Royal Mausoleum of Mauretania
| Royal Mausoleum of Mauretania (Caesariensis) | |
|---|---|
 Mausoleum of Mauretania Caesariensis | |
| Location | Tipaza Province, Algeria |
| Coordinates | 36°34′29″N 2°33′12″E / 36.57472°N 2.55333°E |
| Built | 3 BC |
| Architectural style(s) | Royal Numidian Architecture[1] |
  Location of Royal Mausoleum of Mauretania (Caesariensis) in Algeria | |
The Royal Mausoleum of Mauretania is a funerary monument located on the road between Cherchell and Algiers, in Tipaza Province, Algeria.
The mausoleum is the tomb where the Numidian Berber King Juba II (son of Juba I of Numidia) and the Queen Cleopatra Selene II, sovereigns of Numidia and Mauretania Caesariensis, were allegedly buried. However, their human remains are no longer at the site.
History
[edit]
The sepulchre is sometimes known as the Mausoleum of Juba II and Cleopatra Selene. In French, it is called the Tombeau de la Chrétienne ("the tomb of the Christian woman") because there is a Christian cross-like shape of the division lines on the false door.[citation needed] In Arabic, the mausoleum is called the Kubr-er-Rumia or Kbor er Roumia, which means "tomb of the Christian woman", as Rûm was taken in Arabic as the Eastern Roman Empire and, in North Africa, rumi took the meaning "Christian".[2] It may have been a deformation of a Punic phrase for "the royal tomb".[2]
Royal Family of Mauretania
[edit]The mausoleum was built in 3 BC by the last King of Numidia, and later King of Mauretania Caesariensis, Juba II (son of Juba I of Numidia) and his wife Cleopatra Selene II. She was a Greek Ptolemaic princess, the daughter of the Queen Cleopatra VII of Egypt and Roman Triumvir Mark Antony. Through her marriage to Juba II, she became the last Queen of Numidia and later Queen of Mauretania Caesariensis.
The mausoleum is probably the Royal Tomb that the 1st-century Roman geographer Pomponius Mela (1.31) described as the monumentum commune regiae gentis ("the communal mausoleum of the royal family"). If the geographer’s description of the mausoleum is correct, then the building was not intended just for Juba and Cleopatra, but envisaged as a dynastic funeral monument for their royal descendants.
The Mauretanian sepulchre looks similar to the Mausoleum of Augustus erected by the first Roman Emperor Augustus in Ancient Rome. Augustus began constructing his mausoleum between 29 BC-27 BC, some time before Juba II left Rome to return to Numidia.
Construction
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The Royal Mausoleum of Mauretania is a common type of ancient mausoleums found in Numidia. It is built on a hill some 250 metres (756 feet) above sea level. The monument is entirely built from stone, while its main structure is in a circular form with a square base topped by a cone or a pyramid. The square base measures 60 to 60.9 metres square or 200 to 209 foot. The height of the monument was originally about 40 metres or 130’ in height. Due to damage that the mausoleum has suffered from natural elements and vandalism, the monument now measures 30-32.4 metres in height.
The base of the monument was decorated with 60 Ionic columns whose capitals were removed, possibly stolen. Inside, the centre of the mausoleum has two vaulted chambers, separated by a short passage connected by a gallery outside by stone doors which can be moved up and down by levers. The passage leading to the chambers is about 500’. One chamber measures 142 feet long by 11 feet broad and is 11 feet high, while the other is smaller.
Under the Ottomans and French
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In the 16th century, the mausoleum was believed by some Spaniards to be the tomb of Florinda la Cava, the legendary Spanish woman, whose rape led to the Islamic conquest of Iberia. It has been explained as a confusion of Qabr Arrumiyya ("Christian tomb", locally qbér érromiya) and qàhba romiya ("Christian whore").[2]
In 1555, the Pasha of Algiers, Salah Rais, gave orders to pull down the mausoleum. After large black wasps swarmed out and stung some of the workers to death, the effort was abandoned. At the end of the 18th century, Baba Mahommed tried in vain to destroy the monument with artillery. Later, when the French occupied Algeria the monument was used by the French Navy for target practice.[3]
Recognition and conservation of the Mausoleum
[edit]The human remains of Juba II and Cleopatra Selene have not been found at the site. This is perhaps due to a grave robbery that occurred at an uncertain time (possibly shortly after the Mausoleum's construction).[4] It is also possible that the structure was simply meant to serve as a memorial and not an actual place of burial.[4]
The Royal Mausoleum of Mauretania is a part of a unique archeological site along the road from Cherchell to Tipaza. On this archeological site, there are various monuments and infrastructure that have survived from the Phoenician (see also Carthage National Museum), Roman, Early Christianity and Byzantine periods. This group of ruins that are located along the Mediterranean Sea were recognized and inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1982.
Although these archaeological remains, including the Royal Mausoleum of Mauretania, are protected, the ruins located between Cherchell and Tipaza face constant threats from continual urban construction and expansion, open sewage drainage run offs, poor maintenance, and constant vandalism. Due to these ongoing problems, these archaeological remains face an uncertain future.
The local authorities have failed and had problems implementing a 1992 ‘Permanent Safeguarding and Presentation Plan’ an effective management program in preserving these ruins. In 2001, the World Heritage Site provided emergency assistance for this archaeological site. In 2002, experts from UNESCO went to visit the site and to report on the condition of the ruins; the archeological site has been placed on the List of World Heritage Sites in Danger.
See also
[edit]Citations
[edit]- ^ Quinn, J. (2013). Monumental power: ‘Numidian Royal Architecture’ in context. In J. Prag & J. Quinn (Eds.), The Hellenistic West: Rethinking the Ancient Mediterranean (pp. 179–215). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139505987.008
- ^ a b c Montaner Frutos, Alberto (2006). "Zara / Zoraida y la Cava Rumía: Historia, leyenda e invención" [Zara / Zoraida and la Cava Rumía: History, legend and invention]. In Martínez de Castilla, Nuria; Gil Benumeya Grimau, Rodolfo (eds.). De Cervantes y el Islam [About Cervantes and Islam] (in Spanish). Madrid: Sociedad Estatal de Conmemoraciones Culturales. pp. 270–273. ISBN 978-8496411180. Retrieved 11 August 2020.
- ^ Michael Tutton, James W.P. Campbell (2020). Doors History, Repair and Conservation. Routledge. p. 36. ISBN 978-1-317-30939-0.
- ^ a b Davies, Ethel (2009). North Africa: the Roman Coast. Chalfont St. Peter, Buckinghamshire: Bradt Travel Guides. ISBN 978-1841622873, p. 11.
Sources
[edit]- Duane R. Roller, The World of Juba II and Kleopatra Selene: Royal Scholarship on Rome's African Frontier. New York and London: Routledge, 2003
- Juba II & Cleopatra Selene
- Page at UNESCO website
- Algeria: Archeological Finds Reveal a Varied Past
External links
[edit]- Duane R. Roller, The World of Juba II and Kleopatra Selene: Royal Scholarship on Rome's African Frontier. New York and London: Routledge, 2003
- images of the Royal Mausoleum (Tomb of the Christian) on Manar al-Athar digital image archive
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