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'[[File:P257a Yenisei-Ostiak.jpg|thumb|256x256px|A Yenisei-Ostiak (Ket) man in Russia.]] [[File:Eastern Jin and Later Zhao.png|thumb|263x263px|Later Zhao (light-grey) with its capital city Ye.]] [[File:Yeniseian map XVII-XX.png|thumb|Distribution of the [[Yeniseian languages]].]] The '''Yeniseian people''' are a [[Siberia]]<nowiki/>n population. The Yeniseian people inhabited once large parts of Siberia, parts of [[Mongolia]] and [[China]]. They were part of the [[Xiongnu]] confederation and created at least one Chinese dynasty.<ref>[[Christopher I. Beckwith|Beckwith, Christopher I.]] (16 March 2009). ''Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present''. [[Princeton University Press]]. {{ISBN|978-0-691-13589-2}}. Retrieved 30 March 2015</ref> Today, only the [[Ket people]] surrived. The modern Kets live along the eastern middle stretch of the [[Yenisei River]]. According to the 2010 census, there were 1,220 Kets in Russia.<ref name="vajda">{{cite web|last=Vajda|first=Edward G.|url=http://pandora.cii.wwu.edu/vajda/ea210/ket.htm|title=The Ket and Other Yeniseian Peoples|accessdate=2007-06-29 }}</ref> == History == It is not known much about the history of the Yeniseian people. According to several historians, the Yeniseians were part of the Xiongnu and were possibly the ruling elite of this confederation. It is also suggested that they played and important role in the [[Huns]] and the later [[Rouran Khaganate]] and that the Rouran themself were of Yeniseian origin.<ref>[[Christopher I. Beckwith|Beckwith, Christopher I.]] (16 March 2009). ''Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present''. [[Princeton University Press]]. {{ISBN|978-0-691-13589-2}}. Retrieved 30 March 2015</ref><ref>Vajda, Edward J. (2013). Yeniseian Peoples and Languages: A History of Yeniseian Studies with an Annotated Bibliography and a Source Guide. Oxford/New York: Routledge.{{pn|date=March 2019}}</ref><ref>Vovin, Alexander. 2010. Once Again on the Ruan-ruan Language. Ötüken’den İstanbul’a Türkçenin 1290 Yılı (720–2010) Sempozyumu From Ötüken to Istanbul, 1290 Years of Turkish (720–2010). 3–5 Aralık 2010, İstanbul / 3–5 December 2010, İstanbul: 1–10.</ref><ref>ONCE AGAIN ON THE ETYMOLOGY OF THE TITLE qaγan" Alexander VOVIN (Honolulu) - Studia Etymologica Cracoviensia vol. 12 Kraków 2007 (<nowiki>http://ejournals.eu/sj/index.php/SEC/article/viewFile/1100/1096</nowiki>)</ref> The [[Jie people]], and Yeniseian group, created the [[Later Zhao]] dynasty and conquered parts of northern China. After some time they were defeated and mostly assimilated into the Han society.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Vovin |first1=Alexander |title=Did the Xiongnu speak a Yeniseian language? |journal=Central Asiatic Journal |volume=44 |issue=1 |year=2000 |pages=87–104 |jstor=41928223 }}</ref> Like the Jie people, most other Yeniseian groups, excluding the Kets, were assimilated into other ethnicities. Mostly [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] and [[Mongols|Mongolic people]] replaced and assimilated the Yeniseians.<ref>Taskin, V. S. (1990). <bdi>Цзе</bdi> [''Jie'']. Материалы по истории кочевых народов в Китае III-V вв. [Materials on the history of nomadic peoples in China. 3rd–5th cc. AD] (in Russian). '''2'''. Moskow: [[Nauka (publisher)|Nauka]]. {{ISBN|5-02-016543-3}}.{{pn|date=March 2019}}</ref> The last remants, the Ket people, were conquered by the [[Russians]] and are not a recogniced minority group in [[Russia]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tooyoo.l.u-tokyo.ac.jp/Russia/bibl/Ket.html|title=www.tooyoo.l.u-tokyo.ac.jp/Russia/bibl/Ket.html|website=www.tooyoo.l.u-tokyo.ac.jp|access-date=2019-03-17}}</ref> Some scientists also suggest that the Yaniseians are directly related to the [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas]]. Especially the [[Na-Dene languages|Na-Dene populations]] are often linked to them.<ref>{{cite conference |first1=Bernard |last1=Comrie |year=2008 |title=Why the Dene-Yeniseic Hypothesis is Exciting |location=Fairbanks and Anchorage, Alaska |conference=Dene-Yeniseic Symposium |url=http://www.language-archives.org/item/oai:anla.uaf.edu:CA000C2008 }}</ref> == Language == The [[Yeniseian languages|Yeniseian language family]] is an endangerd family with only one surviving branch. The [[Ket language]] has only about 213 native speakers as of 2010. [[Kellog]] in Russia is the only place where Ket is still taught in schools. Special books are provided for grades second through fourth but after those grades there is only Russian literature to read that describes Ket culture.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kryukova|first=Elena|year=2013|title=The Ket Language: from descriptive linguistic to interdisciplinary research|url=|journal=Tomsk Journal of Linguistics & Anthropology|volume=1|pages=39|via=}}</ref> There are no known monolingual speakers for now.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Loanwords in the World's Languages: a Comparative Handbook|last=Vajda|first=Edward|publisher=De Gruyter Mouton|year=2006|isbn=|location=|pages=471–500}}</ref> == Genetics == The Yeniseians are closely related to other [[Siberians]], [[East Asians]] and [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas]]. They are a [[Mongoloid]] population and belong mostly exclusive to yDNA [[haplogroup Q-M242]].<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1353/hub.2003.0006 |title=High Levels of Y-Chromosome Differentiation among Native Siberian Populations and the Genetic Signature of a Boreal Hunter-Gatherer Way of Life |journal=Human Biology |volume=74 |issue=6 |pages=761–789 |year=2002 |last1=Karafet |first1=Tatiana M. |last2=Osipova |first2=Ludmila P. |last3=Gubina |first3=Marina A. |last4=Posukh |first4=Olga L. |last5=Zegura |first5=Stephen L. |last6=Hammer |first6=Michael F. }}</ref> According to a recent study, the Ket and other Yeniseian people originated likely somewhere near the [[Altai Mountains]]<nowiki/>or near [[Lake Baikal]]. Many Yeniseians got assimilated into today [[Turkic peoples|Turkic people]]. It is suggested that the [[Altaians]] are predominantly of Yeniseian origin and closely related to the Ket people. Other Siberian Turkic groups have also greatly assimilated Yeniseian people. The Ket people are also closely related to several Native American groups. According to this study, the Yeniseians are linked to [[Paleo-Eskimo]] groups.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Flegontov|first=Pavel|last2=Changmai|first2=Piya|last3=Zidkova|first3=Anastassiya|last4=Logacheva|first4=Maria D.|last5=Altınışık|first5=N. Ezgi|last6=Flegontova|first6=Olga|last7=Gelfand|first7=Mikhail S.|last8=Gerasimov|first8=Evgeny S.|last9=Khrameeva|first9=Ekaterina E.|date=2016-02-11|title=Genomic study of the Ket: a Paleo-Eskimo-related ethnic group with significant ancient North Eurasian ancestry |journal=Scientific Reports|volume=6|pages=20768|doi=10.1038/srep20768 |pmc=4750364|pmid=26865217|bibcode=2016NatSR...620768F|arxiv=1508.03097}}</ref> == References == === Citations === {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rouran| ]] [[Category:History of Mongolia]] [[Category:Nomadic groups in Eurasia]] [[Category:Ancient peoples of China]] [[Category:Inner Asia]] [[Category:Ancient peoples]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Russia]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Siberia]] [[Category:Ket people]] [[Category:Indigenous peoples of North Asia]] [[Category:Indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East]] [[Category:Turukhansky District]]'