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'{{redirect|Ussher|the surname|Ussher (surname)}} {{EngvarB|date=October 2013}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2013}} {{Infobox Bishop | name = James Ussher | nationality = Irish | image=James Ussher by Sir Peter Lely.jpg | religion = [[Church of Ireland]] | see = Armagh | bishop_of = [[Archbishop of Armagh (Church of Ireland)|Archbishop of Armagh]], [[Primate of All Ireland]] | enthroned = 1625 | ended = 1656 | consecration = 1626 | predecessor = [[Christopher Hampton (bishop)|Christopher Hampton]] | successor = [[John Bramhall]] (from 1661) | other_post = Professor, [[Trinity College, Dublin]],<br />[[Chancellor (ecclesiastical)|Chancellor]], [[St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin]],<br />[[Prebendary|Prebend]] of Finglas. | ordination = 1602 | bishops = [[List of Church of Ireland dioceses|Meath]] | birth_date = 4 January 1581 | birth_place = [[Dublin]], [[Kingdom of Ireland|Ireland]] | death_date = 21 March 1656 (age 75) | death_place = [[Reigate]], Surrey, [[Kingdom of England|England]] | buried = Chapel of St. Erasmus, [[Westminster Abbey]] }} '''James Ussher''' (or '''Usher'''; 4 January 1581&nbsp;– 21 March 1656) was the [[Church of Ireland|Irish]] [[Archbishop of Armagh (Church of Ireland)|Archbishop of Armagh]] and [[Primate of All Ireland]] between 1625 and 1656. He was a prolific scholar and church leader, who today is most famous for his chronology that sought to establish the time and date of the [[Genesis creation myth|creation]] as "the entrance of the night preceding the 23rd day of October... the year before Christ 4004"; that is, around 6 pm on 22 October 4004&nbsp;{{sc|bc}} according to the [[proleptic Julian calendar]]. ==Education== {{unsourced|section|date=January 2016}} Ussher was born in [[Dublin]] to a well-to-do family. His maternal grandfather, [[James Stanihurst]], had been speaker of the [[Irish House of Commons|Irish parliament]]. Ussher's father, Arnold Ussher, was a clerk in chancery who married [[James Stanihurst]]'s daughter, Margaret.<ref>{{cite DNB|wstitle=Stanyhurst, Richard|volume=54|first=Sidney|last=Lee}}</ref> Ussher's younger, and only surviving, brother, [[Ambrose Ussher|Ambrose]], became a distinguished scholar of [[Arabic]] and [[Hebrew languages|Hebrew]]. According to his chaplain and biographer, [[Nicholas Bernard]], the elder brother was taught to read by two blind, spinster aunts.{{cn|date=January 2016}} Ussher was a gifted [[Polyglot (person)|polyglot]], entering Dublin Free School and then the newly founded (1591) [[Trinity College, Dublin]] on 9 January 1594, at the age of thirteen (not an unusual age at the time). He had received his Bachelor of Arts degree by 1598, and was a fellow and MA by 1600 (though Bernard claims he did not gain his MA till 1601). In May 1602, he was ordained in the Trinity College Chapel as a deacon in the [[Protestant]], [[state religion|established]], [[Church of Ireland]] (and possibly priest on the same day) by his uncle [[Henry Ussher]], the Archbishop of Armagh and Primate of All Ireland.{{cn|date=January 2016}} Ussher went on to become [[Chancellor (ecclesiastical)|Chancellor]] of [[St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin]] in 1605 and [[Prebendary|Prebend]] of [[Finglas]]. He became Professor of Theological Controversies at Trinity College and a Bachelor of Divinity in 1607, Doctor of Divinity in 1612, and then [[Vice-Chancellor]] in 1615 and vice-provost in 1616. In 1613, he married Phoebe, daughter of a previous [[Provost (education)|Vice-Provost]], Luke Challoner, and published his first work. In 1615, he was closely involved with the drawing up of the first [[confession of faith]] of the Church of Ireland.{{cn|date=January 2016}} ==Early life and career== <!-- Anchor from redirect from [Elizabeth Tyrrell]; caution. --> In 1619 Ussher travelled to England, where he remained for two years. His only child was Elizabeth (1619–93), who married [[Sir Timothy Tyrrell]], of [[Oakley, Buckinghamshire]]. She was the mother of [[James Tyrrell (writer)|James Tyrrell]]. He became prominent after meeting [[James I of England|James I]]. In 1621 James nominated him [[Bishop of Meath]]. He also became a national figure in Ireland, becoming [[Privy Councillor]] in 1623 and an increasingly substantial scholar. A noted collector of Irish manuscripts, he made them available for research to fellow-scholars such as his friend, [[Sir James Ware]]. From 1623 until 1626 he was again in England and was excused from his episcopal duties to study church history. He was nominated [[Primate (bishop)|Primate]] of All Ireland and [[Archbishop of Armagh (Church of Ireland)|Archbishop of Armagh]] in 1625 and succeeded [[Christopher Hampton (bishop)|Christopher Hampton]], who had succeeded Ussher's uncle Henry twelve years earlier. ==Primate of All Ireland== {{moresources|section|date=January 2016}} [[File:Jacobus ussher.gif|thumbnail|left|Archbishop James Ussher (1581–1656)]] After his consecration in 1626, Ussher found himself in turbulent political times. Tension was rising between England and Spain, and to secure Ireland [[Charles I of England|Charles I]] offered Irish Catholics a series of concessions, including religious toleration, known as [[the Graces (Ireland)|The Graces]], in exchange for money for the upkeep of the army. Ussher was a convinced [[Calvinism|Calvinist]] and viewed with dismay the possibility that people he regarded as anti-Christian papists might achieve any sort of power. He called a secret meeting of the Irish bishops in his house in November 1626, the result being the "Judgement of the Arch-Bishops and Bishops of Ireland". This begins:''{{quote|The religion of the papists is superstitious and idolatrous; their faith and doctrine erroneous and heretical; their church in respect of both, apostatical; to give them therefore a toleration, or to consent that they may freely exercise their religion, and profess their faith and doctrine, is a grievous sin.}}'' The Judgement was not published until it was read out at the end of a series of sermons against the Graces given at Dublin in April 1627. In the end, the Graces were not confirmed by the [[Parliament of Ireland|Irish Parliament]].{{cn|date=January 2016}} During a four-year interregnum between Lord Deputies from 1629 on, there was an increase in efforts to impose religious conformity on Ireland. In 1633, Ussher wrote to the new [[Archbishop of Canterbury]], [[William Laud]], in an effort to gain support for the imposition of [[recusancy]] fines on Irish Catholics. [[Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford|Thomas Wentworth]], who arrived as the new Lord Deputy in Ireland in 1633, deflected the pressure for conformity by stating that firstly, the Church of Ireland itself would have to be properly resourced, and he set about its re-endowment. He settled the long-running primacy dispute between the sees of [[Armagh]] and [[Dublin]] in Armagh's favour. The two clashed on the subject of the theatre: Ussher had the usual Puritan antipathy to the stage, whereas Wentworth was a keen theatre-goer, and against Ussher's disapproval, oversaw the foundation of Ireland's first theatre, the [[Werburgh Street Theatre]]. Ussher soon found himself at odds with the rise of [[Arminianism]] and Wentworth and Laud's desire for conformity between the [[Church of England]] and the more Calvinistic [[Church of Ireland]]. Ussher resisted this pressure at a [[convocation]] in 1634, ensuring that the English [[Thirty-Nine Articles|Articles of Religion]] were adopted as well as the Irish articles, not instead of them, and that the Irish [[Canon law|canons]] had to be redrafted based on the English ones rather than replaced by them. Theologically, he was a Calvinist although on the matter of the atonement he was (somewhat privately) a [[hypothetical universalist]]. His most significant influence in this regard was [[John Davenant]], later an English delegate to the [[Synod of Dort]], who managed to significantly soften that Synod's teaching regarding limited atonement.<ref>Moore, J.D. (2007) English Hypothetical Universalism, Cambridge: Eerdmans.<!--ISSN/ISBN, page(s) needed--></ref> In 1633, Ussher had supported the appointment of [[William Laud|Archbishop Laud]] as Chancellor of [[Trinity College, Dublin|Trinity]]. He had hoped that Laud would help to impose order on what was, Ussher accepted, a somewhat mismanaged institution. Laud did that, rewriting the charter and statutes to limit the authority of the fellows, and ensure that the appointment of the provost was under royal control. In 1634, he imposed on the College an Arminian provost, [[William Chappell (bishop)|William Chappell]], whose theological views, and peremptory style of government, were antithetical to everything for which Ussher stood. By 1635, it was apparent that Ussher had lost de facto control of the church to [[John Bramhall]], Bishop of [[Derry]], in everyday matters, and to Laud in matters of policy. The traditional view of Ussher is of a slightly-unworldly scholar, who was, at best, a mediocre politician and administrator.<nowiki>{{citation needed|reason=it isn't clear who proposed this interpretation of Ussher|date=January 2016}}</nowiki> However, more recently W.M. Abbott argues that he was an effective and politically important bishop and archbishop.<ref>Abbott, W. M. (1990). "James Ussher and "Ussherian" episcopacy, 1640–1656: the primate and his Reduction manuscript." ''Albion'' xxii: 237–259.</ref> The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography notes that he was reactive and sought conciliation rather than confrontation.<ref>''James Ussher'', [[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]] (2004)</ref> The story that he successfully opposed attempts to reintroduce the [[Irish language]] for use in church services by [[William Bedell]], the Bishop of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kilmore|Kilmore]], has been refuted.<ref>O'Sullivan, W. S. (1968). "Review of R. B. Knox, James Ussher Archbishop of Armagh", ''Irish Historical Studies'' xvi: 215–19.<!-- ISSN/ISBN, page(s) needed --></ref><ref>Leerssen, J. (1982–1983). "Archbishop Ussher and Gaelic culture", ''Studia Hibernica'' xxii–xxiii: 50–58.<!--ISSN/ISBN--></ref> Ussher certainly preferred to be a scholar when he could be. He engaged in extensive disputations with Roman Catholic theologians, and even as a student he challenged a [[Jesuit]] relative, [[Henry Fitzsimon]] (Ussher's mother was Catholic), to dispute publicly the identification of the Pope with the [[Antichrist]]. However, Ussher also wrote extensively on theology, patristics and ecclesiastical history, and these subjects gradually displaced his anti-Catholic work. After Convocation in 1634, Ussher left Dublin for his episcopal residence at [[Drogheda]], where he concentrated on his archdiocese and his research. In 1631, he produced a new edition of a work first published in 1622, his "Discourse on the Religion Anciently Professed by the Irish", a ground-breaking study of the [[Celtic Christianity|early Irish church]], which sought to demonstrate how it differed from Rome and was, instead, much closer to the later Protestant church. This was to prove highly influential, establishing the idea that the Church of Ireland was the true successor of the early Celtic church. In 1639, he published the most substantial history of Christianity in Britain to that date, ''Britannicarum ecclesiarum antiquitates''&nbsp;— the antiquities of the British churches. It was an astonishing achievement in one respect&nbsp;— in gathering together so many previously unpublished manuscript sources. Ussher was very reluctant to arrive at firm judgements as to the sources' authenticity&nbsp;— hence his devotion of a whole chapter to the imaginative but invented stories of [[King Lucius]] and the creation of a Christian episcopate in Britain. ==English Civil War== {{unsourced|section|date=January 2016}} [[File:James Ussher portrait.jpg|thumb|left|In the years before the [[English Civil War]], James Ussher's reputation as a scholar and his moderate Calvinism meant that his opinion was sought by both King and Parliament.]] In 1640, Ussher left Ireland for England for what turned out to be the last time. In the years before the [[English Civil War]], his reputation as a scholar and his moderate Calvinism meant that his opinion was sought by both King and Parliament. After Ussher lost his home and income through the [[Irish Rebellion of 1641|Irish uprising]] of 1641, Parliament voted him a pension of £400 while the King awarded him the income and property of the vacant [[See of Carlisle]]. Despite their occasional differences, he remained a loyal friend to the [[Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford| Earl of Strafford]], and when the latter was sentenced to death by Parliament, pleaded with the King not to allow the execution of the verdict: unlike some of his episcopal colleagues, he insisted that the King was absolutely bound in conscience by his promise to Strafford that whatever happened his life would be spared. The King did not take his advice, but clearly afterwards regretted not doing so, as is shown by his reference on the scaffold to Strafford's death as ''that unjust sentence which I suffered to take effect''. In early 1641 Ussher developed a mediatory position on church government, which sought to bridge the gap between the Laudians, who believed that bishops were divinely ordained and a separate order from priests and deacons, and the presbyterians, who wanted to abolish episcopacy entirely. His proposals, not published until 1656, after his death, as The Reduction of Episcopacy, proposed a compromise where bishops operated in a presbyterian synodal system, were initially designed to support a rapprochement between Charles and the parliamentarian leadership in 1641, but were rejected by the King. They did, however, have an afterlife, being published in England and Scotland well into the eighteenth century. In all, he wrote or edited five books relating to episcopacy; the last two, treatises on the [[Ignatius of Antioch|Ignatian]] epistles, were particular scholarly achievements that have largely survived modern scrutiny. As the middle ground between King and Parliament vanished in 1641–1642, Ussher was forced, reluctantly, to choose between his Calvinist allies in parliament and his instinctive loyalty to the monarchy. Eventually, in January 1642 (having asked parliament's permission), he moved to Oxford, a royalist stronghold. Though Charles severely tested Ussher's loyalty by negotiating with the Catholic Irish, the Primate remained committed to the royal cause, though as king's fortunes waned Ussher had to move on to [[Bristol]], [[Cardiff]], and then to [[St Donat's Castle|St Donat's]]. In June 1646, he returned to London under the protection of his friend, [[John Mordaunt, 1st Earl of Peterborough|Elizabeth, Dowager Countess of Peterborough]], in whose houses he stayed from then on. He became a preacher at [[Lincoln's Inn]] early in 1647, and despite his royalist loyalties was protected by his friends in Parliament. He watched the execution of Charles I from the roof of the Countess of Peterborough's London house but fainted before the axe fell. ==Chronology== {{main|Ussher chronology}} {{moresources|section|date=January 2016}} Ussher now concentrated on his research and writing and returned to the study of chronology and the [[church fathers]]. After a 1647 work on the origin of the [[Creed]]s, Ussher published a treatise on the calendar in 1648. This was a warm-up for his most famous work, the ''[[Annales veteris testamenti, a prima mundi origine deducti]]'' ("Annals of the Old Testament, deduced from the first origins of the world"), which appeared in 1650, and its continuation, ''[[Annalium pars posterior]]'', published in 1654. In this work, he calculated the date of the [[Genesis creation myth|Creation]] to have been nightfall on 22 October 4004 BC. (Other scholars, such as [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]] academic, [[John Lightfoot]], calculated their own dates for the Creation.) The time of the [[Ussher chronology]] is frequently misquoted as being 9 a.m., noon or 9 p.m. on 23 October. See the [[Ussher chronology|related article on the chronology]] for a discussion of its claims and methodology. Ussher's work is sometimes associated with [[Young Earth Creationism]], which holds that the universe was created, not billions of years ago, but thousands. But while calculating the date of the Creation is today considered a controversial activity, in Ussher's time such a calculation was still regarded as an important task, one previously attempted by many Post-Reformation scholars, such as [[Joseph Justus Scaliger]] and physicist [[Isaac Newton]]. Ussher's chronology represented a considerable feat of scholarship: it demanded great depth of learning in what was then known of ancient history, including the rise of the Persians, Greeks and Romans, as well as expertise in the Bible, biblical languages, astronomy, ancient calendars and chronology. Ussher's account of historical events for which he had multiple sources other than the Bible is usually in close agreement with modern accounts&nbsp;– for example, he placed the death of [[Alexander the Great|Alexander]] in 323 BC and that of [[Julius Caesar]] in 44 BC. Ussher's last extra-biblical co-ordinate was the Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar, and beyond this point he had to rely on other considerations. Faced with inconsistent texts of the Torah, each with a different number of years between Flood and Creation, Ussher chose the Masoretic version, which claims an unbroken history of careful transcription stretching back centuries&nbsp;— but his choice was confirmed for him, because it placed Creation exactly four thousand years before 4 BC, the generally accepted date for the birth of Christ; moreover, he calculated, Solomon's temple was completed in the year 3000 from creation, so that there were exactly 1000 years from the temple to Christ, who was the fulfillment of the Temple.<ref>Barr, James. ''Biblical Chronology: Legend Or Science?'' The Ethel M. Wood Lecture 1987. Delivered at the Senate House, University of London on 4 March 1987. London: University of London, 1987, p. 19 {{OCLC|19643211}}</ref> ==Death== [[File:James Ussher.jpg|thumb|James Ussher's reported last words were ''O Lord forgive me, especially my sins of omission''.]] In 1655, Ussher published his last book, ''De Graeca Septuaginta Interpretum Versione'', the first serious examination of the [[Septuagint]], discussing its accuracy as compared with the Hebrew text of the Old Testament. In 1656, he went to stay in the Countess of Peterborough's house in [[Reigate]], Surrey. On 19 March, he felt a sharp pain in his side after supper and took to his bed with what sounds like an internal haemorrhage. He died two days later, aged 75. His last words were reported as: "O Lord forgive me, especially my sins of omission." His body was embalmed and was to have been buried in Reigate, but at [[Oliver Cromwell|Cromwell]]'s insistence he was given a state funeral on 17 April and was buried in the chapel of St Erasmus in [[Westminster Abbey]].<ref>[http://www.westminster-abbey.org/our-history/people/james-ussher James Ussher profile], westminster-abbey.org; accessed 1 January 2016.</ref> ==Works== *{{Citation |editor-last=Elrington |editor-first=Charles Richard |author-link=Charles Richard Elrington |year=1847 |title=The Whole Works of the Most Rev. James Ussher, D.D. |volume=I |publisher=Hodges and Smith |publication-date= |publication-place=Dublin |url=http://books.google.com/?id=GoZLAAAAMAAJ |accessdate=17 August 2008 }}&nbsp;– The Life of James Ussher, D.D. *{{Citation |editor-last=Elrington |editor-first=Charles Richard |year=1847 |title=The Whole Works of the Most Rev. James Ussher, D.D. |volume=II |publisher=Hodges and Smith |publication-date= |publication-place=Dublin |url= }}&nbsp;– incl. De Christianorum Ecclesiarum Successione et Statu historica Explicatio (1613) *{{Citation |editor-last=Elrington |editor-first=Charles Richard |year=1847 |title=The Whole Works of the Most Rev. James Ussher, D.D. |volume=III |publisher=Hodges and Smith |publication-date= |publication-place=Dublin |url=http://www.archive.org/details/lifeofjamesusshe03elriuoft |accessdate=17 August 2008 }}&nbsp;– some works in English *{{Citation |editor-last=Elrington |editor-first=Charles Richard |year=1847 |title=The Whole Works of the Most Rev. James Ussher, D.D. |volume=IV |publisher=Hodges and Smith |publication-place=Dublin |url=http://www.archive.org/details/lifeofjamesusshe04elriuoft |accessdate=17 August 2008 }}&nbsp;– incl. Gotteschalci et Praedestinatione Controversiae abeomotae Historia (1631); Veterum Epistolarum Hibernicarum Sylloge (1632) *{{Citation |editor-last=Elrington |editor-first=Charles Richard |year=1847 |title=The Whole Works of the Most Rev. James Ussher, D.D. |volume=V |publisher=Hodges and Smith |publication-place=Dublin |url=http://www.archive.org/details/wholeworkswithli05usshuoft |accessdate=17 August 2008 }}&nbsp;– Brittanicarum Ecclesiarum Antiquitates; caput I-XIII (1639) *{{Citation |editor-last=Elrington |editor-first=Charles Richard |year=1847 |title=The Whole Works of the Most Rev. James Ussher, D.D. |volume=VI |publisher=Hodges and Smith |publication-date= |publication-place=Dublin |url=http://books.google.com/?id=solLAAAAMAAJ |accessdate=17 August 2008 }}&nbsp;– Brittanicarum Ecclesiarum Antiquitates; caput XIV-XVII (1639) *{{Citation |editor-last=Elrington |editor-first=Charles Richard |year=1847 |title=The Whole Works of the Most Rev. James Ussher, D.D. |volume=VII |publisher=Hodges and Smith |publication-date= |publication-place=Dublin |url= }}&nbsp;– Dissertatio non-de Ignati solum et Polycarpi scriptis, sed etiam de Apostolicis Constitutionibus et Canonibus Clementi Romano attributis (1644); Praefationes in Ignatium (1644); De Romanae Ecclesiae Symbolo vetere aliisque Fidei Formulis tum ab Occidentalibus tum ab Orientalibus in prima Catechesi et Baptismo proponi solitis (1647); De Macedonum et Asianorum Anno Solari Dissertatio (1648); De Graeca Septuaginta Interpretum Versione Syntagma, cum Libri Estherae editione Origenica et vetere Graeca altera; Epistola ad Ludovicum Capellum de variantibus Textus Hebraei Lectionibus; Epistola Gulielmi Eyre ad Usserium *{{Citation |editor-last=Elrington |editor-first=Charles Richard |year=1847 |title=The Whole Works of the Most Rev. James Ussher, D.D. |volume=VIII |publisher=Hodges and Smith |publication-date= |publication-place=Dublin |url=http://www.archive.org/details/wholeworkswithli08usshuoft |accessdate=17 August 2008 }}&nbsp;– Annales veteris Testamenti, a Prima Mundi Origine deducti, una cum Rerum Asiaticarum Aegypticarum Chronico, a temporis historici principio usque ad Maccabaicorum initia producto (1650) *{{Citation |editor-last=Elrington |editor-first=Charles Richard |year=1847 |title=The Whole Works of the Most Rev. James Ussher, D.D. |volume=IX |publisher=Hodges and Smith |publication-date= |publication-place=Dublin |url=http://books.google.com/?id=YtpKA_nvXo4C |accessdate=17 August 2008 }}&nbsp;– Annales veteris Testamenti (contd.) *{{Citation |editor-last=Elrington |editor-first=Charles Richard |year=1847 |title=The Whole Works of the Most Rev. James Ussher, D.D. |volume=X |publisher=Hodges and Smith |publication-date= |publication-place=Dublin |url=http://www.archive.org/details/wholeworkswithli10usshuoft |accessdate=17 August 2008 }}&nbsp;– Annales veteris Testamenti (contd.) *{{Citation |editor-last=Elrington |editor-first=Charles Richard |year=1847 |title=The Whole Works of the Most Rev. James Ussher, D.D. |volume=XI |publisher=Hodges and Smith |publication-date= |publication-place=Dublin |url=http://www.archive.org/details/lifeofjamesusshe11elriuoft |accessdate=17 August 2008 }}&nbsp;– Annales veteris Testamenti concludes; Annalium Pars Posterior, in qua, praeter Maccabaicam et novi testamenti historiam, Imperii Romanorum Caesarum sub Caio Julio et Octaviano Ortus, rerumque in Asia et Aegypto Gestarum continetur Chronicon ... (1654) *{{Citation |editor-last=Elrington |editor-first=Charles Richard |year=1847 |title=The Whole Works of the Most Rev. James Ussher, D.D. |volume=XII |publisher=Hodges and Smith |publication-date= |publication-place=Dublin |url=http://www.archive.org/details/wholeworkswithli12usshuoft |accessdate=17 August 2008 }}&nbsp;– Chronologia sacra (1660); Historia Dogmatica Controversiae inter Orthodoxos et Pontificios de Scripturis et Sacris Vernaculis; Dissertatio de Pseudo-Dionysii scriptis; Dissertatio de epistola ad Laodicenses *{{Citation |editor-last=Elrington |editor-first=Charles Richard |year=1847 |title=The Whole Works of the Most Rev. James Ussher, D.D. |volume=XIII |publisher=Hodges and Smith |publication-date= |publication-place=Dublin |url=http://books.google.com/?id=75FLAAAAMAAJ |accessdate=17 August 2008 }}&nbsp;– sermons (in English) *{{Citation |editor-last=Elrington |editor-first=Charles Richard |year=1847 |title=The Whole Works of the Most Rev. James Ussher, D.D. |volume=XIV |publisher=Hodges and Smith |publication-date= |publication-place=Dublin |url=http://www.archive.org/details/wholeworkswithli14usshuoft |accessdate=17 August 2008 }}&nbsp;– Tractatus de Controversiis Pontificiis; Praelectiones Theologicae *{{Citation |editor-last=Elrington |editor-first=Charles Richard |year=1847 |title=The Whole Works of the Most Rev. James Ussher, D.D. |volume=XV |publisher=Hodges and Smith |publication-date= |publication-place=Dublin |url=http://www.archive.org/details/lifeofjamesusshe15elriuoft |accessdate=17 August 2008 }}&nbsp;– letters (in English) (incl. first to Richard Stanihurst, his uncle) *{{Citation |editor-last=Elrington |editor-first=Charles Richard |year=1847 |title=The Whole Works of the Most Rev. James Ussher, D.D. |volume=XVI |publisher=Hodges and Smith |publication-date= |publication-place=Dublin |url=http://www.archive.org/details/lifeofjamesusshe16elriuoft |accessdate=17 August 2008 }}&nbsp;– letters (in English and Latin) *{{Citation |editor-last=Elrington |editor-first=Charles Richard |year=1864 |title=The Whole Works of the Most Rev. James Ussher, D.D. |volume=XVII |publisher=Hodges, Smith, and Co |publication-date= |publication-place=Dublin |url=http://books.google.com/?id=bZNLAAAAMAAJ |accessdate=17 August 2008 }}&nbsp;– indexes ==See also== * [[Ussher chronology]] * [[Dating Creation]] * [[Anglicanism]] * [[Anno Mundi]] * [[Anno Lucis]] ==Footnotes== {{Reflist}} ==Further reading== * {{cite ODNB|first=Alan|last=Ford|title=Ussher, James (1581–1656)|id=28034}} * Alan Ford, ''James Ussher: Theology, History, and Politics in early-modern Ireland and England'' Oxford University Press (2007) * Richard Snoddy, ''The Soteriology of James Ussher: The Act and Object of Saving Faith'', Oxford University Press (2014) *{{Citation | last = Knox | first = R. Buck | year = 1967 | title = James Ussher, Archbishop of Armagh | publisher = University of Wales Press }} *{{Citation | author= [[Stephen Jay Gould|Gould, Stephen Jay]] | title= Fall in the House of Ussher | journal= Eight Little Piggies | year= 1996 | publisher = W. W. Norton | location = New York | postscript= . }} * {{cite IrishBio|subpage=Ussher, James, Archbishop}} * {{cite EB1911|wstitle=Usher, James|volume=27}} * {{cite DNB|wstitle=Ussher, James|volume=58|first=Alexander|last= Gordon}} ==External links== * [http://www.ucc.ie/acad/classics/CNLS/bibliography/ussherbibl.html Ussher bibliography and list of secondary sources] * [http://www.lhup.edu/~dsimanek/ussher.htm Bishop Ussher Dates the World: 4004 BC (Lockhaven University)] * [http://star.arm.ac.uk/history/ussher.html Armagh Observatory] * {{prdl|55}} * {{Internet Archive author |sname=James Ussher}} * {{Librivox author |id=3071}} {{s-start}} {{s-rel|en}} {{s-bef|before = [[Barnaby Potter]]}} {{s-ttl|title = [[Bishop of Carlisle]]|years = 1642–1643<br />''in commendam''}} {{s-aft|after = [[Richard Sterne (archbishop)|Richard Sterne]]}} {{s-end}} {{Anglican Bishops of Meath}} {{Anglican archbishops of Armagh}} {{Hiberno-Latin post-1169}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ussher, James}} [[Category:1581 births]] [[Category:1656 deaths]] [[Category:16th-century Irish people]] [[Category:17th-century Irish people]] [[Category:17th-century Anglican archbishops]] [[Category:17th-century Irish writers]] [[Category:17th-century historians]] [[Category:17th-century Calvinist and Reformed theologians]] [[Category:Anglican bishops of Meath]] [[Category:Anglican bishops and archbishops of Armagh]] [[Category:Apocalypticists]] [[Category:Bishops of Carlisle]] [[Category:Christian creationists]] [[Category:Chronologists]] [[Category:People associated with Trinity College, Dublin]] [[Category:Irish book and manuscript collectors]] [[Category:Irish Calvinist and Reformed theologians]] [[Category:Irish chroniclers]] [[Category:Irish historians]] [[Category:People from County Dublin]]'