Portuguese people

For a specific analysis of the population of Portugal, see Demographics of Portugal.

Portuguese people

Portuguese: Portugueses, Portuguesas
Total population
Portugal: c. 10.6 million
Regions with significant populations
Brazil	c. 5,000,000 (includes Portuguese nationals and their descendants down to the third generation; excludes more distant ancestry)
France	2,000,000 (Portuguese born & ancestry)
United States	1,400,000 (Portuguese ancestry)
Venezuela	1,300,000 (ancestry) (additional 55,441 Portuguese born)
Canada	550,000 (Portuguese ancestry)
Angola	500,000
Switzerland	460,173
Germany	244,217
Mozambique	200,000 (42,008 citizens)
Chile	200,000
Spain	184,774
United Kingdom	170,000
Macau	152,616
Luxembourg	151,028
Myanmar	100,000 (Bayingyi)
India	80,654
Belgium	80,000
Australia	73,903
Argentina	42,000
Sri Lanka	40,000 (Burgher)
Malaysia	40,000 (Kristang)
Netherlands	35,633
Cape Verde	22,318 (ancestry)
East Timor	20,853
Hong Kong	20,700
Malawi	19,000
Zimbabwe	18,000
Singapore	17,000
Andorra	16,308
Bermuda	16,000 (ancestry) (1,643 Portuguese born)
Jersey	15,000
Guinea-Bissau	10,400
Ireland	9,542
Norway	9,000
Italy	8,288
Saudi Arabia	7,971
Austria	7,245
DR Congo	6,400
Zambia	5,700
Jamaica	5,700
Russia	4,945
Languages
Portuguese
Religion
Predominantly Roman Catholic
Related ethnic groups
Other Romance-speaking peoples Especially Galicians, Spaniards, and other Lusophones
^a Total number of ethnic Portuguese varies wildly based on the definition.

The Portuguese people (Portuguese: Portugueses – masculine – or Portuguesas) is a Romance-speaking ethnic group and nation indigenous to Portugal, a country that occupies the west side of the Iberian Peninsula in south-west Europe, who share culture, ancestry and language.

The Portuguese state began with the founding of the County of Portugal in 868. Following the Battle of São Mamede (1128), Portugal gained international recognition as a kingdom through the Treaty of Zamora and the papal bull Manifestis Probatum. This Portuguese state paved the way for the Portuguese people to unite as a nation.

The Portuguese explored distant lands previously unknown to Europeans—in the Americas, Africa, Asia and Oceania (southwest Pacific Ocean). In 1415, with the conquest of Ceuta, the Portuguese took a significant role in the Age of Discovery, which culminated in a colonial empire. It was one of the first global empires and one of the world's major economic, political and military powers in the 15th and 16th centuries, with territories that became part numerous countries. Portugal helped to launch the spread of Western civilization to other geographies.

During and after the period of the Portuguese Empire, the Portuguese diaspora spread across the world.

Ancestry

The Portuguese people's heritage largely derives from the Indo-European (Lusitanians, Conii), and Celtic peoples (Gallaecians, Turduli and Celtici). They were later Romanized after the Roman conquest. The Portuguese language–the native language of the overwhelming majority of Portuguese people–stems from Vulgar Latin.

A number of male Portuguese lineages descend from Germanic tribes who arrived as ruling elites after the Roman period, starting in 409. These included the Suebi, Buri, Hasdingi Vandals and Visigoths. The pastoral North Caucasus' Alans left traces in a few central-southern areas (e.g. Alenquer, from "Alen Kerke" or "Temple of the Alans").

The Umayyad conquest of Iberia, between the early 8th century until the 12th century, also left small Moorish, Jewish and Saqaliba genetic contributions. Other minor – as well as later – influences include small Viking settlements between the 9th and 11th centuries, made by Norsemen who raided coastal areas mainly in the northern regions of Douro and Minho. Low-incidence, pre-Roman influence came from Phoenicians and Greeks in southern coastal areas.

Name

The name Portugal is a portmanteau that comes from the Latin word Portus (meaning port) and a second word Cale, whose meaning and origin are unclear. Cale is probably a reminder of the Gallaeci (also known as Callaeci), a Celtic tribe that lived in part of Northern Portugal.

Alternatively the name may have come from the early settlement of Cale (today's Gaia), situated on the mouth of the Douro River on the Atlantic coast (Portus Cale). The name Cale seems to come from the Celts – perhaps from one of their specifications, Cailleach – but which, in everyday life, was synonymous with shelter, anchorage or door. Among other theories, some suggest that Cale may stem from the Greek word for kalós (beautiful). Another theory for Portugal postulates a French derivation, Portus Gallus "port of the Gauls".

During the Middle Ages, the area around Cale became known through the Visigoths as Portucale. Portucale could have evolved in the 7th and 8th centuries, to become Portugale, or Portugal, from the 9th century. The term denoted the area between the Douro and Minho rivers.

Early inhabitants

Main article: Genetic history of the Iberian Peninsula

Further information: Genetic history of Europe

Aroeira 3 skull of 400,000-year-old Homo heidelbergensis found in 2014. The oldest trace of human history in Portugal

Portuguese origins are predominantly from Southern and Western Europe. The earliest modern humans inhabiting Portugal are believed to have arrived in the Iberian Peninsula 35,000 to 40,000 years ago. Y-chromosome and mtDNA data suggest that modern Portuguese trace a proportion of these lineages to the paleolithic peoples who began settling the European continent at the end of the last glaciation around 45,000 years ago.

Distribution of R1a (purple) and R1b (red). See also this map for distribution in Europe.

Northern Iberia is believed to have been a major Ice age refuge from which Paleolithic humans later colonized Europe. Migrations from northern Iberia during the Paleolithic and Mesolithic link modern Iberians to much of Western Europe, particularly the British Isles and Atlantic Europe.

Y-chromosome haplogroup R1b is the most common haplogroup in the Iberian peninsula and western Europe. One of the best-characterized of Iberian haplotypes is the Atlantic Modal Haplotype (AMH). This haplotype reaches the highest frequencies there and in the British Isles. In Portugal it reckons generally 65% in the South, ranging from 87-96% northwards.

Neolithic

See also: Early European Farmers

The Neolithic colonization of Europe from Western Asia and the Middle East, beginning around 10,000 years ago, reached Iberia after reaching the rest of the continent. According to the demic diffusion model its impact was greatest in the southern and eastern regions.

Celts and Indo-Europeans

A simplified map of archaeological cultures of the late Bronze Age (c. 1200 BC):

  Terramare culture

  central Urnfield culture

  northern Urnfield culture

  Lusatian culture

  (in central Europe) Knovíz culture

  Danubian culture

  Atlantic Bronze Age

  Nordic Bronze Age

In the 3rd millennium BC, during the Bronze Age, the first wave of migrations by Indo-European language speakers into Iberia occurred. The expansion of haplogroup R1b in Western Europe, most common in many areas of Atlantic Europe, was primarily due to massive migrations from the Pontic–Caspian steppe of Eastern Europe during the Bronze Age, along with carriers of Indo-European languages like proto-Celtic and proto-Italic. Unlike older studies on uniparental markers, large amounts of autosomal DNA were analyzed in addition to paternal Y-DNA. An autosomal component was detected in modern Europeans that was not present in the Neolithic or Mesolithic, and which entered Europe with paternal lineages R1b and R1a, as well as the Indo-European languages.

Indo-European migrations

The first immigrations of Indo-European language speakers were followed by waves of Celts. The Celts arrived in Portugal about 3,000 years ago. Migration was particularly intense from the 7th to the 5th centuries BC.

These two processes defined Iberia's cultural landscape "Continental in the northwest and Mediterranean towards the southeast", as historian José Mattoso described.

The northwest–southeast cultural shift also shows in genetic differences: based on 2016 findings, haplogroup H, a cluster within the haplogroup R category, is more prevalent along the Atlantic façade, including the Cantabrian Coast and Portugal. Its highest frequency is in Galicia (northwestern corner of Iberia). The frequency of haplogroup H shows a decreasing trend from the Atlantic façade toward the Mediterranean.

This finding adds strong evidence that Galicia and Northern Portugal was a cul-de-sac population, a kind of European edge for a major ancient central European migration. An interesting pattern of genetic continuity exists along the Cantabria coast and Portugal, a pattern observed previously when minor sub-clades of the mtDNA phylogeny were examined.

Given the Paleolithic and Neolithic origins, as well as Bronze Age and Iron Age Indo-European migrations, the Portuguese ethnic origin was mainly a mixture of pre-Celts or para-Celts, such as the Lusitanians of Lusitania, and Celtic peoples such as Gallaeci of Gallaecia, the Celtici and the Cynetes of Alentejo and the Algarve.

Pre-Roman populations

Lusitanians

Not to be confused with Lusatia.

The Lusitanians (or Lusitānus – singular – Lusitani – plural – in Latin) were an Indo-European people living in the Western Iberian Peninsula long before it became the Roman province of Lusitania (modern Portugal, Extremadura and part of Salamanca). They spoke Lusitanian, of which only a few short written fragments survive. Most Portuguese consider Lusitanians as their ancestors, although the northern regions (Minho, Douro, Trás-os-Montes) identify more with Gallaecians. Linguists such as Ellis Evans claimed that Gallaecian-Lusitanian was one language (thus not separate languages) of the "p" Celtic variant. They were a large tribe who lived between Douro and Tagus rivers.

The Lusitanians may have originated in the Alps and settled in the region in the 6th century BC. Sholars such as Dáithí Ó hÓgáin consider them to be indigenous.He claimed they were initially dominated by the Celts, before gaining full independence. Romanian archaeologist Scarlat Lambrino, active in Portugal for many years, proposed that they were originally a tribal Celtic group, related to the Lusones.

The first area settled by the Lusitanians was probably the Douro Valley and the region of Beira Alta; they subsequently moved south, and expanded on both sides of the Tagus river, before the Roman conquest.

The Lusitanians originated from either Proto-Celtic or Proto-Italic populations who spread from Central Europe into western Europe after Yamnaya migrations into the Danube Valley, while Proto-Germanic and Proto-Balto-Slavic may have developed east of the Carpathian Mountains, in present-day Ukraine, moving north and spreading with the Corded Ware culture in Middle Europe (third millennium BCE). One theory claimed that a European branch of Indo-European dialects, termed "North-west Indo-European" and associated with the Bell Beaker culture, may have been ancestral to Celtic, Italic, Germanic, and Balto-Slavic lanaguages.

The Lusitanians' Celtic root, is further emphasized by research by the Max Planck Institute on the origins of Indo-European languages. One study identified one common Celtic branch of peoples and languages spanning most of Atlantic Europe, including Lusitania, at around 7,000 BC. This work contradicts previous theories that excluded Lusitanian from the Celtic linguistic family.

In Roman times, the Roman province of Lusitania was extended north of the areas occupied by the Lusitanians to include the territories of Asturias and Gallaecia, but these were soon ceded to the jurisdiction of the Provincia Tarraconensis in the north, while the south remained the Provincia Lusitania et Vettones. After this, Lusitania's northern border was along the Douro river, while its eastern border passed through Salmantica and Caesarobriga to the Anas (Guadiana) river.

Other Pre-Roman groups

Map showing the main pre-Roman tribes in Portugal and their main migrations. Turduli movement in red, Celtici in brown and Lusitanian in a blue colour. Most tribes neighbouring the Lusitanians were dependent on them. Names are in Latin.

As the Lusitanians fought the Romans, the name Lusitania was adopted by the Gallaeci, tribes living north of the Douro, and other surrounding tribes, eventually spreading as a label to the nearby peoples fighting Roman rule in western Iberia. This led the Romans to name their original province in the area, which initially covered the entire western side of the Iberian peninsula, Lusitania.

List of the tribes living in "Portugal" prior to Roman rule:

Tribes	Description
Bardili (Turduli)	living in the Setúbal peninsula;
Bracari	living between the rivers Tâmega and Cávado, in the area of the modern city of Braga;
Callaici	living along and north of the Douro;
Celtici	Celts living in Alentejo;
Coelerni	living in the mountains between the rivers Tua and Sabor;
Cynetes or Conii	living in the Algarve and the south of Alentejo;
Equaesi	living in the most mountainous region of modern Portugal;
Grovii	a mysterious tribe living in the Minho valley;
Interamici	living in Trás-os-Montes and in the border areas with Galicia and León (in modern Spain);
Leuni	living between the rivers Lima and Minho;
Luanqui	living between the rivers Tâmega and Tua;
Limici	living in the swamps of the river Lima, on the border between Portugal and Galicia;
Narbasi	living in the north of modern Portugal (interior) and nearby area of southern Galicia;
Nemetati	living north of the Douro Valley in the area of Mondim;
Oestriminis	also referred to as Sefes and supposedly linked to the Cempsii. There is not a consensus regarding their exact origins and location. They are believed to have been the first known humans to inhabit the whole Atlantic margin covering Portugal and Galicia, the people from ‘Finis terrae’ at the end of the Western world.
Paesuri	a dependent tribe of the Lusitanians, living between the rivers Douro and Vouga;
Quaquerni	living in the mountains at the mouths of rivers Cávado and Tâmega;
Seurbi	living between the rivers Cávado and Lima (or even reaching the river Minho);
Tamagani	from the area of Chaves, near the river Tâmega;
Tapoli	another dependent tribe of the Lusitanians, living north of the river Tagus, on the border between modern Portugal and Spain;
Turdetani	In southern municipalities such as São Brás de Alportel
Turduli	in the east of Alentejo (Guadiana Valley);
Turduli Veteres	literally "ancient Turduli", living south of the estuary of the river Douro;
Turdulorum Oppida	Turduli living in the Portuguese region of Estremadura and Beira Litoral;
Turodi	living in Trás-os-Montes and bordering areas of Galicia;
Vettones	living in the eastern border areas of Portugal, and in Spanish provinces of Ávila and Salamanca, as well as parts of Zamora, Toledo and Cáceres;
Zoelae	living in the mountains of Serra da Nogueira, Sanabria and Culebra, up to the mountains of Mogadouro in northern Portugal and adjacent areas of Galicia.

Romanization

Main article: Lusitanian War

Viriato (179 – 139 BC), led a guerilla war against the Romans for eight years. He was beheaded by traitors from his ranks, who killed him in his sleep for a bribe. The statue depicted is in Viseu.

Rome conquered the peninsula during the 2nd and 1st centuries B.C. from Carthage during the Punic Wars.

After 193 B.C., the Lusitanians fought Rome's expansion peninsula following the defeat and occupation of Carthage in North Africa. They fought for years, repeatedly defeating the Roman invaders. In the end they were punished by Praetor Servius Galba in 150 B.C. He killed 9,000 Lusitanians and later sold 20,000 more as slaves to the Roman provinces in Gaul (modern France).

Three years later (147 B.C.), Viriathus became the leader of the Lusitanians and attacked Roman rule in Lusitania and beyond. He commanded a confederation of Celtic tribes and prevented Roman expansion with guerrilla warfare. In 139 B.C. Viriathus was betrayed and killed in his sleep by his companions (emissaries to the Romans), Audax, Ditalcus and Minurus, bribed by Marcus Popillius Laenas. However, when Audax, Ditalcus and Minurus returned to receive their reward, Consul Quintus Servilius Caepio ordered their execution, declaring, "Rome does not pay traitors".

Ethnographic and Linguistic Map of the Iberian Peninsula at about 200 BC.

Viriathus was the first Portuguese ‘national hero’ . After Viriathus' rule, the celticized Lusitanians largely adopted romanized culture and the Latin language.

Lusitanian inhabitants, following the rest of the Roman-Iberian peninsula, eventually gained the status of "Citizens of Rome". Many saints emerged from the territory. These include Saint Engrácia, Saint Quitéria, and Saint Marina of Aguas Santas.

The Romans impacted the population, both genetically and culturally; the Portuguese language derives mostly from Latin, mostly a later evolution of the Roman language after the fall of the Western Roman Empire. According to Mario Pei, the phonetic distance found between Portuguese and Latin stands at 31%. Roman domination lasted from the 2nd century BC to the 5th century AD.

Middle Ages

A street plate in Póvoa de Varzim, with Siglas poveiras (describing names of local families), believed related to Scandinavian Bomärken.

After the Romans, Germanic peoples, namely the Suebi, the Buri, and the Visigoths (an estimated 2–3% of the population), ruled the peninsula for centuries and assimilated into the local population. Some of the Vandals (Silingi and Hasdingi) and Alans lingered. The Suebians were the most numerous Germanic tribes. Portugal and Galicia, (along with Catalonia which was part of the Frankish Kingdom), are the regions with the highest ratios of Germanic Y-DNA.

Other influences include small Viking settlements between the 9th and 11th centuries, made by Norsemen who raided coastal areas mainly in Douro and Minho.

The Reconquista Timetable and expulsion of the Moors.

The Moors occupied what is now Portugal from the 8th century until the Reconquista movement expelled them in 1249. Some 2.000 of their population, mainly Berbers and Christian Jews became New Christians (Cristãos novos); some descendants of these people are still identifiable by their new surnames. Several genetic studies, including the most comprehensive genome-wide studies published on historical and modern populations of the Iberian Peninsula, conclude that the Moorish occupation left few to no Jewish, Arab and Berber genetic influences throughout Iberia, with higher incidence in the south and west, and ower incidence in the northeast, and almost none in Basque Country.

Following the end of the Reconquista and the Conquest of Faro, religious and ethnic minorities such as the so-called "new Christians" or the "Ciganos" (Roma gypsies) later suffered persecution from the state and the Inquisition. As a consequence, many were expelled, condemned, and subjected to auto-da-fé, or fled the country, creating a Jewish diaspora in the Netherlands, England, US, Brazil, Balkans, and beyond.

Portuguese Nation (868-)

Azulejo tile image of Brites de Almeida killing Castilian soldiers

The political origin of the Portuguese state is in the founding of County of Portugal in 868 (Portuguese: Condado Portucalense; in period documents the name used was Portugalia). It was the first time that a cohesive nationalism emerged there, as even during the Roman Era, the indigenous populations were from diverse ethnic and cultural backgrounds.

Although the country began as a county, after the Battle of São Mamede on 24 June 1128 Portugal was officially recognised as a kingdom via the Treaty of Zamora and the papal bull Manifestis Probatum of Pope Alexander III. The establishment of the Portuguese state in the 12th century led the Portuguese to group together as a nation.

A subsequent turning point in Portuguese nationalism was the Battle of Aljubarrota in 1385, linked to Brites de Almeida, thereby putting an end to Castilian ambitions to take over the Portuguese throne.

Genetic comparisons

The Portuguese share some DNA with the Basques. The results of the present HLA study in Portuguese populations show that they have features in common with Basques and some Madrid-area Spaniards: a high frequency of the HLA-haplotypes A29-B44-DR7 (ancient Western Europeans) and A1-B8-DR3 are common characteristics. Many Portuguese and Basques do not show the Mediterranean A33-B14-DR1 haplotype, confirming a lower admixture with Mediterraneans.

Geographical distribution of Haplogroup R1b (Y-DNA), R1b1a1a2 (R-M269)

The Portuguese have one unique characteristic: a high frequency of HLA-A25-B18-DR15 and A26-B38-DR13, which may reflect a founder effect from ancient Portuguese, i.e., Oestriminis and Cynetes. According to an early genetic study, the Portuguese are a relatively distinct population according to HLA data, as they have a high frequency of the HLA-A25-B18-DR15 and A26-B38-DR13 genes, the latter is a unique Portuguese marker. In Europe, the A25-B18-DR15 gene is found only in Portugal; it also observed in some North Americans and in Brazilians (very likely of Portuguese ancestry).

The pan-European haplotype A1-B8-DR3 and the western-European haplotype A29-B44-DR7 are shared by Portuguese, Basques, and Spaniards. The latter is also common in Irish, southern English, and western French populations.

Men from mainland Portugal, the Azores and Madeira belonged to 78–83% of the "Western European" haplogroup R1b, and Mediterranean J and E3b.

The comparative table shows statistics by haplogroups of Portuguese men with men of European countries, and communities.

Country/Haplogroup	I1	I2*/I2a	I2b	R1a	R1b	G	J2	J*/J1	E1b1b	T	Q	N
Portugal	2	1.5	3	1.5	56	6.5	9.5	3	14	2.5	0.5	0
France	8.5	3	3.5	3	58.5	5.5	6	1.5	7.5	1	0.5	0
United Kingdom	8	1	4.5	0.5	80	2	2.5	0.5	0.5	0	0	0
Germany	16	1.5	4.5	16	44.5	5	4.5	0	5.5	1	0.5	1
Ireland	6	1	5	2.5	81	1	1	0	2	0	0	0
Italy	4.5	3	2.5	4	39	9	15.5	3	13.5	2.5	0	0
Spain	1.5	4.5	1	2	69	3	8	1.5	7	2.5	0	0
Ukraine	4.5	20.5	0.5	44	8	3	4.5	0.5	6.5	1	0.5	5.5
Ashkenazi Jews	4	10	9	9.5	19	19	20.5	2	0.5	5	0	1.5
Sephardi Jews	1	5	13	15	25	22	9	6	0	2	0	2

Culturally and linguistically, the Portuguese are close to Galicians. The similarities among the two groups are pronounced. Galician and Portuguese may be the same language (see also: Reintegrationism).

Demography

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Portugal

See also: List of Portuguese municipalities by population

Lisbon, with 545,143 inhabitants in the city proper, is the capital and the largest city in Portugal.

Around 9.15 million (87%) Portuguese-born people live in the country, out of a total population of 10.467 million.

About 782,000 foreigners live legally in the country (7%), thus approximately 9.685 million people living in Portugal hold Portuguese citizenship or legal residency.

The median age stood at 46.8 years (versus 44.4 in the EU as a whole) as of 2023. People aged 65 or more accounted for 23%. The total fertility rate is 1.35 against the EU average of 1.53. Life expectancy at birth is 83. Due to the high percentage of senior citizens, the crude mortality rate (12%) is well in excess of the crude birth rate (8%).

Portugal boasts one of the world's lowest infant mortality rates (3%), down from 9% in 1961. The average age of women at first childbirth was at 30 years, in contrast to the EU average of 28.

About 67% live in urban settings, concentrated along the coast and in the Lisbon metropolitan area, which hosts 2,883,645, or 28%.

About 65% of the national population, or 6,760,989 people, live in the 56 municipalities with more than 50,000 inhabitants, about 18% of all national municipalities. The country hosts 122 municipalities, about 40% of all national municipalities, with a population of 10,000 inhabitants or less, totaling 678,855 inhabitants, about 7% of the national population.

Native minority languages

Main article: Languages of Portugal

Areas in Northern Portugal where Mirandese is spoken

The main language spoken as first language is Portuguese. Other autochthonous languages include:

• Caló (see also Caló language), the language of the Portuguese-Romani community. Some 52,000 Romani people live in Portugal.
• Mirandês (see also Mirandese language) is an officially recognised language. It enjoys special protection in the areas of Miranda do Douro, Vimioso, and Mogadouro. About 15,000 people speak the language (0.14%). The language is part of the Asturian-Leonese linguistic group which includes the Asturian and Leonese minority languages of Northwestern Spain. All of its speakers are bilingual and speak Portuguese: code-switching is common.
• Barranquenhu (see also Barranquenho) is spoken in the town of Barrancos (in the border between Extremadura and Andalusia, in Spain). Some 3,000 speak the language (0.03%). It is a Portuquese dialect influenced by Extremaduran and, later, southern Spanish.
• Minderico – a sociolect or argot spoken in Minde, which is practically extinct (150 remaining speakers).
• Portuguese Sign Language, the official language for the deaf community. About 30,000 deaf people (0.29%) use the language. The first teacher of deaf-mutes in France was Portuguese-Jew Jacob Rodrigues Pereira.

Ethnic minorities

Main article: Immigration to Portugal

See also: Religion in Portugal, Racism in Portugal, and Romani people in Portugal

Flags of the countries of origin of the main immigrant communities in the municipality of Seixal

People from Portugal's former colonies, particularly Brazil, Portuguese Africa (especially Afro-Portuguese), Macau, Portuguese India and Timor-Leste, have been migrating to Portugal since the 1900s.

Many Slavs, especially Ukrainians (now one of the biggest ethnic minorities) and Russians, as well as Moldovans, Romanians, Bulgarians and Georgians, have been migrating to Portugal since the late 20th century. A wave of Ukrainians arrived in Portugal after the Russian invasion of Ukraine, approximately 60,000, making them the second largest migrant community after Brazilians.

A Chinese minority of Macau Cantonese origin as well as of Chinese mainlanders are present.

Other relevant Asian communities include Indians, Nepalis, Bangladeshis and Pakistanis while, dealing with Latin Americans, Venezuelans – numbering about 27,700 – are present.

A small minority of Romani live–about 52,000.

Portugal is home to other EU and EEA/EFTA nationals (French, Germans, Dutch, Swedes, Spaniards). The UK and France represented the largest senior resident communities as of 2019. They are part of a larger expatriate community including Germans, Dutch, Belgians and Swedes.

Officially registered foreigners amount to 7% of the population. Descendants of immigrants are excluded (Portugal, like many European countries, does not collect data on ethnicity) and those who, regardless of place of birth or citizenship at birth, were Portuguese citizens.

Some 100,000 Muslims and 5,000–6,000 Jews (mostly Sephardi such as the Belmonte Jews, and Ashkenazi).

• Flag maps for each Portuguese district as of January 2022
• 
  Largest immigrant population by district. Brazilians plus Venezuelans in Madeira, Britons in Algarve and Indians in Beja
• 
  Second largest. Cape Verdeans in Lisbon Area, Italians in Porto with Britons and Romanians in the interior.
• 
  Third largest. US-citizens in the Azores, Chinese in the north, Africans in Lisbon metropolitan area.
• 
  Fourth largest. Angolans and Eastern Europeans (such as Ukrainians in Santarém) present nationwide
• 
  Fifth largest. Chinese near the Spanish border and Europeans along the coast.

Surnames

Main articles: Portuguese name and Portuguese orthography

Coat of arms associated with Silva surname; approximately ¹/₁₀ of the population bears this surname

A Portuguese surname is typically composed of a variable number of family names (rarely one, often two or three or more). The first additional names are usually the mother's surname(s) and the father's family surname(s). For practicality, usually only the final surname (excluding prepositions) is used in greetings.

Portugal's adaptable naming system complies with the country's legal framework. The law mandates that a child must be given at least one personal name and one surname from a parent. The limit is two personal names and four surnames.

In pre-Roman times, inhabitants had either a single name or a name followed by a patronym, which reflected their ethnicity or their tribe/region. These names could be Celtic, Lusitanian, Iberian, or Conii. However, the Roman onomastic system began to slowly gain popularity after the first century AD. This system involved adopting a Roman name (tria nomina), which consisted of a praenomen (given name), nomen (gentile), and cognomen. Today, most Portuguese surnames have a Germanic patronymic (such as Henriques, Pires, Rodrigues, Lopes, Nunes, Mendes, Fernandes etc. where the ending -es means "son of"), locative (Gouveia, Guimarães, Lima, Maia, Mascarenhas, Serpa, Montes, Fonseca, Barroso), religious origin (Cruz, Reis, De Jesus, Moysés, Nascimento), occupational (Carpinteiro (carpenter), Malheiro (wool-maker, thresher), Jardineiro (gardener), or derived from physical appearance (Branco (white), Trigueiro (brown, tanned), Louraço (blond). Toponymic, locative, and religion-derived surnames are often preceded by the preposition 'of' in its varying forms: (De, de), (Do, do- masculine), (Da, da- feminine) or 'of the' (dos, Dos, das, Das – plural) such as De Carvalho, Da Silva, de Gouveia, Da Costa, da Maia, do Nascimento, dos Santos, das Mercês. If the preposition is followed by a vowel, sometimes apostrophes are used in surnames (or stage names) such as D'Oliveira, d'Abranches, d'Eça. In some previous Asian colonies (India, Malaysia, East Timor) alternative spellings are used such as 'D'Souza, Desouza, De Cunha, Ferrao, Dessais, Balsemao, Conceicao, Gurjao, Mathias, Thomaz.

The majority of Portuguese have multiple surnames.

Most Common Surnames

Rank	Surname	Percentage	Individuals (000)
1	Silva	9.44%	999
2	Santos	5.96%	628
3	Ferreira	5.25%	553
4	Pereira	4.88%	514
5	Oliveira	3.71%	391
6	Costa	3.68%	387
7	Rodrigues	3.57%	376
8	Martins	3.23%	340
9	Jesus	2.99%	315
10	Sousa	2.95%	311
11	Fernandes	2.82%	297
12	Gonçalves	2.76%	291
13	Gomes	2.57%	271
14	Lopes	2.52%	265
15	Marques	2.51%	265
16	Alves	2.37%	250
17	Almeida	2.27%	239
18	Ribeiro	2.27%	239
19	Pinto	2.09%	220
20	Carvalho	1.97%	208
21	Teixeira	1.69%	178
22	Moreira	1.54%	162
23	Correia	1.53%	161
24	Mendes	1.39%	146
25	Nunes	1.32%	139

Note: Percentages total > 100 because of individuals with multiple surnames.

Diaspora

Main article: Geographical distribution of Portuguese speakers

Portuguese coat of arms and sign – commending the property and hospital to Anthony of Lisbon – outside the Church of Sant'Antonio dei Portoghesi, Rome; the Portuguese presence in Europe outside of Portugal, has had many reasons such as economic, cultural and religious (up). Santa Cruz Church, Thon Buri District, Bangkok, Constructed by Portuguese monks in the 18th Century (down)

Portugal was traditionally a land of emigration: according to estimates, more than one hundred million people could have recognizable Portuguese ancestors, with Portuguese diasporas found in diverse regions in all continents. However, poor sources for statistics dating hundreds of years ago complicate any estimates.

Explorations in the 15th and 16th centuries and colonial expansion encouraged worldwide emigration to South Asia, the Americas, Macau, East-Timor, Malaysia, Indonesia, Myanmar and Africa, particularly to former colonies (see Luso-Africans). Portuguese emigration contributed to the settlement of the Atlantic islands, Brazil (where the majority of the population is of Portuguese descent), Goa Catholic Goans, Portuguese Burghers in Sri Lanka, in Malacca the Kristang and in Macau the Macaense. The Portuguese Empire, which lasted nearly 600 years, ended when Macau returned to China in 1999. During the period, millions left Portugal. Inter-ethnic marriage and cultural influences, produced dialects based on Portuguese in the former colonies (e.g. Forro) and in other countries (e.g. Papiamentu).

In addition, a considerable segment of the diaspora is due to recent mass emigration, mainly for economic reasons. Between 1886 and 1966 Portugal had more emigrants than any Western European country save Ireland. Nearly two million left to live mainly in Brazil, but also significant numbers settled in the US, Canada, and the Caribbean. About 1.2 million Brazilian citizens are native Portuguese.

By 1989 some 4,000,000 Portuguese citizens were living abroad, mainly in France, Germany, Brazil, South Africa, Canada, Venezuela, and the US. Estimates from 2021 are that as much as 5 million Portuguese citizens (not descendants or citizens registered within the Portuguese consular authorities) may be living abroad.

Within Europe, many Portuguese live in Francophone countries like France, Luxembourg and Switzerland, spurred in part by the linguistic proximity of Portuguese and French. In fact, according to data from the General Directorate of Consular Affairs and Portuguese Communities of the Portuguese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the countries with the largest Portuguese communities are, in ascending order, France, the UK and Switzerland.

Sephardi Jews

See also: Sephardic Jews, Spanish and Portuguese Jews, and Sephardic Bnei Anusim

"The Banishment of the Jews", by Alfredo Roque Gameiro, in Quadros da História de Portugal ("Pictures of the History of Portugal", 1917)

Descendants of Portuguese Sephardi Jews established many communities around the world, including in significant numbers in Israel, the Netherlands, the United States, France, Venezuela, Brazil and Turkey.

Expulsion

The Portuguese Jewish diaspora was mainly a result of the expulsion decree issued in 1496 by the Portuguese monarchy, which targeted Portuguese-Jews. This decree forced many Jews to either convert to Christianity (leading to the emergence of Cristão-novos and of Crypto-Judaism practices) or to leave, leading Portuguese Jews to settle throughout Europe and Brazil. In Brazil many of the early colonists were originally Sephardi Jews who, following their conversion, were known as New Christians (see Anusim).

Emigration

In memoriam of the expulsion of the Jews from Porto.

Up to 10,000 Portuguese-Jews might have migrated to France from 1497; this phenomenon remained noticeable until the 1600s, when the Netherlands became a favorite choice.

The Netherlands and England became top destinations for these emigrants because those places had no Inquisition. Adding to the economical and cultural aspects of their host countries, Portuguese-Jews established institutions that continue, such as the Esnoga, in Amsterdam, Congregation Shearith Israel (America's oldest Jewish congregation), Bevis Marks Synagogue (the UK's oldest synagogue) – the Spanish and Portuguese Synagogue of Montreal – (Canada's oldest synagogue) – , Mount Sinai Hospital, City Lights Booksellers, and David Cardozo Academy in Jerusalem.

Smaller communities thrived in the Balkans, Italy, the Ottoman Empire and Germany, especially in Hamburg (see Elijah Aboab Cardoso Joan d'Acosta and Samuel ben Abraham Aboab).

Portuguese-Jews were responsible for the appearance of Papiamentu (a 300,000 strong Portuguese-based creole now the official language in Aruba, Curaçao and Bonaire) and of Sranan Tongo, a Portuguese-influenced, English-based creole by spoken by more than 500,000 in Suriname.

Shoah

During the Shoah, nearly 4,000 Jews of Portuguese descent residing in the Netherlands lost their lives, making up the largest group of casualties with a Portuguese background. Among famous Portuguese-Jewish victims of the Shoah is painter Baruch Lopes Leão de Laguna. Although officially neutral, the Portuguese regime at that time, Estado Novo, aligned with Germany's ideology and failed to protect its citizens and other Jewish people living overseas. Despite the lack of support by the Portuguese authorities, Jews of both Portuguese and other descent were saved thanks to individuals such as Carlos Sampaio Garrido, Joaquim Carreira, José Brito Mendes and Aristides de Sousa Mendes, who alone helped 34,000 Jews

Twenty-first century

Over 500 years after the expulsion decree, in 2015 the Portuguese parliament officially acknowledged that the expulsion of its citizens of Jewish descent was wrong. The government then passed a Law of Return that aimed to address the wrongs of the Portuguese Inquisition. The law grants citizenship to any descendants of those persecuted Jews able to confirm their Sephardic Jewish ancestry and a "connection" to Portugal.

Thereafter, more than 140,000 people of Sephardic descent, from 60 countries (mostly Israel and Turkey) applied for Portuguese citizenship. Thereafter, foreigners with no legitimate links were granted Portuguese and thus EU citizenship, including Russian oligarch Roman Abramovich. Such abuse prompted the judiciary to review the law.

Notable people of Portuguese-Jewish descent include:

• Amatus Lusitanus (1511–1568): Jewish physician said to have discovered the valves in the azygos vein.
• Gracia Mendes Nasi (1510–1569): Philanthropist and one of the wealthiest Jewish women of Renaissance Europe
• Leonora Duarte (1610–1678): a Flemish composer and musician
• Baruch Spinoza (1632–1677): Dutch philosopher of Portuguese-Jewish origin
• Catherine da Costa (1679–1756): English miniaturist
• David Ricardo (1772–1823): a British political economist
• Rehuel Lobatto (1797–1866): Dutch mathematician whose notable contributions include Gauss-Lobatto quadrature method and the Lobatto polynomials
• Isaäc da Costa (1798–1860): a Jewish poet.
• Pereire brothers (19th century): major figures in the development of France's finance and infrastructure
• Samuel Sarphati (1813–1866): Dutch physician and Amsterdam city planner
• Solomon Nunes Carvalho (1815–1897): American painter, photographer, author and inventor
• Grace Aguilar (1816–1847): English novelist, poet and writer on Jewish history and religion
• Camille Pissarro (1830–1903): a Danish-French Impressionist and Neo-Impressionist painter considered the "dean of the Impressionist painters"
• Francis Lewis Cardozo (1836–1903): American clergyman, politician, and educator. When elected in South Carolina as Secretary of State in 1868, he was the first African American to hold a statewide office in the United States
• Maud Nathan (1862–1946): American social worker, labor activist and women's suffragist
• Federigo Enriques (1871–1946): Italian mathematician, now known principally as the first to give a classification of algebraic surfaces in birational geometry, and other contributions in algebraic geometry
• Frieda Belinfante (1904–1995): Dutch cellist, philharmonic conductor, a prominent lesbian, and a member of the Dutch resistance during World War II
• William Leonard Pereira (1909–1985): American architect
• Abraham Pais (1918–2000): Dutch-American physicist and science historian
• Louisa Benson Craig (1941–2010): Burmese-born two-time beauty pageant winner and Karen rebel leader of Portuguese-Jewish descent
• Alberto Portugheis (1941): Argentine pianist
• Henrique Cymerman (1959): Israeli journalist
• Shon Weissman (1996): Israeli footballer

Americas outside of Brazil

United States

See also: Portuguese Americans and Portuguese-American neighborhoods

Bodo de Leite parade in East Providence, Rhode Island

The US established bilateral relations with Portugal when Portugal became the first neutral country to acknowledge the United States.

Despite Portugal never attempting to colonize any territory that became part of the US, navigators such as João Fernandes Lavrador, Miguel Corte-Real and João Rodrigues Cabrilho are among its earliest documented European explorers. Dighton Rock, in Southeastern Massachusetts, is a marker of early Portuguese presence.

Mathias de Sousa, who was potentially a Sephardic Jew of mixed African background, is believed to be the first documented Portuguese resident of colonial United States. Another Portuguese Jew, Isaac Touro, is commemorated in the name of the US' oldest synagogue, the Touro Synagogue.

Portuguese started to settle in significant numbers only in the 19th century, with major migration waves occurring in the first half of the 20th century, especially from the Azores. Of the 1,4 million Portuguese Americans found in the US (0.4% of its population) the majority are originally from the Azores. The arrival of Azorean emigrants was easier because of geographic proximity and was encouraged by the Azorean Refugee Act of 1958, sponsored by then-Senator John F. Kennedy and John Pastore to help the population affected by the 1957–58, the Capelinhos volcano eruption. Moreover, the 1965 Immigration Act stated that if someone had legal or American relatives in the US who would serve as a sponsor, they could obtain the status of legal aliens. This act dramatically increased Portuguese immigration in the 1970s and 1980s.

Major Portuguese communities arose in New Jersey (particularly in Newark), the New England states, California and along the Gulf Coast (Louisiana). Springfield, Illinois once hosted the largest Portuguese community in the Midwest. In the Pacific, Hawaii (see Portuguese immigration to Hawaii) sports a sizable Portuguese population, encouraged by the availability of labor contracts 150 years ago.

Canada

See also: Portuguese Canadians

Explorer João Álvares Fagundes commemorative monument surrounded by Portuguese pavement, in Halifax (up) and Azulejos, sign and frame about Portuguese immigration inside a subway station in Toronto (down), both in Canada

Canada, particularly Ontario, Quebec and British Columbia, developed a significant Portuguese community since the 1940s. The availability of more job opportunities in Canada attracted Portuguese migrants, leading to Portuguese culture to flourish. Many Portuguese residents took the initiative to purchase homes and establish businesses.

According to the 2016 Census, 482,610, or 1.4% of Canadians claimed Portuguese ancestry.

Two major neighbourhoods where Portuguese are notable include the Little Portugals in Toronto and Montréal. Montréal's Little Portugal, known as "Petit Portugal" in French, hosts Portuguese shops, restaurants, and cafes, and is also home to "Parc du Portugal" (Portugal's park), featuring vibrant murals and elements inspired by Portuguese design.

The Portuguese language is spoken by over 330,000 Canadians, making up around 1% of the population.

Significant testimonies of the Portuguese presence in Canada include the name of one of the 10 provinces of Canada: Newfoundland and Labrador. King Henry VII coined the name "New found land" for the territory explored by Sebastian and John Cabot. In Portuguese, the land is known as Terra Nova, which translates to "new land," and is also referred to as Terre-Neuve in French, the name for the province's island region. The name Terra Nova is commonly used on the island, including in the name of Terra Nova National Park. The influence of early Portuguese exploration is also evident in the name of Labrador, which is derived from the surname of Portuguese navigator João Fernandes Lavrador. Other remnants of early Portuguese exploration include toponyms such as Baccalieu (from bacalhau, Portuguese for codfish) and Portugal Cove. Portuguese cartographer Diogo Ribeiro is responsible for one of the earliest maps depicting the territory of modern-day Canada.

Caribbean

The first Portuguese who settled in the Caribbean were merchants or Portuguese-Jews fleeing the Portuguese Inquisition. Migrants from the 1830s came as indentured labourers, especially from Madeira. The 19th century migration coincided with the abolition of slavery in the British colonies. As a result, the Portuguese, along with Indians and Chinese, arrived to replace the slave labor. The Portuguese took a prominent part in shaping the population of the West Indies. Their descendants form an active minority in many countries.

As part of a larger system of low-wage labour, about 2,500 Portuguese left for Antigua and Barbuda (where, more than 1,000 people still speak the language), 30,000 to Guyana (4.3% of the population in 1891) and another 2,000 settled in Trinidad and Tobago between the mid-1800s and the mid-1900s. Portuguese culture survives in the enterprises established by community members. In 2016 the second international airport of the country was renamed after a Portuguese Guyanese individual.

Portuguese fishermen, farmers and indentured labourers inhabited other Caribbean countries, especially Jamaica (about 5,700 people, primarily of Portuguese-Jewish descent), St. Vincent and the Grenadines (0.7% of the population), and Suriname, whose first capital, Torarica (literally "rich Torah" in Portuguese), was established by Portuguese-Jewish settlers. Minor communities exist in Grenada, Saint Lucia, Saint Kitts and Nevis and the Cayman Islands

About 4,000 Portuguese people live in the Caribbean territories of Overseas France, especially in Saint Barthélemy (where they constitute about a third of the population), Guadeloupe and Martinique.

Portuguese heritage lives on in Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao. In the three territories, the official language, Papiamentu, includes numerous Portuguese elements.

The North Atlantic archipelago of Bermuda (10% to 25% of the population) experienced sustained immigration especially from the Azores, as well as from Madeira and the Cape Verde Islands since the 1840s.

Portuguese communities are also present in countries such as Cuba, Dominican Republic, and Puerto Rico. Notable members of the community include activist Ada Bello, businesswoman Alexis Victoria Yeb, former Nicaraguan First Lady Lila Teresita Abaunza and Felipa Colón de Toledo.

Latin America (excluding Brazil)

Forcados are a Portuguese tradition in Tequixquiac, Mexico

Mexico had flows of Portuguese immigration from the colonial period through the early 20th century, most importantly in northeastern cities such as Saltillo, Monterrey, Durango and Torreon. Santiago Tequixquiac, due to its lime and stone mining deposits, was a place of settlement for Portuguese Crypto-Jews during the colonial period. They were brought there together with the Tlaxcalans and peninsular Spaniards to appease the Otomi indigenous people in that town. Many Lusitanian cultural traits were preserved through the 19th century, such as forcados, gastronomy, some Sephardic customs and its inhabitants' surnames. Bullfighting is a Portuguese tradition that continues in Mexico. A notable Portuguese-Mexican Jew was Francisca Nuñez de Carabajal, executed by burning at the stake by the Inquisition for judaizing in 1596.

Venezuela has the most Portuguese people in Latin America after Brazil. Portuguese started arriving to Venezuela in the early and middle 20th century as economic immigrants, particularly from Madeira. Some 1.3 million people (4.61%) are of Portuguese descent. Migration occurred mainly in the 1940s and 1950s. The extensive Luso-Venezuelan community includes personalities such as María Gabriela de Faría, Marjorie de Sousa, Vanessa Gonçalves, Kimberly Dos Ramos and Laura Gonçalves.

Colombia did not welcome mass Portuguese immigration. Although Portuguese may have explored the area, they did not establish communities there. Colombia became a Spanish colony, as defined by the Treaty of Tordesillas. The Portuguese embassy in Bogota estimated that around 800 Portuguese nationals live there. The number with Portuguese ancestry is not known, but they left little mark on the culture, except for some surnames.

In Peru, a modest migration began at the time of the Viceroyalty of Peru. Sailors who traveled along the Peruvian coast, and later entered the country from the Atlantic via the Amazon River settled there. Records of Luso-Brazilians survive in the cities surrounding the Brazil-Peru border. Portuguese citizens in Peru number about 2,000, Peruvians with Portuguese ancestry could approach 1 million, including direct and indirect descendants, or about 3% of the total. A famous Peruvian of Portuguese descent is popular TV presenter Janet Barboza.

Azulejo depicting the foundation of Colonia del Sacramento, now a Unesco World Heritage Site, Portuguese Museum

The Cono Sur region had Portuguese immigration beginning in the early 20th century. The Portuguese and Cape Verdean community in Argentina, Uruguay and Chile numbers around 255,000 people combined (0.37% of the region's population).

Portuguese Uruguayans are mainly of Azorean descent. Portuguese presence in the country dates to colonial times, in particular to the establishment of Colonia del Sacramento by the Portuguese in 1680, which eventually turned into a regional smuggling center. Other Portuguese entered Uruguay from Brazil. During the second half of the 19th century and part of the 20th, several additional Portuguese immigrants arrived; the last wave came during 1930–1965. As of 2021, 3,069 Portuguese citizens had registered as residing in Uruguay. Many luso-descendants also reside there, but numbers are lacking.

Portuguese community in Oberá, Misiones, Argentina

Argentina-Portugal relations date back to the early explorers, as the Río de la Plata (literally, silver river) was first explored by the Portuguese in the 1510s. In Argentina, Portuguese immigration remained limited due to a preference for Brazil. However, the Portuguese constituted the second-largest immigrant group after the Spanish before 1816 and continued to arrive throughout the 19th century. While a significant number settled in the interior, the primary destination was Buenos Aires. Many men from Lisbon, Porto, and coastal regions of Portugal, predominantly in maritime professions, were already present. During the 1970s, they began to organize ethnically, and community life developed. A popular member of the Portuguese community in Argentina was best-selling author Silvina Bullrich.

Africa

See also: Portuguese Africans

Cape Verdian President Jorge Carlos Fonseca

In the early twentieth century the Portuguese government encouraged migration to Angola and Mozambique, and by the 1970s, up to 1 million Portuguese settlers were living in Portugal's overseas African provinces. Minor communities settled in Guinea-Bissau, Equatorial Guinea, Cape Verde and São Tomé and Príncipe, Portuguese influences continue there: Portuguese enjoys the status of official language.

Following the Carnation Revolution, as the country's African possessions gained independence in 1975, an estimated 800,000 Portuguese emigrated from the former colonies. Returnees to Portugal are often referred as Retornados (literally, those who came back).

Some Portuguese moved to South Africa, Botswana, and Algeria. In particular, South Africa hosts the largest Portuguese community in the continent, numbering about 700,000 (more than Lisbon).

Portuguese descendants make up a significant minority in the former colonies where, they make up the bulk of Mestiços (Mixed African-European people).

Europe outside of Portugal

France, Belgium, Luxembourg, Monaco, Andorra and Switzerland

See also: Portuguese in Belgium, Portuguese in France, and Portuguese in Luxembourg

Portuguese folk dancing in Kockelscheuer.

Commemorative plaque on the Portuguese.avenue (Avenue des Portugais) in Paris

Champigny-sur-Marne Portuguese monument (Monument des Portugais)

Portuguese in front of their embassy in Brussels, Belgium

Portuguese catholic church in Gentilly, seen from the Cité Internationale Universitaire de Paris

Portuguese Military Cemetery in Richebourg, France

Portuguese consulate in Geneva

Due to the linguistic similarity between Portuguese and French and the many schools in Portugal that promote French as foreign language, many Portuguese nationals started migrating to France, Belgium, Luxembourg, Monaco and the French-speaking part of Switzerland in the 1960s, for economic reasons, and to avoid conscription to fight in Portuguese colonies. Interestingly, migration to Andorra - where, although Catalan is the official language, French is widely spoken - made the Portuguese the third largest ethnic group in the state, after Andorrans and Spaniards.

Around 15% of Portuguese people are fluent in French. French has been dwindling, often replaced by English. In 2005 French fluency stood at 24%. Nevertheless, 70% of middle school students study French. French media are widely available in Portugal (newspapers, magazines, radio stations and TV channels) and many libraries offer a French-language section.

Portuguese migration to the more affluent French speaking countries in Europe continues, although at a lower rate.

More than 2,260,000 Portuguese citizens live in these countries. In addition, France alone hosts 450,000 Luso-descendants.

Records of Portuguese living in France date to the early centuries of the Portuguese kingdom, notably merchants, Portuguese-Jews and Portuguese nobles: Louis XIV was of Portuguese descent through his grandfather Philip II. Despite a centuries-long presence, Portuguese nationals only started to move to France in large numbers following World War 2.

From the 1960s, Brazil's economic stagnation, French efforts to attract Portuguese workers, and António de Oliveira Salazar's dictatorship and the colonial wars were factors that contributed to 1,000,000 people migrating to France from 1960 to 1974. After 1974, Portuguese nationals started moving to Luxembourg and Monaco (1980s), Switzerland (1990s) and – Belgium and Andorra (2000s). This is also due to France's tightened immigration control.

Portuguese constitute 23.4% of Luxembourg's population, second to native Luxembourgers. Andorra is inhabited by 16,300 Portuguese nationals (19.4% of the population), Monaco hosts around 1,000 (3.3% of the Population), while Belgium is home to around 80,000 (0.7% of the population).

In Switzerland, Portuguese settled mainly in Romandy. Official figures suggest that Portuguese is spoken by 5% of the population at home and 10.1% in French speaking Switzerland, thus making Portuguese second only to French.

Notable Portuguese Swiss include snooker player Alexander Ursenbacher, models Pedro Mendes and Nomi Fernandes, actress Yaël Boon and Olympic medalist Stéphane Lambiel.

Notable Portuguese Belgians include – nobles such as Queen Elizabeth or King Leopold III, fashion designer Veronique Branquinho, footballer Yannick Carrasco, actress Rose Bertram, sprinter Jonathan Sacoor, and actress Helena Noguerra.

Portuguese migration towards these countries has steadily declined over the years, although from 2003 to 2022 around 615,000 Portuguese nationals migrated there, especially following the 2008 financial crisis. As of 2021 around 40% had returned to Portugal, as the economic outlook improved.

Portuguese immigrants to Belgium, France, Luxembourg, and Switzerland (2022 data for Belgium missing)

	2003–2006	2007–2010	2011–2014	2015–2018	2019–2022	Total
Switzerland	50,346	59,329	69,172	40,438	33,608	252,893
France	39,960	33,708	68,216	40,345	28,967	211,196
Luxembourg	14,956	16,605	18,592	16,723	14,556	81,432
Belgium	7,694	11,064	14,693	11,297	9,029	53,777
Andorra	7,167	3,204	1,067	1,122	884	13,444
Total	120,123	123,910	171,740	109,925	87,044	612,742

Germany

See also: Portuguese in Germany

After WWII hundreds of thousands of Portuguese settled as guest workers in Western European countries. On 17 March 1964, the recruitment agreement between the Federal Republic of Germany and Portugal was signed under the Erhard I cabinet. Armando Rodrigues de Sá was officially welcomed in 1964 as the millionth "guest worker" in Germany and was given a certificate and a two-seater Zündapp Sport Combinette – Mokick. The number of Portuguese citizens living in Germany was estimated at 245,000 as of 2021. The largest Portuguese community is located in Hamburg numbering about 25,000. A Portugiesenviertel (Portuguese quarter) in Hamburg sits near the Port of Hamburg and between the subway stations of Landungsbrücken and Baumwall.

United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom, people of Portuguese origin were estimated at 400,000 in 2021. Other sources claim as many as 500,000 Portuguese there, considerably higher than the estimated 170,000 Portuguese-born people residing in the country in 2021 (excluding British-born people of Portuguese descent).

In areas such as Thetford and the crown dependencies of Jersey and Guernsey, Portuguese form the largest ethnic minority groups at 30%.

London is home to the largest group of Portuguese in the UK, with the majority settling in the Western boroughs of Kensington and Chelsea, Lambeth and Westminster.

Brazil

See also: Portuguese Brazilians

Portuguese emigration to Brazil from the beginning of colonization, in 1500 to Present

Source: Brazilian Institute for Geography and Statistics (IBGE)
	Decade
Nationality	1500–1700	1701–1760	1808–1817	1827–1829	1837–1841	1856–1857	1881–1900	1901–1930	1931–1950	1951–1960	1961–1967	1981–1991	1991–2023
Portuguese	100,000	600,000	24,000	2,004	629	16,108	316,204	754,147	148,699	235,635	54,767	4,605	400,000

Colonial period

Passport of an immigrant from the Braga District to Brazil

Portuguese are the largest European immigrant group in Brazil. In colonial times, over 700,000 Portuguese settled there, mostly during the 18th century gold rush. Brazil received more European settlers during its colonial era than any other country in the Americas. Between 1500 and 1760, about 700,000 Europeans immigrated to Brazil, compared to 530,000 to the US. They were the only significant migrants to the country during the colonial era, despite French and Dutch invasions. The Portuguese migration was predominantly men. The Jesuits asked the Portuguese King to send any kind of Portuguese women to Brazil, even the socially undesirable (e.g. prostitutes or women with mental maladies), if necessary. The Crown responded by sending groups of orphans to marry nobles and peasants alike.

They included many Órfãs do Rei (orphans of the king) of what was considered "good birth". They were noble and non-noble maidens, often daughters of soldiers killed in battle or noblemen who died overseas and whose upbringing was paid by the Crown. Bahia's port in the East received one of the first groups of orphans in 1551. Portuguese men also competed successfully for local women with slaves and indigenous peoples. Their better quality of life and lower mortality rate were important advantages. Then, even though the 700,000 Portuguese colonial migration was smaller than 3.2 million indigenous inhabitants and the 4.8 million Africans, their descendants numbered as many as the "non-white" population in the early 19th century. After independence from Portugal in 1822, around 1.7 million additional Portuguese immigrants settled there.

Post-independence

Portuguese immigration in the 19th and 20th centuries was marked by its concentration in São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. The immigrants opted mostly for urban centers. Portuguese women began to migrate independently, although even at the turn of the 20th century, 319 men came each 100 women. The Portuguese were different from Germans or Italians who brought many more women with them. Despite the small female proportion, Portuguese men typically chose Portuguese women, while female immigrants rarely married indigenous men. Portuguese endogamy was higher than any other European immigrant community, behind only the Japanese.

Many Portuguese-Brazilians identified as Brazilian, perhaps encouraged by the dominance of Portuguese culture there.

In 1872, 3.7 million Whites lived in Brazil (the vast majority of Portuguese ancestry), along with 4.1 million mixed-race people (mostly of Portuguese-African-Amerindian ancestry) and 1.9 million Blacks. Thus 80% of Brazilians had at least partial Portuguese ancestry in the 1870s.

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a new large wave of Portuguese immigrants arrived, including over 1.5 million Portuguese from 1881 to 1991. In 1906, for example, 133,393 Portuguese-born people lived in Rio de Janeiro, comprising 16% of the city's population. Rio remains the largest "Portuguese city" outside of Portugal, with 1% Portuguese natives.

Genetic evidence

Genetic studies confirm the strong Portuguese genetic influence. At least half of the Brazilian population's male inheritance (based on Y chromosomes) comes from Portugal. Black Brazilians have an average of 48% non-African genes, mostly with Portuguese ancestors. By contrast, 33% Amerindian and 28% African contribution to the total female inheritance (mtDNA) of white Brazilians was found.

An autosomal study from 2013, with nearly 1300 samples from across Brazil, found a predominant degree of Portuguese ancestry. European ancestry was the most prevalent in all urban populations (with values from 51% to 74%, increasing northern to southern Brazil). Northern populations included a significant proportion of indigenous ancestry, twice the African contribution. In the northeast, centerwest and southeast, African ancestry exceeded them. All urban populations were highly admixed, and most of the variation was observed between individuals within each population.

A large, community-based multicenter autosomal study considered representative samples from three urban communities Salvador, Bambuí, and Pelotas, estimated European, mostly Iberian, ancestry to be 42.4%, 83.8% and 85.3%, respectively.

An estimated 5 million Brazilians (2.3% of the total) were eligible for Portuguese citizenship.

Oceania

See also: Portuguese Australians and Portuguese New Zealanders

Australia

Petersham (Sydney) is a neighbourhood known for its extensive Portuguese commercial offerings

In Australia, although their numbers are smaller than the Greek and Italian communities, Portuguese are an active community. They were among the early European settlers, and might have discovered Australia. Portuguese immigration to Australia experienced a boom after the Carnation Revolution and the Indonesian Invasion of Timor-Leste. Portuguese spread across the country and even have a designated Portuguese neighborhood. The 74,000 people of Portuguese descent constitute about 0.28% of the population. Portuguese cuisine is popular, exemplified by restaurants such as Nando's, Oporto, and Ogalo. Pastel de nata is widely consumed. Many Portuguese are from Madeira. Notable Portuguese Australians include Naomi Sequeira, Kate DeAraugo, Junie Morosi, Lyndsey Rodrigues, Sophie Masson and Irina Dunn.

New Zealand

The community in New Zealand is much smaller and the 1,500 Portuguese people living there (although the numbers could be significantly higher) constitute about 0.03% of the population. On 22 April 2010, the Office of Ethnic Affairs officially recognized Portuguese New Zealanders as a distinct community, marked by tying the 70th ribbon to Parliament's mooring stone in the Parliament House Galleria. The Portuguese community organizes annual gatherings and celebrations, such as Portugal Day, and maintains a friendship association. Portuguese individuals were among the early settlers in New Zealand, although immigration declined gradually until the 1960s. After the Carnation Revolution, the community started to increase again.

New Caledonia

About 900 Portuguese live in the French collectivity of New Caledonia (0.38% of the population).

Asia

See also: Luso-Asians

Portuguese influences are found throughout Asia, especially in Macau (see Macanese people), Timor-Leste and India (see Luso-Indian), all territories where the Portuguese maintained colonies up to the 20th century.

Southeast Asia

Khanom farang kudi chin, Thai-style cake influenced by Portuguese desserts

A Famosa, as well as the Historical centre of Malacca, is a remnant of the Portuguese presence now part of the Unesco World Heritage Sites.

Luso-Asian communities have had a strong presence in Southeast Asia since the 15th century. As a result of inter-ethnic marriage, dialects based on Portuguese have occurred in the former Portuguese territories now part of Malaysia (see Kristang people) and Singapore (see Eurasian Singaporeans). In particular, notable Kristang people from Malaysia include Kimberley Leggett, Jojo Sturys, Joan Margaret Marbeck, Elaine Daly, Nor Aliah Lee, Melissa Tan, Andrea Fonseka, Anna Jobling and Cheryl Samad. People of Portuguese descent from Singapore include personalities such as Pilar Arlando, Mary Klass and Vernetta Lopez.

Other communities are found in Indonesia (see Portuguese Indonesians and Mardjiker), with significant populations of Portuguese descent living in Lamno (the so-called "mata biru" or blue-eyed people), Aceh, Maluku Islands and Kampung Tugu. Portuguese vestiges in Indonesia include dozens of loanwords as well as the introduction of Roman Catholicism (3.12% of the population but still the major religion in NTT) and Keroncong, similar to Portuguese cavaquinho. In recent years many Indonesians of Portuguese descent have been active in the entertainment industry such as, among others, Puteri Indonesia Elfin Pertiwi Rappa or actress Millane Fernandez. In neighbouring Philippines, actress Sophie Albert is another example of Portuguese-South Asian working in the said industry.

Due to early Portuguese explorers, communities of Portuguese descent are also found in Myanmar (see Bayingyi people) and Thailand (see Kudi Chin). In Thailand, during the reign of King Narai the Great the Portuguese community in Ayutthaya is thought to have peaked at 6,000 people. Notable Thai of Portuguese descent include Francis Chit, known for being the first Thai photographer, Maria Guyomar de Pinha, responsible for introducing Fios de ovos (or Foi Thong in Thai) and sangkhaya into Thai cuisine or actresses such as Kung Nang Pattamasuta, Krystal Vee or Neon Issara.

Indian Subcontinent

Aerial view of Galle Fort, built by the Portuguese in 1588 and now a Unesco World Heritage Site

Negombo fort, that was built by the Portuguese to defend Colombo as a part of a defensive system all over the island.

In Sri Lanka (see Burgher people, Portuguese Burghers and Mestiços), home to around 40,000 Burghers. A notable Portuguese Burger was the best-selling author Rosemary Rogers. In addition, as a consequence of the Portuguese invasion of Sri Lanka, during the 16th and 17th centuries, many Portuguese language surnames were adopted among the Sinhalese people. As a result, Perera and Fernando eventually became the most common names in Sri Lanka. Afro Sri-Lankans also retain a Portuguese identity. Major Portuguese contributions to Sri Lanka, dating to the colonial period, include, apart from archaeological vestiges, about 1,000 loanwords in Sinhala of Portuguese origin, Baila music (from the Portuguese bailar, meaning to dance), culinary innovations such as "Bolo di amor" (literally Love cake) or "Bolo Folhado" (literally Puff Pastry) as well as the introduction of Roman Catholicism (approximately 6.1% of the population identifies as Catholic) and the endangered Sri Lankan Portuguese creole.

In Pakistan (see Portuguese in Pakistan) there is a small Portuguese community numbering about 64 people, even though other estimates point at 400 people of Portuguese origin in Karachi alone. Notable Portuguese Pakistani include actress Dilshad Vadsaria and scholar Bernadette Louise Dean. Despite today not being numerically visible it is noteworthy to remember that, before the partition of India, it is estimated that the Goan community in Karachi numbered up to 15,000. The majority of them after 1947 moved back to Goa or went to other territories controlled by the Portuguese, as well as to the UK. The Portuguese community has greatly contributed to the musical scene of the pre-1947 Karachi. As of today, about 6,000 Goans remain in Pakistan, mainly in Karachi.

Portuguese heritage is also present in Bangladesh, where they were the first Europeans to arrive: not only did the Portuguese introduce Catholicism, a religion now professed by about 375,000 Bangladeshis, but their heritage extends also to more than 1,500 words in Bengali that are of Portuguese origin. In colonial times, the Portuguese population in Bangladesh may have reached 40,000 people but, as time went by, many resettled to other colonies. Those who remained are now perfectly integrated in the larger Bangladeshi society. Notable examples of Portuguese influence in Bangladesh are the surnames bore by a large part of the Catholics, as well as Bangladesh's oldest church, the Holy Rosary Church in Dhaka. As of now, the Portuguese community in Bangladesh is almost no existent with only a few expatriates and some descendants of the early settlers.

Nevertheless, the most important Portuguese community found today in the Indian subcontinent – as well as in Asia as a whole when taking into account people with distant Portuguese ancestry – remains the one that has settled in India, especially in Goa, Damão e Diu and Dadrá e Nagar Aveli.

East Asia

The Historic Centre of Macao, epitome of the Sino-Portuguese culture, is a Unesco World Heritage Site

A small but growing Portuguese community – consisting mainly of recent expats and numbering about 3,500 people – is found in Japan, South Korea, China and Taiwan, whose name used by European literature until the 20th century – Formosa, meaning "Beautiful (island)" - came from Portuguese.

A 20,700 people-strong community also exists in Hong Kong, mainly of Macanese descent. Notable people of Portuguese descent from Hong Kong include personalities such as Joe Junior, Michelle Reis, Rowan Varty, Rita Carpio and Ray Cordeiro.

Due to the shared past, the most important Portuguese community in Eastern Asia is the one in Macau, that was, until 1999, a Portuguese colony. With more than 150,000 Portuguese citizens, accounting for 22.34% of the total population, Portuguese influence in Macau is still very visible and Macau still has, as of today, the largest concentration of Portuguese nationals in Asia as well as one of the most important in the world. Notable people from Macau of Portuguese descent include personalities such as singer Germano Guilherme.

List of countries by population of Portuguese heritage

Country	Population	% of country	Criterion
Portuguese in North America
Portuguese American	1,400,000	0.42%
Portuguese Canadian	550,000	1.38%
Portuguese in Bermuda	16,000	25%
Portuguese in Jamaica	5,700	0.21%
Portuguese in Saint Barthélemy	3,400	33%
Portuguese in Panama	3,038	0.07%
Portuguese in Curaçao	3,000	1.95%
Portuguese in Mexico	2,500	0.002%
Portuguese Aruba	2,000	1.8%
Portuguese in Trinidad and Tobago	837	0.06%
Portuguese in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	753	0.68%
Portuguese in Guadeloupe	426	0.11%
Portuguese in the Dominican Republic	263	0.003%
Portuguese in the Cayman Islands	130	0.18%
Portuguese in Antigua and Barbuda	126	0.13%
Portuguese in South America
Portuguese Brazilian	180,000,000	90% (2.5% children and grandchildren, eligible for Portuguese citizenship)	Brazilians with Portuguese ancestry, of which an estimated 5,400,000 children and grandchildren of Portuguese nationals (eligible for Portuguese citizenship)
Portuguese Venezuelan	1,300,000	4.59%
Portuguese Peruvian	1,150,000	3.44%
Portuguese Chilean	200,000	1%
Portuguese Argentine	42,000	0.09%
Portuguese Uruguayan	13,000	0.37%
Portuguese Guyanese	2,000	0.27%
Portuguese in Colombia	800	0.002%
Portuguese in Europe
Portuguese French	1,720,000–2,000,000	2.53%–2.94%
Portuguese in Switzerland	460,173	5.24%
Portuguese British	400,000–500,000	0.60–0.75%
Portuguese in Germany	244,217	0.29%
Portuguese in Spain	184,774	0.39%
Portuguese Luxembourger	151,028	23.4%
Portuguese in Belgium	80,000	0.68%
Portuguese in the Netherlands	35,779	0.20%
Portuguese in Andorra	16,308	20.12%
Portuguese in Jersey	15,000	9.03%
Portuguese in Ireland	10,516	0.19%
Portuguese in Norway	9,000	0.16%
Portuguese in Italy	8,288	0.01%
Portuguese in Austria	7,245	0.08%
Portuguese in Sweden	4,953	0.05%
Portuguese in Denmark	4,476	0.08%
Portuguese in Gibraltar	3,450	10%
Portuguese in Poland	3,000	0.01%
Portuguese in Romania	2,652	0.01%
Portuguese in the Czech Republic	2,202	0.02%
Portuguese in Guernsey	2,000	3.13%
Portuguese in Finland	1,521	0.02%
Portuguese in Iceland	1,406	0.38%
Portuguese in Monaco	1,008	2.57%
Portuguese in Liechtenstein	969	2.44%
Portuguese in Greece	962	0.01%
Portuguese in Bulgaria	818	0.01%
Portuguese in Hungary	689	0.01%
Portuguese in Moldova	670	0.03%
Portuguese in Ukraine	502	0.001%
Portuguese in Asia (see Luso-Asian)
Luso-Indian	200,000–1,000,000	0.01–0.07%
Portuguese in Macau	152,616	22.34%
Portuguese in Myanmar	100,000	0.18%
Portuguese in Sri Lanka	5,000–40,000	0.02–0.18%
Portuguese in Malaysia	40,000	0.12%
Portuguese in East Timor	20,853	1.58%
Portuguese in Hong Kong	20,700	0.27%
Portuguese in Singapore	17,000	0.31%
Portuguese in Saudi Arabia	7,971	0.02%
Portuguese in Turkey	4,364	0.01%
Portuguese in the UAE	4,000	0.04%
Portuguese in Israel	3,575	0.04%
Portuguese in Thailand	1,600–3,500	~0.01%
Portuguese in Lebanon	3,400	0.06%
Portuguese in Qatar	2,293	0.08%
Portuguese in China	2,022	0.0001%
Portuguese in Japan	746	0.0004%
Portuguese in the Philippines	623	0.001%
Portuguese in Oceania
Portuguese Australian	73,903	0.28%
Portuguese New Zealander	1,500	0.03%
Portuguese in New Caledonia	900	0.33%
Portuguese in Africa (see Luso-African)
Portuguese South African	700,000	1.16%
Portuguese Angolan	500,000	1.51%
Portuguese Mozambicans	200,000	0.62%
Portuguese in Cape Verde	22,318	3.96%
Portuguese in Malawi	19,000	0.09%
Portuguese in Zimbabwe	18,000	0.12%
Portuguese in Guinea Bissau	10,400	0.63%
Portuguese in the DRC	6,400	0.01%
Portuguese Zambians	5,700	0.03%
Portuguese Namibians	4,783	0.19%
Portuguese in São Tomé and Príncipe	4,765	2.22%
Portuguese Ethiopians	3,000	0.003%
Portuguese in Senegal	2,800	0.02%
Portuguese in Morocco	2,445	0.01%
Portuguese in Congo	1,431	0.02%
Portuguese in Eswatini	1,300	0.11%
Portuguese in Tanzania	1,185	0.002%
Portuguese in Kenya	906	0.002%
Portuguese in Algeria	515	0.001%
Total in diaspora	~70,000,000
Portugal	10,467,366		Statistics Portugal (2022) Figure is only a population estimate of all residents of Portugal, and includes people of non-Portuguese ethnic origin

Literature

See also: Portuguese literature

Luís de Camões, one of the greatest poets of the European literary tradition. His epic poem Os Lusíadas ranks among the finest works of world literature

Portuguese literature has a long and varied history, with roots in the Middle Ages when troubadours dominated the literary world. In the 16th century, Portugal's literature entered its "Golden Age", during which time poets like Luís de Camões and Francisco de Sá de Miranda were some of the nation's most renowned literary figures. Portuguese is often referred as to the "língua de Camões" (Camões's language), highlighting the importance the author had in forging the national identity as well as the domestic literary production.

Famous Portuguese authors from the Age of Discoveries include Públia Hortênsia de Castro, Gomes Eanes de Zurara, Joana Vaz, Fernão Mendes Pinto (author of Peregrinação), Joana da Gama, Fernão Lopes and Violante do Céu.

A new generation of authors appeared in the 19th century, including Almeida Garrett, who is credited with founding modern Portuguese literature. His writings reflect the political and social revolutions taking place in Portugal at the time, and his writing style is recognized as exceptionally original and unique for the time.

Portuguese authors like Fernando Pessoa and Guerra Junqueiro gained international acclaim for their writings in the 20th century. In this century there was a great rise in the country's literary production. It is worth mentioning that Pessoa, due to him being considered very innovative and ground-breaking for his time, is often referred to as one of the most emblematic 20th-century Portuguese authors and his contributions to the nation's literary production are among the most notable ones.

With modern authors like José Saramago and António Lobo Antunes, receiving both home and foreign critical recognition, Portuguese literature is still thriving today. These authors write about identity, culture, and society, and their writing reflects Portugal's rich and varied cultural legacy.

Notable Portuguese authors from the XIX centur onwards also include Ana Vicente, Richard Zimler, Ana Plácido, Mário Cesariny, Ana Hatherly, Cesário Verde, Isabel Stilwell, Miguel Torga, Ana de Castro Osório, Alves Redol, Maria Archer, Antero de Quental, Isabel Alçada, Wenceslau de Moraes, Vimala Devi, Alexandre Herculano, Dulce Maria Cardoso, Maria Gabriela Llansol, Abel Botelho, Fernanda Botelho, Isabel da Nóbrega, Rita Vilela, Maria Gabriela Llansol and Natália Correia. Dealing with contemporary poetry, notable figures include Matilde Campilho and Ana Daniel.

Moreover, Susan Lowndes Marques, writer and journalist, was a leading figure in the Portuguese-British community in Lisbon, and contributed to promoting Portugal in the UK. Still nowadays, with more than 2 million Britons coming to Portugal for their holidays every year, they are the most common international tourists in the country, second only to Spaniards.

Law and Justice

See also: Ministry of Justice (Portugal), Judiciary of Portugal, and Portuguese Inquisition

Portugal has not had as major of an impact on law and justice as some other Western countries, yet there have been famous Portuguese personalities over the years. Portugal created a legal system for its overseas possessions during the Age of Discovery, creating the basis for current international law. Another notable example is the 20th century, lawyer and diplomat José Cutileiro, who played a significant role in the negotiations that led to Portugal and Spain's entry into the European Union in 1986.

Particularly in the domain of human rights, Portugal has contributed significantly to the growth of international rights. The European Convention on Human Rights, which was established in 1950 with the purpose of defending human rights and basic freedoms, was one of the initiatives championed by Portugal, together with other EU countries, since its accession into the EU.

Notable Portuguese active in the field of Law and Justice include Paula Teixeira da Cruz (previous Minister of Justice), Boaventura de Sousa Santos GOSE (one of the most prominent Portuguese living left-wing intellectuals. ), Susana Amador, Henrique O'Neill, Maria Santos Pais (served as Special Representative of the United Nations Secretary-General on Violence against Children), Januário Lourenço (invented the Electronic Power of Attorney and the Electronic Divorce.), Isabel Oneto, Guilherme d'Oliveira Martins, Heloísa Apolónia and António Vitorino (former European Commissioner for Justice and Home Affairs).

Science and technology

See also: Science and technology in Portugal, List of Portuguese inventions and discoveries, and Category:Portuguese scientists

In Portugal, research and development (R&D) units belong mainly to state universities and autonomous state research institutes carry out science and technology through a network. However, there are also non-state research institutes and some private projects.

In the country's history the University of Lisbon, established in 1290 as a Studium Generale played a significant role. During the Age of Discovery a prime role was given to the study of technical requirements for navigation: clearly a topic of great importance in Portugal at this period, when control of sea trade was the primary source of Portuguese wealth. It was in this very period that major Portuguese contributions to the scientific world appeared, most notably the Caravel – a light and fast ship designed for coastal navigation and the Portolan – a maritime map used since the early Middle Ages for navigation. The Portuguese were also responsible for the introduction of the Compass rose on maps and for the improvement of devices and techniques for guidance and navigation, such as the cross-staff.

Other contributions include the nonius, the nautical astrolabe, the boat and the Black Maple Sword. During these times João Faras identified the Southern Cross while Francisco de Pina, in Asia, is credited for the invention of the modern Vietnamese alphabet (Quốc ngữ), often misattributed to French Alexandre de Rhodes. In Viet Nam was also active botanist João de Loureiro.

In the 18th century, one of the oldest learned societies of Portugal, the Lisbon Academy of Sciences, was founded in 1779. During this time the Passarola was conceived. It was also during the 18th century that natural philosopher Jean Hyacinthe de Magellan was active and that Bento de Moura Portugal improved Thomas Savery's steam engine.

Within the Portuguese Empire, the Portuguese established in 1792 the oldest engineering school of Latin America (the Real Academia de Artilharia, Fortificação e Desenho), as well as the oldest medical college of Asia (the Escola Médico-Cirúrgica de Goa) in 1842.

During the late 19th century the Portuguese Bartolomeu de Gusmão introduced the Pyreliophore and Maximiliano Augusto Herrmann developed the Herrmann wall telephone. It was also the time in which spectrography pioneer Francisco Miranda da Costa Lobo and telectroscope pioneer Adriano de Paiva were active.

In 1949, the Portuguese neurologist António Egas Moniz, an early developer of the cerebral angiography, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine.

Modern contributions to the scientific community coming from Portugal include, among others, the drug Zebinix, the All-on-4 method (dentistry), the Multibanco, the Coloradd and the Prepaid mobile phone.

After WWII major Portuguese scientific and technical institutions emerged; among them is worth citing the Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência (IGC) an international centre for biomedical research and founded by the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation (FCG) in 1961 and ranked as one of the Top Ten best Places for post-docs, by The Scientist – Faculty of 1000.

Other major instituitions include the Champalimaud Foundation, created at the bequest of Portuguese industrialist and entrepreneur, António de Sommer Champalimaud that focuses on the fields of neuroscience and oncology, and the International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory in Braga.

Despite its small size, In 2001 Portugal was ranked 28th among countries that contributed to the top 1% of the world's highly cited publications and Portugal was ranked 32nd in the Global Innovation Index in 2022.

Within Europe and the European Union (EU), Portugal has full membership into several pan-European scientific organizations like the European Space Agency (ESA), the European Laboratory for Particle Physics (CERN), ITER, and the European Southern Observatory (ESO). Portuguese scientists and technicians work in all of those organizations. In the period 2005–2007, Portugal was the EU member state with the highest growth rate in research and development (R&D) investment as a percentage of the GDP – a 46% growth. Portugal's R&D investment equals 1.2% of Portuguese GDP. This was the 15th largest allocation of funds as a percentage of the GDP for R&D, among the 27 EU member states in 2007.

Overall, the Portuguese contributed in numerous scientific fields. Some examples of notable Portuguese people who had made important contributions to science and technology, becoming in their time internationally known within their respective field, include:

• Agronomy (Alexandre Rodrigues Ferreira)
• Anthropology (Miguel Vale de Almeida, Jill Rosemary Dias, Leopoldina Ferreira Paulo, Teresa Joaquim)
• Astronomy (Paulo Freire)
• Astrophysics (David Sobral)
• Biochemistry (Sónia Rocha, Mónica Bettencourt-Dias, Helena Santos)
• Biology (Rolanda Matos)
• Botany (António Xavier Pereira Coutinho, Rosette Batarda Fernandes, Seomara da Costa Primo)
• Chemical engineering (Alírio Rodrigues, Isabel Gago, Armando J. L. Pombeiro)
• Chemistry (Roberto Duarte Silva, Branca Edmée Marques)
• Computer science (Diogo Vasconcelos, Fernando Boavida, Pedro Pedrosa Mendes, Isabel Cruz)
• Economics (Francisco Luís Gomes, Moisés Bensabat Amzalak, Rita Almeida, Lúcio Mauro Vinhas de Souza)
• Ethnology (António dos Santos Graça),
• Fluid dynamics (Silvana Cardoso)
• Geography (Orlando Ribeiro)
• Geology (Léon Paul Choffat, Venceslau de Lima, Carlos Ribeiro)
• Immunology (Benedita Barata da Rocha)
• Malariology (Maria Manuel Mota)
• Marine biology (Alexandra Cunha)
• Medical analysis (Mortó Sitarama Dessai)
• Metereology (Ilda Aurora Pinheiro de Moura Machado)
• Mycology (Mathilde Bensaude)
• Neuroscience (Megan Carey, Paula Isabel da Silva Moreira, Susana Lima, Ana Domingos, Hanna Damasio)
• Nuclear physics (Lidia Salgueiro)
• Paleontology (Miguel Telles Antunes)
• Pathology (Fátima Carneiro)
• Pharmaceutical Science (Luís Prista)
• Planning theory (Elisabete A. Silva)
• Primatology (Claudia Sousa)
• Protein Crystallography (Maria Arménia Carrondo)
• Psychology (Armindo Freitas-Magalhães, Ana Cristina Silva)
• Physics (José Mendes, Luís Amaral)
• Oncobiology (Raquel Seruca)
• Romance philology (Karoline Michaelis)
• Somnology (Teresa Paiva)
• Systems theory (Tessaleno Devezas)
• Theoretical physics (Pedro Vieira, João Penedones)

Other notable Portuguese scientists include:

• Corino Andrade – 20th century researcher author of the familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy's initial description
• Odette Ferreira – Portuguese professor of microbiology who played an important role in research on HIV, through the identification of the HIV-2
• Froilano de Mello – 20th century medical researcher and biologist
• Graça Freitas GCM – Director-General of Health who manages the strategies to be implemented against COVID-19 pandemic in Portugal.
• Diogo de Carvalho e Sampayo – amateur scientist from the 18th century who authored two important works on the subject of chromatics.

Moreover, due to the rich History of Portugal and the numerous civilisations that have inhabited the national territory, archaeology, first introduced by André de Resende in the 16th century, has been thoroughly studied. Among some of the Portuguese contributors to archaeology and historiography there are Estácio da Veiga, José Leite de Vasconcelos, Irisalva Moita, Luís Raposo, Samuel Schwarz, Miriam Halpern Pereira, Raquel Varelaand João de Barros. Manuel Valadares, pioneer in the use of X-rays for art restoration and paleoethnobotanist António Rodrigo Pinto da Silva also contributed to the study of Portuguese History.

Politics

See also: Politics of Portugal

Portuguese politics is defined within the framework of a parliamentary, representative multy-party democratic republic, where the Prime Minister is the head of government.

The president is the head of the country and has significant political power. He is elected for a 5-year term by direct vote, and he is the commander-in-chief of the armed forces. His powers include the election of the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers, in accordance to general elections results. The Council of State, a presidential oversight body, is composed of six senior civilian officers, any former president elected since 1976, five members elected by the Assembly, and five directly appointed by the president.

The role of executive is assigned to the Council of Ministers. Both the Government and the Portuguese Parliament (Assembleia da República) are equipped with legislative rights. The Assembly is elected by universal suffrage under the system of proportional representation and deputies serve a four-year term. In case of extreme unrest or of impossibility of forming a government the president has the power to dissolve the Assembly and to call for new elections.

Since 1976, the Socialist Party (PS) and Social Democratic Party (PSD) have dominated the political landscape.

The judiciary in Portugal is independent of the executive and legislative branches and the national Supreme Court is the court of last appeal. Military, administrative and fiscal courts are designated as different court categories. A nine-member Constitutional Court verifies the constitutionality of legislation.

Economy

See also: Economy of Portugal

Portugal's economy is ranked 34th on the World Economic Forum's Global Competitiveness Report in 2019.

The majority of international trade is with the EU, whose countries were the source and destination of more than 70% of Portugal's total international trade in 2020. The total international trade amounted to approximately 153.3 billion Euros in 2022. Spain is by far, for evident historical and geographical reasons, the largest trading partner, accounting for 11.61% of exports and 32.07% of imports. Other areas that are important trading partners with Portugal include NAFTA (6.3% of exports and 2% of imports), PALOP (5.7% of exports and 2.5% of imports), Maghreb (3.7% of exports and 1.3% of import and Mercosul (1.4% of exports and 2.5% of imports).

The Portuguese currency is the euro (€), which replaced the escudo in 2002 (that since 2022 is no longer exchangeable) and the country has been part of the Eurozone since its foundation.

The country's national bank is Banco de Portugal, and it is part of the European System of Central Banks, and most of its trading takes place on Euronext Lisbon, owned by NYSE Euronext, the first global stock exchange. Other important Portuguese banks include BES (now Novo Banco), CGD and Millennium BCP.

Portugal is home to a number of large companies with a great international reputation. Among the most renown Portuguese companies there is The Navigator Company, a major company in the international paper market; Sonae Indústria, the world's largest producer of wood panels; Corticeira Amorim, the world's largest producer of cork; Conservas Ramirez, the world's oldest producer of canned food; Cimpor, one of the world's 10 largest cement producers; EDP Renováveis, the world's third largest producer of wind energy; Jerónimo Martins, supermarket chains and market leader in Portugal, Poland and Colombia, José de Mello Group, one of the biggest Portuguese conglomerates, as well as TAP Air Portugal, which has a reputation for great safety and is one of the leading airlines in air transport between Europe, Africa and South America (especially Brazil) and Brisa - Autoestradas de Portugal.

Other companies include Sumol + Compal, leader in the soft drink industry in Portugal and PALOP countries, Renova, a major company in tissue international market, Vista Alegre, a ceramics manufacturer established in 1824, Nelo (MAR Kayaks Ltda), a boat manufacturer, GestiFute, PR Portuguese company providing agent services for footballers. Also relevant are Pestana Group (tourism and leisure group) and Salvador Caetano.

In addition, there are many companies targeting the thriving media market, such as Impresa, Sociedade Independente de Comunicação (SIC), the first Portuguese private television network, NOS and MEO.

Education in Portugal has been gradually modernized and expanded since the 1970s. According to the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) in 2015, 15-year-old students in Portugal were significantly above the OECD average when it came to reading skills, mathematics and knowledge of science. Portugal has several recognized universities and business schools that have contributed several well-known international leaders and which attract an increasing number of foreign students. Portugal is both among the top senders and receivers country within the Erasmus+ programme, with more student coming than leaving.

Famous Portuguese businesswomen include Catarina Fagundes, CEO of Wind Birds, Catarina Portas, owner of A Vida Portuguesa, Fernanda Pires da Silva, President of Grupo Grão-Pará, a conglomerate focusing on construction, real estate, tourism, hotel management, and marble, Julia Carvalho, Corporate Manager at IBM, Maria da Conceição Zagalo, awarded by Amnesty International, as one of 25 women worldwide, "for her special dedication to social causes", Carla Castro and Eugénia Cândida da Fonseca da Silva Mendes.

On the other hand, Portuguese businessmen include Raul Pires Ferreira Chaves, inventor of a precursor to modern construction systems based on modular blocks, Paulo Maló, founder of Malo Clinic, Zeinal Abedin Mohamed Bava, António Miguel Ferreira, Paulo Morgado, currently Executive Vice-president of Capgemini Group, Henrique de Sommer, Fernando Van Zeller Guedes, co-founder of the international wine producer, Sogrape, and the inspiration behind the Mateus brand of rosé wine, Narciso Ferreira, Henrique de Mendonça, one of the protagonists of the economic phenomenon that saw the Portuguese colony of São Tomé and Príncipe turn into one of the world's main producers and exporters of cocoa in the early 20th century, Diogo Mónica, Portuguese-American entrepreneur and engineer who co-founded Anchorage Digital, a cryptocurrency and digital asset platform headquartered in the United States. Portuguese businessmen active abroad include Pedro José Lobo, a prominent member of the Macanese elite of the 20th century, Joe Berardo, Portuguese/South African entrepreneur, Arnaldo de Oliveira Sales, active in Hong Kong and José Filipe Torres, one of the 3 international experts on country branding and nation branding consultant.

Another notable Portuguese businessman is António Augusto Carvalho Monteiro, whose largesse created the Quinta da Regaleira.

Cuisine

See also: List of Portuguese dishes, List of Portuguese food and drink products with protected status, and Portuguese cuisine

Bacalhau codfish is one of the epitomes of Portuguese cuisine

The oldest cookbook on Portuguese cooking comes from the 16th century and is titled Livro de Cozinha da Infanta D. Maria de Portugal (Crown-Princess Maria's cookbook). It describes a number of well-known recipes made of beef, fish, fowl, and other traditional ingredients. Dating back to the High Middle Ages, agriculture had already a certain regional demarcation. There were both small peasant allotments and large latifundia. The latter are particularly characteristic of southern regions, which were annexed as a result of the Reconquista and distributed among the feudal lords, whereas further north, agricultural lots were usually smaller. In modern times, the cultivation of fruit and grapes began to play a particularly important role. Portugal is one of the world leaders in the production of strong red and dry white wines. Port wine and Madeira wine come from here. Portuguese farmers also grow pears, apples, plums, cherries, olives, citrus fruits and food crops such as wheat, rye, corn, oats, legumes.

Peixinhos da horta, a typical dish from Lisbon from which Japanese tempura derives

Pastéis de bacalhau, a typical petisco found everywhere in Portugal

Fishing is also an inherent occupation in Portugal, with sardines being caught from April to October. Both men and women work as fishermen.

Chamuças (samosas) are an example of dish of foreign origin today widely popular in Portugal. They were first brought to the country during the Age of Discovery in the 15th century.

Portuguese cuisine consists mostly on meats (pork, cattle, chicken and game among others), seafood (fish, crustaceans including lobster, crab, shrimp, prawns, and octopus), vegetables, legumes, and sweets (the most common of which are cakes). The Portuguese traditionally enjoy a diet rich in carbohydrates which often includes fresh breads like broa, rice, and potatoes with their meals. The Portuguese are the Europeans recording the highest rice consumption per capita, eating 16.1 kg of rice per year, while the French eat 8.2 kg, Britons consume 7.4 kg and Poles eat around 3 kg. Among Portuguese dishes using rice, Arroz de Tamboril (Monkfish rice), Arroz de Pato (duck rice) and Arroz de Cabidela (rooster rice) enjoy high popularity. Consuming around 62 kg of potatoes per capita every year, the Portuguese are among the largest potato-consumers in the European Continent. Portugal also has one of the largest livestock populations in the EU, making meat very popular, and the very high fish-consumption being explained by the long 1,800 km of coastline (1,115 miles) which the country enjoys.

António-Maria De Oliveira Bello, also known as Olleboma, wrote "Culinária Portuguesa" (Portuguese Cuisine) in 1936. Portuguese cuisine also draws from Mediterranean cuisine – Portugal is among the countries recognised by UNESCO for their Mediterranean diet – and cuisines from all over the world, especially from lands once part of the Portuguese Empire.

Starting in the 15th century, Portugal played a pivotal global role in spice trade between the Americas, Africa, and the East Indies, particularly in the broad variety of spices used. These spices were also introduced to the Portuguese cuisine and are used in meat, fish, or several savory meals from mainland Portugal, the Azores, and the Madeira archipelago. They include piri piri (tiny, spicy chili peppers), white pepper, black pepper, saffron, paprika, clove, allspice, cumin, and nutmeg. Peri peri is so popular that Nando's, a South African multinational fast casual chain, operates over 890 outlets in 30 countries. Their logo depicts the Rooster of Barcelos, one of Portugal's most common symbols.

In addition, numerous classic desserts and some savory meals contain cinnamon, vanilla, lemon, orange, anise, clove, and allspice. Portuguese merchants also introduced oranges in Middle Eastern countries. Today the Turkish ("Portakal"), Farsi (نارنجی or "portaqal") and Arabic (البرتقالي or "lburtuqaliiu") words for orange all denote a Portuguese origin. This term also extended to areas within the Ottoman Empire and beyond, today being used in languages such as Romanian (portocale), Albanian (portokalli), Greek (πορτοκάλι-portokáli) and Georgian (ფორთოხალი-portokhali).

A very popular dish is "Feijoada" where feijão is the Portuguese for bean. With feijoada salada de tomate and " vinagrete " or "molho vinagrete" are sometimes served. From a rich and varied cuisine, which includes a said 365 different ways of cooking cod (bacalhau), emblematic Portuguese traditional dishes are Cozido à portuguesa (Portuguese stew) and Caldo verde (green soup). The most globally widespread pastry is the pastel de nata, sometimes known as Natas or Portuguese custard tarts.

Portugal has 19 named wine regions Denominação de Origem Controlada with quality wines of controlled origin: Alenquer, Arruda, Bairrada, Beira Interior, Bucelas, Carcavelos, Colares, Dão, Douro, Encostas d'Aire, Lagoa, Lagos, Óbidos, Palmela, Portimão, Setúbal, Tavira, Távora-Varosa, Torres Vedras. The most famous Portuguese wine is 'Port' (Vinho do Porto), which may only be grown in the região demarcada do Douro, the Douro wines demarcated region. There are several unique types of Port wine, with an unchanging rich and intense bouquet, namely Porto Branco, Porto Ruby and Porto Tawny. Also famous, feature Vinho Verde (green wine) slightly sparkling wine types, from the Minho region.

Famous Portuguese chefs include Filipa Vacondeus, Louise Bourrat and Marlene Vieira.

Architecture

See also: Portuguese architecture, Manueline, and Pombaline style

Azulejos are a distinctive feature of Portuguese architecture as it is the case with Capela das Almas, in Porto

Portuguese architecture encompasses the architectural styles and patrimony of Portugal and its former colonies, reflecting the artistic influences of diverse cultures throughout its rich history. The multiple civilizations that have inhabited Portugal or come in contact with its people have left their mark on its architecture, including the Romans and Moors. The Portuguese Empire's historical reach has led to a widespread heritage of Portuguese colonial architecture in many countries globally, particularly in Africa and the Americas, as well as Asia.

Epitomes of the Portuguese architectural style are Romanesque, Gothic and, above all, Manueline style. The Baroque and Rococo have had large usage in Portugal. After the 1755 Lisbon earthquake the Pombaline style (now candidate to become a listed UNESCO heritage site) took over and is still largely visible all over Portugal, especially in Portuguese Estremadura (the region of the capital city, Lisbon).

Santuário do Bom Jesus do Monte, in Braga, with its famous Baroque stairway

Fountain in the Palácio Nacional de Queluz, Queluz

Portugal is famous for its Medieval and Templar castles. A fine example is the Castle of Almourol, in Vila Nova da Barquinha.

Over the centuries, various styles or movements have shaped Portuguese architecture, ranging from Romanesque to contemporary styles, and have produced celebrated architects such as Raul Lino, Fernando Távora and Álvaro Siza Vieira, among others.

Today, Portugal continues to produce talented architects, including Pritzker Architecture Prize winners Eduardo Souto de Moura and Siza Vieira, who have contributed to the ongoing evolution of Portuguese architecture. The Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, built in the 1960s is one of the very best, defining examples of 20th-century Portuguese architecture.

In Portugal Tomás Taveira is also noteworthy, particularly due to stadium design. Other renowned Portuguese architects include Diogo de Arruda (who designed the well-known chapter house window at the Convent of Christ, in Tomar), Pedro Nunes Tinoco and Filippo Terzi (responsible for the Monastery of São Vicente de Fora), André Soares (who designed Falperra Church), José António Caldas (pioneer of the use of the dark room in Brazil), Carlos Amarante (who designed Bom Jesus do Monte), João Luís Carrilho da Graça, José da Costa e Silva (who established Neoclassical architecture in Portugal and colonial Brazil), José Luis Monteiro, João Abel Manta, Huguet and Mateus Fernandes (responsible for designing the Monastery of Batalha)

Famous architects from the 19th century include Maria José Marques da Silva, Helena Roseta, Miguel Ventura Terra and José Marques da Silva.

Portuguese architects who made contributions abroad include Alfredo Azancot working in Chile, Emanuele Rodriguez Dos Santos working in Italy, and Jo Palma working in Canada.

Music

See also: Music of Portugal, Music history of Portugal, and Fado

Portuguese fadistas performing in the Mosteiro dos Jerónimos, Lisbon

From folk music to classical, music has always played an important role in Portuguese culture.

Portuguese music is rich in history and cultural diversity. From traditional songs from the north of the country to the rhythms of Portuguese-influenced samba, from fado to Portuguese pop-rock, Portuguese music enjoys a centuries-long tradition.

The history of Portuguese music dates back to the country's foundation in the Middle Ages, when troubadours, poets and musicians, broadcast their love songs throughout the country.

In the 16th century, with the discovery of new lands and the expansion of the Portuguese Empire, new musical influences were introduced. One example is the famous stringed instrument, the Krencong, which was brought from Portugal to Indonesia and is one of the most notable Portuguese contributions to Indonesian culture still present today. Another instrument of Portuguese origin that is widely used in Hawaiian music today is the ukulele, with origins in Madeira Island.

Fado is, without a doubt, an emblematic musical genre of Portugal. Originating in Lisbon in the 19th century, it is considered a symbol of Portuguese culture. Fado songs often express love, saudade (longing) and difficulties in life. The great ambassador of Portuguese fado, Amália Rodrigues, had great success all over the world during the 1950s and 1960s. Today, musicians like Mariza, Ana Moura and Cristina Branco, Katia Guerreiro keep this musical art alive by modernizing it . The genre is one of two Portuguese music traditions in the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists, with the other being Cante Alentejano.

Besides fado, the country has produced other forms of popular music, including Portuguese Pop Rock which developed in the 1980s and 1990s with artists such as Xutos & Pontapés, Rui Veloso and the Madredeus. The band Madredeus have been noted for their innovative use of the Portuguese guitar, a traditional Portuguese instrument.

Carmen Miranda GCIH, OMC who reached stardom in Brazil as the foremost interpreter of samba

Other popular modern multicultural genres in Portugal include dance, house, kizomba, pimba, pop, reggae, ska and zouk.

In Portugal we can also find famous names in world music, such as the musician Waldemar Bastos. With his exceptional voice, he conquered international stages and worked with renowned musicians such as Peter Gabriel.

In conclusion, Portuguese music is rich and diverse, offering a multitude of different styles that deserve to be discovered. Whether with fado, pop rock or classical music, the Portuguese contribution to world music is undeniable. Portuguese musical heritage – as is the case with musical traditions from all over the world – is a musical gem that must be preserved for future generations.

A notable Portuguese kizomba author is Soraia Ramos. Dealing with Rap, Ângelo César do Rosário Firmino and Diana De Brito are important names within the Portuguese musical scene.

Hip hop began in Portugal in the early 1990s. The first artist to sign a major record deal was General D with EMI Records. Other important artists from the Hip hop tuga genre include Sam the Kid and Regula.

In jazz, notable Portuguese performers include Carmen Souza, Marta Dias, Vânia Fernandes, Maria João and Luísa Sobral. while in the kuduro musical genre in Portugal Keidje Torres Lima is notable. Other authors include names such as Lura, Georgina Ribas, Filipa Azevedo, Nenny, Ana Free, Ana Bela Alves and Bárbara Bandeira.

Cinema

See also: Cinema of Portugal and List of Portuguese films

Portuguese cinema is a popular art that has grown and evolved over the years. It appeared at the end of the 19th century, with the screening of silent films in music halls and theatres. However, it was not until the 1920s that cinema became an important cultural and artistic element in Portugal.

The first Portuguese film, shot in Porto, was directed by Aurélio da Paz dos Reis in 1896. In homage to the Departure of the Workers from the Lumière Factory (La Sortie de l'usine Lumière à Lyon) by Auguste and Louis Lumière shot in 1895, he filmed the Departure of the Workers from the Confiança Factory (Saída do Pessoal Operário da Fábrica Confiança).

José Leitão de Barros pioneered the Portuguese film industry, producing and directing several silent films starting in the 1910s. One of the first notable Portuguese female actresses is Cremilda de Oliveira. Portuguese director Manoel de Oliveira extended de la Velle's legacy. His film "Aniki-Bóbó" (1942), remains a major Portuguese film for its innovation and poetic vision of adolescence. Manoel de Oliveira has made more than 30 films, including his last, "I'm Going home" (2001), produced at the age of 93.

In the 1950s, new American technologies gave a resurgence of interest in Hollywood films rather than those from Portugal. In the 1960s, with the international cultural opening, the attention of the Portuguese public was brought back to national soil. The 1960s saw the rise of innovative cinema, notably with director Fernando Lopes. He made films that touched on the themes of politics and religion, generating debate and great controversy at the time. His film "Belarmino" (1964), won the Golden Lion at that year's Venice exhibition.

Fernando Lopes paved the way for a new generation of directors who continued to be active in the 70s and 80s. This period saw films like "Mudar de Vida" (1966) by Paulo Rocha. Moreover, it was in the 70s that The School of Reis – a film theory concept relative to the teachings of Portuguese director António Reis and Margarida Cordeiro – emerged. Notable authors influenced by Reis are João Pedro Rodrigues and Pedro Costa.

Despite their national success, Portuguese films have often been ignored by international festivals. However, this has started to change with the emergence of some very talented directors such as Marco Martins.

In 1989, the first of a new wave of filmmakers, Pedro Costa, presented "O Sangue". This film, along with its follow-up efforts in the 90s, 'Ossos' and 'Casa de Lava ', shaped a style that would gradually gain international recognition. Costa became a creator of films in competition at Cannes.

Portuguese directors have also played an increasingly important role in the international film industry. Director Manoel de Oliveira was the first Portuguese director to compete for the Palme d'Or at Cannes in 1985. Since then, several other renowned Portuguese filmmakers have competed at major international festivals. Cinema has evolved over time and Portugal has not been left out with the changes that are happening in the field. Portuguese directors have continued to produce films close to their audiences while opening them up to foreign countries.

Telenovela is a popular genre in Portugal, especially due to the Brazilian influence, and the country is a major producer and consumer of telenovelas in the Portuguese-speaking world. Many Portuguese telenovelas have reached international fame, such as A Única Mulher, Floribella, Morangos com Açúcar, Laços de Sangue or Conta-me como foi. Major networks producing multiple telenovelas every year include SIC and TVI. Notable telenovela actors include Liliana Santos, Lúcia Moniz, Diogo Morgado, Vera Kolodzig, Sílvia Alberto, Diogo Amaral, Rita Pereira, Joana Ribeiro, Ricardo Pereira, Mariana Monteiro, Luciana Abreu.

Many Portuguese authors, in addition, have participated in international productions; among them Daniela Melchior, Nuno Lopes, Cris Huerta, Helena D'Algy and Rafael Morais.

Among the many actors, producers and entertainers that have emerged from Portugal one ought to remember Nuno Sá Pessoa and Diana Andringa for documentaries, famous TV hosts Nuno Markl, Rita Camarneiro, Ricardo Araújo Pereira, Filomena Cautela and Eduardo Serra, best known for his work on the final two Harry Potter films, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2. Other names include polyedric Suspiria Franklyn and first female director Bárbara Virgínia.

Ultimately, Portuguese cinema has contributed enormously to the artistic and cultural expression of Portugal as well as to world cinema. Directors have been and remain great artists and the legacy they left represents a tremendous contribution to the cinematic arts.

Influencers (Instagram)

This is a list of the top 10 accounts managed by Portuguese nationals (Brand accounts excluded) with most followers on the photo and video-sharing social platform Instagram. Instagram is, as of 2023, one of the most popular social media platforms in Portugal, as well as in the whole world.

The most followed individual is Portuguese footballer Cristiano Ronaldo who is, as well, the most followed person on Instagram overall. Because of the large Portuguese diaspora, of the 10 most followed Portuguese people (defined as holding a Portuguese passport) 7 were owned by Luso-Brazilian citizens.

Rank	Username	Owner	Followers	Profession/Activity	Notes
1	@cristiano	Cristiano Ronaldo	622,000,000	Footballer	Most followed person on Instagram
2	@virginia	Virginia Fonseca	46,000,000	Influencer, YouTuber, businesswoman	American-born Brazilian who also holds Portuguese nationality. This makes her the most followed Portuguese woman on Instagram.
3	@gioewbank	Giovanna Ewbank	29,300,000	Actress, model, Television presenter	Brazilian-born Luso-Brazilian citizen
4	@phil.coutinho	Philippe Coutinho	24,400,000	Footballer	Most followed Brazilian-born Luso-Brazilian man on Instagram
5	@brunogagliasso	Bruno Gagliasso	22,300,000	Actor	Luso-Brazilian citizen
6	@official_pepe	Pepe	17,600,000	Footballer	Brazilian-born
7	@felipeneto	Felipe Neto	17,300,000	YouTuber	Luso-Brazilian citizen
8	@ileana_official	Ileana D'Cruz	16,400,000	Actress	Indian-born
9	@joaofelix79	João Félix	11,800,000	Footballer
10	@brunofernandes8	Bruno Fernandes	8,800,000	Footballer
As of February 26, 2024

Among positions 11 to 50 of the list of the most followed Portuguese citizens on social media platform Instagram, one can notice the large number of footballers. In fact, football is arguably the most popular sport in Portugal.

Rank	Username	Owner	Followers	Profession/Activity	Notes
11	@oficialkellykey	Kelly Key	8,700,000	Singer	Luso-Brazilian citizen
12	@sarasampaio	Sara Sampaio	8,600,000	Model	Most followed Portuguese-born Portuguese model on Instagram
13	@jpcancelo	João Cancelo	6,800,000	Footballer
14	@pedroscooby	Pedro Scooby	5,800,000	Surfer	Luso-Brazilian
15	@luccasneto	Luccas Neto	5,800,000	Actor, comedian	Luso-Brazilian
16	@iamrafaeleao93	Rafael Leão	5,600,000	Footballer	Being of Portuguese-Angolan descent, he is the most followed Luso-African on Instagram
17	@ederson93	Ederson Moraes	5,200,000	Footballer	Luso-Brazilian
18	@luis__figo	Luís Figo	4,900,000	Footballer
19	@renatosanches18	Renato Sanches	4,800,000	Footballer	Of São Tomé and Príncipe and Cape Verdean descent
20	@bernardocarvalhosilva	Bernardo Silva	4,700,000	Footballer
21	@doloresaveiroofficial	Dolores Aveiro	4,300,000	Cristiano Ronaldo's mother
22	@josemourinho	José Mourinho	4,100,000	Football manager
23	@ricardoquaresmaoficial	Ricardo Quaresma	4,100,000	Footballer	Most followed Portuguese of Romani descent
24	@rubendias	Rúben Dias	3,600,000	Footballer
25	@diogodalot	Diogo Dalot	3,100,000	Footballer	Most followed Portuguese of French descent on Instagram
26	@nelsonsemedo50	Nélson Semedo	3,000,000	Footballer	Of Cape Verdean descent
27	@jorgejesus	Jorge Jesus	3,000,000	Football manager
28	@luisnani	Nani	2,500,000	Footballer	Of Cape Verdean descent
29	@ferodriguesoficial	Fernanda Rodrigues	2,300,000	Actress, Television presenter	Luso-Brazilian
30	@diogoj_18	Diogo Jota	2,300,000	Footballer
31	@fabio_coentrao	Fábio Coentrão	2,000,000	Footballer
32	@aftgomes21	André Gomes	1,800,000	Footballer
33	@magui_corceiro	Margarida Corceiro	1,800,000	Actress	Most followed Portuguese born in the 21st century
34	@andresilva9	André Silva	1,500,000	Footballer
35	@dailycristina	Cristina Ferreira	1,600,000	Television presenter
36	@hyndia	Rita Pereira	1,500,000	Actress
37	@pedrocarvalho_oficial	Pedro Carvalho	1,500,000	Actor	Most followed Portuguese male actor
38	@katiaaveirooficial	Kátia Aveiro	1,400,000	Pop singer
39	@explorerssaurus_	Raquel e Miguel	1,300,000	Travellers	Most followed Portuguese couple on Instagram
40	@danielamelchior	Daniela Melchior	1,300,000	Actress
41	@ricardinho10oficial	Ricardinho	1,300,000	Futsal player	Most followed Portuguese futsal player
42	@h.herrera16	Héctor Herrera	1,200,000	Footballer	Most followed Portuguese citizen of Mexican descent on Instagram
43	@sergioliveira27	Sérgio Oliveira	1,200,000	Footballer
44	@iamdanilopereira	Danilo Pereira	1,200,000	Footballer	Most followed Guinea-Bissau born Portuguese on Instagram
45	@claudiavieiraoficial	Cláudia Vieira	1,200,000	Actress, Television presenter
46	@pedrobarrosopb	Pedro Barroso	1,100,000	Actor
47	@nunomendes	Nuno Mendes	1,100,000	Footballer	Of Angolan descent
48	@rubendsneves	Rúben Neves	1,100,000	Footballer
49	@gonolivier	Gonçalo Olivier	1,100,000	Influencer	One of the most followed Portuguese influencers
50	@danielaruah	Daniela Ruah	1,100,000	Actress	Most followed American-Bissau born Portuguese on Instagram
As of February 26, 2024

Ranking 51–100 in the list of most followed Portuguese on Instagram there are many actresses and Television personalities. Although the numbers may seem low, they are important when compared to the population of Portugal. Giving that people in the following table are mostly known in the domestic market, an Influencer with 800,00 followers, for example, reaches out to 7.6% of the Portuguese people (if taking into account also approximately 5 million people in the Portuguese diaspora holding Portuguese nationality, they reach 5.3% of the Portuguese nationals worldwide).

Rank	Username	Owner	Followers	Profession/Activity	Notes
51	@daniellapintto	Daniela Pinto Scuderi	1,100,000	Social media personality	Most followed member of the Portuguese diaspora in Switzerland
52	@sofiarribeiro	Sofia Ribeiro (actress)	1,100,000	Actress
53	@jessica_athayde	Jessica Athayde	1,000,000	Model	Most followed Portuguese of British descent on Instagram
54	@kellybaileyy	Kelly Bailey	1,000,000	Actress	Of British descent
55	@davidcarreiraoficial	David Carreira	1,000,000	Model, Singer	Most followed French-born Portuguese on Instagram
56	@carolinadeslandes	Carolina Deslandes	1,000,000	Singer
57	@nellyfurtado	Nelly Furtado	1,000,000	Singer	Canadian-born
58	@saramatosofficial	Sara Matos	1,000,000	Actress
59	@miguelpaixao7	Miguel Paixão	1,000,000	Footballer
60	@ibeneizergirosa7	Ibineizer Giro Sá	1,000,000	Model	Of Guinea-Bissau descent, he is the most followed Afro-Portuguese fashion model on Instagram
61	@soraiaramoss	Soraia Ramos	996,000	Singer	Most followed Portuguese singer of Cape Verdean descent on Instagram
62	@deco_official	Deco	987,000	Footballer	Luso-Brazilian
63	@otaviomonteiroo	Otávio Monteiro	987,000	Footballer	Brazilian-born
64	@yasmine_official_	Yasmine	987,000	Singer	Of mixed Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verdean descent
65	@barbarabandeiraa	Bárbara Bandeira	983,000	Singer
66	@deborasofiabatista	Debora Batista	975,000	Model
67	@carolinapatrocinio	Carolina Patrocínio	972,000	TV host
68	@irisloveunicorns	Inês Silva	966,000	YouTuber
69	@lourencoortigao	Lourenço Ortigão	964,000	Actor
70	@raminhoseffect	António Raminhos	957,000	Comedian	Known for Missão: 100% Português
71	@ricardotpereira	Ricardo Pereira	947,000	Actor
72	@gedson_83	Gedson Fernandes	943,000	Footballer	São Tomé and Príncipe-born
73	@the_naturalcoach	André Carvalho	928,000	Coach	Most followed Portuguese coach
74	@rpatricio1	Rui Patrício	925,000	Footballer	Most followed Portuguese goalkeeper
75	@mlgoucha	Manuel Luis Goucha	920,000	Television presenter
76	@dichavesofficial	Diana Chaves	919,000	Actress
77	@vitinha	Vitinha	915,000	Footballer
78	@pedroteixeiraoficial	Pedro Teixeira (actor)	908,000	Actor
79	@calema507	Calema	895,000	Musical duo	Of São Tomé and Príncipe descent; most followed musical duo in Portugal
80	@wuant	Wuant	890,000	Singer
81	@apipocamaisdoce	Ana Garcia Martins	888,000	Blogger	Most followed Portuguese blogger
82	@angelorodrigues_oficial	Ângelo Rodrigues	885,000	Actor
83	@raphaelguerreiro14	Raphaël Guerreiro	881,000	Footballer	French-born
84	@angeladscosta	Angie Costa	877,000	Artist
85	@nunomarkl	Nuno Markl	873,000	Comedian, Radio Host, writer	Most followed Portuguese of Austrian descent
86	@cesartmourao	César Mourão	866,000	Television presenter
87	@odeith	Sérgio Odeith	865,000	Artist	Artist known for his murals
88	@88migueloliveira	Miguel Oliveira	856,000	Racing driver	Most followed Portuguese racing driver on Instagram
89	@caroloureiro	Carolina Loureiro	842,000	Actress
90	@alba.baptista	Alba Baptista	841,000	Actress
91	@o_unas	Rui Unas	827,000	TV personality, actor, YouTuber
92	@lilianafilipa__	Liliana Filipa	809,000	Businesswoman, Influencer
93	@windoh	Diogo da Silva	806,000	YouTuber
94	@fatimalopesoficial	Fátima Lopes (presenter)	795,000	Television personality
95	@kazzio7	SirKazzio	792,000	YouTuber, Singer	Most followed Luso-Venezuelan on Instagram
96	@joaopalhinha6	João Palhinha	792,000	Footballer
97	@catarinafurtadooficial	Catarina Furtado	763,000	Actress, Television presenter	She is an UNFPA Goodwill Ambassador
98	@cedricsoares41	Cédric Soares	761,000	Footballer	German-born
99	@joaomoutinho8	João Moutinho	760,000	Footballer
100	@corpodormente	Bruno Nogueira	752,000	Humorist, actor, Television host
As of February 26, 2024

In positions 101–150 of the most followed Portuguese on Instagram there are many actresses as well as well known television personalities popular with Portuguese public.

Rank	Username	Owner	Followers	Profession/Activity	Notes
101	@trincao	Francisco Trincão	751,000	Footballer
102	@ccosta99	Cassie Costa	750,000	Model
103	@helenacoelhooo	Helena Coelho	740,000	Television presenter
104	@elma_oficial	Elma Aveiro	729,000	Businesswoman	She is Cristiano Ronaldo's sister
105	@tonycarreiraoficial	Tony Carreira	724,000	Singer
106	@goncaloramos88	Gonçalo Ramos	724,000	Footballer
107	@oceanabasilio	Oceana Basilio	720,000	Actress, model
108	@jesustecatitoc	Jesús Manuel Corona	706,000	Footballer	Of Mexican descent
109	@vera.von.monika	Vera Von Monika	705,000	Businesswoman, model
110	@jessiicasilva10	Jéssica Silva	696,000	Footballer
111	@joaomario	João Mario	688,000	Footballer	Of Angolan descent
112	@anaguiomar.oficial	Ana Guiomar	684,000	Actress
113	@filomenacautela	Filomena Cautela	681,000	Television presenter
114	@danianeto	Dânia Neto	680,000	Actress
115	@iamisabelsilva	Isabel Silva	680,000	Athlete
116	@djdiegomiranda	Diego Miranda	678,000	Dj	Most followed Portuguese Dj on Instagram
117	@nininhovazmaia_	Nininho Vaz Maia	656,000	Singer
118	@maryyy_monteiro	Mariana Monteiro	653,000	Actress, model
119	@diogopicarra	Diogo Piçarra	645,000	Singer
120	@categouveia	Catarina Gouveia	639,000	Actress
121	@rochacomedy	Fernando Rocha	634,000	Comedian
122	@mrjasonsantos	Jason Santos	634,000	Pr
123	@vanesssamartins	Vanessa Martins	625,000	Actress
124	@fernandodaniel	Fernando Daniel	623,000	Singer
125	@brunosavateoficial	Bruno Savate	617,000	Television personality
126	@_fabio.10	Fabio Carvalho	616,000	Footballer	Of Angolan descent, most followed Portuguese from Marvila
127	@claudio_ramos	Cláudio Ramos	615,000	Television presenter
128	@ricardoweezy	Ricardo Teles	613,000	Video creator
129	@_saraprata_	Sara Prata	610,000	Actress, model
130	@tania_m0reira	Tânia Moreira	604,000	Influencer
131	@marcocosta22	Marco Costa	598,000	Chef
132	@bernardorsousa	Bernardo Sousa	593,000	Rally driver
133	@madalena_abecasis	Madalena Abecasis	580,000	Designer
134	@mariabotelhomoniz	Maria Botelho Moniz	580,000	Actress, Television presenter
135	@mafalda.sampaio	Mafalda Sampaio	580,000	Model
136	@vanessabarragao_work	Vanessa Barragão	579,000	Artist	Most followed Portuguese female artist on Instagram
137	@sofiaarrudagram	Sofia Arruda	575,000	Actress, model
138	@bumbanafofinha	Mariana Cabral	575,000	Blogger, comedian
139	@asnove	Sofia de Castro Fernandes	565,000	Blogger
140	@joana____duarte	Joana Duarte	555,000	Actress
141	@gustavoribeiro	Gustavo Ribeiro	550,000	Skateboarder	Most followed Portuguese skateboarder on Instagram
142	@daniel__oliveira	Daniel Oliveira (Television presenter)	544,000	Television presenter
143	@carlosqueiroz_	Carlos Queiroz	540,000	Football manager
144	@itsfannyrodrigues	Fanny Rodrigues	534,000	Television personality	Swiss-born
145	@carol_carvalhosantos	Carolina Carvalho	533,000	Actress
146	@ines_ap	Inês Aires Pereira	533,000	Actress
147	@goncaloguedes17	Gonçalo Guedes	531,000	Footballer
148	@eduardo.madeira8	Eduardo Madeira	524,000	Actor
149	@vascopalmeirim	Vasco Palmeirim	517,000	Television presenter	Most followed Portuguese-born of Goan descent
150	@mrkevensantos	Keven Santos	516,000	Actor	US-born
As of February 26, 2024

See also

• Ethnic groups in Europe
• Galicians
• Luso-Asians
• Luso-Africans
• Iberian Jews
• Portuguese American
• Portuguese Canadians
• List of Portuguese people
• Portuguese cuisine
• Portuguese culture
• Lusitanics
• Lusophone
• Portuguese language
• Category:Portuguese people

External links

• Ethnographic Map of Pre-Roman Iberia (circa 200 BC)
• Wikimedia Atlas of Portugal
• Portugal (Emigration) from CIA Country Studies Series