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'{{multiple image | align = right | direction = vertical | width = 300 | header = Global production of aquatic organisms in million tonnes, since 1950, as reported by the FAO <ref name="faostat">Based on data sourced from the [http://faostat.fao.org/site/629/default.aspx FishStat database] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107001620/http://faostat.fao.org/site/629/default.aspx |date=November 7, 2012 }}</ref> | header_align = center | header_background = | footer = | footer_align = | footer_background = | background color = | image1 = Global total fish harvest.svg | alt1 = | caption1 = <center>↑ Total production | image2 = Global wild fish capture.png | alt2 = | caption2 = <center>↑ Wild fish capture</center> | image3 = Global aquaculture production.png | alt3 = | caption3 = <center>↑ Aquaculture harvest<ref name="faostat" /></center> }} The '''fishing industry''' includes any industry or activity concerned with taking, culturing, processing, preserving, storing, transporting, marketing or selling fish or fish products. It is defined by the [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] as including [[recreational fishing|recreational]], [[Artisan fishing|subsistence]] and [[commercial fishing]], and the harvesting, [[Fish processing|processing]], and [[Fish marketing|marketing]] sectors.<ref>FAO Fisheries Section: Glossary: [http://www.fao.org/fi/glossary/default.asp ''Fishing industry.''] Retrieved 28 May 2008.</ref> The commercial activity is aimed at the delivery of [[fish]] and other [[seafood products]] for human consumption or as input factors in other industrial processes. Directly or indirectly, the livelihood of over 500 million people in developing countries depends on fisheries and aquaculture.<ref>[ftp://ftp.fao.org/FI/brochure/climate_change/policy_brief.pdf Fisheries and Aquaculture in our Changing Climate]{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Policy brief of the [[FAO]] for the [[UNFCCC]] [[United Nations Climate Change Conference 2009|COP-15]] in Copenhagen, December 2009.</ref> ==Sectors== {{commercial fish taxonomy}} [[File:Albatun Dod.jpg|thumb|right|Modern Spanish [[tuna]] [[purse seiner]] in the [[Seychelles Islands]]]] [[File:Trawer Hauling Nets.jpg|thumb|right|Double-rigged shrimp trawler hauling in the nets]] [[File:Tsukiji fish market thuna knife.jpg|thumb|right|Using a special [[Maguro bōchō|tuna knife]] at [[Tsukiji fish market]] in Tokyo]] [[File:Sea urchin eggs.jpg|thumb|right|[[Sea urchin#Culinary Usage/Fishery|Sea urchin]] roe]] [[File:Wash fish market.jpg|thumb|right|Fresh [[seafood]] laid out on one of several floating barge vendors]] There are three principal industry sectors:<ref>The wording of the following definitions of the fishing industry are based on those [http://www.frdc.com.au/industry/ used by the Australian government ] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090614105342/http://frdc.com.au/industry/ |date=2009-06-14 }}</ref> * '''The commercial sector''': comprises enterprises and individuals associated with wild-catch or aquaculture resources and the various transformations of those resources into products for sale. It is also referred to as the "seafood industry", although non-food items such as pearls are included among its products. * '''The traditional sector''': comprises enterprises and individuals associated with fisheries resources from which aboriginal people derive products in accordance with their traditions. * '''The recreational sector''': comprises enterprises and individuals associated for the purpose of recreation, sport or sustenance with fisheries resources from which products are derived that are not for sale. ==Commercial sector== The commercial sector of the fishing industry comprises the following chain: # [[Commercial fishing]] and [[fish farm]]ing which produce the fish # [[Fish processing]] which produce the [[fish products]] # [[Fish marketing|Marketing]] of the fish products ===World production=== {{main article|World fish production|Fishing industry by country}} Fish are harvested by [[commercial fishing]] and [[aquaculture]]. According to the [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] (FAO), the [[Fishing by country|world harvest]] in 2005 consisted of 93.3 million [[tonne]]s captured by [[commercial fishing]] in [[Wild fisheries of the world|wild fisheries]], plus 48.1 million tonnes produced by [[fish farm]]s. In addition, 1.3 million tons of [[aquatic plants]] ([[seaweed]] etc.) were captured in wild fisheries and 14.8 million tons were produced by [[aquaculture]].<ref name="FAO: Fisheries and Aquaculture"/> The number of individual fish caught in the wild has been estimated at 0.97-2.7 trillion per year (not counting fish farms or marine invertebrates).<ref name="Mood and Brooke, 2010">A Mood and P Brooke (July 2010). [http://www.fishcount.org.uk/published/std/fishcountstudy.pdf Estimating the Number of Fish Caught in Global Fishing Each Year]. FishCount.org.uk.</ref> Following is a table of the 2011 world fishing industry harvest in tonnes by capture and by [[aquaculture]].<ref name="FAO: Fisheries and Aquaculture">{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/fishery/|title=FAO Fisheries & Aquaculture - Home |publisher=|accessdate=30 January 2016}}</ref> {| class="sortable wikitable" width="400" |- !| !width="90"|Capture (ton) !width="90"|Aquaculture (ton) !width="90"|Total (ton) |- |Total |94,574,113 |83,729,313 |178,303,426 |- |[[Aquatic plant]] |1,085,143 |20,975,361 |22,060,504 |- |[[Aquatic animal]] |93,488,970 |62,753,952 |156,202,922 |} ===Commercial fishing=== {{main article|Commercial fishing}} The top producing countries were, in order, the [[People's Republic of China]] (excluding [[Hong Kong]] and [[Taiwan]]), [[Peru]], [[Japan]], the [[United States]], [[Chile]], [[Indonesia]], [[Russia]], [[India]], [[Thailand]], [[Norway]] and [[Iceland]]. Those countries accounted for more than half of the world's production; China alone accounted for a third of the world's production. ===Fish farming=== {{main article|Aquaculture|Mariculture|Fish farm}} Aquaculture is the cultivation of [[Aquatic ecosystem|aquatic]] organisms. Unlike [[fishing]], aquaculture, also known as aquafarming, is the cultivation of aquatic populations under controlled conditions.<ref name="AmericanHeritageDef">{{cite web|url=http://www.answers.com/topic/aquaculture|title=Answers - The Most Trusted Place for Answering Life's Questions|work=Answers.com|accessdate=30 January 2016}}</ref> [[Mariculture]] refers to aquaculture practiced in marine environments. Particular kinds of aquaculture include [[algaculture]] (the production of [[kelp]]/[[seaweed]] and other [[algae]]); [[fish farming]]; [[shrimp farm]]ing, shellfish farming, and the growing of [[pearl|cultured pearls]]. Fish farming involves raising fish commercially in tanks or enclosed pools, usually for food. Fish species raised by fish farms include [[carp]], [[salmon]], [[tilapia]], [[catfish]] and [[cod]]. Increasing demands on [[Wild fisheries of the world|wild fisheries]] by commercial fishing operations have caused widespread [[overfishing]]. Fish farming offers an alternative solution to the increasing [[Market (economics)|market]] [[demand]] for [[fish]] and fish [[protein]]. ===Fish processing=== {{main article|Fish processing}} Fish processing is the processing of fish delivered by commercial fisheries and fish farms. The larger fish processing companies have their own fishing fleets and independent fisheries. The products of the industry are usually sold [[wholesale]] to [[grocery chain]]s or to intermediaries. Fish processing can be subdivided into two categories: fish handling (the initial processing of raw fish) and fish products manufacturing. Aspects of fish processing occur on [[fishing vessel]]s, [[fish processing vessel]]s, and at [[fish processing plant]]s. Another natural subdivision is into primary processing involved in the filleting and freezing of fresh fish for onward distribution to fresh fish retail and catering outlets, and the secondary processing that produces chilled, frozen and canned products for the retail and catering trades.<ref>Royal Society of Edinburgh (2004) [http://www.royalsoced.org.uk/enquiries/scottishfisheries/scottish_fishing_industry.pdf Inquiry into the future of the Scottish fishing industry]. 128 pp.</ref> ===Fish products=== {{main article|Fish products}} Fisheries are estimated to currently provide 16% of the world population's [[protein]]. The flesh of many fish are primarily valued as a source of food; there are many edible species of fish. Other marine life taken as food includes [[shellfish]], [[crustaceans]], [[sea cucumber (food)|sea cucumber]], [[jellyfish]] and [[roe]]. Fish and other marine life can also be used for many other uses: [[pearl]]s and [[Nacre|mother-of-pearl]], [[shark]]skin and [[Rajiformes|rayskin]]. [[Sea horse]]s, [[star fish]], [[sea urchin]]s and [[Holothuroidea|sea cucumber]] are used in [[traditional Chinese medicine]]. [[Tyrian purple]] is a pigment made from marine snails, [[sepia (color)|sepia]] is a pigment made from the inky secretions of [[cuttlefish]]. [[Animal glue|Fish glue]] has long been valued for its use in all manner of products. [[Isinglass]] is used for the [[clarification (wine)|clarification]] of [[wine]] and [[beer]]. [[Fish emulsion]] is a [[fertilizer]] [[emulsion]] that is produced from the fluid remains of fish processed for [[fish oil]] and [[fish meal]]. In the industry the term ''[[seafood]] products'' is often used instead of ''fish products''. ===Fish marketing=== {{main article|Fish marketing}} [[Fish market]]s are [[marketplace]] used for the [[trade]] in and sale of fish and other [[seafood]]. They can be dedicated to [[wholesale]] trade between [[fishermen]] and fish [[merchant]]s, or to the sale of seafood to individual [[consumer]]s, or to both. Retail fish markets, a type of [[wet market]], often sell [[street food]] as well. Most [[shrimp]] are sold frozen and are [[Shrimp marketing|marketed]] in different categories.<ref> {{cite journal |doi=10.1016/s0044-8486(98)00186-0 |title=Comparative economics of shrimp farming in Asia |last= |first= |volume=164 |journal=Aquaculture |pages=183–200 |year=1998 |last1=Shang |first1=Yung C. |last2=Leung |first2=Pingsun |last3=Ling |first3=Bith-Hong }} </ref> The [[live food fish trade]] is a global system that links fishing communities with markets. ==Traditional sector== {{Main article|Artisan fishing}} The traditional fishing industry, or artisan fishing, are terms used to describe small scale [[commercial fishing|commercial]] or [[subsistence]] fishing practises, particularly using traditional techniques such as rod and tackle, arrows and harpoons, throw nets and drag nets, etc. It does not usually cover the concept of fishing for sport, and might be used when talking about the pressures between large scale modern commercial fishing practises and traditional methods, or when aid programs are targeted specifically at fishing at or near subsistence levels. ==Recreational sector== {{See also|Recreational fishing}} The recreational fishing industry consists of enterprises such as the manufacture and retailing of [[fishing tackle]] and apparel, the payment of license fees to regulatory authorities, fishing books and magazines, the design and building of recreational Phillip is a pussy ass hoe fishing boats, and the provision of accommodation, fishing boats for charter, and guided fishing adventures. <gallery widths=180> File:Fishing, Cà Mau.jpg|Lift nets in [[Cà Mau]], Vietnam File:Flyfishing.jpg|[[Fly fishing]] in a river </gallery> ==International disputes== The ocean covers 71% of the earth's surface and 80% of the value of exploited marine resources are attributed to the fishing industry. The fishing industry has provoked various international disputes as wild fish capture rose to a peak about the turn of the century, and has since started a gradual decline.<ref>[http://www.millenniumassessment.org/documents/document.356.aspx.pdf Millennium Ecosystem Assessment]</ref> Iceland, Japan, and Portugal are the greatest consumers of seafood per capita in the world. ===Disputes in the Americas=== [[Chile]] and [[Peru]] are countries with high fish consumption, and therefore had troubles regarding fish industry. In 1947, Chile and Peru first adopted the 200 [[nautical miles]] of [[Exclusive Economic Zone]] for their shore, and in 1982, [[UN]] formally adopted this term. In the 2000s, Chile and Peru suffered serious fish crisis because of excessive fishing and lack of proper regulations, and now political power play in the area is rekindled.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/25/science/earth/in-mackerels-plunder-hints-of-epic-fish-collapse.html|title=In Mackerel's Plunder, Hints of Epic Fish Collapse|date=25 January 2012|work=International Herald Tribune|accessdate=30 January 2016|via=The New York Times}}</ref> From the late 1950s, offshore bottom trawlers began exploiting the deeper part, leading to a large catch increase and a strong decline in the underlying biomass. The stock collapsed to extremely low levels in the early 1990s and this is a well-known example of non-excludable, non-rivalrous [[public good]] in economics, causing [[free-rider]] problems. ===Disputes in Europe=== [[Iceland]] is one of the largest consumers in the world and in 1972, a dispute occurred between [[UK]] and Iceland because of Iceland’s announcement of [[Exclusive Economic Zone]] (EEZ) to reduce overfishing. This dispute is called the [[Cod War]], direct confrontations between Icelandic patrol vessels and British warships. Nowadays in Europe in general, countries are searching for a way to recover fishing industry. Overfishing of [[European Union|EU]] fisheries is costing 3.2 billion euros a year and 100,000 jobs according to a report. So Europe is constantly looking for some collective actions to prevent overfishing.<ref name="BBC article">{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-16979976|title=Overfishing 'costs EU £2.7bn each year'|work=BBC News|accessdate=30 January 2016}}</ref> ===Disputes in Asia=== [[Japan]], [[China]] and [[Korea]] are some of the greatest consumers of fish, and have some disputes over [[Exclusive Economic Zone]]. In 2011, due to a serious earthquake, the nuclear power facility in [[Fukushima, Fukushima|Fukushima]] was damaged. Ever since, huge amount of contaminated water leaked and is entering the oceans. [[Tokyo Electric Power Company]] (Tepco) admitted that around 300 tonnes of highly radioactive water had leaked from a storage tank on the site. In the [[Kuroshio Current]], the sea near Fukushima, about 11 countries catch fish. Not only the surrounding countries such as Japan, Korea and China, but also the countries like [[Ukraine]], [[Spain]] and [[Russia]] have boats in the Kuroshio Current. In September 2013, [[South Korea]] banned all fish imports from eight Japanese prefectures, concerning radioactive water leak from the Fukushima nuclear plant.<ref name="BBC article"/> ==See also== * [[List of fishing villages]] ==References== {{reflist|32em}} ==External links== * [http://www.fao.org/fishery/ FAO Fisheries Information] * [http://www.worldfishingtoday.com/ World Fishing Today, news from fishing industry] * [http://www.fishbase.org/ Fish database] ([[FishBase]]) * [http://www.fisheries.org/afs American Fisheries Society] * [http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/ NOAA Fisheries Service] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060813121524/http://www.onefish.org/global/index.jsp One Fish] * [http://go.worldbank.org/MGUTHSY7U0 The Sunken Billions: The Economic Justification for Fisheries Reform] {{navboxes|list= {{commercial fish topics}} {{fishing industry topics}} {{Industries}} {{fisheries and fishing}} }} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Fishing industry| ]]'