Panines

Panines^[1] (Sanscritice Pāṇini, scriptura Devanagari पाणिनि) fuit grammaticus qui saeculo aut quinto aut quarto a.C.n. floruisse censetur. Glottologis recentibus innotuit opere Aṣṭādhyāyī ('octo capitula') inscripto, quo regulas linguae Sanscritae formulis brevissimis plene et compacte explicuit.

De vita Paninis fere nihil cognovimus: ipse enim de se nihil aperte scripsit. Natum esse satis constat in oppido Śalātura prope Peucelaitidem provinciae Gandaricae imperii Achaemenidarum.^[2] Quod oppidum primus verbis pellucidis indicavit peregrinus Sinensis Buddhista Xuanzang. Is anno 630 per hanc regionem iter faciens oppidum Solodulo (Śalātura) visitavit "quo loco Panines vir eruditus natus est, artis grammaticae compositor".^[3] Quam rem, etiamsi post multa saecula asseveratam, confirmant cognomen Sanscritum Śalāturīya ('qui Śalāturae natus est'), interdum Panini illi ab aliis datum, verbumque exemplare Śalāturīya ab ipso inter formulas operis sui comprehensum.^[4]^[5]

A plurimis, qui de Panine compendiose scribunt, saeculo IV a.C.n. floruisse dicitur,^[6]^[7] a curiosioribus vel quinto,^[8] nonnullis haesitantibus,^[9] sed iam antiquius a perpaucis.^[10] Eruditi enim de aevo Pāṇini iam saeculo XIX disputabant atque etiam hodie sine ulla certitudine disputant.^[11]^[12] E rebus variis indicia extrahunt. "Realia" interdum, scilicet quotidiana sibi coaeva, inter verba exemplaria Paninis enumerantur: Parśu "Persae" a saeculo VI a.C.n. exeunte in regione Gandarica noti; iavānī "varietas hordei", Iavanānī "Graecae", nomine Persico appellatae et a saeculo fere V in imperio Persarum notae; kumāraśramaṇā "samanaea virgo" fortasse Buddhistica religione (saeculo VI exeunte incepta) sed fortasse alia haerens.^[13] Pāṇini grammatico Kātyāyana praecedit qui grammatico Patañjali praecedit: hic anno circiter 150 a.C.n. floruisse censetur; Kātyāyana inde anno 250 a.C.n. neque multo tardius, Pāṇini anno 350 a.C.n. neque multo tardius floruisse potest.^[14]

Panines formula ad 3959 regularum redacta innotuit. Quae ars Paninia Aṣṭādhyāyī morphologiam, syntaxin, semanticam linguae Sanscritae explicat. De primo textu agitur partis grammaticae Vedangae, disciplinarum academicarum religionis Vedicae historicae. Aṣṭādhyāyī est una ex primis libris artis grammaticae Sanscritae notis, quamquam Panines priorum textuum qui sunt Unadisutra, Dhatupatha, Ganapatha mentionem facit.

Notae

↑ Christian Lassen, Institutiones linguae Pracriticae (König, 1837), p. 5, 156.
↑ Renou p. 483.
↑ Xuanzang, De peregrinatione versionis Anglicae p. 114.
↑ Bohtlingk vol. 2 pp. viii-xi
↑ Cardona p. 268.
↑ "a native of the extreme north-west of India, who probably flourished about 300 B.C.": "Sanskrit Literature" in The Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. 2 (1909), p. 263.
↑ "The date of Pāṇini is most commonly fixed in the fourth century B.C.: T. Burrow, The Sanskrit Language *Londinii: Faber, 1955) p. 48
↑ "The date ... is usually assumed to be about 350 B.C., but . . . it is perhaps safer to say that he lived after, and perhaps soon after, 500 B.C.": A. A. MacDonell, India's Past: A Survey of Her Literatures, Religions, Languages and Antiquities (Oxonii: Oxford University Press, 1927) pp. 136-137 (Paginae selectae apud Google Books)
↑ "Generally, I have decided, without absolute certainty, on the 4th or 5th centuries B.C.": Renou p. 483
↑ Paul Thieme, recensio operis The Sanskrit Language T. Burrow in Language vol. 31 (1955) pp. 428-448 ad p. 429 JSTOR^{[nexus deficit]}
↑ Liebich (1891) pp. 1-8
↑ Cardona pp. 260-278.
↑ Cardona pp. 261-262.
↑ Cardona pp. 262-268.

Bibliographia

Editiones operis

Otto Böhtlingk, ed., Pânini's acht Bücher grammatischer Regeln. 2 voll. Bonnae, 1839-1840 (Sanscritice, Theodisce) Vol. 1 vol. 2 apud archive.org
Chandra Vasu, ed. et interpr., Pāṇini: Ashtādhyāyī. Benares, 1896-1897 (Sanscritice, Anglice) lib. 4 lib. 6–8.

Eruditio

Leonard Bloomfield, recensio operis Konkordanz Pānini-Candra Brunonis Liebich in Language vol. 5 (1929) pp. 267-276.JSTOR^{[nexus deficit]}
George Cardona, Pāṇini: A Survey of Research. Hagae: Mouton, 1976 (Paginae selectae impressionis posterioris apud Google Books)
George Cardona, Recent research in Pāṇinian Studies. Dellii: Motilal Banarsidass, 1999. ISBN 81-208-1637-4.
Bruno Liebich, Panini: ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der indischen Literatur. Lipsiae: Haessel, 1891 Textus
Louis Renou, "Pāṇini" in Thomas Albert Sebeok et al., ed., Current Trends in Linguistics vol. 5 (Hagae: Mouton, 1969) pp. 481-498, praecipue p. 483 (Paginae selectae apud Google Books)
Staal, Frits. 1965. Euclid and Pāṇini. Philosophy East and West 15:99-116. JSTOR.
Staal, Frits. 1988. Universals: studies in Indian logic and linguistics. Sicagi: University of Chicago Press.
Thieme, Paul. 1935. Pāṇini and the Veda: Studies in the Early History of Linguistic Science in India. Allahabad: Globe Press.

De singulis rebus linguisticis

Carter, George F.; Jairazbhoy, R. A.; Mundkur, Balaji (June 1979). "On Mundkur on Diffusion". Current Anthropology 20 (2): 425 .
Kadvany, John (8 February 2008). "Positional Value and Linguistic Recursion". Journal of Indian Philosophy 35 (5-6): 487–520 .
Ingerman, Peter Zilahy. 1967. Pāṇini-Backus Form. Communications of the ACM 10(3):137. Textus. doi:10.1145/363162.363165.
Prince, Alan; Smolensky, Paul (15 April 2008). Optimality Theory: Constraint Interaction in Generative Grammar. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-75939-4 .
Rao, T. R. N. 1998. Pāṇini-backus form of languages.

Aliae encyclopaediae

Panini (Indian Grammarian). . www.britannica.com (Encyclopedia Britannica). 2013

Nexus interni

Nexus externi

"PaSSim: Paninian Sanskrit Simulator."
Ratio Paninia.
Ganakastadhyayi.]
Forizs, L. Panini, Nagarjuna and Whitehead – The Relevance of Whitehead for Contemporary Buddhist Philosophy.
Astadhyayi, cum Mahabhashya et Kashika commentariis, cum Nyasa et Padamanjara commentariis de Kashika.

[1] Christian Lassen, Institutiones linguae Pracriticae (König, 1837), p. 5, 156.

[2] Renou p. 483.

[3] Xuanzang, De peregrinatione versionis Anglicae p. 114.

[4] Bohtlingk vol. 2 pp. viii-xi

[5] Cardona p. 268.

[Pan-6] "a native of the extreme north-west of India, who probably flourished about 300 B.C.": "Sanskrit Literature" in The Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. 2 (1909), p. 263.

[7] "The date of Pāṇini is most commonly fixed in the fourth century B.C.: T. Burrow, The Sanskrit Language *Londinii: Faber, 1955) p. 48

[8] "The date ... is usually assumed to be about 350 B.C., but . . . it is perhaps safer to say that he lived after, and perhaps soon after, 500 B.C.": A. A. MacDonell, India's Past: A Survey of Her Literatures, Religions, Languages and Antiquities (Oxonii: Oxford University Press, 1927) pp. 136-137 (Paginae selectae apud Google Books)

[9] "Generally, I have decided, without absolute certainty, on the 4th or 5th centuries B.C.": Renou p. 483

[10] Paul Thieme, recensio operis The Sanskrit Language T. Burrow in Language vol. 31 (1955) pp. 428-448 ad p. 429 JSTOR^{[nexus deficit]}

[11] Liebich (1891) pp. 1-8

[12] Cardona pp. 260-278.

[13] Cardona pp. 261-262.

[14] Cardona pp. 262-268.

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