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19:28, 6 July 2019: JkMastru (talk | contribs) triggered filter 753, performing the action "edit" on Mexico City. Actions taken: Tag; Filter description: wikilinks removed by a new user or IP (examine | diff)

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[[File:Basilica de Guadalupe, tambien llamada La Villa..JPG|thumb|right|[[Villa de Guadalupe, Mexico City|La Villa de Guadalupe]], the main Catholic pilgrimage site in the Americas]]
[[File:Basilica de Guadalupe, tambien llamada La Villa..JPG|thumb|right|[[Villa de Guadalupe, Mexico City|La Villa de Guadalupe]], the main Catholic pilgrimage site in the Americas]]


[[File:Visita guiada a las dos sinagogas de Justo Sierra (Centro, México, D.F.) 03.jpg|thumb|right|Justo Sierra 83 Synagogue, [[Justo Sierra Street]]]]
[[File:Visita guiada a las dos sinagogas de Justo Sierra (Centro, México, D.F.) 03.jpg|thumb|right|Justo Sierra 83 Synagogue, Justo Sierra Street]]


Historically, and since [[Pre-Columbian era|Pre-Columbian]] times, the [[Valley of Mexico|Valley of Anahuac]] has been one of the most densely populated areas in Mexico. When the Federal District was created in 1824, the urban area of Mexico City extended approximately to the area of today's [[Cuauhtémoc, Mexico City|Cuauhtémoc borough]]. At the beginning of the 20th century, the ''elites'' began migrating to the south and west and soon the small towns of [[Mixcoac]] and [[San Ángel]] were incorporated by the growing conurbation. According to the 1921 census, 54.78% of the city's population was considered Mestizo (Indigenous mixed with European), 22.79% considered European, and 18.74% considered Indigenous.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.houstonculture.org/hispanic/census.html |title = The Hispanic Experience – Indigenous Identity in Mexico |publisher = Houstonculture.org |accessdate = April 17, 2011 }}</ref> This was the last Mexican Census which asked people to self-identify with a heritage other than Amerindian. However, the census had the particularity that, unlike racial/ethnic census in other countries, it was focused in the perception of [[cultural heritage]] rather than in a racial perception, leading to a good number of white people to identify with "Mixed heritage" due to cultural influence.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.redalyc.org/pdf/105/10503808.pdf |title=Composición Étnica de las Tres Áreas Culturales del Continente Americano al Comienzo del Siglo XXI |work=Academic investigation |publisher=university of the State of Mexico |year=2005 |accessdate=June 10, 2014 |language=Spanish |page=196 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022220348/http://www.redalyc.org/pdf/105/10503808.pdf |archivedate=October 22, 2013 |df= }}</ref> In 1921, Mexico City had less than one million inhabitants.
Historically, and since [[Pre-Columbian era|Pre-Columbian]] times, the [[Valley of Mexico|Valley of Anahuac]] has been one of the most densely populated areas in Mexico. When the Federal District was created in 1824, the urban area of Mexico City extended approximately to the area of today's [[Cuauhtémoc, Mexico City|Cuauhtémoc borough]]. At the beginning of the 20th century, the ''elites'' began migrating to the south and west and soon the small towns of [[Mixcoac]] and [[San Ángel]] were incorporated by the growing conurbation. According to the 1921 census, 54.78% of the city's population was considered Mestizo (Indigenous mixed with European), 22.79% considered European, and 18.74% considered Indigenous.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.houstonculture.org/hispanic/census.html |title = The Hispanic Experience – Indigenous Identity in Mexico |publisher = Houstonculture.org |accessdate = April 17, 2011 }}</ref> This was the last Mexican Census which asked people to self-identify with a heritage other than Amerindian. However, the census had the particularity that, unlike racial/ethnic census in other countries, it was focused in the perception of [[cultural heritage]] rather than in a racial perception, leading to a good number of white people to identify with "Mixed heritage" due to cultural influence.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.redalyc.org/pdf/105/10503808.pdf |title=Composición Étnica de las Tres Áreas Culturales del Continente Americano al Comienzo del Siglo XXI |work=Academic investigation |publisher=university of the State of Mexico |year=2005 |accessdate=June 10, 2014 |language=Spanish |page=196 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022220348/http://www.redalyc.org/pdf/105/10503808.pdf |archivedate=October 22, 2013 |df= }}</ref> In 1921, Mexico City had less than one million inhabitants.

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'{{About|the capital of Mexico}} {{pp-pc1}} {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}} {{Use American English|date=June 2016}} {{Infobox settlement |name = Mexico City |official_name = Mexico City<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jan/29/mexico-city-name-change-federal-district-df|title=Mexico City officially changes its name to – Mexico City|first=David|last=Agren|date=29 January 2016|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> |native_name = {{native name|es|Ciudad de México}} |native_name_lang = es |settlement_type = Capital City |image_skyline = Montaje Ciudad de México.jpg |image_caption = Clockwise from top: skyline of [[Paseo de la Reforma]], [[Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral]], skyline of [[Polanco]], [[Palacio de Bellas Artes]], [[National Palace (Mexico)|National Palace]], [[Angel of Independence]], and [[Torre Latinoamericana]] |image_flag = Flag of Mexican Federal District.svg |flag_size = 140px |flag_alt = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = Coat of arms of Mexican Federal District.svg |image_blank_emblem = CDMX Logo.png |shield_size = 65px |nickname = |motto = {{lang|es|La Ciudad de los Palacios}}<br /><small>''(The City of Palaces)''</small> |image_map = Mexico (city) in Mexico (zoom).svg |map_caption = Mexico City within Mexico |coordinates = {{coord|19|26|N|99|8|W|type:adm1st_region:MX-CMX|display=it}} |coor_pinpoint = |coordinates_footnotes = |subdivision_type = Country |subdivision_name = {{flag|Mexico}} |subdivision_type1 = [[States of Mexico|State]] |subdivision_name1 = [[State of Mexico|Mexico]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |established_title = Founded |established_date = * {{start date and age|1325|3|13|df=y}}:<br />[[Mexico-Tenochtitlan]]<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.sre.gob.mx/ligas/info_general/fechas.htm |title = Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores – México |publisher = Sre.gob.mx |accessdate = April 17, 2011 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110420232605/http://www.sre.gob.mx/ligas/info_general/fechas.htm |archivedate = April 20, 2011 }}</ref> * {{start date and age|1521|8|13|df=y}}:<br />{{lang|es|Ciudad de México|italic=no}}<ref>{{cite web |url = http://redescolar.ilce.edu.mx/redescolar/act_permanentes/historia/histdeltiempo/mexicana/colonia/c_coteno.htm |title = De la Colonia / 13 agosto de 1521: rendición de México-Tenochtitlan |publisher = Redescolar.ilce.edu.mx |accessdate = April 17, 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080701210417/http://redescolar.ilce.edu.mx/redescolar/act_permanentes/historia/histdeltiempo/mexicana/colonia/c_coteno.htm |archive-date = 1 July 2008 |dead-url = yes |df = dmy-all }}</ref> * {{start date and age|1824|11|18|df=y}}:<br />{{lang|es|Distrito Federal|italic=no}}<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.cultura.df.gob.mx/index.php/sala-de-prensa/boletines/2536-601-09- |title = Conmemora la SecretarĂa de Cultura el 185 Aniversario del Decreto de CreaciĂłn del Distrito Federal |publisher = Cultura.df.gob.mx |accessdate = April 17, 2011 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110722225100/http://www.cultura.df.gob.mx/index.php/sala-de-prensa/boletines/2536-601-09- |archivedate = July 22, 2011 }}</ref> * {{start date and age|2016|1|29|df=y}}:<br />Ciudad de México<ref name=guardianname>{{cite web |url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jan/29/mexico-city-name-change-federal-district-df |title = Mexico City officially changes its name to – Mexico City |work = [[The Guardian]] |first = David |last = Agren |date = January 29, 2015 |accessdate = January 30, 2016 }}</ref> |founder = * [[Tenoch]] <br />(as Mexico Tenochtitlan) * [[Hernán Cortés]] <br />(as Mexico City) |seat_type = |seat = |government_footnotes = |leader_party = |leader_title = [[List of heads of government of the Mexican Federal District|Mayor]] |leader_name = [[File:Morena logo (Mexico).svg|MORENA|link=National Regeneration Movement|25px]] [[Claudia Sheinbaum]] |leader_title1 = [[Senate of Mexico|Senators]]<ref>[http://www.senado.gob.mx/index.php?ver=int&mn=4&sm=3 Senate of Mexico website: LXII & LXIII legislatures, Distrito Federal] Retrieved November 26, 2013</ref> |leader_name1 = {{Unbulleted list |[[File:Morena logo (Mexico).svg|MORENA|link=National Regeneration Movement|25px]] [[Martí Batres]] |[[File:Morena logo (Mexico).svg|MORENA|link=National Regeneration Movement|25px]] [[Citlalli Hernández Mora]] |[[File:Logo Ind.jpg|Ind.|link=Independent Politician|15px]] [[Emilio Álvarez Icaza]] |ul_style=margin-bottom:5px; |li_style=margin-bottom:3px;}} |unit_pref = [[Metric]] |area_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|title=Resumen |url=http://cuentame.inegi.gob.mx/monografias/informacion/df/default.aspx?tema=me&e=09 |publisher=Cuentame INEGI |accessdate=October 20, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100130091033/http://cuentame.inegi.gob.mx/monografias/informacion/df/default.aspx?tema=me&e=09 |archivedate=January 30, 2010 |df= }}</ref>{{Ref label|engfactobox|b|}} |area_total_km2 = 1485 |area_land_km2 = |area_water_km2 = |area_water_percent = |area_note = [[List of Mexican states by area|Ranked 32nd]] |elevation_m = 2,250 |elevation_min_m = |elevation_min_ft = |elevation_max_footnotes =<ref>{{cite web|title=Relieve |url=http://cuentame.inegi.gob.mx/monografias/informacion/df/territorio/relieve.aspx?tema=me&e=09 |publisher=Cuentame INEGI |accessdate=October 20, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302151509/http://cuentame.inegi.gob.mx/monografias/informacion/df/territorio/relieve.aspx?tema=me&e=09 |archivedate=March 2, 2011 |df= }}</ref> |population_total = 8,918,653 |population_as_of = 2015 |population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |title = Encuesta Intercensal 2015 |url = http://www.inegi.org.mx/est/contenidos/proyectos/encuestas/hogares/especiales/ei2015/doc/eic_2015_presentacion.pdf |accessdate = December 8, 2015|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151210230740/http://www.inegi.org.mx/est/contenidos/proyectos/encuestas/hogares/especiales/ei2015/doc/eic_2015_presentacion.pdf|archive-date= December 10, 2015|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |population_density_km2 = auto |population_urban =20.9 million<ref>{{cite web |title = Mexico Demographics Profile 2018 |url = http://www.indexmundi.com/mexico/demographics_profile.html |accessdate=October 3, 2018}}</ref> |population_rank = [[List of Mexican states by population|2nd]] |population_density_rank = [[List of Mexican states by population density|1st]] |population_demonyms = {{Unbulleted list|Capitalino (a)|Mexiqueño (a) (archaic)|Chilango (a) (colloquial)}} |population_note = |timezone1 = [[Central Time Zone|CST]] |utc_offset1 = −6 |timezone1_DST = [[Central Daylight Time|CDT]] |utc_offset1_DST = −5 |postal_code_type = [[Postal codes in Mexico|Postal code]] |postal_code = 00–16 |area_code = [[Area code 55 (Mexico)|55]] / [[Area code 56 (Mexico)|56]] |area_code_type = [[Area code]] |iso_code = MX-CMX |blank_name_sec1 = [[Patron saint|Patron Saint]] |blank_info_sec1 = [[Philip of Jesus]] ({{lang-es|San Felipe de Jesús|links=no}}) |blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] |blank1_info_sec1 = {{increase}} 0.831 <span style="color:#090">'''Very High'''</span> <small>[[List of Mexican states by HDI|Ranked 1st of 32]]</small> |blank_name_sec2 = [[GDP]](Nominal) |blank_info_sec2 = [[USD|$]]170&nbsp;billion<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brookings.edu/research/interactives/global-metro-monitor-3 |title=Global city GDP 2011 |publisher=Brookings Institution |accessdate=December 26, 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6H7Jql2A9?url=http://www.brookings.edu/research/interactives/global-metro-monitor-3 |archivedate=June 4, 2013 |df=mdy }}</ref> · [[List of Mexican states by GDP|1st]] |footnotes = {{designation list | embed=yes | designation1 = WHS | designation1_offname = Historic Centre of Mexico City and [[Xochimilco]] | designation1_date = 1987 <small>(11th [[World Heritage Committee|session]])</small> | designation1_type = Cultural | designation1_criteria = ii, iii, iv, v | designation1_number = [http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/412 412] | designation1_free1name = State Party | designation1_free1value = Mexico | designation1_free2name = Region | designation1_free2value = [[List of World Heritage Sites in North America|Latin America and the Caribbean]] }}{{note|engfactobox}}b. Area of Mexico City that includes non-urban areas at the south |leader_title2 = [[Chamber of Deputies of Mexico|Deputies]]<ref>{{cite web |title = Listado de Diputados por Grupo Parlamentario del Distrito Federal |url = http://sitl.diputados.gob.mx/LXI_leg/listado_diputados_gpnp.php?tipot=Edo&edot=9 |publisher = Camara de Diputados |accessdate = October 20, 2010 }}</ref> |leader_name2 = {{Collapsible list |title = [[Chamber of Deputies of Mexico|Federal Deputies]] |frame_style = border:none; padding: 0; |title_style = |list_style = text-align:left;display:none;padding-bottom:3px; |1 = [[File:PRI logo (Mexico).svg|PRI|link=Institutional Revolutionary Party|13px]] Armando Báez Pinal |2 = [[File:PRI logo (Mexico).svg|PRI|link=Institutional Revolutionary Party|13px]] Marco Antonio García |3 = [[File:PRI logo (Mexico).svg|PRI|link=Institutional Revolutionary Party|13px]] Cuauhtémoc Gutiérrez |4 = [[File:PRI logo (Mexico).svg|PRI|link=Institutional Revolutionary Party|13px]] Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada |5 = [[File:PRI logo (Mexico).svg|PRI|link=Institutional Revolutionary Party|13px]] Roberto Rebollo |6 = [[File:PRI logo (Mexico).svg|PRI|link=Institutional Revolutionary Party|13px]] Leticia Robles |7 = [[File:PRI logo (Mexico).svg|PRI|link=Institutional Revolutionary Party|13px]] Claudia Ruiz Massieu |8 = [[File:PAN Party (Mexico).svg|PAN|link=National Action Party (Mexico)|13px]] Agustín Castilla |9 = [[File:PAN Party (Mexico).svg|PAN|link=National Action Party (Mexico)|13px]] [[Gabriela Cuevas Barron|Gabriela Cuevas]] |10 = [[File:PAN Party (Mexico).svg|PAN|link=National Action Party (Mexico)|13px]] César González |11 = [[File:PAN Party (Mexico).svg|PAN|link=National Action Party (Mexico)|13px]] Paz Gutiérrez |12 = [[File:PAN Party (Mexico).svg|PAN|link=National Action Party (Mexico)|13px]] Valdemar Gutiérrez |13 = [[File:PAN Party (Mexico).svg|PAN|link=National Action Party (Mexico)|13px]] Kenia López |14 = [[File:PAN Party (Mexico).svg|PAN|link=National Action Party (Mexico)|13px]] César Nava |15 = [[File:PAN Party (Mexico).svg|PAN|link=National Action Party (Mexico)|13px]] Rosi Orozco |16 = [[File:PAN Party (Mexico).svg|PAN|link=National Action Party (Mexico)|13px]] Silvia Pérez Ceballos |17 = [[File:PAN Party (Mexico).svg|PAN|link=National Action Party (Mexico)|13px]] Ezequiel Rétiz |18 = [[File:PRD logo without border (Mexico).svg|PRD|link=Party of the Democratic Revolution|13px]] Esthela Damián |19 = [[File:PRD logo without border (Mexico).svg|PRD|link=Party of the Democratic Revolution|13px]] Luis Felipe Eguía |20 = [[File:PRD logo without border (Mexico).svg|PRD|link=Party of the Democratic Revolution|13px]] [[Alejandro Encinas Rodríguez|Alejandro Encinas]] |21 = [[File:PRD logo without border (Mexico).svg|PRD|link=Party of the Democratic Revolution|13px]] Agustín Guerrero |22 = [[File:PRD logo without border (Mexico).svg|PRD|link=Party of the Democratic Revolution|13px]] Francisco Hernández |23 = [[File:PRD logo without border (Mexico).svg|PRD|link=Party of the Democratic Revolution|13px]] Héctor Hernández |24 = [[File:PRD logo without border (Mexico).svg|PRD|link=Party of the Democratic Revolution|13px]] Teresa Incháustegui |25 = [[File:PRD logo without border (Mexico).svg|PRD|link=Party of the Democratic Revolution|13px]] Ramón Jiménez |26 = [[File:PRD logo without border (Mexico).svg|PRD|link=Party of the Democratic Revolution|13px]] Vidal Llerenas |27 = [[File:PRD logo without border (Mexico).svg|PRD|link=Party of the Democratic Revolution|13px]] Avelino Méndez |28 = [[File:PRD logo without border (Mexico).svg|PRD|link=Party of the Democratic Revolution|13px]] Eduardo Mendoza |29 = [[File:PRD logo without border (Mexico).svg|PRD|link=Party of the Democratic Revolution|13px]] Nazario Norberto |30 = [[File:PRD logo without border (Mexico).svg|PRD|link=Party of the Democratic Revolution|13px]] Leticia Quezada |31 = [[File:PRD logo without border (Mexico).svg|PRD|link=Party of the Democratic Revolution|13px]] Rigoberto Salgado |32 = [[File:PRD logo without border (Mexico).svg|PRD|link=Party of the Democratic Revolution|13px]] Arturo Santana |33 = [[File:PRD logo without border (Mexico).svg|PRD|link=Party of the Democratic Revolution|13px]] Emilio Serrano |34 = [[File:PRD logo without border (Mexico).svg|PRD|Party of the Democratic Revolution|13px]] Mauricio Toledo |35 = [[File:PRD logo without border (Mexico).svg|PRD|link=Party of the Democratic Revolution|13px]] [[Enoé Margarita Uranga Muñoz|Enoé Uranga]] |36 = [[File:PRD logo without border (Mexico).svg|PRD|link=Party of the Democratic Revolution|13px]] Balfre Vargas |37 = [[File:PRD logo without border (Mexico).svg|PRD|link=Party of the Democratic Revolution|13px]] [[María Araceli Vázquez Camacho|Araceli Vázquez]] |38 = [[File:PRD logo without border (Mexico).svg|PRD|link=Party of the Democratic Revolution|13px]] Jesús Zambrano |39 = Rosario Brindis |40 = Pablo Escudero |41 = Clara Salinas Sada |42 = [[File:PT logo (Mexico).svg|PT|link=Labor Party (Mexico)|13px]] Jaime Cárdenas |43 = [[File:PT logo (Mexico).svg|PT|link=Labor Party (Mexico)|13px]] Itzel Castillo |44 = [[File:PT logo (Mexico).svg|PT|link=Labor Party (Mexico)|13px]] Mario di Costanzo |45 = [[File:PT logo (Mexico).svg|PT|link=Labor Party (Mexico)|13px]] Gerardo Fernández |46 = [[File:PT logo (Mexico).svg|PT|link=Labor Party (Mexico)|13px]] Ifigenia Martínez |47 = [[File:PT logo (Mexico).svg|PT|link=Labor Party (Mexico)|13px]] [[Porfirio Muñoz Ledo]] |48 = Víctor Hugo Círigo |49 = Laura Piña Olmedo |50 = [[File:PNA logo (Mexico).svg|PNA|link=New Alliance Party (Mexico)|13px]] Gerardo Del Mazo |51 = María Quiñones }} |elevation_max_m = 3930 |elevation_max_ft = }} '''Mexico City''', or the '''City of Mexico''' ({{lang-es|link=no|Ciudad de México}}, {{IPA-es|sjuˈða(ð) ðe ˈmexiko|am|Es-Ciudad de Mexico.ogg}};<ref>In isolation, ''de'' is pronounced {{IPA-es|de|}}.</ref> abbreviated as '''CDMX''', {{lang-nah|Āltepētl Mēxihco}}), is the capital of [[Mexico]] and the most populous city in [[North America]].<ref>{{cite web |title = Artículo 44 |url = http://www.ordenjuridico.gob.mx/Constitucion/articulos/44.pdf |publisher = Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos |accessdate = May 14, 2010 }}</ref> It is one of the most important cultural and financial centres in the [[Americas]].<ref>{{cite web |author = Foreign Policy |title = The 2008 Global Cities Index |year = 2008 |url = https://foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=4509&page=1 |accessdate = December 27, 2009 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100110131155/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=4509&page=1 |archivedate = January 10, 2010 }}</ref> It is located in the [[Valley of Mexico]] ({{lang|es|Valle de México}}), a large valley in the high [[plateau]]s in the center of Mexico, at an altitude of {{convert|2240|m|ft|sp=us}}. The city has 16 [[municipalities of Mexico City|boroughs]]. The 2009 population for the city proper was approximately 8.84 million people,<ref name="ZMVM 2009">{{cite web |url = http://www.edomex.gob.mx/poblacion/docs/2009/PDF/ZMVM.pdf |title = Mexico City Metropolitan Area |author = National Population Council |publisher = Government of the State of Mexico |accessdate = December 27, 2009 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110722144027/http://www.edomex.gob.mx/poblacion/docs/2009/PDF/ZMVM.pdf |archivedate = July 22, 2011 }}</ref> with a land area of {{convert | 1485 | km2 | sqmi | sp=us}}.<ref>Brian W. Blouet, Olwyn M. Blouet. ''OECD Reviews of Regional Innovation OECD Reviews of Regional Innovation: 15 Mexican States 2009''. OECD Publishing, 2009. p. 418 (p. 299). {{ISBN|978-92-64-06012-8}}.</ref> According to the most recent definition agreed upon by the federal and state governments, the population of [[Greater Mexico City]] is 21.3&nbsp;million, which makes it the [[list of metropolitan areas by population|largest metropolitan area]] of the [[Western Hemisphere]], the [[list of urban areas by population|eleventh-largest agglomeration]] (2017), and the largest [[Spanish language|Spanish-speaking]] city in the world.<ref name="UN2007PopulationDatabase">{{cite web|url=http://esa.un.org/unup/index.asp?panel=2 |year=2007 |title=World Urbanization Prospects |author=United Nations |accessdate=December 27, 2009 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5QkbGwwBk?url=http://esa.un.org/unup/index.asp?panel=2 |archivedate=July 31, 2007 |deadurl=yes |df=mdy }}</ref> [[Greater Mexico City]] has a [[gross domestic product|GDP]] of $411 billion in 2011, making Greater Mexico City one of the [[list of cities by GDP|most productive urban areas in the world]].<ref>[http://www.brookings.edu/research/interactives/global-metro-monitor-3 Global MetroMonitor | Brookings Institution] {{webarchive |url=https://www.webcitation.org/6H7Jql2A9?url=http://www.brookings.edu/research/interactives/global-metro-monitor-3 |date=June 4, 2013 }}. Brookings.edu. Retrieved on April 12, 2014.</ref> The city was responsible for generating 15.8% of Mexico's GDP, and the metropolitan area accounted for about 22% of total national GDP.<ref name="GDP">{{cite web|url=http://www.mexicocityexperience.com/business_center/key_economic_facts_and_figures/ |title=Mexico City GDP as compared with national GDP |accessdate=August 19, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100426013125/http://www.mexicocityexperience.com/business_center/key_economic_facts_and_figures/ |archivedate=April 26, 2010 |df= }}</ref> If it were an independent country, in 2013, Mexico City would be the fifth-largest economy in [[Latin America]], five times as large as [[Costa Rica]] and about the same size as [[Peru]].<ref>{{cite magazine |last = Parish Flannery |first = Nathaniel |title = Mexico City Is Focusing On Tech Sector Development |url = https://www.forbes.com/sites/nathanielparishflannery/2013/12/23/mexico-city-is-focusing-on-tech-sector-development/ |magazine = [[Forbes]] |accessdate = December 27, 2013}}</ref> Mexico's capital is both the [[list of oldest continuously inhabited cities#America, Middle|oldest capital city in the Americas]] and one of two founded by Native Americans, the other being [[Quito]], [[Ecuador]]. The city was originally built on an island of [[Lake Texcoco]] by the [[Aztecs]] in 1325 as [[Tenochtitlan]], which was almost completely destroyed in the 1521 [[fall of Tenochtitlan|siege of Tenochtitlan]] and subsequently redesigned and rebuilt in accordance with the [[Spanish architecture#Spanish Colonial architecture|Spanish urban standards]]. In 1524, the [[municipalities of Mexico|municipality]] of Mexico City was established, known as {{lang|es|México Tenochtitlán}},<ref name=gobdf /> and as of 1585, it was officially known as {{lang|es|Ciudad de México}} (Mexico City).<ref name=gobdf>{{cite web |author = Government of the Federal District |title = History of Mexico City |url = http://www.df.gob.mx/wb/gdf/historia_de_la_ciudad_de_mexico |accessdate = December 27, 2009 |language=es |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20091219215021/http://www.df.gob.mx/wb/gdf/historia_de_la_ciudad_de_mexico |archivedate = December 19, 2009}}</ref> Mexico City was the political, administrative, and financial center of a major part of the [[Spanish Empire|Spanish colonial empire]].<ref name=UN>{{cite web |author = United Nations |title = Mexico City, Mexico |url = https://www.un.org/cyberschoolbus/habitat/profiles/mexico.asp |accessdate = December 27, 2009 |language=es |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100502045456/http://www.un.org/cyberschoolbus/habitat/profiles/mexico.asp |archivedate = May 2, 2010 }}</ref> After [[Mexican War of Independence|independence from Spain]] was achieved, the [[federal district]] was created in 1824. After years of demanding greater political [[autonomy]], residents were finally given the right to [[election|elect]] both a [[Head of Government of Mexico City|Head of Government]] and the representatives of the [[unicameralism|unicameral]] [[Legislative Assembly of Mexico City|Legislative Assembly]] by election in 1997. Ever since, the left-wing [[Party of the Democratic Revolution]] (PRD) has controlled both of them.<ref>Daniel C. Schechter, Josephine Quintero. ''Lonely Planet Mexico City, City Guide [With Pullout Map]''. Third Edition. Lonely Planet, 2008. p. 288 (pp. 20–21). {{ISBN|978-1-74059-182-9}}.</ref> The city has several progressive policies, such as [[abortion in Mexico|abortion]] on request, a limited form of [[euthanasia in Mexico|euthanasia]], [[no-fault divorce]], and [[same-sex marriage in Mexico City|same-sex marriage]]. On January 29, 2016, it ceased to be the ''Federal District'' ({{lang-es|Distrito Federal|links=no}} or {{lang|es|D.F.}}), and is now officially known as {{lang|es|Ciudad de México}} (or {{lang|es|CDMX}}), with a greater degree of autonomy.<ref name=FederalDistrictNowOfficially>{{cite web |title=Federal District is now officially Mexico City: The change brings more autonomy for the country's capital |date=January 30, 2016 |work=Mexico News Daily |url=http://mexiconewsdaily.com/news/federal-district-is-now-officially-mexico-city/ |accessdate=July 11, 2017}}</ref> A clause in the [[Constitution of Mexico]], however, prevents it from becoming a state, as it is the seat of power in the country, unless the capital of the country were relocated elsewhere.<ref name=UN2>{{cite web |author = El Diario de México |title = La Ciudad de México no será estado, sino entidad federal autónoma |url = http://www.diariodemexico.com.mx/la-ciudad-mexico-no-sera-estado-sino-entidad-federal-autonoma/ |accessdate = February 29, 2016 |language=es }}</ref> == History == {{anchor|History of Mexico City}}{{Main|History of Mexico City|Timeline of Mexico City}} === Aztec period === {{Main|Tenochtitlan}} [[File:Quetzalcoatl en Templo Mayor - panoramio.jpg|thumb|right|[[Templo Mayor]] ruins]] [[File:Conquista-de-Tenochtitlan-Mexico.jpg|thumb|right|[[Tenochtitlan]], the Aztec capital]] The city of Mexico-[[Tenochtitlan]] was founded by the [[Mexica]] people in 1325. The old Mexica city that is now simply referred to as [[Tenochtitlan]] was built on an island in the center of the inland lake system of the [[Valley of Mexico]], which it shared with a smaller city-state called [[Tlatelolco (altepetl)|Tlatelolco]].<ref>Frances F. Berdan, ''The Aztecs of Mexico: An Imperial Society'', New York: Holt, Rinehart, Winston 1982, pp. 10–14.</ref> According to legend, the Mexicas' principal god, [[Huitzilopochtli]], indicated the site where they were to build their home by presenting a [[golden eagle]] perched on a [[Opuntia|prickly pear]] devouring a [[rattlesnake]].<ref name="Frances F. Berdan 1982, p. 14">Frances F. Berdan, ''The Aztecs of Mexico: An Imperial Society'', New York: Holt, Rinehart, Winston 1982, p. 14.</ref> Between 1325 and 1521, Tenochtitlan grew in size and strength, eventually dominating the other city-states around Lake Texcoco and in the Valley of Mexico. When the Spaniards arrived, the [[Aztec]] Empire had reached much of [[Mesoamerica]], touching both the Gulf of Mexico and the Pacific Ocean.<ref name="Frances F. Berdan 1982, p. 14" /> === Spanish conquest === [[File:El caballito de Tolsa b.jpg|thumb|right|[[Equestrian statue of Charles IV of Spain|El caballito de Tolsa]] representing [[Charles IV of Spain]]]] After landing in [[Veracruz]], Spanish explorer [[Hernán Cortés]] advanced upon Tenochtitlan with the aid of many of the other native peoples,<ref name="ciudadmexico">{{cite web |url = http://www.ciudadmexico.com.mx/historia.htm |title = Historia de la Ciudad de México |language=Spanish |accessdate = October 14, 2008 }}</ref> arriving there on November 8, 1519.<ref name="Marroqui">{{Cite book |title = La Ciudad de Mexico |last = Marroqui |first = Jose Maria |year = 1969 |publisher = Ayuntamiento del Distrito Federal |location = Mexico City |pages = 21–25 }}</ref> Cortés and his men marched along the causeway leading into the city from [[Iztapalapa]], and the city's ruler, [[Moctezuma II]], greeted the Spaniards; they exchanged gifts, but the camaraderie did not last long.<ref name="pbs1">{{cite web |url = https://www.pbs.org/conquistadors/cortes/cortes_e00.html |title = Conquistadors – Cortés. November 1519, The Most Beautiful Thing in the World |publisher = PBS |accessdate = April 17, 2011 }}</ref> Cortés put Moctezuma under [[house arrest]], hoping to rule through him.<ref name="pbs2">{{cite web |url = https://www.pbs.org/conquistadors/cortes/cortes_f00.html |title = Conquistadors – Cortés. November, 1519 – Montezuma Arrested |publisher = PBS |accessdate = April 17, 2011 }}</ref> Tensions increased until, on the night of June 30, 1520 – during a struggle known as "[[La Noche Triste]]" – the Aztecs rose up against the Spanish intrusion and managed to capture or drive out the Europeans and their [[Tlaxcaltec|Tlaxcalan]] allies.<ref name="pbs4">{{cite web |url = https://www.pbs.org/conquistadors/cortes/cortes_g00.html |title = Conquistadors – Cortés. June 1520 – Massacre at Tenochtitlán |publisher = PBS |accessdate = April 17, 2011 }}</ref> Cortés regrouped at Tlaxcala. The Aztecs thought the Spaniards were permanently gone, and they elected a new king, [[Cuitláhuac]], but he soon died; the next king was [[Cuauhtémoc]].<ref name="pbs6">{{cite web |url = https://www.pbs.org/conquistadors/cortes/cortes_h00.html |title = Conquistadors – Cortés. December 1520 – Siege, Starvation & Smallpox |publisher = PBS |accessdate = April 17, 2011 }}</ref> Cortés began a [[siege of Tenochtitlan]] in May 1521. For three months, the city suffered from the lack of food and water as well as the spread of [[smallpox]] brought by the Europeans.<ref name="ciudadmexico" /> Cortés and his allies landed their forces in the south of the island and slowly fought their way through the city.<ref name="pbs7">{{cite web |url = https://www.pbs.org/conquistadors/cortes/cortes_i00.html |title = Conquistadors – Cortés. The Last Stand: An Aztec Iliad |publisher = PBS |accessdate = April 17, 2011 }}</ref> Cuauhtémoc surrendered in August 1521.<ref name="ciudadmexico" /> The Spaniards practically razed Tenochtitlan during the final siege of the conquest.<ref name="Marroqui" /> === Rebuilding === [[File:Mexico City Zocalo Cathedral.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral]] was built by the Spaniards over the ruins of the main Aztec temple]] Cortés first settled in [[Coyoacán]], but decided to rebuild the Aztec site to erase all traces of the old order.<ref name="Marroqui" /> He did not establish a territory under his own [[Sovereignty|personal rule]], but remained loyal to the Spanish crown. The first Spanish [[viceroy]] arrived in Mexico City fourteen years later. By that time, the city had again become a [[city-state]], having power that extended far beyond its borders.<ref name="EncMex2000">{{cite encyclopedia |last = Alvarez |first = Jose Rogelio |encyclopedia = Enciclopedia de Mexico |language=Spanish |title = Mexico, Ciudad de |year = 2000 |publisher = Encyclopædia Britannica |volume = 9 |pages = 5242–5260 }}</ref> Although the Spanish preserved Tenochtitlan's basic layout, they built [[Catholic Church|Catholic churches]] over the old Aztec temples and claimed the imperial palaces for themselves.<ref name="EncMex2000" /> Tenochtitlan was renamed "Mexico" because the Spanish found the word easier to pronounce.<ref name="Marroqui" /> === Growth of colonial Mexico City === {{See also|List of oldest structures in Mexico City}} The city had been the capital of the Aztec empire and in the colonial era, Mexico City became the capital of [[New Spain]]. The [[viceroy of Mexico]] or vice-king lived in the viceregal palace on the main square or [[Zócalo]]. The [[Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral]], the seat of the Archbishopric of New Spain, was constructed on another side of the Zócalo, as was the archbishop's palace, and across from it the building housing the city council or ''ayuntamiento'' of the city. A late seventeenth-century painting of the Zócalo by [[Cristóbal de Villalpando]] depicts the main square, which had been the old Aztec ceremonial center. The existing central place of the Aztecs was effectively and permanently transformed to the ceremonial center and seat of power during the colonial period, and remains to this day in modern Mexico, the central place of the nation. The rebuilding of the city after the siege of Tenochtitlan was accomplished by the abundant indigenous labor in the surrounding area. Franciscan friar [[Toribio de Benavente Motolinia]], one of the [[Twelve Apostles of Mexico]] who arrived in New Spain in 1524, described the rebuilding of the city as one of the afflictions or plagues of the early period: <blockquote>The seventh plague was the construction of the great City of Mexico, which, during the early years used more people than in the construction of Jerusalem. The crowds of laborers were so numerous that one could hardly move in the streets and causeways, although they are very wide. Many died from being crushed by beams, or falling from high places, or in tearing down old buildings for new ones.<ref>Toribio de Benavente Motolinia, ''Motolinia's History of the Indians of New Spain,'' translated and edited by Elizabeth Adnros Foster. Wesport: Greenwood Press, (1950) 1973, pp. 41–42</ref></blockquote> Preconquest Tenochtitlan was built in the center of the inland lake system, with the city reachable by canoe and by wide causeways to the mainland. The causeways were rebuilt under Spanish rule with indigenous labor. [[File:ViewTorreMayor04.JPG|thumb|right|[[Chapultepec Castle]] inside [[Chapultepec]] park]] Colonial Spanish cities were constructed on a grid pattern, if no geographical obstacle prevented it. In Mexico City, the Zócalo (main square) was the central place from which the grid was then built outward. The Spanish lived in the area closest to the main square in what was known as the ''traza'', in orderly, well laid-out streets. Indian residences were outside that exclusive zone and houses were haphazardly located.<ref>Edmundo O'Gorman, ''Reflexiones sobre la distribución urbana coloinal de la ciudad de México'', Mexico 1938, pp. 16ff.</ref> Spaniards sought to keep Indians separate from Spaniards but since the Zócalo was a center of commerce for Indians, they were a constant presence in the central area, so strict segregation was never enforced.<ref>Magnus Mörner and Charles Gibson, "Diego Muñoz Camargo and the Segregation Policy of the Spanish Crown," ''Hispanic American Historical Review'', vol. 42, pp. 558ff.</ref> At intervals Zócalo was where major celebrations took place as well as executions. It was also the site of two major riots in the seventeenth century, one in 1624, the other in 1692.<ref>Ida Altman, Sarah Cline, and Javier Pescador, ''The Early History of Greater Mexico'', Pearson 2003, pp. 246–249.</ref> The city grew as the population did, coming up against the lake's waters. As the depth of the lake water fluctuated, Mexico City was subject to periodic flooding. A major labor draft, the ''desagüe'', compelled thousands of Indians over the colonial period to work on infrastructure to prevent flooding. Floods were not only an inconvenience but also a health hazard, since during flood periods human waste polluted the city's streets. By draining the area, the mosquito population dropped as did the frequency of the diseases they spread. However, draining the wetlands also changed the habitat for fish and birds and the areas accessible for Indian cultivation close to the capital.<ref>Noble David Cook, ''Born to Die: Disease and New World Conquest, 1492–1650.'' New York: Cambridge University Press 1998.</ref> The 16th century saw a proliferation of churches, many of which can still be seen today in the [[Historic center of Mexico City|historic center]].<ref name="EncMex2000" /> Economically, Mexico City prospered as a result of trade. Unlike Brazil or [[Peru]], Mexico had easy contact with both the Atlantic and Pacific worlds. Although the Spanish crown tried to completely regulate all commerce in the city, it had only partial success.<ref name="Hamnett">{{Cite book |title = Concise History of Mexico. |last = Hamnett |first = Brian R. |year = 1998 |publisher = Cambridge University Press |location = Port Chester, NY|isbn = 978-0-521-58120-2 }}</ref> The concept of [[nobility]] flourished in New Spain in a way not seen in other parts of the Americas. Spaniards encountered a society in which the concept of nobility mirrored that of their own. Spaniards respected the indigenous order of nobility and added to it. In the ensuing centuries, possession of a [[Mexican nobility|noble title in Mexico]] did not mean one exercised great political power, for one's power was limited even if the accumulation of wealth was not.<ref name="Ladd">{{Cite book |title = Artes deMexico Palacios de la Nueva España The Mexican Nobility |last = Ladd |first = Doris M |year = 1998 |publisher = Artes de Mexico y del Mundo |location = Mexico City |isbn = 978-968-6533-61-3 |pages = 84–86 }}</ref> The concept of nobility in Mexico was not political but rather a very conservative Spanish social one, based on proving the worthiness of the family. Most of these families proved their worth by making fortunes in New Spain outside of the city itself, then spending the revenues in the capital, building churches, supporting charities and building extravagant palatial homes. The craze to build the most opulent residence possible reached its height in the last half of the 18th century. Many of these palaces can still be seen today, leading to Mexico City's nickname of "The city of palaces" given by [[Alexander von Humboldt|Alexander Von Humboldt]].<ref name="Marroqui" /><ref name="EncMex2000" /><ref name="Ladd" /> The [[Grito de Dolores]] ("Cry of Dolores"), also known as El Grito de la Independencia ("Cry of Independence"), marked the beginning of the Mexican War of Independence. The Battle of Guanajuato, the first major engagement of the insurgency, occurred four days later. After a decade of war, Mexico's independence from Spain was effectively declared in the Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire on September 27, 1821.<ref name="Iturbide">{{cite web |url = http://www.casaimperial.org/augustin.htm |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20040411084151/http://www.casaimperial.org/augustin.htm |dead-url = yes |archive-date = April 11, 2004 |title = Don Agustín de Iturbide |accessdate = October 20, 2008 }}</ref> Unrest followed for the next several decades, as different factions fought for control of Mexico.<ref name="citydata">{{cite web |url = http://www.city-data.com/world-cities/Mexico-City-History.html |title = Mexico City History |accessdate = October 17, 2008 }}</ref> The [[Mexican Federal District]] was established by the new government and by the signing of their new constitution, where the concept of a [[federal district]] was adapted from the [[United States Constitution]].<ref name="Countries of the World">{{Cite book |first = Thomas E. |last = Weil |title = Mexico: Chapter 3B. Evolution of a Nation |work = Countries of the World |publisher = Bureau Development, Inc. |date = January 1, 1991 }}</ref> Before this designation, Mexico City had served as the [[seat of government]] for both the [[State of Mexico]] and the nation as a whole. [[Texcoco, Mexico State|Texcoco]] and then [[Toluca]] became the capital of the State of Mexico.<ref>{{Cite book |first = Ashoka |last = Mody |title = Infrastructure Delivery |work = Countries of the World |publisher = World Bank Publications |year= 1996 |page = 187 |isbn = 978-0-8213-3520-8 }}</ref> === The Battle of Mexico City in the U.S.–Mexican War of 1847 === The [[Battle for Mexico City]] was the series of engagements from September 8 to 15, 1847, in the general vicinity of Mexico City during the [[Mexican–American War|U.S. Mexican War]]. Included are major actions at the battles of [[Battle of Molino del Rey|Molino del Rey]] and [[Battle of Chapultepec|Chapultepec]], culminating with the fall of Mexico City. The U.S. Army under Winfield Scott scored a major success that ended the war. The American invasion into the Federal District was first resisted during the [[Battle of Churubusco]] on August 8 where the [[Saint Patrick's Battalion]], which was composed primarily of Catholic Irish and German immigrants, but also Canadians, English, French, Italians, Poles, Scots, Spaniards, Swiss, and Mexican people, fought for the Mexican cause repelling the American attacks. After defeating the [[Saint Patrick's Battalion]], the Mexican–American War came to a close after the United States [[Military deployment|deployed]] [[Military organization|combat units]] deep into [[Mexico]] resulting in the capture of Mexico City and [[Veracruz, Veracruz|Veracruz]] by the [[United States Army|U.S. Army's]] 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th [[Division (military)|Divisions]].<ref name="Cerro">{{cite web |url = https://www.pbs.org/kera/usmexicanwar/war/cerro_gordo.html |title = The Battle of Cerro Gordo |accessdate = October 18, 2008 }}</ref> The invasion culminated with the storming of [[Chapultepec Castle]] in the city itself.<ref name="storming">{{cite web |url = https://www.pbs.org/kera/usmexicanwar/war/chapultepec_pillows_attack.html |title = The Storming of Chapultepec (General Pillow's Attack) |accessdate = October 18, 2008 }}</ref> During this battle, on September 13, the 4th Division, under [[John A. Quitman]], spearheaded the attack against Chapultepec and carried the castle. Future [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] generals [[George E. Pickett]] and [[James Longstreet]] participated in the attack. Serving in the Mexican defense were the cadets later immortalized as ''[[Niños Héroes|Los Niños Héroes]]'' (the "Boy Heroes"). The Mexican forces fell back from Chapultepec and retreated within the city. Attacks on the Belén and San Cosme Gates came afterwards. The [[treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo]] was signed in what is now the far north of the city.<ref name="treaty">{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/kera/usmexicanwar/war/wars_end_guadalupe.html |title=Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo |author=Richard Griswold del Castillo |accessdate=October 18, 2008 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5nE7IO7rN?url=http://www.pbs.org/kera/usmexicanwar/war/wars_end_guadalupe.html |archivedate=February 1, 2010 |deadurl=no |df=mdy }}</ref> === Porfirian era (1876–1911) === [[File:Hotel Ciudad de México - panoramio.jpg|thumb|right|French-styled architecture in [[Benito Juárez, Mexico City]], whose architectural legacy remains in the neighborhoods of [[Condesa]], [[Zona Rosa, Mexico City|Zona Rosa]], [[Historic Center of Mexico City|Centro Historico]] and [[San Miguel Chapultepec|Chapultepec.]]]] [[File:Palacio Postal - panoramio (1).jpg|thumb|right|The gilded central foyer of the Palacio Postal, now used as the primary post office of central Mexico City.]] Events such as the [[Mexican–American War]], the [[French Intervention]] and the [[Reform War]] left the city relatively untouched and it continued to grow, especially during the rule of President [[Porfirio Díaz]]. During this time the city developed a modern infrastructure, such as roads, schools, transportation systems and communication systems. However the regime concentrated resources and wealth into the city while the rest of the country languished in poverty. Under the rule of Porfirio Díaz, Mexico City experienced a massive transformation. Díaz's goal was to create a city which could rival the great European cities. He and his government came to the conclusion that they would use Paris as a model, while still containing remnants of Amerindian and Hispanic elements. This style of Mexican-French fusion architecture became colloquially known as Porfirian Architecture. Porfirian architecture became very influenced by Paris' [[Haussmannization]]. During this era of Porfirian rule, the city underwent an extensive modernization. Many Spanish Colonial style buildings were destroyed, replaced by new much larger Porfirian institutions and many outlying rural zones were transformed into urban or industrialized districts with most having electrical, gas and sewage utilities by 1908. While the initial focus was on developing modern hospitals, schools, factories and massive public works, perhaps the most long-lasting effects of the Porfirian modernization were creation of the Colonia Roma area and the development of Reforma Avenue. Many of Mexico City's major attractions and landmarks were built during this era in this style. Diaz's plans called for the entire city to eventually be modernized or rebuilt in the Porfirian/French style of the Colonia Roma; but the Mexican Revolution began soon afterward and the plans never came to fruition, with many projects being left half-completed. One of the best examples of this is the Monument to the Mexican Revolution. Originally the monument was to be the main dome of Diaz's new senate hall, but when the revolution erupted only the dome of the senate hall and its supporting pillars were completed, this was subsequently seen as a symbol by many Mexicans that the Porfirian era was over once and for all and as such, it was turned into a monument to victory over Diaz. === Mexican Revolution (1910–1920) === [[File:Porforio Diaz.jpg|thumb|right|[[Porfirio Diaz]], (second from right) commissioned many of the ornate European style buildings constructed from the 1890–1910 and hoped for Mexico City to eventually rival European cities like Paris in opulence.]] The capital escaped the worst of the violence of the ten-year conflict of the [[Mexican Revolution]]. The most significant episode of this period for the city was the February 1913 [[Decena trágica|la Decena Trágica]] ("The Ten Tragic Days"), when forces counter to the elected government of [[Francisco I. Madero]] staged a successful coup. The center of the city was subjected to artillery attacks from the army stronghold of the ''ciudadela'' or citadel, with significant civilian casualties and the undermining of confidence in the Madero government. [[Victoriano Huerta]], chief general of the [[Huerta's Federal Army|Federal Army]], saw a chance to take power, forcing Madero and Pino Suarez to sign resignations. The two were murdered later while on their way to [[Palacio de Lecumberri|Lecumberri prison]].<ref name="redescolar">{{cite web |url = http://redescolar.ilce.edu.mx/redescolar/act_permanentes/historia/histdeltiempo/mexicana/sigloxx/xx_dece.htm |title = La Decena Trágica, febrero de 1913 |language = Spanish |accessdate = October 19, 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130620151846/http://redescolar.ilce.edu.mx/redescolar/act_permanentes/historia/histdeltiempo/mexicana/sigloxx/xx_dece.htm |archive-date = 20 June 2013 |dead-url = yes |df = dmy-all }}</ref> Huerta's ouster in July 1914 saw the entry of the armies of [[Pancho Villa]] and [[Emiliano Zapata]], but the city did not experience violence. Huerta had abandoned the capital and the conquering armies marched in. [[Venustiano Carranza]]'s [[Constitutionalist]] faction ultimately prevailed in the revolutionary civil war and Carranza took up residence in the presidential palace. === 20th century to present === [[File:San-Angel-Casa-Rivera-Kahlo.jpg|thumb|right|Frida Kahlo and Diego Rivera house in [[San Angel|San Ángel]] designed by [[Juan O'Gorman]], an example of 20th Century Modernist Architecture in Mexico]] The history of the rest of the 20th century to the present focuses on the phenomenal growth of the city and its environmental and political consequences. In 1900, the population of Mexico City was about 500,000.<ref name="larosa">{{Cite book |title = Atlas and Survey of Latin American History. |last = LaRosa |first = Michael J.(Editor) |year = 2005 |publisher = M.E. Sharpe, Inc. |location = Armonk, NY|pages = 118–125 |isbn = 978-0-7656-1597-8 }}</ref> The city began to grow rapidly westward in the early part of the 20th century<ref name="EncMex2000" /> and then began to grow upwards in the 1950s, with the [[Torre Latinoamericana]] becoming the city's first skyscraper.<ref name="ciudadmexico" /> The [[1968 Summer Olympics|1968 Olympic Games]] brought about the construction of large sporting facilities.<ref name="EncMex2000" /> In 1969 the [[Mexico City Metro|Metro system]] was inaugurated.<ref name="ciudadmexico" /> Explosive growth in the population of the city started from the 1960s, with the population overflowing the boundaries of the Federal District into the neighboring State of Mexico, especially to the north, northwest and northeast. Between 1960 and 1980 the city's population more than doubled to nearly 9 million.<ref name="EncMex2000" /> In 1980 half of all the industrial jobs in Mexico were located in Mexico City. Under relentless growth, the Mexico City government could barely keep up with services. Villagers from the countryside who continued to pour into the city to escape poverty only compounded the city's problems. With no housing available, they took over lands surrounding the city, creating huge [[shanty town|shantytowns]] that extended for many miles.<ref name="citydata" /> This caused serious [[air pollution in Mexico City]] and [[water pollution]] problems, as well as [[groundwater-related subsidence|subsidence due to overextraction of groundwater]].<ref name="water">{{Cite book |title = Mexico City's Water Supply: Improving the Outlook for Sustainability. |author = National Research Council Staff. |year = 1995 |publisher = National Academies Press |location = Washington, DC|page = 4 }}</ref> Air and water pollution has been contained and improved in several areas due to government programs, the renovation of vehicles and the modernization of public transportation. The autocratic government that ruled Mexico City since the Revolution was tolerated, mostly because of the continued economic expansion since World War II. This was the case even though this government could not handle the population and pollution problems adequately. Nevertheless, discontent and protests began in the 1960s leading to the [[Tlatelolco massacre|massacre of an unknown number of protesting students]] in [[Tlatelolco (Mexico City)|Tlatelolco]].<ref name="citydata" /> Three years later, a demonstration in the Maestros avenue, organized by former members of the 1968 student movement, was violently repressed by a paramilitary group called "Los Halcones", composed of gang members and teenagers from many sports clubs who received training in the U.S. [[File:Paloma Cordero Nancy Reagan Mexico City 1985 earthquake.jpg|right|thumb|First ladies [[Paloma Cordero]] of Mexico (left) and [[Nancy Reagan]] of the United States (right) with U.S. Ambassador to Mexico, [[John Gavin]] observing the damage done by the 1985 earthquake.]] On Thursday, September 19, 1985, at 7:19&nbsp;am [[Central Standard Time|CST]], Mexico City was struck by an [[1985 Mexico City earthquake|earthquake of magnitude 8.1]]<ref name="Campus">{{Cite news |first = Yunnven |last = Campus |title = A 20 años del sismo del 85 |url = http://www.esmas.com/noticierostelevisa/terremoto/475688.html |publisher = Televisa |location = Mexico City |date = September 19, 2005 |accessdate = October 4, 2008 |language=Spanish |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080922025641/http://www.esmas.com/noticierostelevisa/terremoto/475688.html |archivedate = September 22, 2008 }}</ref> on the [[Richter magnitude scale]]. Although this earthquake was not as deadly or destructive as many similar events in Asia and other parts of Latin America,<ref name="Moreno">{{Cite journal |last = Moreno Murillo |first = Juan Manuel |year = 1995 |title = The 1985 Mexico Earthquake |periodical = Geofisica Coumbia |publisher = Universidad Nacional de Colombia |issue = 3 |pages = 5–19 |issn = 0121-2974 |url = http://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/esrj/article/view/31225 }}</ref> it proved to be a disaster politically for the [[One-party state|one-party]] government. The government was paralyzed by its own bureaucracy and corruption, forcing ordinary citizens to create and direct their own rescue efforts and to reconstruct much of the housing that was lost as well.<ref name="haber">{{cite encyclopedia |last = Haber |first = Paul Lawrence |encyclopedia = Concise Encyclopedia of Mexico |title = Earthquake of 1985 |year = 1995 |publisher = Taylor & Frances Ltd. |pages = 179–184 }}</ref> However, the last straw may have been the controversial elections of 1988. That year, the presidency was set between the P.R.I.'s candidate, Carlos Salinas de Gortari, and a coalition of left-wing parties led by Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas, son of the former president Lázaro Cárdenas. The counting system "fell" because coincidentally the light went out and suddenly, when it returned, the winning candidate was Salinas, even though Cárdenas had the upper hand. As a result of the fraudulent election, Cárdenas became a member of the [[Party of the Democratic Revolution]]. Discontent over the election eventually led [[Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas]] to become the first [[mayor|elected mayor]] of Mexico City in 1997. Cárdenas promised a more [[democracy|democratic government]], and his party claimed some victories against crime, pollution, and other major problems. He resigned in 1999 to run for the presidency. == Geography == Mexico City is located in the Valley of Mexico, sometimes called the Basin of Mexico. This valley is located in the [[Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt]] in the high plateaus of south-central Mexico.<ref name="PorruaCuenca">{{Cite book |title = Diccionario Porrua de Historia, Biografia y Geografia de Mexico 6th ed. – Mexico, Cuenca de |year = 1995 |publisher = Editorial Porrua |location = Mexico City |language=Spanish |isbn = 978-968-452-907-6 |page = 2238 |volume = 3 }}</ref><ref name="casestudy">{{cite web |url = http://casestudies.lead.org/index.php?cscid=100 |title = Mexico City: Opportunities and Challenges for Sustainable Management of Urban Water Resources |date = December 2004 |accessdate = November 25, 2008 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081207190625/http://casestudies.lead.org/index.php?cscid=100 |archivedate = December 7, 2008 |deadurl = yes }}</ref> It has a minimum altitude of {{convert|2,200|m|ft|abbr=off|sp=us}} [[above mean sea level|above sea level]] and is surrounded by mountains and volcanoes that reach elevations of over {{convert|5,000|m|ft|abbr=off|sp=us}}.<ref name="natresearch">{{Cite book |title = Mexico City's Water Supply: Improving the Outlook for Sustainability. |author = National Research Council Staff |year = 1995 |publisher = National Academies Press |location = Washington, DC |isbn = 978-0-309-05245-0 }}</ref> This valley has no natural drainage outlet for the waters that flow from the mountainsides, making the city vulnerable to flooding. Drainage was engineered through the use of canals and tunnels starting in the 17th century.<ref name="PorruaCuenca" /><ref name="natresearch" /> Mexico City primarily rests on what was [[Lake Texcoco]].<ref name="PorruaCuenca" /> Seismic activity is frequent there.<ref name="yip">{{Cite journal |last = Yip |first = Maricela |author2 = Madl, Pierre |title = Air Pollution in Mexico City |page = 16 |publisher = University of Salzburg, Austria |date = April 16, 2002 |url = http://biophysics.sbg.ac.at/mexico/air.htm |accessdate = November 25, 2008 }}</ref> Lake Texcoco was drained starting from the 17th century. Although none of the lake waters remain, the city rests on the lake bed's heavily saturated clay. This soft base is collapsing due to the over-extraction of groundwater, called ''[[groundwater-related subsidence]]''. Since the beginning of the 20th century the city has sunk as much as {{convert|9|m|ft|spell=in|abbr=off|sp=us}} in some areas. This sinking is causing problems with runoff and wastewater management, leading to flooding problems, especially during the summer.<ref name="natresearch" /><ref name="yip" /><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/02/17/world/americas/mexico-city-sinking.html?emc=edit_ta_20170217&nl=top-stories&nlid=73270920&ref=headline&_r=0 New York Times: "Mexico City, Parched and Sinking, Faces a Water Crisis" By Michael Kimmelman] February 17, 2017</ref> The entire lake bed is now paved over and most of the city's remaining forested areas lie in the southern boroughs of [[Milpa Alta]], [[Tlalpan]] and [[Xochimilco]].<ref name="yip" /> <div class="center"> <!-- galería de mapas --> {|class="toc" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="2" style="width:600px; float:center; margin:0.5em 0.5em 0.5em 1em; padding:0.5e text-align:left;clear:all; margin-left:3px; font-size:90%;" |colspan="4" style="background:#black; color:white; font-size:100%; text-align:center; background-color:black;"|Mexico City geophysical maps |- |style="text-align:center; vertical-align:center; background:white;"|[[File:MX-DF-Relieve.png|120px]] |style="text-align:center; vertical-align:center; background:white;"|[[File:MX-DF-hidro.png|120px]] |style="text-align:center; vertical-align:center; background:white;"|[[File:MX-DF-clima.png|120px]] |- style="text-align:center; background:#e9e9e9; background:#e9e9e9;" ||Topography ||Hydrology ||Climate patterns |} </div> == Climate == {{wide image|Torre LatinoAmericana Panoramic View.jpg|1600px|<center>Mexico City from atop the [[Torre Latinoamericana]]</center>}} [[File:Cumbres del Ajusco.jpg|thumb|right|[[Cumbres del Ajusco National Park]]]] Mexico City has a [[Oceanic climate|subtropical highland climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''Cwb''), due to its tropical location but high elevation. The lower region of the valley receives less rainfall than the upper regions of the south; the lower boroughs of [[Iztapalapa]], [[Iztacalco]], [[Venustiano Carranza, D.F.|Venustiano Carranza]] and the east portion of [[Gustavo A. Madero, D.F.|Gustavo A. Madero]] are usually drier and warmer than the upper southern boroughs of [[Tlalpan]] and [[Milpa Alta]], a mountainous region of [[pine]] and [[oak]] trees known as the range of [[Ajusco]]. The average annual temperature varies from {{convert|12|to|16|C|F|0}}, depending on the altitude of the borough. The temperature is rarely below {{convert|3|C|0}} or above {{convert|30|C|0}}.<ref name=weatherspark>{{cite web |title = Average Weather for Mexico City |url = http://weatherspark.com/averages/32574/Mexico-City-Distrito-Federal |publisher = Weather Spark |accessdate = October 29, 2013 }}</ref> At the Tacubaya observatory, the lowest temperature ever registered was {{convert|−4.4|C|0}} on February 13, 1960, and the highest temperature on record was {{convert|33.9|C|0}} on May 9, 1998.<ref name="Extreme temps">{{cite web |url = http://smn.cna.gob.mx/es/pronosticos/pronosticossubmenu/reporte-diario-del-observatorio-de-tacubaya |title = Reporte Diario del Observatorio de Tacubaya |publisher = Servicio Meteorológico Nacional |language=Spanish |accessdate = October 13, 2016 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20161014033451/http://smn.cna.gob.mx/es/pronosticos/pronosticossubmenu/reporte-diario-del-observatorio-de-tacubaya |archivedate = October 14, 2016 |df = mdy-all }}</ref> Overall precipitation is heavily concentrated in the summer months, and includes dense [[hail]]. Snow falls in the city very rarely, although somewhat more often in nearby mountain tops. Throughout its history, the Central Valley of Mexico was accustomed to having several snowfalls per decade (including a period between 1878 and 1895 in which every single year—except 1880—recorded snowfalls<ref name=Clima-CDMX/>) mostly [[lake-effect snow]]. The effects of the draining of [[Lake Texcoco]] and [[global warming]] have greatly reduced snowfalls after the snow flurries of February 12, 1907.<ref>"Snow in Mexico City". ''The Baltimore Sun'' (Baltimore, Maryland USA). February 13, 1907. p. 2.</ref> Since 1908, snow has only fallen three times, snow on February 14, 1920;<ref>"Snow Falls in Mexico City". ''The Baltimore Sun'' (Baltimore, Maryland USA). p. 1.</ref> snow flurries on March 14, 1940;<ref>"Snowfall Startles Mexico City". ''The New York Times''. March 15, 1940. p. 3.</ref> and on January 12, 1967, when {{convert|8|cm|0}} of snow fell on the city, the most on record.<ref>"6 Die As Snow Storm Covers Mexico City". ''The New York Times''. January 12, 1967. p. 13.</ref> The 1967 snowstorm coincided with the operation of ''[[Lake Texcoco#Artificial drainage|Deep Drainage System]]'' that resulted in the total draining of what was left of Lake Texcoco.<ref name=Clima-CDMX>{{Cite book|last=Jáuregui Ostos |first=Ernesto |title=El clima de la Ciudad de México |year=2000 |publisher=Instituto de Geografía de la UNAM |isbn=978-968-856-819-4 |language=Spanish |location=México, D.F.}}</ref><ref name=DAMsxix>{{Cite book|last=Escobar Ohmstede |first=Antonio |title=Desastres agrícolas en México: Siglo XIX Tomo 2 (1822–1900) |year=2004 |publisher=Fondo de Cultura Económica (FCE); Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores en Antropología Social (CIESAS) |editor=Juan Manuel Pérez Zevallos |authorlink=Antonio Escobar Ohmstede |isbn=978-968-16-7188-4 |language=Spanish |location=México, D.F.}}</ref> After the disappearance of Lake Texcoco, snow has never fallen again over Mexico City.<ref name=Clima-CDMX/> The region of the [[Valley of Mexico]] receives [[Anticyclone|anti-cyclonic]] systems. The weak winds of these systems do not allow for the dispersion, outside the basin, of the [[air pollution|air pollutants]] which are produced by the 50,000 industries and 4 million vehicles operating in and around the metropolitan area.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.sma.df.gob.mx/sma/download/archivos/proaire_2002-2010.pdf |title = Program to improve air quality in the Metropolitan zone of the valley of Mexico – 2002. Secretaría del Medio Ambiente del Distrito Federal, SMA (2002) Programa para Mejorar la Calidad del Aire de la Zona Metropolitana del Valle de México, Gobierno del Distrito Federal |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070126231119/http://www.sma.df.gob.mx/sma/download/archivos/proaire_2002-2010.pdf |archivedate = January 26, 2007 }}</ref> The area receives about {{convert|820|mm|in|0|sp=us}} of annual rainfall, which is concentrated from May through October with little or no precipitation the remainder of the year.<ref name="natresearch" /> The area has two main seasons. The wet humid summer runs from May to October when winds bring in tropical moisture from the sea, the wettest month being July. The cool sunny winter runs from November to April, when the air is relatively drier, the driest month being December. This season is subdivided into a cold winter period and a warm spring period. The cold period spans from November to February, when polar [[air mass]]es push down from the north and keep the air fairly dry. The warm period extends from March to May when subtropical winds again dominate but do not yet carry enough moisture for rain to form.<ref name="lafragua">{{Cite journal |last = Lafregua |first = J |author2 = Gutierrez, A, Aguilar E, Aparicio J, Mejia R, Santillan O, Suarez MA, Preciado M |title = Balance hídrico del Valle de Mexico |version = |publisher = Anuario IMTA |year = 2003 |url = http://www.imta.gob.mx/instituto/historial-proyectos/th/2003/HDR1-Balance.pdf |id = |accessdate = December 1, 2008 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081216230728/http://www.imta.gob.mx/instituto/historial-proyectos/th/2003/HDR1-Balance.pdf |archivedate = December 16, 2008 }}</ref> {{Weather box |location = Mexico City ([[Tacubaya]]), 1981–2000 normals, extremes 1921-2000 |metric first = Y |single line = Y |collapsed = |Jan record high C = 28.2 |Feb record high C = 29.3 |Mar record high C = 33.3 |Apr record high C = 33.4 |May record high C = 33.9 |Jun record high C = 33.5 |Jul record high C = 30.0 |Aug record high C = 28.4 |Sep record high C = 28.5 |Oct record high C = 28.9 |Nov record high C = 29.3 |Dec record high C = 28.0 |Jan high C = 21.7 |Feb high C = 23.4 |Mar high C = 25.7 |Apr high C = 26.8 |May high C = 26.8 |Jun high C = 25.3 |Jul high C = 23.8 |Aug high C = 23.9 |Sep high C = 23.3 |Oct high C = 22.9 |Nov high C = 22.9 |Dec high C = 21.9 |year high C = 24.0 |Jan mean C = 14.6 |Feb mean C = 15.9 |Mar mean C = 18.1 |Apr mean C = 19.6 |May mean C = 20.0 |Jun mean C = 19.4 |Jul mean C = 18.2 |Aug mean C = 18.3 |Sep mean C = 18.0 |Oct mean C = 17.1 |Nov mean C = 16.3 |Dec mean C = 15.0 |year mean C = 17.5 |Jan low C = 7.4 |Feb low C = 8.5 |Mar low C = 10.4 |Apr low C = 12.3 |May low C = 13.2 |Jun low C = 13.5 |Jul low C = 12.5 |Aug low C = 12.7 |Sep low C = 12.7 |Oct low C = 11.2 |Nov low C = 9.7 |Dec low C = 8.1 |year low C = 11.0 |Jan record low C = −4.1 |Feb record low C = −4.4 |Mar record low C = -4.0 |Apr record low C = −0.6 |May record low C = 3.7 |Jun record low C = 4.5 |Jul record low C = 5.3 |Aug record low C = 6 |Sep record low C = 1.6 |Oct record low C = 0 |Nov record low C = −3 |Dec record low C = −3 |year record low C = −4.4 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 7.6 |Feb precipitation mm = 7.0 |Mar precipitation mm = 8.9 |Apr precipitation mm = 22.5 |May precipitation mm = 66.5 |Jun precipitation mm = 140.0 |Jul precipitation mm = 189.5 |Aug precipitation mm = 171.2 |Sep precipitation mm = 139.8 |Oct precipitation mm = 72.4 |Nov precipitation mm = 12.6 |Dec precipitation mm = 8.2 |year precipitation mm = 846.1 |Jan humidity = 51 |Feb humidity = 47 |Mar humidity = 41 |Apr humidity = 43 |May humidity = 51 |Jun humidity = 63 |Jul humidity = 69 |Aug humidity = 69 |Sep humidity = 70 |Oct humidity = 64 |Nov humidity = 57 |Dec humidity = 54 |year humidity = 56 |unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm |Jan precipitation days = 2.2 |Feb precipitation days = 2.5 |Mar precipitation days = 4.1 |Apr precipitation days = 6.8 |May precipitation days = 12.9 |Jun precipitation days = 18.7 |Jul precipitation days = 23.2 |Aug precipitation days = 20.9 |Sep precipitation days = 18.2 |Oct precipitation days = 9.6 |Nov precipitation days = 3.8 |Dec precipitation days = 2.0 |year precipitation days = 124.8 |Jan sun = 240 |Feb sun = 234 |Mar sun = 268 |Apr sun = 232 |May sun = 225 |Jun sun = 183 |Jul sun = 176 |Aug sun = 176 |Sep sun = 157 |Oct sun = 194 |Nov sun = 232 |Dec sun = 236 |year sun = 2555 |source 1 = Colegio de Postgraduados (extremes)<ref name= clima>{{cite web |url = http://www.cm.colpos.mx/meteoro/progde/norm/norm24/33053.htm |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20130116054427/http://www.cm.colpos.mx/meteoro/progde/norm/norm24/33053.htm |archivedate = January 16, 2013 |title = Normales climatológicas para Mexico-Central-Tacubaya D.F. |publisher = Colegio de Postgraduados |language=Spanish |accessdate = January 20, 2013 }}</ref> Servicio Meteorológico Nacional (normals, precipitation and sunshine hours 1981–2000)<ref name=SMN>{{cite web|url=http://smn.cna.gob.mx/observatorios/historica/tacubaya.pdf |title=NORMALES CLIMATOLÓGICAS 1981–2000 |accessdate=January 5, 2013 |publisher=Comision Nacional Del Agua |language=Spanish |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116054428/http://smn.cna.gob.mx/observatorios/historica/tacubaya.pdf |archivedate=January 16, 2013 |df= }}</ref> }} {{Weather box |location = Mexico City ([[Tacubaya]]), 1961–1990 normals |metric first = Y |single line = Y |collapsed = y | Jan record high C =28.0 | Feb record high C =33.8 | Mar record high C =33.0 | Apr record high C =33.0 | May record high C =35.0 | Jun record high C =32.4 | Jul record high C =30.3 | Aug record high C =34.0 | Sep record high C =33.0 | Oct record high C =32.0 | Nov record high C =29.5 | Dec record high C =29.3 | Jan record low C =-1.4 | Feb record low C =0.0 | Mar record low C =0.0 | Apr record low C =3.7 | May record low C =7.0 | Jun record low C =3.0 | Jul record low C =2.0 | Aug record low C =9.0 | Sep record low C =1.9 | Oct record low C =0.7 | Nov record low C =-1.0 | Dec record low C =0.0 | Jan mean C =13.4 | Feb mean C =14.7 | Mar mean C =17.0 | Apr mean C =18.2 | May mean C =18.6 | Jun mean C =17.4 | Jul mean C =16.2 | Aug mean C =16.4 | Sep mean C =16.3 | Oct mean C =15.5 | Nov mean C =14.9 | Dec mean C =13.5 | Jan high C =21.3 | Feb high C =22.9 | Mar high C =25.4 | Apr high C =26.5 | May high C =26.6 | Jun high C =24.7 | Jul high C =23.2 | Aug high C =23.4 | Sep high C =22.9 | Oct high C =22.6 | Nov high C =22.2 | Dec high C =21.3 | Jan low C =6.5 | Feb low C =7.4 | Mar low C =9.7 | Apr low C =11.3 | May low C =12.2 | Jun low C =12.5 | Jul low C =11.8 | Aug low C =11.9 | Sep low C =11.9 | Oct low C =10.4 | Nov low C =8.4 | Dec low C =7.2 |precipitation colour = green | Jan precipitation mm =9 | Feb precipitation mm =9 | Mar precipitation mm =13 | Apr precipitation mm =27 | May precipitation mm =58 | Jun precipitation mm =157 | Jul precipitation mm =183 | Aug precipitation mm =173 | Sep precipitation mm =144 | Oct precipitation mm =61 | Nov precipitation mm =6 | Dec precipitation mm =8 | Jan humidity =55.5 | Feb humidity =53.5 | Mar humidity =51.5 | Apr humidity =52.5 | May humidity =55 | Jun humidity =59 | Jul humidity =64 | Aug humidity =67.5 | Sep humidity =65 | Oct humidity =62 | Nov humidity =57 | Dec humidity =58 | Jan sun =208.2 | Feb sun =212.1 | Mar sun =228.6 | Apr sun =209.4 | May sun =196.9 | Jun sun =152.6 | Jul sun =144.2 | Aug sun =158.4 | Sep sun =139.1 | Oct sun =177.0 | Nov sun =198.5 | Dec sun =186.5 | Jan rain days =2 | Feb rain days =2 | Mar rain days =4 | Apr rain days =9 | May rain days =13 | Jun rain days =19 | Jul rain days =24 | Aug rain days =22 | Sep rain days =19 | Oct rain days =10 | Nov rain days =3 | Dec rain days = 3 | source = [ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_IV/MX/76680.TXT NOAA] amd [http://climatebase.ru/stations/Mexico?lang=en Climatebase.ru] (extremes) }} == Environment == {{See also|Water management in Greater Mexico City}} [[File:División de canales.JPG|thumb|The canals of [[Xochimilco]], together with the Historic Center of Mexico City, were declared a [[World Heritage Site]] in 1987.]] Originally much of the valley lay beneath the waters of [[Lake Texcoco]], a system of interconnected salt and freshwater lakes. The [[Aztec]]s built dikes to separate the [[Freshwater|fresh water]] used to raise crops in ''[[chinampa]]s'' and to prevent recurrent floods. These dikes were destroyed during the siege of Tenochtitlan, and during colonial times the Spanish regularly drained the lake to prevent floods. Only a small section of the original lake remains, located outside Mexico City, in the municipality of [[San Salvador Atenco|Atenco]], [[State of Mexico]]. Architects [[Teodoro González de León]] and [[Alberto Kalach]] along with a group of Mexican urbanists, engineers and biologists have developed the project plan for ''Recovering the City of Lakes''. If approved by the government the project will contribute to the supply of water from natural sources to the [[Valley of Mexico]], the creation of new natural spaces, a great improvement in air quality, and greater population establishment planning. === Pollution === {{Further|Air pollution in Mexico City}} [[File:AerialViewMexicoCity.jpg|thumb|right|Air pollution over Mexico City in December 2010. Air quality is poorest during the winter.]] By the 1990s Mexico City had become infamous as one of the world's most polluted cities; however, the city has become a model for drastically lowering pollution levels. By 2014 [[carbon monoxide]] pollution had dropped drastically, while levels of [[sulfur dioxide]] and [[nitrogen dioxide]] were nearly three times lower than in 1992. The levels of signature pollutants in Mexico City are similar to those of [[Los Angeles]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.laweekly.com/news/los-angeles-and-mexico-city-a-tale-of-two-cities-2152222|title=Los Angeles and Mexico City: A Tale of Two Cities|first=Julia|last=Cooke|date=February 27, 2008|website=laweekly.com}}</ref> Despite the cleanup, the metropolitan area is still the most [[ozone]]-polluted part of the country, with ozone levels 2.5 times beyond [[WHO]]-defined safe limits.<ref name="harvard">{{cite web |url = http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2014/10/coming-up-for-air/ |title = Coming up for air |work = Harvard Gazette |accessdate = December 16, 2015 |date = 28 October 2014 }}</ref> To clean up pollution, the federal and local governments implemented numerous plans including the constant monitoring and reporting of environmental conditions, such as ozone and [[nitrogen oxide]]s.<ref name=clean>{{cite news |url = http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/28391130/wid/18298287/page/2/ |title = Mexico City cleans up its reputation for smog |date = December 26, 2008 }}</ref> When the levels of these two pollutants reached critical levels, contingency actions were implemented which included closing factories, changing school hours, and extending the ''[[Hoy No Circula|A day without a car]]'' program to two days of the week.<ref name=clean /> The government also instituted industrial technology improvements, a strict biannual vehicle emission inspection and the reformulation of gasoline and [[diesel fuel]]s.<ref name=clean /> The introduction of [[Mexico City Metrobús|Metrobús]] [[bus rapid transit]] and the [[EcoBici (Mexico City)|Ecobici]] bike-sharing were among efforts to encourage alternate, greener forms of transportation.<ref name="harvard" /> == Politics == {{update|section|date=January 2016}} === Political structure === [[File:MexCity-palacio.jpg|thumb|right|The [[National Palace of Mexico]]]] [[File:Senado de México 01.jpg|thumb|right|[[Senate of the Republic (Mexico)|Senate of the Republic]]]] [[File:San lazaro.jpg|thumb|right|[[Legislative Palace of San Lázaro]]]] [[File:Edificio Tlatelolco (S.R.E).JPG|thumb|right|Offices of the [[Secretariat of Foreign Affairs]]]] [[File:Asamblea Legislativa del Distrito Federal Ciudad de México.jpg|thumb|right|Mexico City's Legislative Assembly building]] [[File:Ángel de la Independencia (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Angel of Independence]] on [[Paseo de la Reforma]] avenue.]] The Acta Constitutiva de la Federación of January 31, 1824, and the Federal Constitution of October 4, 1824,<ref>{{cite web |url = http://tarlton.law.utexas.edu/constitutions/text/1824index.html |title = Federal Constitution of the United Mexican States (1824) |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120318225631/http://tarlton.law.utexas.edu/constitutions/text/1824index.html |archivedate = March 18, 2012 }}</ref> fixed the political and administrative organization of the [[Mexico|United Mexican States]] after the [[Mexican War of Independence]]. In addition, Section XXVIII of Article 50 gave the new Congress the right to choose where the federal government would be located. This location would then be appropriated as federal land, with the federal government acting as the local authority. The two main candidates to become the capital were Mexico City and [[Querétaro, Querétaro|Querétaro]].<ref>[http://www.juridicas.unam.mx/publica/rev/boletin/cont/85/art/art13.htm Boletín Mexicano de Derecho Comparado] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410153948/http://www.juridicas.unam.mx/publica/rev/boletin/cont/85/art/art13.htm |date=April 10, 2014 }}. Juridicas.unam.mx. Retrieved on April 12, 2014.</ref> Due in large part to the persuasion of representative [[Servando Teresa de Mier]], Mexico City was chosen because it was the center of the country's population and history, even though Querétaro was closer to the center geographically. The choice was official on November 18, 1824, and Congress delineated a surface area of two leagues square (8,800 acres) centered on the [[Zócalo|Zocalo]]. This area was then separated from the [[State of Mexico]], forcing that state's government to move from the [[Palace of the Inquisition (Museum of Mexican Medicine)|Palace of the Inquisition (now Museum of Mexican Medicine)]] in the city to [[Texcoco, Mexico State|Texcoco]]. This area did not include the population centers of the towns of [[Coyoacán]], [[Xochimilco]], [[San Mateo Mexicaltzingo|Mexicaltzingo]] and [[Tlalpan]], all of which remained as part of the State of Mexico.<ref name="EncMex2003">{{cite encyclopedia |last = Alvarez |first = Jose Rogelio |encyclopedia = Enciclopedia de Mexico |title = Distrito Federal |year = 2003 |publisher = Sabeco International Investment Corp. |volume = IV |language=Spanish |isbn = 978-1-56409-063-8 |pages = 2293–2314 }}</ref> In 1854 president [[Antonio López de Santa Anna]] enlarged the area of Mexico City almost eightfold from the original {{convert|220|to|1700|sqkm|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}}, annexing the rural and mountainous areas to secure the strategic mountain passes to the south and southwest to protect the city in event of a foreign invasion. (The [[Mexican–American War]] had just been fought.) The last changes to the limits of Mexico City were made between 1898 and 1902, reducing the area to the current {{convert|1479|sqkm|sqmi|0|abbr=on}} by adjusting the southern border with the state of [[Morelos]]. By that time, the total number of municipalities within Mexico City was twenty-two. While Mexico City was ruled by the federal government through an appointed governor, the municipalities within it were autonomous, and this duality of powers created tension between the municipalities and the federal government for more than a century. In 1903, Porfirio Díaz largely reduced the powers of the municipalities within the Federal District. Eventually, in December 1928, the federal government decided to abolish all the municipalities of the Federal District. In place of the municipalities, the Federal District was divided into one "Central Department" and 13 ''delegaciones'' (boroughs) administered directly by the government of the Federal District. The Central Department was integrated by the former municipalities of Mexico City, Tacuba, Tacubaya and Mixcoac. In 1941, the [[Pedro María de Anaya|General Anaya]] borough was merged to the Central Department, which was then renamed "Mexico City" (thus reviving the name, but not the autonomous municipality). From 1941 to 1970, the Federal District comprised twelve ''delegaciones'' and Mexico City. In 1970, Mexico City was split into four different ''delegaciones'': [[Cuauhtémoc]], [[Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla|Miguel Hidalgo]], [[Venustiano Carranza]] and [[Benito Juárez]], increasing the number of ''delegaciones'' to 16. Since then, the whole Federal District, whose ''delegaciones'' had by then almost formed a single urban area, began to be considered ''de facto'' a synonym of Mexico City.<ref name="df.gob.mx">[http://www.df.gob.mx/leyes/normatividad.html?materia=1&apartado=15&disp=140 Statute of Government of the Federal District] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080313061806/http://www.df.gob.mx/leyes/normatividad.html?materia=1&apartado=15&disp=140 |date=March 13, 2008}}</ref> The lack of a ''de jure'' stipulation left a legal vacuum that led to a number of sterile discussions about whether one concept had engulfed the other or if the latter had ceased to exist altogether. In 1993, the situation was solved by an amendment to the 44th article of the [[Constitution of Mexico]]; Mexico City and the Federal District were stated to be the same entity. The amendment was later introduced into the second article of the Statute of Government of the Federal District.<ref name="df.gob.mx" /> On January 29, 2016, Mexico City ceased to be the ''Federal District'' (Spanish: ''Distrito Federal'' or D.F.).<ref name=FederalDistrictNowOfficially/> The former "Distrito Federal" is now officially known as "Ciudad de México" (or "CDMX").<ref name=FederalDistrictNowOfficially/> Mexico City is now in transition to become the country's 32nd federal entity, giving it a level of autonomy comparable to that of a state.<ref name=FederalDistrictNowOfficially/> Because of a clause in the Mexican Constitution, however, as it is the seat of the powers of the federation, it can never become a state, or the capital of the country has to be relocated elsewhere.<ref name="UN2"/> Mexico City, being the seat of the powers of the Union, belongs not to any particular state but to all of them. Therefore, the president, representing the federation, used to designate the head of government of the Federal District (today the head of the government of Mexico City), sometimes called outside Mexico as the "Mayor" of Mexico City. {{Citation needed|date=December 2008}} In the 1980s, the dramatic increase in population of the previous decades, the inherent political inconsistencies of the system, and dissatisfaction with the inadequate response of the federal government after the 1985 earthquake made residents begin to request political and administrative autonomy to manage their local affairs. {{Citation needed|date=December 2008}} Some [[political party|political groups]] even proposed that the Federal District be converted into the 32nd state of the federation. In response to the demands, Mexico City received a greater degree of autonomy, with the 1987 elaboration the first Statute of Government (''Estatuto de Gobierno'') and the creation of an assembly of representatives. {{Citation needed|date=December 2008}} In the 1990s, this autonomy was further expanded and since 1997, residents can directly elect the head of government of the Federal District and the representatives of a unicameral Legislative Assembly, which succeeded the previous assembly, by popular vote. The first elected head of government was [[Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas]]. He resigned in 1999 to run in the 2000 [[election|presidential elections]] and designated [[Rosario Robles]] to succeed him, who became the first woman, elected or otherwise, to govern Mexico City. In 2000, [[Andrés Manuel López Obrador]] was elected, and he resigned in 2005 to run in the 2006 presidential elections; [[Alejandro Encinas]] was designated by the Legislative Assembly to finish the term. In 2006, [[Marcelo Ebrard]] was elected to serve until 2012. The city has a Statute of Government, and as of its ratification on 31 January 2017, a [[:es:Constitución Política de la Ciudad de México|constitution]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Constitución Política de la Ciudad de México |url=http://www.infodf.org.mx/documentospdf/constitucion_cdmx/Constitucion_%20Politica_CDMX.pdf |accessdate=16 February 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226004223/http://www.infodf.org.mx/documentospdf/constitucion_cdmx/Constitucion_%20Politica_CDMX.pdf |archivedate=26 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Constitución Política de la Ciudad de México |url=http://gaceta.diputados.gob.mx/ACCM/GP/20170130-AA.pdf |accessdate=16 February 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219175548/http://gaceta.diputados.gob.mx/ACCM/GP/20170130-AA.pdf |archivedate=19 February 2018 |date=30 January 2019}}</ref> similar to the states of the Union. As part of the recent changes in autonomy, the budget is administered locally; it is proposed by the head of government and approved by the Legislative Assembly. Nonetheless, it is the [[Congress of Mexico|Congress of the Union]] that sets the ceiling to internal and external [[government debt|public debt]] issued by the city government.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.finanzas.df.gob.mx/documentos/CodigoFinanciero_2007.pdf |title = Codigo Financiero Del Distrito Federal* |accessdate = April 17, 2010 }}</ref> According to the 44th article of the Mexican Constitution, if the powers of the Union move to another city, Mexico City would become a new state, the "State of the Valley of Mexico", with the new limits set by the Congress of the Union. {{wide image|Federal District buildings on Zocalo Mexico City.jpg|1000px|alt=Government offices in the Zócalo|Government offices in the Zócalo}} === Elections and government === In 2012, elections were held for the post of head of government and the representatives of the Legislative Assembly. Heads of government are elected for a six-year period without the possibility of re-election. Traditionally, the position has been considered as the second most important executive office in the country.<ref>Hamnett, Brian (1999) ''A Concise History of Mexico'' [[Cambridge University Press]]; [[Cambridge]], p. 293</ref> The [[Legislative Assembly of Mexico City]] is formed, as it is the case for state legislatures in Mexico, by both single-seat and proportional seats, making it a system of [[parallel voting]]. Mexico City is divided into 40 electoral constituencies of similar population which elect one representative by the [[plurality voting system]], locally called "uninominal deputies". Mexico City, as a whole, is a single constituency for the parallel election of 26 representatives, elected by [[proportional representation]], with open-party lists, locally called "plurinominal deputies". Even though [[proportionality (political maxim)|proportionality]] is supposed to prevent a party from being overrepresented, several restrictions apply in the assignation of the seats. No party can have more than 63% of all seats, both uninominal and plurinominal. In the 2006 elections, the PRD got the absolute majority in the direct uninominal elections, securing 34 of the 40 FPP seats. As such, the PRD was not assigned any plurinominal seat to comply with the law that prevents over-representation. The overall composition of the Legislative Assembly is: {|class="wikitable" |- ! [[List of political parties in Mexico|Political party]] ! style="width:55pt;"|[[first-past-the-post|FPP]] ! style="width:55pt;"|[[Proportional representation|PR]] ! style="width:55pt;"|Total |- |align="left"|[[File:Morena Party (Mexico).png|25px]] [[National Regeneration Movement]] |style="text-align:center;"|18 |style="text-align:center;"|4 |style="text-align:center;"|22 |- |align="left"|[[File:PRD logo (Mexico).svg|18px]] [[File:PT logo (Mexico).svg|18px]] [[File:PNA logo (Mexico).svg|18px]] [[Party of the Democratic Revolution]] / [[Labor Party (Mexico)|Labour Party]] / [[New Alliance Party (Mexico)|New Alliance Party]] |style="text-align:center;"|14 |style="text-align:center;"|7 |style="text-align:center;"|21 |- |align="left"|[[File:PAN (Mexico).svg|18px]] [[National Action Party (Mexico)|National Action Party]] |style="text-align:center;"|5 |style="text-align:center;"|5 |style="text-align:center;"|10 |- |align="left"|[[File:PRI logo (Mexico).svg|18px]] [[File:PVE Party (Mexico).svg|18px]] [[Institutional Revolutionary Party]] / [[Ecologist Green Party of Mexico]] |style="text-align:center;"|3 |style="text-align:center;"|6 |style="text-align:center;"|9 |- |align="left"|[[File:EncuentroSocial Party (Mexico).png|18px]] [[Social Encounter Party]] |style="text-align:center;"|0 |style="text-align:center;"|2 |style="text-align:center;"|2 |- |align="left"|[[File:PMC logo (Mexico).svg|18px]] [[Citizens' Movement (Mexico)|Citizens' Movement]] |style="text-align:center;"|0 |style="text-align:center;"|1 |style="text-align:center;"|1 |- |align="left"|[[File:Humanista Party (Mexico).png|18px]] [[Humanist Party (Mexico)|Humanist Party]] |style="text-align:center;"|0 |style="text-align:center;"|1 |style="text-align:center;"|1 |- ||'''Total''' ||'''40''' ||'''26''' ||'''66''' |} The politics pursued by the administrations of heads of government in Mexico City since the second half of the 20th century have usually been more liberal than those of the rest of the country, whether with the support of the federal government, as was the case with the approval of several comprehensive environmental laws in the 1980s, or by laws that were since approved by the Legislative Assembly. The Legislative Assembly expanded provisions on abortions, becoming the first federal entity to expand [[abortion in Mexico]] beyond cases of rape and economic reasons, to permit it at the choice of the mother before the 12th week of pregnancy.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/420927.html |title = Aprueba ALDF en lo general reforma sobre el aborto |newspaper = [[El Universal (Mexico City)|El Universal]] |date = April 24, 2007 |accessdate = April 25, 2007 }}</ref> In December 2009, the then Federal District became the first city in Latin America and one of very few in the world to legalize [[same-sex marriage]]. === Boroughs and neighborhoods === {{See also|Mexico City's boroughs|List of neighborhoods in Mexico City|l2=Neighborhoods in Mexico City}} [[File:Boroughs of Mexican Federal District numbered.svg|thumb|right|The 16 boroughs of Mexico City]] [[File:Arco.jpg|thumb|right|Some neighborhoods, such as [[San Ángel]], retain a distinct urban design from their time as independent towns.]] [[File:KoreanRestaurantsFlorenciaStreet.JPG|thumb|right|Korean businesses in the [[Pequeño Seúl]] area of the Zona Rosa.]] For administrative purposes, the Federal District is divided into 16 "delegaciones", or boroughs. While they are not fully equivalent to municipalities, the boroughs have gained significant autonomy, and since 2000, their heads of government have been elected directly by [[plurality voting system|plurality]] (they had been appointed by the head of government of the Federal District). Since Mexico City is organized entirely as a Federal District, most of the [[Municipal services|city services]] are provided or organized by the Government of the Federal District, not by the boroughs themselves; in the [[constituent state]]s, such services would be provided by the municipalities. The boroughs of Mexico City with their 2010 populations are:<ref>[http://mapserver.inegi.org.mx/mgn2k/?s=geo&c=1223 2010 census tables: INEGI] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502025339/http://mapserver.inegi.org.mx/mgn2k/?s=geo&c=1223 |date=May 2, 2013 }}<br />Select ''Municipales'' (Municipal), then ''Descargar'' (Download).</ref> {|cellspacing="8" |- |style="width:50%;"| 1. [[Álvaro Obregón, D.F.|Álvaro Obregón]] (pop. 727,034)<br /> 2. [[Azcapotzalco]] (pop. 414,711)<br /> 3. [[Benito Juárez, D.F.|Benito Juárez]] (pop. 385,439)<br /> 4. [[Coyoacán]] (pop. 620,416)<br /> 5. [[Cuajimalpa]] (pop. 186,391)<br /> 6. [[Cuauhtémoc, D.F.|Cuauhtémoc]] (pop. 531,831)<br /> 7. [[Gustavo A. Madero, D.F.|Gustavo A. Madero]] (pop. 1,185,772)<br /> 8. [[Iztacalco]] (pop. 384,326) |style="width:33%;"| 9. [[Iztapalapa]] (pop. 1,815,786)<br /> 10. [[Magdalena Contreras]] (pop. 239,086)<br /> 11. [[Miguel Hidalgo, D.F.|Miguel Hidalgo]] (pop. 372,889)<br /> 12. [[Milpa Alta]] (pop. 130,582)<br /> 13. [[Tláhuac]] (pop. 360,265)<br /> 14. [[Tlalpan]] (pop. 650,567)<br /> 15. [[Venustiano Carranza, D.F.|Venustiano Carranza]] (pop. 430,978)<br /> 16. [[Xochimilco]] (pop. 415,007) |} The boroughs are composed by hundreds of ''[[Colonias of Mexico City|colonias]]'' or [[Neighbourhood|neighborhoods]], which have no jurisdictional autonomy or representation. The [[Historic center of Mexico City|Historic Center]], in the borough of [[Cuauhtémoc, Mexico City|Cuauhtémoc]], is the oldest part of the city (along with some other, formerly separate colonial towns such as [[Coyoacán]] and [[San Ángel]]), some of the buildings [[List of oldest structures in Mexico City|dating back to the 16th century]]. Other well-known central neighborhoods include [[Condesa]], known for its [[Art Deco]] architecture and its restaurant scene; [[Colonia Roma]], a [[Beaux-Arts architecture|beaux arts]] neighborhood and artistic and culinary hot-spot, the [[Zona Rosa, Mexico City|Zona Rosa]], formerly the center of nightlife and restaurants, now reborn as the center of the [[LGBT in Mexico|LGBT]] and [[Koreans in Mexico|Korean-Mexican]] communities; and [[Tepito]] and [[La Lagunilla]], known for their local working-class folklore and large [[flea market]]s. [[Santa María la Ribera]] and [[Colonia San Rafael|San Rafael]] are the latest neighborhoods of magnificent [[Porfiriato]] architecture seeing the first signs of gentrification. West of the [[Historic center of Mexico City|Historic Center]] (''Centro Histórico'') along [[Paseo de la Reforma]] are many of the city's wealthiest neighborhoods such as [[Polanco]], [[Lomas de Chapultepec]], [[Bosques de las Lomas]], [[Santa Fe, Mexico City|Santa Fe]], and (in the State of Mexico) [[Interlomas]], which are also the city's most important areas of class A office space, corporate headquarters, skyscrapers and shopping malls. Nevertheless, some areas of lower-income ''colonias'' are right next to rich neighborhoods, particularly in the case of Santa Fe. The south of the city is home to some other high-income neighborhoods such as [[Colonia del Valle]] and [[Jardines del Pedregal]] and the formerly separate colonial towns of [[Coyoacán]], [[San Ángel]], and San Jerónimo. Along [[Avenida de los Insurgentes|Avenida Insurgentes]] from [[Paseo de la Reforma]], near the center, south past the [[World Trade Center Mexico City|World Trade Center]] and [[UNAM]] university towards the [[Periférico]] ring road, is another important corridor of corporate office space. The far-southern boroughs of [[Xochimilco]] and [[Tláhuac]] have a significant rural population, with [[Milpa Alta]] being entirely rural. East of the center are mostly lower-income areas with some middle-class neighborhoods such as Jardín Balbuena. Urban sprawl continues further east for many miles into the State of Mexico, including [[Ciudad Nezahualcoyotl]], now increasingly middle-class, but once full of informal settlements. Such slums are still found on the eastern edges of the metropolitan area in the [[Valle de Chalco|Chalco]] area. North of the Historic Center, [[Azcapotzalco]] and [[Gustavo A. Madero, D.F.|Gustavo A. Madero]] have important industrial centers and neighborhoods that range from established middle-class ''colonias'' such as Claveria and [[Lindavista]] to huge low-income housing areas that share hillsides with adjacent municipalities in the [[State of Mexico]]. In recent years, much of northern Mexico City's industry has moved to nearby municipalities in the [[State of Mexico]]. Northwest of Mexico City itself is [[Ciudad Satélite]], a vast middle to upper-middle-class residential and business area. The [[Human Development Index]] report of 2005 <ref name="DISTRITO FEDERAL">{{cite web|url=http://www.undp.org.mx/IMG/pdf/Distrito_Federal.pdf |title=Panorama de la entidad (Panorama of the entity) |language=Spanish |accessdate=September 19, 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203130742/http://www.undp.org.mx/IMG/pdf/Distrito_Federal.pdf |archivedate=December 3, 2012 |df= }}</ref> shows that there were three boroughs with a very high Human Development Index, 12 with a high HDI value (9 above .85) and one with a medium HDI value (almost high). [[Benito Juarez, D.F.|Benito Juárez]] borough had the highest HDI of the country (0.9510) followed by [[Miguel Hidalgo, D.F.|Miguel Hidalgo]] which came up fourth nationally with a HDI of (0.9189) and [[Coyoacán]] was fifth nationally, with a HDI of (0.9169). [[Cuajimalpa]] (15th), [[Cuauhtémoc (23rd), D.F.|Cuauhtémoc]] and [[Azcapotzalco]] (25th) also had very high values of respectively 0.8994, 0.8922, and 0.8915. In contrast, the boroughs of [[Xochimilco]] (172nd), [[Tláhuac]] (177th), and [[Iztapalapa]] (183rd) presented the lowest HDI values of Mexico City with values of 0.8481, 0.8473, and 0.8464 respectively, which are still in the global high-HDI range. The only borough that did not have a high HDI was that of rural [[Milpa Alta]], which had a "medium" HDI of 0.7984, far below all of the other boroughs (627th nationally, the rest being in the top 200). Mexico City's HDI for the 2005 report was of 0.9012 (very high), and its 2010 value of 0.9225 (very high), or (by newer methodology) 0.8307, was Mexico's highest. === Metropolitan area === {{Main|Greater Mexico City}} [[File:MX-DF-Crecimiento de la ciudad de México.png|thumb|right|Growth of Mexico city's area from 1900 to 2000]] Greater Mexico City is formed by Mexico City, 60 municipalities from the [[State of Mexico]] and one from the state of [[Hidalgo (state)|Hidalgo]]. [[Greater Mexico City]] is the [[list of metropolitan areas of Mexico|largest metropolitan area in Mexico]] and the area with the highest population density. {{As of|2009}}, 21,163,226 people live in this urban agglomeration, of which 8,841,916 live in Mexico City proper.<ref name="ZMVM 2009" /> In terms of population, the biggest municipalities that are part of Greater Mexico City (excluding Mexico City proper) are:<ref>[http://www.inegi.org.mx/sistemas/TabuladosBasicos/preliminares2010.aspx Censo de Población y Vivienda 2010 Resultados preliminares (choose drop down Mexico for state)] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103004900/http://www.inegi.org.mx/sistemas/TabuladosBasicos/preliminares2010.aspx |date=November 3, 2014 }}</ref> * [[Ecatepec de Morelos]] ({{abbr|pop.|population}} 1,658,806) * [[Ciudad Nezahualcóyotl|Nezahualcóyotl]] (pop. 1,109,363) * [[Naucalpan]] (pop. 833,782) * [[Tlalnepantla de Baz]] (pop. 664,160) * [[Chimalhuacán]] (pop. 602,079) * [[Cuautitlán Izcalli]] (pop. 532,973) * [[Atizapan de Zaragoza]] (pop. 489,775) * [[Ixtapaluca]] (pop. 467,630) The above municipalities are located in the state of Mexico but are part of the Greater Mexico City area. Approximately 75% (10 million) of the state of México's population live in municipalities that are part of Greater Mexico City's conurbation. Greater Mexico City was the fastest growing metropolitan area in the country until the late 1980s. Since then, and through a policy of decentralization in order to reduce the environmental pollutants of the growing conurbation, the annual rate of growth of the agglomeration has decreased, and it is lower than that of the other four largest metropolitan areas (namely [[Greater Guadalajara]], [[Greater Monterrey]], [[Greater Puebla]] and [[Greater Toluca]]) even though it is still positive.<ref name=sintesis>[http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/proyectos/conteos/conteo2005/sintesis.pps Síntesis de Resultados del Conteo 2005] INEGI</ref> The [[net migration rate]] of Mexico City proper from 1995 to 2000 was negative,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t=mpob62&c=3883&e=09 |title=Tasa de emigración, inmigración y migración neta de las entidades federativas |publisher=Inegi.gob.mx |date= |accessdate=May 26, 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510155316/http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t=mpob62&c=3883&e=09 |archivedate=May 10, 2013 |df= }}</ref> which implies that residents are moving to the suburbs of the metropolitan area, or to other states of Mexico. In addition, some inner suburbs are losing population to outer suburbs, indicating the continuing expansion of Greater Mexico City. == Law enforcement == {{Main|Law enforcement in Mexico City}} [[File:05022012Convenio ssp tlalpan mondragon pompa070.JPG|thumb|right|Officers of the [[Secretariat of Public Security]]]] The Secretariat of Public Security of Mexico City (Secretaría de Seguridad Pública de la Ciudad de México – SSP) manages a combined force of over 90,000 officers in Mexico City. The SSP is charged with maintaining [[Public order crime|public order]] and safety in the heart of Mexico City. The historic district is also roamed by tourist police, aiming to orient and serve tourists. These horse-mounted agents dress in traditional uniforms. The investigative Judicial Police of Mexico City (Policía Judicial de la Ciudad de México – PJCDMX) is organized under the Office of the [[Attorney General of Mexico|Attorney General]] of Mexico City (the Procuraduría General de Justicia de la Ciudad de México). The PGJCDMX maintains 16 precincts (delegaciones) with an estimated 3,500 judicial police, 1,100 investigating agents for prosecuting attorneys (agentes del ministerio público), and nearly 1,000 criminology experts or specialists (peritos). Between 2000 and 2004 an average of 478 crimes were reported each day in Mexico City; however, the actual crime rate is thought to be much higher "since most people are reluctant to report crime".<ref>{{cite news|last=Reuters |title=Police say Giuliani helps cut Mexico City crime |url=http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/mexico/20040512-1639-crime-mexico.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040609044928/http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/mexico/20040512-1639-crime-mexico.html |dead-url=yes |archive-date=June 9, 2004 |newspaper=San Diego Union-Tribune |date=May 12, 2004 |accessdate=September 15, 2009 }}</ref> Under policies enacted by Mayor [[Marcelo Ebrard]] between 2009 and 2011, Mexico City underwent a major security upgrade with violent and petty crime rates both falling significantly despite the rise in violent crime in other parts of the country. Some of the policies enacted included the installation of 11,000 [[security camera]]s around the city and a very large expansion of the police force. Mexico City has one of the world's highest police officer-to-resident ratios, with one uniformed officer per 100 citizens.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/americas/security-central-in-mexico-citys-makeover/article2084076 |title = Security central in Mexico City's makeover |work = The Globe and Mail |accessdate = May 18, 2015 }}</ref> Since 1997 the prison population has increased by more than 500%.<ref name=mueller>{{cite news |url = http://www.digital-development-debates.org/issue-18-cities--mexico-city--punishing-the-informal.html |title = Punishing the informal |work = Digital Development Debats. |accessdate = August 31, 2016 }}</ref> Political scientist Markus-Michael Müller argues that mostly informal street vendors are hit by these measures. He sees punishment "related to the growing politicisation of security and crime issues and the resulting criminalisation of the people living at the margins of urban society, in particular those who work in the city's informal economy."<ref name=mueller/> == Health == [[File:Secretaría de Salud, México D.F., México, 2014-10-13, DD 12.JPG|thumb|right|[[Secretariat of Health (Mexico)|Secretariat of Health building]]]] Mexico City is home to some of the best private hospitals in the country, including Hospital Ángeles, Hospital ABC and Médica Sur. The national [[Publicly-funded health care|public healthcare]] institution for [[private sector|private-sector]] employees, [[Mexican Social Security Institute|IMSS]], has its largest facilities in Mexico City—including the National Medical Center and the [[La Raza]] Medical Center—and has an annual budget of over 6&nbsp;billion pesos. The IMSS and other [[public health]] institutions, including the ISSSTE (Public Sector Employees' Social Security Institute) and the National Health Ministry (SSA) maintain large specialty facilities in the city. These include the National Institutes of Cardiology, Nutrition, Psychiatry, Oncology, Pediatrics, Rehabilitation, among others. The [[World Bank Group|World Bank]] has sponsored a project to curb air pollution through public transport improvements and the Mexican government has started shutting down polluting factories. They have phased out diesel buses and mandated new emission controls on new cars; since 1993 all new cars must be fitted with a [[catalytic converter]], which reduces the emissions released. Trucks must use only [[liquefied petroleum gas]] (LPG). Also construction of an [[Mexico City Metro|underground rail system]] was begun in 1968 in order to help curb air pollution problems and alleviate [[traffic congestion]]. It currently has over {{convert|201|km|0|abbr=on}} of track and carries over 5 million people every day. Fees are kept low to encourage use of the system and during [[rush hour]]s the crush is so great, that authorities have reserved a special carriage specifically for women. Due to these initiatives and others, the air quality in Mexico City has begun to improve; it is currently cleaner than it was in 1991, when the air quality was declared to be a public health risk for 355 days of the year.{{citation needed|date=June 2012}} == Economy == [[File:Bolsa Mexicana de Valores.png|thumb|right|[[Mexican Stock Exchange]] in [[Paseo de la Reforma]], Mexico City]] Mexico City is one of the most important economic hubs in [[Latin America]]. The city proper produces 15.8% of the country's [[gross domestic product]].<ref name="INEGI">{{cite web|url=http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t=cuna14&c=1669 |title=Producto interno bruto por entidad federativa. Participación sectorial por entidad federative |language=Spanish |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070714181238/http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t=cuna14&c=1669 |archivedate=July 14, 2007 |df= }}</ref> According to a study conducted by [[PricewaterhouseCoopers|PwC]], Mexico City had a GDP of $390&nbsp;billion, ranking it as the eighth richest city in the world and the richest in Latin America.<ref name="ukmediacentre.pwc.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID=1562 |title=Emerging market city economies set to rise rapidly in global GDP rankings says PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP |author=PricewaterhouseCoopers |publisher=UK Media Centre |date=February 11, 2009 |accessdate=December 27, 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504031739/https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID=1562 |archivedate=May 4, 2011 |df= }}</ref> Mexico City alone would rank as the 30th largest economy in the world.<ref name="emporis">{{cite web|url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/ci/?id=101008 |title=Emporis |accessdate=January 9, 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080317113146/http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/ci/?id=101008 |archivedate=March 17, 2008 |df= }}</ref> Mexico City is the greatest contributor to the country's industrial GDP (15.8%) and also the greatest contributor to the country's GDP in the [[Tertiary sector of the economy|service sector]] (25.3%). Due to the limited non-urbanized space at the south—most of which is protected through environmental laws—the contribution of Mexico City in agriculture is the smallest of all federal entities in the country.<ref name="INEGI" /> Mexico City has one of the world's fastest-growing economies and its GDP is set to double from 2008 to 2020.<ref name="furness">{{Cite journal |last = Furness |first = Charlie |date = April 2008 |title = Boomtown |journal = Geographical |volume = 80 |issue = 4 |pages = 36–45 |id = 0016741X }}</ref> In 2002, Mexico City had a [[Human Development Index]] score of 0.915,<ref>{{cite web |url = http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/global/hdr2006/chapters/spanish/ |title = HDR 2006 &#124; Spanish &#124; Human Development Reports (HDR) &#124; United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) |publisher = Hdr.undp.org |accessdate = April 17, 2011 }}</ref> identical to that of [[international rankings of South Korea|South Korea]]. The top twelve percent of GDP per capita holders in the city had a mean [[disposable and discretionary income|disposable income]] of {{US$|98,517|link=yes}} in 2007. The high spending power of Mexico City inhabitants makes the city attractive for companies offering prestige and [[luxury goods]]. The economic reforms of President [[Carlos Salinas de Gortari]] had a tremendous effect on the city, as a number of businesses, including banks and airlines, were privatized. He also signed the [[North American Free Trade Agreement]] (NAFTA). This led to decentralization<ref name="furness" /> and a shift in Mexico City's economic base, from manufacturing to services, as most factories moved away to either the [[State of Mexico]], or more commonly to the northern border. By contrast, corporate office buildings set their base in the city. == Demographics == [[File:Basilica de Guadalupe, tambien llamada La Villa..JPG|thumb|right|[[Villa de Guadalupe, Mexico City|La Villa de Guadalupe]], the main Catholic pilgrimage site in the Americas]] [[File:Visita guiada a las dos sinagogas de Justo Sierra (Centro, México, D.F.) 03.jpg|thumb|right|Justo Sierra 83 Synagogue, [[Justo Sierra Street]]]] Historically, and since [[Pre-Columbian era|Pre-Columbian]] times, the [[Valley of Mexico|Valley of Anahuac]] has been one of the most densely populated areas in Mexico. When the Federal District was created in 1824, the urban area of Mexico City extended approximately to the area of today's [[Cuauhtémoc, Mexico City|Cuauhtémoc borough]]. At the beginning of the 20th century, the ''elites'' began migrating to the south and west and soon the small towns of [[Mixcoac]] and [[San Ángel]] were incorporated by the growing conurbation. According to the 1921 census, 54.78% of the city's population was considered Mestizo (Indigenous mixed with European), 22.79% considered European, and 18.74% considered Indigenous.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.houstonculture.org/hispanic/census.html |title = The Hispanic Experience – Indigenous Identity in Mexico |publisher = Houstonculture.org |accessdate = April 17, 2011 }}</ref> This was the last Mexican Census which asked people to self-identify with a heritage other than Amerindian. However, the census had the particularity that, unlike racial/ethnic census in other countries, it was focused in the perception of [[cultural heritage]] rather than in a racial perception, leading to a good number of white people to identify with "Mixed heritage" due to cultural influence.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.redalyc.org/pdf/105/10503808.pdf |title=Composición Étnica de las Tres Áreas Culturales del Continente Americano al Comienzo del Siglo XXI |work=Academic investigation |publisher=university of the State of Mexico |year=2005 |accessdate=June 10, 2014 |language=Spanish |page=196 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022220348/http://www.redalyc.org/pdf/105/10503808.pdf |archivedate=October 22, 2013 |df= }}</ref> In 1921, Mexico City had less than one million inhabitants. Up to the 1990s, the Federal District was the most populous [[Political divisions of Mexico|federal entity]] in Mexico, but since then its population has remained stable at around 8.7&nbsp;million. The growth of the city has extended beyond the limits of the Federal District to 59 municipalities of the [[State of Mexico]] and 1 in the state of [[Hidalgo (state)|Hidalgo]].<ref name="CONAPOzm2005">[https://web.archive.org/web/20090506013007/http://www.conapo.gob.mx/publicaciones/dzm2005/index.htm Consejo Nacional de Población, México; Delimitación de las zonas metropolitanas de México 2005]. Retrieved September 27, 2008. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206100054/http://www.conapo.gob.mx/publicaciones/dzm2005/index.htm |date=December 6, 2008 }}</ref> With a population of approximately 19.8&nbsp;million inhabitants (2008),<ref name="CONAPOProy2">{{cite web|url=http://www.conapo.gob.mx/00cifras/5.htm |title=Consejo Nacional de Población, México; Proyecciones de la Población de México 2005–2050 |accessdate=October 12, 2007 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012092602/http://www.conapo.gob.mx/00cifras/5.htm |archivedate=October 12, 2007 |df=mdy }} Total projected population of Mexico City and the 60 other municipalities of ''Zona metropolitana del Valle de México'', as defined in 2005. Retrieved September 27, 2008.</ref> it is one of the most populous conurbations in the world. Nonetheless, the annual rate of growth of the [[Greater Mexico City|Metropolitan Area of Mexico City]] is much lower than that of other large urban agglomerations in Mexico,<ref name="sintesis" /> a phenomenon most likely attributable to the [[environmental policy]] of decentralization. The [[net migration rate]] of Mexico City from 1995 to 2000 was negative.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t=mpob62&c=3883&e=09 |title=Tasa de emigración, inmigración y migración neta de las entidades federativas |publisher=Inegi.gob.mx |accessdate=April 17, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510155316/http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t=mpob62&c=3883&e=09 |archivedate=May 10, 2013 |df= }}</ref> Representing around 18.74% of the city's population, [[Indigenous peoples in Mexico|indigenous peoples]] from different areas of Mexico have migrated to the capital in search of better economic opportunities. [[Nahuatl]], [[Otomi language|Otomi]], [[Mixtec]], [[Zapotec languages|Zapotec]] and [[Mazahua language|Mazahua]] are the indigenous languages with the greatest number of speakers in Mexico City.<ref>[http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t=mlen23&c=4169&e=09 Población de 5 y más años hablante de lengua indígena por principales lenguas, 2005] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722062155/http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t=mlen23&c=4169&e=09 |date=July 22, 2011 }} INEGI</ref> === Nationality === On the other hand, Mexico City is also home to large communities of [[expatriate]]s and immigrants, most notably from the rest of North America (U.S. and Canada), from South America (mainly from [[Argentine people|Argentina]] and [[Colombian people|Colombia]], but also from [[Brazilian people|Brazil]], [[Chilean people|Chile]], [[Uruguayan people|Uruguay]] and [[Venezuelan people|Venezuela]]), from Central America and the Caribbean (mainly from [[Cubans|Cuba]], [[Demographics of Guatemala|Guatemala]], [[List of Salvadorans|El Salvador]], [[Haitian people|Haiti]] and [[Hondurans|Honduras]]); from Europe (mainly from [[Spanish people|Spain]], [[Germans|Germany]] and [[Swiss people|Switzerland]], but also from [[Czechs|Czech Republic]], [[Hungarian people|Hungary]], [[French people|France]], [[Italian people|Italy]], [[Irish people|Ireland]], [[Dutch people|the Netherlands]], [[Polish people|Poland]] and [[Romanians|Romania]]),<ref name="extranjeros">{{cite web|url=http://redalyc.uaemex.mx/redalyc/pdf/151/15103202.pdf |title=Asociaciones de Inmigrantes Extranjeros en la Ciudad de México. Una Mirada a Fines del Siglo XX |accessdate=April 17, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090704104421/http://redalyc.uaemex.mx/redalyc/pdf/151/15103202.pdf |archivedate=July 4, 2009 |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://historiamexicana.colmex.mx/pdf/13/art_13_1938_16335.pdf |title=Los extranjeros en México, la inmigración y el gobierno ¿Tolerancia o intolerancia religiosa? |accessdate=April 17, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327124211/http://historiamexicana.colmex.mx/pdf/13/art_13_1938_16335.pdf |archivedate=March 27, 2009 |df= }}</ref> from the Middle East (mainly from [[Egyptians|Egypt]], [[List of Lebanese people in Mexico|Lebanon]] and [[Syrian people|Syria]]);<ref>{{cite web|url=http://confines.mty.itesm.mx/articulos2/GarciaRE.pdf |title=Los árabes de México. Asimilación y herencia cultural |accessdate=April 17, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327124211/https://confines.mty.itesm.mx/articulos2/GarciaRE.pdf |archivedate=March 27, 2009 |df=mdy }}</ref> and recently from Asia-Pacific (mainly from [[Chinese people|China]] and [[Korean people|South Korea]]).<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.esmas.com/noticierostelevisa/mexico/443030.html |title = Conmemoran 100 años de inmigración coreana |publisher = Esmas.com |accessdate = April 17, 2010 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100122103834/http://www.esmas.com/noticierostelevisa/mexico/443030.html |archivedate = January 22, 2010 }}</ref> Historically since the era of [[New Spain]], many [[Filipino people|Filipinos]] settled in the city and have become integrated in Mexican society. While no official figures have been reported, [[Census|population estimates]] of each of these communities are quite significant. Mexico City is home to the largest population of [[Demographics of the United States|U.S. Americans]] living outside the United States. Current estimates are as high as 700,000 U.S. Americans living in Mexico City, while in 1999 the U.S. Bureau of Consular Affairs estimated over 440,000 Americans lived in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area.<ref>{{cite web |author1 = Carl Franz |author2 = Lorena Havens |lastauthoramp = yes |url = http://www.peoplesguide.com/1pages/retire/work/bil-maste/%232americans.html |title = How Many Americans Live in Mexico? |publisher = Peoplesguide.com |accessdate = April 17, 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.overseasdigest.com/amcit_nu2.htm |title = Private American Citizens Residing Abroad |publisher = Overseasdigest.com |accessdate = April 17, 2010 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100326040310/http://www.overseasdigest.com/amcit_nu2.htm |archivedate = March 26, 2010 }}</ref> === Religion === The majority (82%) of the residents in Mexico City are Roman Catholic, slightly lower than the 2010 census national percentage of 87%, though it has been decreasing over the last decades.<ref>[http://cuentame.inegi.org.mx/monografias/informacion/df/poblacion/diversidad.aspx?tema=me&e=09 Volumen y porcentaje de la población de 5 y más años católica por entidad federativa, 2010] INEGI</ref> Many other religions and philosophies are also practiced in the city: many different types of [[Protestantism|Protestant]] groups, different types of [[History of the Jews in Mexico|Jewish communities]], [[Buddhism|Buddhist]], [[Islamic]] and other [[Spirituality|spiritual]] and [[philosophical]] groups. There are also growing{{citation needed|date=May 2016}} numbers of irreligious people, whether [[agnostic]] or [[atheist]]. The patron saint of Mexico City is saint [[Philip of Jesus]], a [[Mexican people|Mexican]] [[Catholic]] missionary who became one of the [[Twenty-six Martyrs of Japan]].<ref>Ronald J. Morgan, ''Spanish American Saints and the Rhetoric of Identity, 1600–1810.'' Tucson: University of Arizona Press 2002, pp. 143–169</ref> == Culture == ===Tourism=== {{Wikivoyage}} [[File:Turibus Ciudad de Mexico.jpg|thumb|right|The Turibus runs through many of the most important tourist attractions in the city.]] Mexico City is a destination for many foreign tourists. Wikipedia's sister project [[Wikivoyage]] has useful information on tourism in Mexico City. The [[Historic center of Mexico City]] (''Centro Histórico'') and the "floating gardens" of [[Xochimilco]] in the southern borough have been declared [[World Heritage Site]]s by [[UNESCO]]. Landmarks in the Historic Center include the [[Zócalo|Plaza de la Constitución]] (Zócalo), the main central square with its epoch-contrasting Spanish-era [[Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral|Metropolitan Cathedral]] and [[National Palace (Mexico)|National Palace]], ancient Aztec temple ruins [[Templo Mayor]] ("Major Temple") and modern structures, all within a few steps of one another. (The Templo Mayor was discovered in 1978 while workers were digging to place underground electric cables). The most recognizable icon of Mexico City is the golden [[Angel of Independence]] on the wide, elegant avenue [[Paseo de la Reforma]], modeled by the order of the Emperor [[Maximilian I of Mexico|Maximilian of Mexico]] after the [[Champs-Élysées]] in Paris. This avenue was designed over the Americas' oldest known major roadway in the 19th century to connect the [[National Palace (Mexico)|National Palace]] (seat of government) with the [[Chapultepec Castle|Castle of Chapultepec]], the imperial residence. Today, this avenue is an important financial district in which the [[Mexican Stock Exchange]] and several [[corporate headquarters]] are located. Another important avenue is the [[Avenida de los Insurgentes]], which extends {{convert|28.8|km|mi|abbr=on}} and is one of the longest single avenues in the world. [[Chapultepec]] Park houses the [[Chapultepec Castle]], now a museum on a hill that overlooks the park and its numerous museums, monuments and the national zoo and the [[Museo Nacional de Antropología|National Museum of Anthropology]] (which houses the [[Aztec calendar stone|Aztec Calendar Stone]]). Another piece of architecture is the [[Palacio de Bellas Artes|Fine Arts Palace]], a white marble theatre/museum whose weight is such that it has gradually been sinking into the soft ground below. Its construction began during the presidency of [[Porfirio Díaz]] and ended in 1934, after being interrupted by the [[Mexican Revolution]] in the 1920s. The [[Plaza de las Tres Culturas|Plaza of the Three Cultures]] in the [[Tlatelolco (Mexico City)|Tlatelolco]] neighbourhood, and the shrine and [[Basilica]]s of [[Our Lady of Guadalupe]] are also important sites. There is a [[double-decker bus]], known as the "Turibus", that circles most of these sites, and has timed audio describing the sites in multiple languages as they are passed. In addition, the city has about 160 museums—the world's greatest single metropolitan concentration <ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.stay.com/mexico-city/museum/ |title = Museums in Mexico City |publisher = Stay.com |date = May 14, 2013 |accessdate = May 26, 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120525140058/http://www.stay.com/mexico-city/museum/ |archive-date = 25 May 2012 |dead-url = yes |df = dmy-all }}</ref>—over 100 [[art museum|art galleries]], and some 30 [[List of concert halls|concert halls]], all of which maintain a constant cultural activity during the whole year. It has either the third or fourth-highest number of theatres in the world after New York, London and perhaps Toronto. Many areas (e.g. Palacio Nacional and the [[National Institute of Cardiology]]) have murals painted by [[Diego Rivera]]. He and his wife [[Frida Kahlo]] lived in [[Coyoacán]], where several of their homes, studios, and art collections are open to the public. The house where [[Leon Trotsky]] was initially granted asylum and finally murdered in 1940 is also in Coyoacán. In addition, there are several restored ''haciendas'' that are now restaurants, such as the San Ángel Inn, the Hacienda de Tlalpan, Hacienda de Cortés and the Hacienda de los Morales. === Art === {{Main|Mexican art}} [[File:Bellas Artes 01.jpg|275px|thumb|right|[[Palacio de Bellas Artes]] is the prominent cultural center in the city]] Having been capital of a vast pre-Hispanic empire, and also the capital of richest viceroyalty within the [[Spanish Empire]] (ruling over a vast territory in the Americas and [[Spanish West Indies]]), and, finally, the capital of the United Mexican States, Mexico City has a rich history of [[Mexican art|artistic expression]]. Since the mesoamerican pre-Classical period the inhabitants of the settlements around Lake Texcoco produced many works of art and complex craftsmanship, some of which are today displayed at the world-renowned [[Museo Nacional de Antropología|National Museum of Anthropology]] and the ''[[Templo Mayor]]'' museum. While many pieces of pottery and stone-engraving have survived, the great majority of the Amerindian iconography was destroyed during the [[Conquest of Mexico]].{{citation needed|date=July 2017}} Much of the early colonial art stemmed from the codices (Aztec illustrated books), aiming to recover and preserve some Aztec and other Amerindian iconography and history. From then, artistic expressions in Mexico were mostly religious in theme. The [[Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral|Metropolitan Cathedral]] still displays works by [[Juan de Rojas]], [[Juan Correa]] and an [[oil painting]] whose authorship has been attributed to [[Bartolomé Esteban Murillo|Murillo]].{{citation needed|date =July 2017}} Secular works of art of this period include the [[equestrian statue|equestrian sculpture]] of [[Charles IV of Spain]], locally known as ''El Caballito'' ("The little horse"). This piece, in bronze, was the work of [[Manuel Tolsá]] and it has been placed at the [[Plaza Tolsá]], in front of the [[Palacio de Mineria]] ([[Mining Palace]]). Directly in front of this building is the [[Museo Nacional de Arte]] (Munal) (the National Museum of Art). [[File:ReceptHallMUNAL.JPG|thumb|left|Receptions Hall at the [[Museo Nacional de Arte]]]] During the 19th century, an important producer of art was the Academia de San Carlos ([[San Carlos Art Academy]]), founded during colonial times, and which later became the Escuela Nacional de Artes Plásticas (the [[National School of Arts (UNAM)|National School of Arts]]) including painting, sculpture and graphic design, one of UNAM's [[art school]]s. Many of the works produced by the students and faculty of that time are now displayed in the Museo Nacional de San Carlos ([[National Museum of San Carlos]]). One of the students, [[José María Velasco Gómez|José María Velasco]], is considered one of the greatest Mexican landscape painters of the 19th century. [[Porfirio Díaz]]'s regime sponsored arts, especially those that followed the French school. Popular arts in the form of cartoons and illustrations flourished, e.g. those of [[José Guadalupe Posada]] and [[Manuel Manilla]]. The permanent collection of the San Carlos Museum also includes paintings by European masters such as Rembrandt, Velázquez, Murillo, and Rubens. After the [[Mexican Revolution]], an [[avant-garde]] [[art movement|artistic movement]] originated in Mexico City: [[mural]]ism. Many of the works of muralists [[José Clemente Orozco]], [[David Alfaro Siqueiros]] and [[Diego Rivera]] are displayed in numerous buildings in the city, most notably at the [[National Palace (Mexico)|National Palace]] and the [[Palacio de Bellas Artes]]. [[Frida Kahlo]], wife of Rivera, with a strong nationalist expression, was also one of the most renowned of Mexican painters. Her house has become a museum that displays many of her works.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.museofridakahlo.org.mx/en/the-blue-house/#back-top|title=The Blue House – Frida Kahlo Museum|website=www.museofridakahlo.org.mx|language=en-US|access-date=2018-10-02}}</ref> The former home of Rivera muse [[Dolores Olmedo]] houses the namesake museum. The facility is in Xochimilco borough in southern Mexico City and includes several buildings surrounded by sprawling manicured lawns. It houses a large collection of Rivera and Kahlo paintings and drawings, as well as living ''Xoloizcuintles'' ([[Mexican Hairless Dog]]). It also regularly hosts small but important temporary exhibits of classical and [[modern art]] (e.g. Venetian Masters and Contemporary New York artists). During the 20th century, many artists immigrated to Mexico City from different regions of Mexico, such as [[Leopoldo Méndez]], an engraver from Veracruz, who supported the creation of the socialist Taller de la Gráfica Popular ([[Popular Graphics Workshop]]), designed to help [[Blue-collar worker|blue-collar]] workers find a venue to express their art. Other painters came from abroad, such as [[Catalonia|Catalan]] painter [[Remedios Varo]] and other Spanish and Jewish exiles. It was in the second half of the 20th century that the artistic movement began to drift apart from the Revolutionary theme. [[José Luis Cuevas]] opted for a modernist style in contrast to the muralist movement associated with social politics. === Museums === [[File:OutsideCasaAzul.JPG|thumb|right|[[Museo Frida Kahlo]]]] [[File:Soumaya201808p2.jpg|thumb|right|[[Museo Soumaya]]]] Mexico City has numerous museums dedicated to art, including Mexican colonial, modern and [[contemporary art]], and international art. The Museo Tamayo was opened in the mid-1980s to house the collection of international contemporary art donated by famed Mexican (born in the state of Oaxaca) painter [[Rufino Tamayo]]. The collection includes pieces by Picasso, Klee, Kandinsky, Warhol and many others, though most of the collection is stored while visiting exhibits are shown. The [[Museo de Arte Moderno]] ([[Museum of Modern Art]]) is a repository of Mexican artists from the 20th century, including Rivera, Orozco, Siqueiros, Kahlo, [[Gerzso]], Carrington, Tamayo, among others, and also regularly hosts temporary exhibits of international modern art. In southern Mexico City, the Museo Carrillo Gil ([[Carrillo Gil Museum]]) showcases avant-garde artists, as does the University Museum/Contemporary Art ([[Museo Universitario Arte Contemporáneo]] – or MUAC), designed by famed Mexican architect [[Teodoro González de León]], inaugurated in late 2008. The [[Museo Soumaya]], named after the wife of Mexican magnate [[Carlos Slim]], has the largest private collection of original [[Auguste Rodin|Rodin]] sculptures outside Paris.{{citation needed|date=July 2017}} It also has a large collection of [[Dalí]] sculptures, and recently began showing pieces in its masters collection including [[El Greco]], [[Velázquez]], [[Picasso]] and [[Canaletto]]. The museum inaugurated a new futuristic-design facility in 2011 just north of Polanco, while maintaining a smaller facility in [[Plaza de Loreto]] in southern Mexico City. The [[Colección Júmex]] is a contemporary art museum located on the sprawling grounds of the [[Jumex]] juice company in the northern industrial suburb of [[San Cristóbal Ecatepec|Ecatepec]]. It is said to have the largest private contemporary art collection in [[Latin America]] and hosts pieces from its permanent collection as well as traveling exhibits by leading contemporary artists. The new [[Museo Júmex]] in [[Nuevo Polanco]] was slated to open in November 2013. The Museo de San Ildefonso, housed in the Antiguo Colegio de San Ildefonso in Mexico City's historic downtown district is a 17th-century colonnaded palace housing an art museum that regularly hosts world-class exhibits of Mexican and international art. Recent exhibits have included those on [[David LaChapelle]], [[Antony Gormley]] and [[Ron Mueck]]. The National Museum of Art (Museo Nacional de Arte) is also located in a former palace in the historic center. It houses a large collection of pieces by all major Mexican artists of the last 400 years and also hosts visiting exhibits. [[File:Hochob Campeche - Rekonstruktion des Tempels.jpg|thumb|left|Reconstruction of the entrance to the Hochob temple in the [[National Museum of Anthropology]]]] [[Jack Kerouac]], the noted American author, spent extended periods of time in the city, and wrote his masterpiece volume of poetry ''[[Mexico City Blues]]'' here. Another American author, [[William S. Burroughs]], also lived in the [[Colonia Roma]] neighborhood of the city for some time. It was here that he accidentally shot his wife. Most of Mexico City's more than 150 museums can be visited from Tuesday to Sunday from 10&nbsp;am to 5&nbsp;pm, although some of them have extended schedules, such as the Museum of Anthropology and History, which is open to 7&nbsp;pm. In addition to this, entrance to most museums are free on Sunday. In some cases a modest fee may be charged.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.mexicocity.com.mx/visita.html |title = Ciudad de México.- atractivos turísticos |publisher = Mexicocity.com.mx |accessdate = April 17, 2010 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090225110752/http://www.mexicocity.com.mx/visita.html |archivedate = February 25, 2009 |deadurl = yes }}</ref> Another major addition to the city's museum scene is the [[Museum of Remembrance and Tolerance]] (Museo de la Memoria y Tolerancia), inaugurated in early 2011. The brainchild of two young Mexican women as a Holocaust museum, the idea morphed into a unique museum dedicated to showcasing all major historical events of discrimination and genocide. Permanent exhibits include those on the Holocaust and other large-scale atrocities. It also houses temporary exhibits; one on [[Tibet]] was inaugurated by the [[Dalai Lama]] in September 2011.{{citation needed|date=July 2017}} {{clear}} === Music, theater and entertainment === [[File:Teatro de la Ciudad de Mexico.jpg|thumb|right|The City Theatre]] [[File:ACMX16.JPG|thumb|right|[[Mexico City Arena]]]] Mexico City is home to a number of orchestras offering season programs. These include the [[Mexico City Philharmonic]],<ref>[http://www.cultura.df.gob.mx/Filarmonica/ Mexico City Philharmonic] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202021052/http://www.cultura.df.gob.mx/Filarmonica/ |date=December 2, 2008 }}</ref> which performs at the Sala Ollin Yoliztli; the [[National Symphony Orchestra (Mexico)|National Symphony Orchestra]], whose home base is the [[Palacio de Bellas Artes]] (Palace of the [[Fine art|Fine Arts]]), a masterpiece of [[Art Nouveau|art nouveau]] and art decó styles; the [[Orchestra|Philharmonic Orchestra]] of the National Autonomous University of Mexico ([[OFUNAM]]),<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.musicaunam.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=5&Itemid=13 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070422104348/http://www.musicaunam.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=5&Itemid=13 |dead-url = yes |archive-date = April 22, 2007 |title = Philharmonic Orchestra of the National Autonomous University of Mexico |publisher = Musicaunam.net |accessdate = April 17, 2010 }}</ref> and the [[Minería Symphony Orchestra]],<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.sinfonicademineria.org/ |title = Minería Symphony Orchestra |publisher = Sinfonicademineria.org |accessdate = April 17, 2011 }}</ref> both of which perform at the [[Sala Nezahualcóyotl]], which was the first wrap-around concert hall of the world's western hemisphere when inaugurated in 1976. There are also many smaller ensembles that enrich the city's musical scene, including the [[Carlos Chávez Youth Symphony]], the [[Cuarteto Latinoamericano]], the [[New World Symphony Orchestra|New World Orchestra]] (Orquesta del Nuevo Mundo), the [[National Polytechnical Symphony]] and the [[Bellas Artes Chamber Orchestra]] (Orquesta de Cámara de Bellas Artes). The city is also a leading center of [[popular culture]] and music. There are a multitude of venues hosting Spanish and foreign-language performers. These include the 10,000-seat [[National Auditorium]] that regularly schedules the Spanish and English-language pop and rock artists, as well as many of the world's leading [[performing arts]] ensembles, the auditorium also broadcasts [[grand opera]] performances from New York's [[Metropolitan Opera]] on giant, high definition screens. In 2007 National Auditorium was selected world's best venue by multiple genre media. Other sites for pop-artist performances include the 3,000-seat [[Teatro Metropolitan]], the 15,000-seat [[Palacio de los Deportes]], and the larger 50,000-seat [[Foro Sol]] Stadium, where popular international artists perform on a regular basis. The [[Cirque du Soleil]] has held several seasons at the [[Carpa Santa Fe]], in the [[Santa Fe (Mexico City)|Santa Fe]] district in the western part of the city. There are numerous venues for smaller musical ensembles and solo performers. These include the [[Hard Rock Live]], Bataclán, Foro Scotiabank, Lunario, Circo Volador and Voilá Acoustique. Recent additions include the 20,000-seat Arena Ciudad de México, the 3,000-seat Pepsi Center World Trade Center, and the 2,500-seat Auditorio Blackberry. The Centro Nacional de las Artes ([[National Center for the Arts]] has several venues for music, theatre, dance. UNAM's main campus, also in the southern part of the city, is home to the Centro Cultural Universitario (the [[University Culture Center]]) (CCU). The CCU also houses the [[National Library of Mexico|National Library]], the interactive [[Universum, Museo de las Ciencias]],<ref>{{cite web |author = Dgdc-Unam |url = http://www.universum.unam.mx/ |title = Universum, Museo de las Ciencias |publisher = Universum.unam.mx |accessdate = April 17, 2010 }}</ref> the Sala Nezahualcóyotl concert hall, several theatres and cinemas, and the new University Museum of Contemporary Art (MUAC).<ref>[http://difusion.cultural.unam.mx/index.php?option=com_weblinks&catid=38&Itemid=86 University Museum of Contemporary Art] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220023046/http://difusion.cultural.unam.mx/index.php?option=com_weblinks&catid=38&Itemid=86 |date=December 20, 2014 }}</ref> A branch of the National University's CCU cultural center was inaugurated in 2007 in the facilities of the former [[Foreign minister|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]], known as Tlatelolco, in north-central Mexico City. The [[José Vasconcelos Library]], a national library, is located on the grounds of the former [[Buenavista, Mexico State|Buenavista]] railroad station in the northern part of the city. The ''[[Papalote children's museum]]'', which houses the world's largest dome screen, is located in the wooded park of [[Chapultepec]], near the ''[[Museo Tecnológico]]'', and ''[[La Feria de Chapultepec Mágico|La Feria]]'' [[amusement park]]. The theme park ''[[Six Flags México]]'' (the largest amusement park in Latin America) is located in the [[Ajusco]] neighborhood, in Tlalpan borough, southern Mexico City. During the winter, the main square of the [[Zócalo]] is transformed into a gigantic [[ice rink|ice skating rink]], which is said to be the largest in the world behind that of Moscow's [[Red Square]]. The Cineteca Nacional (the [[Mexican Film Library]]), near the Coyoacán suburb, shows a variety of films, and stages many film festivals, including the annual [[Muestra Internacional de Cine|International Showcase]], and many smaller ones ranging from Scandinavian and Uruguayan cinema, to Jewish and LGBT-themed films. [[Cinépolis]] and [[Cinemex]], the two biggest film [[chain store|business chains]], also have several film festivals throughout the year, with both national and international movies. Mexico City has a number of [[IMAX]] theatres, providing residents and visitors access to films ranging from documentaries to blockbusters on these large screens. === Cuisine === Mexico City offers a variety of cuisines. Restaurants specializing in the regional cuisines of Mexico's 31 states are available in the city. Also available are an array of international cuisines, including [[Canadian cuisine|Canadian]],<ref>[http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/mexico-food-truck-promoting-canadian-cuisine-1.1328422 Mexico food truck promoting Canadian cuisine]. [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|CBC News]]. Retrieved 29–07–15.</ref> [[French cuisine|French]], [[Italian cuisine|Italian]], [[Croatian cuisine|Croatian]], [[Spanish cuisine|Spanish]] (including many regional variations), [[Jewish cuisine|Jewish]], [[Lebanese cuisine|Lebanese]], [[Chinese cuisine|Chinese]] (again with regional variations), [[Indian cuisine|Indian]], [[Japanese cuisine|Japanese]], [[Korean cuisine|Korean]], [[Thai cuisine|Thai]], [[Vietnamese cuisine|Vietnamese]], and fellow [[Latin American cuisine]]s such as [[Argentine cuisine|Argentine]], [[Brazilian cuisine|Brazilian]], and [[Peruvian cuisine|Peruvian]]. [[Haute cuisine|Haute]], [[fusion cuisine|fusion]], [[Kashrut|kosher]], [[Vegetarian cuisine|vegetarian]] and [[veganism|vegan]] cuisines are also available, as are restaurants solely based on the concepts of [[local food]] and [[slow Food]]. Mexico City is known for having some of the freshest fish and seafood in Mexico's interior. [[La Nueva Viga Market]] is the second largest seafood market in the world after the [[Tsukiji fish market]] in Japan. The city also has several branches of renowned international restaurants and chefs. These include Paris' Au Pied de Cochon and [[Brasserie Lipp]], Philippe (by Philippe Chow); Nobu, Quintonil, Pujol, Morimoto; Pámpano, owned by Mexican-raised opera legend [[Plácido Domingo]]. There are branches of the exclusive Japanese restaurant [[Suntory]], Rome's famed Alfredo, as well as New York steakhouses [[Morton's Restaurant Group|Morton's]] and [[The Palm (restaurant)|The Palm]], and Monte Carlo's BeefBar. Three of the most famous{{fact|date=March 2019}} Lima-based [[Haute cuisine|Haute]] [[Peruvian cuisine|Peruvian]] restaurants, La Mar, Segundo Muelle and Astrid y Gastón have locations in Mexico City. For the 2014 list of [[Restaurant (magazine) Top 50|World's 50 Best Restaurants]] as named by the British magazine ''[[Restaurant (magazine)|Restaurant]]'', Mexico City ranked with the Mexican avant-garde restaurant [[Pujol (restaurant)|Pujol]] (owned by Mexican chef Enrique Olvera) at 20th best. Also notable is the Basque-Mexican fusion restaurant [[Biko (restaurant)|Biko]] (run and co-owned by Bruno Oteiza and Mikel Alonso), which placed outside the list at 59th, but in previous years has ranked within the top 50.<ref name="2014 awards">[[Restaurant (magazine)|Restaurant]], [http://www.theworlds50best.com/list/1-50-winners The World's 50 Best Restaurant Awards: 2014]</ref> Mexico's award-winning [[Mexican wine|wines]] are offered at many restaurants, and the city offers unique experiences for tasting the regional spirits, with broad selections of [[tequila]] and [[mezcal]]. At the other end of the scale are working class [[pulque]] bars known as ''pulquerías'', a challenge for tourists to locate and experience. == Transportation == === Public transportation === [[File:NM-02 STC.jpg|thumb|[[Mexico City Metro]]]] Mexico City has many modes of public transportation, from the metro (subway) system, to suburban rail, light rail, regular buses, BRT (bus rapid transit), 'pesero' minibuses, and trolleybuses, to bike share. ==== Metro ==== {{Main|Mexico City Metro}} Mexico City is served by the ''[[Mexico City Metro|Sistema de Transporte Colectivo]]'', a {{convert|225.9|km|0|abbr=on}} [[rapid transit|metro]] system, which is the largest in Latin America. The first portions were opened in 1969 and it has expanded to 17 lines with [[List of Mexico City metro stations|195 stations]]. The metro transports 4.4&nbsp;million people every day. It is the 8th busiest metro system in the world, behind Tokyo (10.0&nbsp;million), Beijing (9.3&nbsp;million), Shanghai (7.8 million), Seoul (7.3 million), Moscow (6.7&nbsp;million), Guangzhou (6.2&nbsp;million), and New York City (4.9 million).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uitp.org/sites/default/files/cck-focus-papers-files/UITP-Statistic%20Brief-Metro-A4-WEB_0.pdf|title=World Metro Figures: Statistics Brief|date=October 2015|publisher=UITP|page=2|accessdate=June 18, 2016}}</ref> It is heavily subsidized, and has some of the lowest fares in the world, each trip costing 5.00 [[Mexican peso|pesos]] (roughly US$0.27) from 05:00&nbsp;am to midnight. Several stations display [[Pre-Columbian era|pre-Columbian]] artifacts and architecture that were discovered during the metro's construction. {{Citation needed|date=December 2008}} However, the metro covers less than half of the total urban area. The Metro stations are also differentiated by the use of icons and glyphs which were created for the illiterate, a unique system that has become iconic characteristic of Mexico City. Each icon was developed based on historical (characters, sites, pre-Hispanic motifs), linguistic, symbolic (glyphs) or geographic references. A complementary system of icons was used for the Metrobús (BRT) stops. ==== Suburban rail ==== A suburban rail system, the ''[[Ferrocarril Suburbano de la Zona Metropolitana del Valle de México|Tren Suburbano]]'' serves the metropolitan area, beyond the reach of the [[Mexico City Metro|metro]], currently with only one line serving to municipalities such as [[Tlalnepantla de Baz|Tlalnepantla]] and [[Cuautitlán Izcalli, Mexico State|Cuautitlán Izcalli]], but with future lines planned to serve e.g. [[Chalco de Díaz Covarrubias|Chalco]] and [[Los Reyes Acaquilpan|La Paz]]. ==== Peseros ==== [[Pesero]]s are typically half-length passenger buses (known as ''microbús'') that sit 22 passengers and stand up to 28. {{As of|2007}}, the approximately 28,000 peseros carried up to 60 percent of the city's passengers.<ref>{{citation |url = http://www.setravi.df.gob.mx/vialidades/transporte_vialidad.html |publisher = SETRAVI |title = Official statistics on ground transport in Mexico City |language=Spanish |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090815115257/http://www.setravi.df.gob.mx/vialidades/transporte_vialidad.html |archivedate = August 15, 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=bLs3H_IWr3wC&pg=PA381 |page = 381 |title = The Transit Metropolis: A Global Inquiry |author = Robert Cervero | authorlink=Robert Cervero|isbn = 9781559635912 |date = October 1998 }}</ref><ref>{{citation|title = Paratransit in America | last = Cervero |first=Robert|authorlink=Robert Cervero|date=1997|publisher=Praeger}}</ref> In August 2016, Mayor Mancera announced that new pesero vehicle and concessions would be eliminated completely unless they were ecologically friendly vehicles,<ref>[http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/articulo/metropoli/cdmx/2016/06/8/no-habra-mas-microbuses-en-la-cdmx-mancera "No habrá más microbuses en la CDMX: Mancera" (Mancera states that there will not be any more microbuses in Mexico City), ''El Universal'', August 6, 2016]</ref> and in October 2011 the city's Secretary of Mobility Héctor Serrano states that by the end of the current administration (2018) there would no longer by any peseros/microbuses circulating at all, and that new full-sized buses would take over the routes.<ref name="excelsior-pesero">[http://www.excelsior.com.mx/comunidad/2016/10/10/1121631 "Al término del gobierno de Mancera ya no habrá microbuses: Semovi"] ("Semovi says that by the end of Mancera's term there will be no microbuses", ''Excelsior'', October 10, 2016)</ref> ==== Mid-size buses ==== In 2014, the city launched so-called "Bus Rapid Service", with mid-sized [[Mercedes-Benz]] Boxer buses carrying 75–85 passengers<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.automotores-rev.com/en-operacion-69-autobuses-mercedes-benz-boxer-60-mbo/|title=En operación 69 autobuses Mercedes-Benz Revista Auto Motores Informa|date=September 9, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://transporteinformativo.com/inician-operacion-85-autobuses-mercedes-benz-en-corredor-chapultepec-palmas/|title=Inician operación 85 autobuses Mercedes-Benz en Corredor Chapultepec-Palmas – transporteinformativo.com|website=transporteinformativo.com}}</ref> painted purple-on-white, replacing 'peseros' on certain groups of routes. Operation is a concession to the private firms (SAUSA, COTOBUSA, TREPSA) instead of to individual vehicle operators.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fVL8EUfnWz0|title=Presentación del corredor Tacubaya- La Valenciana|last=SAUSA RUTA 86|date=October 7, 2014|publisher=[[YouTube]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.milenio.com/df/corredor_a_valenciana-ruta_86-transporte_df_0_379762169.html|title=Cambios en ex Ruta 86 causan inconformidad entre choferes|first=Erica|last=Flores}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.comunicacion.cdmx.gob.mx/noticias/nota/encabeza-jefe-de-gobierno-inicio-de-operaciones-de-los-corredores-sevilla-defensa-y-toreo-buenavista-boletin|title=Encabeza Jefe de Gobierno inicio de operaciones de los Corredores Sevilla-Defensa y Toreo-Buenavista|website=Comunicacion.cdmx.gob.mx}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.excelsior.com.mx/comunidad/2014/10/30/989766|title=Inauguran corredor de transporte Palmas-Chapultepec|date=October 30, 2014}}</ref> ==== Full-sized buses ==== City agency M1, formerly Red de Transporte de Pasajeros (RTP),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/articulo/metropoli/cdmx/2016/06/19/usuarios-de-m1-se-quejan-de-exceso-en-tiempos-de-espera|title=Usuarios de M1 se quejan de exceso en tiempos de espera|date=June 19, 2016}}</ref> operates various networks of large buses including regular, Ecobús, [[Circuito Bicentenario]], Atenea, Express, school and night routes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sm1.gob.mx/redderutas.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2017-09-18 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409015423/http://www.sm1.gob.mx/redderutas.html |archivedate=April 9, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> In 2016, more bus routes were added to replace pesero routes.<ref name="excelsior-pesero"/> In 2016, the [[SVBUS]] express bus service was launched, with limited stops and utilizing the city's toll roads on the second-level of the [[Periférico]] ring road and [[Supervía Poniente]] and connecting [[Toreo Parque Central|Toreo]]/[[Metro Cuatro Caminos|Cuatro Caminos]] with [[Santa Fe, Mexico City|Santa Fe]], [[San Jerónimo Lídice]] and [[Santa María Tepepan|Tepepan]] near [[Xochimilco]] in the southeast. Suburban buses also leave from the city's main intercity bus stations. ==== Bus rapid transit ==== [[File:Estación SetDominguez.jpg|thumb|right|[[Mexico City Metrobús|Metrobús]] rapid transit bus stop station at Indios Verdes]] The city's first [[bus rapid transit]] line, the '''[[Mexico City Metrobús|Metrobús]]''', began operation in June 2005, along [[Avenida de los Insurgentes|Avenida Insurgentes]]. More and more lines opened and as of mid-2017 there are 6 routes with a 7th planned along [[Paseo de la Reforma]] to connect [[Santa Fe, Mexico City|Santa Fe]] with the city center and points north.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metrobus.cdmx.gob.mx/portal-ciudadano/informacion-linea-7|title=refoma línea 7|last=Metrobús|website=Metrobús}}</ref> As each line opened, the 'pesero' minibuses were removed from each route, in order to reduce pollution and commute times. As of mid-2017, there were 568<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metrobus.cdmx.gob.mx/dependencia/acerca-de/flota|title=Flota|last=Metrobús|website=Metrobús}}</ref> Metrobús buses. In late 2016 they transported an average of 1.1 million passengers daily.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://data.metrobus.cdmx.gob.mx/transparencia/documentos/art14/XIX/CD_4a_2016.pdf|title=Imforme Anual 2016|website=data.metrobus.cdmx.gob.mx}}</ref> '''[[Mexibús]]''' provides 3 bus rapid transit lines connecting [[Metro Ciudad Azteca]] and [[Metro Pantitlán]] with [[Cuautitlán]], [[Ecatepec]] and other suburban areas in the State of Mexico.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.transmasivo.com.mx/|title=TRANSMASIVO|website=www.transmasivo.com.mx}}</ref> ==== Trolleybus, light rail, streetcars ==== Electric transport other than the metro also exists, in the form of several [[Trolleybuses in Mexico City|Mexico City trolleybus]] routes and the [[Xochimilco Light Rail]] line, both of which are operated by [[Servicio de Transportes Eléctricos]]. The central area's last [[Tram|streetcar]] line (tramway, or ''[[:es:Tranvía|tranvía]]'') closed in 1979. === Roads and car transport === [[File:Vista de la Ciudad de México desde Periferico y Paseo de la Reforma.JPG|thumb|right|The [[Anillo Periférico]] and [[Paseo de la Reforma]] in [[Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City|Miguel Hidalgo]]]] In the late 1970s many arterial roads were redesigned as ''[[Eje vial|ejes viales]]''; high-volume one-way roads that cross, in theory, Mexico City proper from side to side. The ''eje vial'' network is based on a quasi-[[Cartesian coordinate system|Cartesian]] grid, with the ''ejes'' themselves being called ''Eje 1 Poniente'', ''Eje Central'', and ''Eje 1 Oriente'', for example, for the north-south roads, and ''Eje 2 Sur'' and ''Eje 3 Norte'', for example, for east-west roads. Ring roads are the [[Circuito Interior]] (inner ring), [[Anillo Periférico]]; the [[Circuito Exterior Mexiquense]] ("State of Mexico outer loop") toll road skirting the northeastern and eastern edges of the metropolitan area,<ref>{{cite web |url = http://diarioportal.com/2009/10/12/en-una-semana-abre-la-carretera-ecatepec-naucalpan/ |title = Archived copy |accessdate = September 21, 2013 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20131220233650/http://diarioportal.com/2009/10/12/en-una-semana-abre-la-carretera-ecatepec-naucalpan/ |archivedate = December 20, 2013 }}</ref> the [[Autopista Chamapa-La Venta|Chamapa-La Venta]] toll road skirting the northwestern edge, and the [[Arco Norte]] completely bypassing the metropolitan area in an arc from northwest ([[Atlacomulco]]) to north ([[Tula de Allende|Tula, Hidalgo]]) to east ([[Puebla, Puebla|Puebla]]). A second level (where tolls are charged) of the Periférico, colloquially called the ''segundo piso'' ("second floor"), was officially opened in 2012, with sections still being completed.<ref>{{cite web |title = Abre Ebrard segundos pisos (Ebrard opens "second levels") |url = http://www.reforma.com/ciudad/articulo/681/1361468/ |work = ''Reforma'' (newspaper) |date = December 4, 2012 }}</ref> The [[Viaducto Miguel Alemán]] crosses the city east-west from Observatorio to the airport. In 2013 the [[Supervía Poniente]] opened, a toll road linking the new [[Santa Fe, Mexico City|Santa Fe]] business district with southwestern Mexico City. There is an environmental program, called [[Hoy No Circula]] ("Today Does Not Run", or "One Day without a Car"), whereby vehicles that have not passed emissions testing are restricted from circulating on certain days according to the ending digit of their [[Vehicle registration plate|license plates]]; this in an attempt to cut down on pollution and traffic congestion. While in 2003, the program still restricted 40% of vehicles in the metropolitan area,<ref>{{cite web |title = Actualización Del Programa Hoy No Circula |trans-title=Update of the "Hoy No Circula" Program |url = http://www.sma.df.gob.mx/sma/download/archivos/actualizacion_phnc_dip.pdf |accessdate = September 21, 2013 |author = Gobierno Del Distrito Federal, Secretaría Del Medio Ambiente, Dirección General De Gestión Ambiental Del Aire, Dirección De Instrumentación De Políticas |page = 19 |language=Spanish |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20130923095052/http://www.sma.df.gob.mx/sma/download/archivos/actualizacion_phnc_dip.pdf |archivedate = September 23, 2013 }}</ref> with the adoption of stricter emissions standards in 2001 and 2006,<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.meca.org/galleries/files/Mexico06.pdf |title = Mexican Emission Standards based on Federal Tier I Light-duty Vehicles up to 6000 lbs. GVWR |author = |date = |work = meca.org |accessdate = June 6, 2016 }}</ref> in practice, these days most vehicles are exempt from the circulation restrictions as long as they pass regular emissions tests.<ref>{{cite web|title=Programa de Verificación Vehicular. Segundo semestre de 2013. |trans-title=Vehicle Verification Program. Second semester 2013. |url=http://www.sma.df.gob.mx/verificentros/index.php?op=inicio |publisher=Gobierno del Distrito Federal, Secretaría del Medio Ambiente |language=Spanish |accessdate=February 12, 2016 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305183101/http://www.sma.df.gob.mx/verificentros/index.php?op=inicio |archivedate=March 5, 2016 |df= }}</ref> ==== Parking ==== {{Main|Parking in Mexico City}} Street parking in urban neighborhoods is mostly controlled by the ''[[franelero]]s'' a.k.a. "''viene vienes''" (lit. "come on, come on"), who ask drivers for a fee to park. Double parking is common (with ''franeleros'' moving the cars as required), impeding on the available lanes for traffic to pass. In order to mitigate that and other problems and to raise revenue,<ref>{{citation|publisher=Miguel Hidalgo borough, Mexico City government, Autoridad del Espacio Público |url=http://movil.miguelhidalgo.gob.mx/uploads/presentacion_anzures.pdf |title=INSTALACIÓN Y OPERACIÓN DE PARQUÍMETROS COLONIA ANZURES |trans-title=Installation and operation of parking meters in Anzures |language=Spanish |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022031636/https://movil.miguelhidalgo.gob.mx/uploads/presentacion_anzures.pdf |archivedate=October 22, 2013 |df=mdy }}</ref> 721 parking meters (as of October 2013), have been installed in the west-central neighborhoods [[Lomas de Chapultepec]], [[Condesa]], [[Colonia Roma|Roma]], [[Polanco]] and [[Anzures]], in operation from 8 AM to 8 PM on weekdays and charging a rate of 2 pesos per 15 minutes, with offenders' cars booted, costing about 500 pesos to remove. 30 percent of the monthly 16 million-peso (as of October 2013) income from the parking-meter system (named "ecoParq") is earmarked for neighborhood improvements. The granting of the license for all zones exclusively to a new company without experience in operating parking meters, Operadora de Estacionamientos Bicentenario, has generated controversy.<ref>{{citation |url = http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/ciudad-metropoli/2013/impreso/parquimetros-negocio-de-una-sola-empresa-en-el-df-119441.html |newspaper = El Universal |date = October 21, 2013 |title = Parquímetros, negocio de una sola empresa en el DF |trans-title=Parking meters, business of a sole company in the DF |language=Spanish |author = Karla Casillas Bermúdez }}</ref> === Cycling === {{Main|EcoBici (Mexico City)}} [[File:ECOBICI1.jpg|thumb|right|Bicycles available for rental in [[Zona Rosa, Mexico City|Zona Rosa]]]] The local government continuously strives for a reduction of massive traffic congestion, and has increased incentives for making a [[bicycle-friendly]] city. This includes North America's second-largest [[bicycle sharing system]], [[EcoBici (Mexico City)|EcoBici]], launched in 2010, in which registered residents can get bicycles for 45&nbsp;minutes with a pre-paid subscription of 300 pesos a year. There are, as of September 2013, 276 stations with 4,000 bicycles across an area stretching from the [[Historic center of Mexico City|Historic center]] to [[Polanco (Mexico)|Polanco]].<ref>{{cite news |newspaper = km0 |url = http://www.guiadelcentrohistorico.mx/kmcero/acciones-de-gobierno/nuevas-estaciones-de-ecobici |date = September 2013 |author = Jesús de León Torres |title = Nuevas estaciones de EcoBici |trans-title=New EcoBici stations |language=Spanish }}</ref> within {{convert|300|m|ft|abbr=off|sp=us}} of one another and are fully automatic using a transponder based card. Bicycle-service users have access to several permanent [[Ciclovía]]s (dedicated bike paths/lanes/streets), including ones along [[Paseo de la Reforma]] and Avenida Chapultepec as well as one running {{convert|59|km|mi|abbr=off|sp=us}} from [[Polanco (Mexico)|Polanco]] to [[Fierro del Toro]], which is located south of [[Cumbres del Ajusco National Park]], near the [[Morelos]] state line.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.fimevic.df.gob.mx/ciclovia/cartel.htm |title = Untitled Document |work = df.gob.mx |accessdate = May 18, 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://transeunte.org/temas/ciclovia-reforma/ |title="Ciclovía Reforma", ''Transeunte'' |access-date=October 20, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021000458/http://transeunte.org/temas/ciclovia-reforma/ |archive-date=October 21, 2013 |dead-url=yes |df=mdy-all }}</ref> The city's initiative is inspired by forward thinking examples, such as [[Denmark]]'s [[Copenhagenization (bicycling)|Copenhagenization]]. === Intercity buses === The city has four major bus stations (North, South, Observatorio, TAPO), which comprise one of the world's largest transportation agglomerations, with bus service to many cities across the country and international connections. There are some intercity buses that leave directly from the [[Mexico City International Airport]]. === Airports === [[File:AICM AIR T2.jpg|thumb|right|Terminal 2 of the Mexico City airport]] Mexico City is served by [[Mexico City International Airport]] ([[International Air Transport Association airport code|IATA Airport Code]]: MEX). This airport is Latin America's [[List of the busiest airports in Latin America|busiest]], with daily flights to United States and Canada, Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean, South America, Europe and Asia. [[Aeroméxico]] ([[SkyTeam|Skyteam]]) is based at this airport, and provide codeshare agreements with non-Mexican airlines that span the entire globe. The airport is also a hub for [[Volaris]], [[Interjet]] and [[Aeromar]]. In 2016, the airport handled almost 42 million passengers, about 3.3 million more than the year before.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.aicm.com.mx/categoria/estadisticas |title = Estadísticas del AICM |author = Aeropuerto Internacional de la Ciudad de México|accessdate = December 16, 2015 }}</ref> This traffic exceeds the current capacity of the airport, which has historically centralized the majority of [[air traffic]] in the country. An alternate option is [[Lic. Adolfo López Mateos International Airport]] ([[International Air Transport Association airport code|IATA Airport Code]]: TLC) in nearby [[Toluca]], [[State of Mexico]], although due to several airlines' decisions to terminate service to TLC, the airport has seen a passenger drop to just over 700,000 passengers in 2014 from over 2.1 million passengers just four years prior. In the Mexico City airport, the government engaged in an extensive restructuring program that includes the addition of a new second terminal, which began operations in 2007, and the enlargement of four other airports (at the nearby cities of [[Toluca]], [[Querétaro, Querétaro|Querétaro]], [[Puebla, Puebla|Puebla]] and [[Cuernavaca]]) that, along with Mexico City's airport, comprise the ''Grupo Aeroportuario del Valle de México'', distributing traffic to different regions in Mexico. The city of [[Pachuca, Hidalgo|Pachuca]] will also provide additional expansion to central Mexico's airport network. During his annual state-of-the-nation address on September 2, 2014, [[President of Mexico]] [[Enrique Peña Nieto]] unveiled plans for a new international airport to ease the city's notorious air traffic congestion, tentatively slated for a 2018 opening. The new airport, which would have six runways, will cost $9.15 billion and would be built on vacant federal land east of Mexico City International Airport. Goals are to eventually handle 120 million passengers a year, which would make it the [[World's busiest airports by passenger traffic|busiest airport in the world]].<ref>{{cite news |last1 = Case |first1 = Brendan |last2 = Cattan |first2 = Nacha |last3 = Martin |first3 = Eric |title = Mexico Poised for New Capital Airport Due in 2018 |url = https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-08-28/mexico-said-poised-for-new-capital-airport-due-in-2018.html |accessdate = September 3, 2014 |work = Bloomberg News |publisher = Bloomberg L.P. |date = August 28, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1 = Gardner |first1 = Simon |last2 = Alper |first2 = Alexandra |title = UPDATE 2-New $9.15 bln airport for Mexico City to quadruple passenger capacity |url = https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/09/02/mexico-airport-idUSL1N0R31OR20140902 |accessdate = September 3, 2014 |work = Reuters |date = September 2, 2014 }}</ref> == Education == [[File:Sanborns DF.jpg|thumb|right|Multi-storey [[Sanborns]] department store with the façade of a 19th-century home being used as an entrance area]] [[File:PalacioHierroOrigStoreCentroDF.JPG|thumb|right|[[Palacio de Hierro]] store]] The [[National Autonomous University of Mexico]] (UNAM), located in Mexico City, is the largest university on the continent, with more than 300,000 students from all backgrounds. Three [[List of Nobel laureates|Nobel laureates]], several Mexican entrepreneurs and most of Mexico's modern-day presidents are among its former students. UNAM conducts 50% of Mexico's [[scientific method|scientific research]] and has presence all across the country with satellite campuses, observatories and research centres. UNAM ranked 74th in the Top 200 World [[College and university rankings|University Ranking]] published by [[Times Higher Education]] (then called Times Higher Education Supplement) in 2006,<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/nacion/144076.html |title = Times Higher Education Supplement, 2006 |publisher = Eluniversal.com.mx |accessdate = April 17, 2010 }}</ref> making it the highest ranked Spanish-speaking university in the world. The sprawling main campus of the university, known as [[Ciudad Universitaria]], was named a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 2007. The second largest higher-education institution is the [[National Polytechnic Institute]] (IPN), which includes among many other relevant centers the [[CINVESTAV|Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados]] (Cinvestav), where varied high-level scientific and technological research is done. Other major higher-education institutions in the city include the [[Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana|Metropolitan Autonomous University]] (UAM), the [[National School of Anthropology and History]] (ENAH), the [[Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México]] (ITAM), the [[Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education]] (3 campuses), the [[Universidad Panamericana Sede México|Universidad Panamericana]] (UP), the [[Universidad La Salle]], the [[Universidad del Valle de México|Universidad del Valle de Mexico]] (UVM), the [[Anahuac Universities Network|Universidad Anáhuac]], [[Simon Bolivar University (Mexico)|Simon Bolivar University]] (USB), the [[Alliant International University]], the [[Universidad Iberoamericana]], [[El Colegio de México]] (Colmex), [[Escuela Libre de Derecho]] and the [[Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económicas|Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económica]], (CIDE). In addition, the prestigious [[University of California]] maintains a campus known as "Casa de California" in the city.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/casa/welcome.html |title = University of California Mexico City |publisher = Universityofcalifornia.edu |accessdate = April 17, 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110613212934/http://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/casa/welcome.html |archive-date = June 13, 2011 |dead-url = yes |df = mdy-all }}</ref> The [[Universidad Tecnológica de México]] is also in Mexico City. Unlike those of Mexican states' schools, curricula of Mexico City's [[public school (government funded)|public schools]] is managed by the federal [[Secretariat of Public Education|Secretary of Public Education]]. The whole funding is allocated by the government of Mexico City (in some specific cases, such as [[El Colegio de México]], funding comes from both the city's government and other public and private national and international entities). {{Citation needed|date=December 2008}} The city's public high school system is the ''[[Instituto de Educación Media Superior de la Ciudad de México]]'' (IEMS-DF). A special case is that of [[Colegio Nacional (Mexico)|El Colegio Nacional]], created during the district's governmental period of [[Miguel Alemán Valdés]] to have, in Mexico, an institution similar to the [[Collège de France|College of France]]. The select and privileged group of Mexican scientists and artists belonging to this institution—membership is for life—include, among many, [[Mario Lavista]], [[Ruy Pérez Tamayo]], [[José Emilio Pacheco]], [[Marcos Moshinsky]] (d.2009), [[Guillermo Soberón Acevedo]]. Members are obligated to publicly disclose their works through conferences and public events such as concerts and recitals. Among its many public and private schools (K–13), the city offers [[Multiculturalism|multi-cultural]], [[Multilingualism|multi-lingual]] and [[international school]]s attended by Mexican and [[International student|foreign students]]. Best known are the [[Colegio Alemán Alexander von Humboldt (Mexico City)|Colegio Alemán]] (German school with three main campuses), the [[Liceo Mexicano Japonés]] (Japanese), the Centro Cultural Coreano en México (Korean), the [[Lycée Franco-Mexicain]] (French), the [[ASF Mexico|American School]], The [[Westhill Institute]] (American School), the [[Edron Academy]] and the [[Greengates School]] (British). == Shopping == Mexico City offers an immense and varied consumer retail market, ranging from basic foods to ultra high-end luxury goods. Consumers may buy in [[Traditional fixed markets in Mexico|fixed indoor markets]], [[tianguis|mobile markets (''tianguis'')]], from [[Street vendors in Mexico City|street vendors]], from downtown shops in a street dedicated to a certain type of good, in convenience stores and traditional neighborhood stores, in modern supermarkets, in warehouse and membership stores and the shopping centers that they anchor, in department stores, [[big-box store]]s and in modern shopping malls. In addition, "[[tianguis]]" or mobile markets set up shop on streets in many neighborhoods, depending on day of week. Sundays see the largest number of these markets. === Traditional markets === {{See also|Traditional fixed markets in Mexico}} The city's main source of fresh produce is the [[Central de Abasto]]. This in itself is a self-contained mini-city in [[Iztapalapa]] borough covering an area equivalent to several dozen city blocks. The wholesale market supplies most of the city's "mercados", supermarkets and restaurants, as well as people who come to buy the produce for themselves. Tons of fresh produce are trucked in from all over Mexico every day. The principal fish market is known as [[La Nueva Viga Market|La Nueva Viga]], in the same complex as the Central de Abastos. The world-renowned market of [[Tepito]] occupies 25 blocks, and sells a variety of products. A staple for consumers in the city is the omnipresent "mercado". Every major neighborhood in the city has its own borough-regulated market, often more than one. These are large well-established facilities offering most basic products, such as fresh produce and meat/poultry, dry goods, tortillerías, and many other services such as locksmiths, herbal medicine, hardware goods, sewing implements; and a multitude of stands offering freshly made, home-style cooking and drinks in the tradition of [[aguas frescas]] and [[atole]]. === Street vendors === {{Main|Street vendors in Mexico City}} Street vendors ply their trade from stalls in the ''tianguis'' as well as at non-officially controlled concentrations around metro stations and hospitals; at ''plazas comerciales'', where vendors of a certain "theme" (e.g. stationery) are housed; originally these were organized to accommodate vendors formerly selling on the street; or simply from improvised stalls on a city sidewalk.<ref name=pena>{{citation|url=http://utminers.utep.edu/spena2/HABITAT%20V23(3)%20INFORMAL%20MARKETS.pdf |title=Informal Markets: Street Vendors in Mexico City |author=Sergio Peña |publisher=Florida State University |year=1999 |accessdate=February 12, 2016 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025356/https://utminers.utep.edu/spena2/HABITAT%20V23%283%29%20INFORMAL%20MARKETS.pdf |archivedate=March 4, 2016 |df=mdy }}</ref> In addition, food and goods are sold from people walking with baskets, pushing carts, from bicycles or the backs of trucks, or simply from a tarp or cloth laid on the ground.<ref>{{citation |url = http://www3.diputados.gob.mx/camara/content/download/21212/105355/file/ITSDM001%20Comercio%20Ambulante.pdf |publisher = Cámara de Diputados (Mexico), Centro de Estudios Sociales y de Opinión Pública |title = Reporte Temático No. 2: Comercio Ambulante |date = June 2005 }}</ref> In the centre of the city informal street vendors are increasingly targeted by laws and prosecution.<ref name=mueller/> The weekly [[San Felipe de Jesús Tianguis]] is reported to be the largest in Latin America.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.maspormas.com/ciudad/tianguis-la-san-felipe-no-podras-recorrerlo-dia/|title=Tianguis de la San Felipe: no podrás recorrerlo en un día |date=January 23, 2017|publisher= Máspormás}}</ref> === Downtown shopping === The [[Historic Center of Mexico City]] is widely known for specialized, often low-cost retailers. Certain blocks or streets are dedicated to shops selling a certain type of merchandise, with areas dedicated to over 40 categories such as home appliances, lamps and electricals, closets and bathrooms, housewares, wedding dresses, jukeboxes, printing, office furniture and safes, books, photography, jewelry, and opticians.<ref>{{cite journal |journal = Km.cero |url = http://guiadelcentrohistorico.mx/sites/default/files/km40_0.pdf |date = November 2011 |title = Calles con vocación |page = 7 }}</ref> The main department stores are also represented downtown. Traditional markets downtown include the [[La Merced Market]]; the [[Mercado Jamaica, Mexico City|Mercado de Jamaica]] specializes in fresh flowers, the [[Mercado de Sonora]] in the occult, and [[La Lagunilla]] in furniture. Ethnic shopping areas are located in [[Chinatown, Mexico City|Chinatown]], downtown along Calle Dolores, but Mexico City's [[Koreatown]], or [[Pequeño Seúl]], is located in the [[Zona Rosa, Mexico City|Zona Rosa]]. === Supermarkets and neighborhood stores === Large, modern chain supermarkets, [[hypermarkets]] and [[warehouse club]]s including [[Soriana]], [[Comercial Mexicana]], [[Chedraui]], [[Bodega Aurrerá]], [[Walmart]] and [[Costco]], are located across the city. Many anchor shopping centers that contain smaller shops, services, a [[food court]] and sometimes cinemas. Small "mom-and-pop" corner stores ("abarroterías" or more colloquially as "changarros") abound in all neighborhoods, rich and poor. These are small shops offering basics such as soft drinks, packaged snacks, canned goods and dairy products. Thousands of [[C-stores]] or corner stores, such as [[OXXO|Oxxo]], [[7-Eleven]] and Extra are located throughout the city. == Parks and recreation == [[File:Lago de Chapultepec desde el castillo - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Lake at [[Chapultepec]] park]] [[File:Alameda Central, Mexico City.jpg|thumb|Walkway in [[Alameda Central]]]] [[Chapultepec Park]], the city's most iconic public park, has history back to the Aztec emperors who used the area as a retreat. It is south of [[Polanco (Mexico)|Polanco]] district, and houses the [[Chapultepec Zoo|city's zoo]], several ponds, seven museums including the [[Museo Nacional de Antropología|National Museum of Anthropology]], and the oldest and most traditional amusement park, [[La Feria de Chapultepec Mágico]], with its vintage Montaña Rusa rollercoaster. Other iconic city parks include the [[Alameda Central]] [[Historic center of Mexico City|historic center]], a city park since colonial times and renovated in 2013; [[Parque México]] and [[Parque España]] in the hip [[Condesa]] district; [[Parque Hundido]] and ''Parque de los Venados'' in [[Colonia del Valle]], and [[Parque Lincoln]] in [[Polanco, Mexico City|Polanco]].<ref>{{citation |newspaper = El Universal |url = http://www.eluniversaldf.mx/benitojuarez/nota18622.html |title = 5 parques representativos del DF |trans-title=5 iconic parks of Mexico City |author = Lidia Arista |date = January 16, 2011 }}</ref> There are many smaller parks throughout the city. Most are small "squares" occupying two or three square blocks amid residential or commercial districts. Several other larger parks such as the Bosque de Tlalpan and [[Viveros de Coyoacán]], and in the east [[Alameda Oriente]], offer many recreational activities. Northwest of the city is a large ecological reserve, the [[Bosque de Aragón]]. In the southeast is the [[Xochimilco Ecological Park and Plant Market]], a [[World Heritage site]]. West of [[Santa Fe, Mexico City|Santa Fe]] district are the pine forests of the [[Desierto de los Leones National Park]]. Amusement parks include [[Six Flags México]], in Ajusco neighborhood which is the largest in Latin America. There are numerous seasonal fairs present in the city. Mexico City has three zoos. [[Chapultepec Zoo]], the [[San Juan de Aragon Zoo]] and [[Los Coyotes Zoo]]. Chapultepec Zoo is located in the first section of Chapultepec Park in the Miguel Hidalgo. It was opened in 1924.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sedema.df.gob.mx/zoo_chapultepec/index.php/quienes-somos/historia-del-zoologico|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222123052/http://www.sedema.df.gob.mx/zoo_chapultepec/index.php/quienes-somos/historia-del-zoologico|dead-url=yes|archive-date=December 22, 2015|title=Historia del zoológico|date=December 22, 2015|accessdate=June 28, 2018}}</ref> Visitors can see about 243 specimens of different species including kangaroos, giant panda, gorillas, caracal, hyena, hippos, jaguar, giraffe, lemur, lion, among others.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sedema.df.gob.mx/zoo_chapultepec/index.php/aprende/coleccion-animal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222122547/http://www.sedema.df.gob.mx/zoo_chapultepec/index.php/aprende/coleccion-animal|dead-url=yes|archive-date=December 22, 2015|title=Colección animal|date=December 22, 2015|accessdate=June 28, 2018}}</ref> Zoo San Juan de Aragon is near the San Juan de Aragon Park in the Gustavo A. Madero. In this zoo, opened in 1964,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sedema.df.gob.mx/zoo_aragon/index.php/quienes-somos/historia-del-zoologico|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004113006/http://www.sedema.df.gob.mx/zoo_aragon/index.php/quienes-somos/historia-del-zoologico|dead-url=yes|archive-date=October 4, 2015|title=Historia del zoológico|date=October 4, 2015|accessdate=June 28, 2018}}</ref> there are species that are in danger of extinction such as the jaguar and the Mexican wolf. Other guests are the golden eagle, pronghorn, bighorn sheep, caracara, zebras, African elephant, macaw, hippo, among others.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sedema.df.gob.mx/zoo_aragon/index.php/aprende/coleccion-animal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004211309/http://www.sedema.df.gob.mx/zoo_aragon/index.php/aprende/coleccion-animal|dead-url=yes|archive-date=October 4, 2015|title=Colección animal|date=October 4, 2015|accessdate=June 28, 2018}}</ref> Zoo Los Coyotes is a 27.68-acre (11.2 ha) zoo located south of Mexico City in the Coyoacan. It was inaugurated on February 2, 1999.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sedema.df.gob.mx/zoo_coyotes/index.php/quienes-somos/historia-del-zoologico|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222094602/http://www.sedema.df.gob.mx/zoo_coyotes/index.php/quienes-somos/historia-del-zoologico|dead-url=yes|archive-date=December 22, 2015|title=Historia del zoológico|date=December 22, 2015|accessdate=June 28, 2018}}</ref> It has more than 301 specimens of 51 species of wild native or endemic fauna from the Mexico City. You can admire eagles, ajolotes, coyotes, macaws, bobcats, Mexican wolves, raccoons, mountain lions, teporingos, foxes, white-tailed deer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sedema.df.gob.mx/zoo_coyotes/index.php/aprende/coleccion-animal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222114313/http://www.sedema.df.gob.mx/zoo_coyotes/index.php/aprende/coleccion-animal|dead-url=yes|archive-date=December 22, 2015|title=Colección animal|date=December 22, 2015|accessdate=June 28, 2018}}</ref> == Sports == {| class="wikitable" |- ! Team !! Stadium !! League |- | [[Club América|América]] || [[Azteca Stadium]] || [[Liga MX]] |- | [[Club Universidad Nacional|UNAM]]|| [[University Olympic Stadium]] || [[Liga MX]] |- | [[Cruz Azul]] || [[Azteca Stadium]] || [[Liga MX]] |- | [[Diablos Rojos del México]] || [[Fray Nano Stadium]] || [[Mexican League]] |} [[File:Estadio Azteca 07a.jpg|thumb|right|[[Azteca Stadium]], the [[List of stadiums by capacity|12th largest]] stadium in the world]] [[Association football]] is the country's most popular and most [[Broadcasting of sports events|televised franchised sport]]. Its important venues in Mexico City include the [[Azteca Stadium]], home to the [[Mexico national football team]] and giants [[Club América|América]], which can seat 91,653 fans, making it the biggest stadium in Latin America. The [[Estadio Olímpico Universitario|Olympic Stadium]] in [[Ciudad Universitaria]] is home to the football club giants [[Club Universidad Nacional|Universidad Nacional]], with a [[seating capacity]] of over 52,000. The [[Estadio Azul]], which seats 33,042 fans, is near the [[World Trade Center Mexico City]] in the Nochebuena [[Colonia (Mexico)|neighborhood]], and is home to the giants [[Cruz Azul]]. The three teams are based in Mexico City and play in the [[Primera División de México|First Division]]; they are also part, with Guadalajara-based giants [[Club Deportivo Guadalajara]], of Mexico's traditional "Big Four" (though recent years have tended to erode the teams' leading status at least in standings). The country hosted the [[FIFA World Cup]] in [[1970 FIFA World Cup|1970]] and [[1986 FIFA World Cup|1986]], and Azteca Stadium is the first stadium in World Cup history to host the final twice. Mexico City is the first Latin American city to host the Olympic Games, having held the [[1968 Summer Olympics|Summer Olympics]] in 1968, winning bids against [[Buenos Aires]], [[Lyon]] and Detroit. The city hosted the 1955 and 1975 [[Pan American Games]], the last after Santiago and São Paulo withdrew. The [[ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships|ICF Flatwater Racing World Championships]] were hosted here in 1974 and 1994. [[Lucha libre]] is a Mexican style of wrestling, and is one of the more popular sports throughout the country. The main venues in the city are [[Arena México]] and [[Arena Coliseo]]. [[File:Estadio Olímpico Universitario 2.jpeg|thumb|left|[[Estadio Olímpico Universitario]], considered the "most important building in Modern Americas" by American architect [[Frank Lloyd Wright]].]] The [[Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez]] is the main venue for motorsport, and hosts the Formula 1 [[Mexican Grand Prix]] since its return to the sport in 2015, the event being held in the past from 1962 to 1970, and again from 1986 to 1992. From 1980 to 1981 and again from 2002 to 2007, the circuit hosted the [[Champ Car]] World Series [[Gran Premio de México]]. Beginning in 2005, the [[NASCAR]] [[Nationwide Series]] ran the [[Corona México 200|Telcel-Motorola México 200]]. 2005 also marked the first running of the Mexico City 250 by the [[Grand American Road Racing Association|Grand-Am]] [[Rolex Sports Car Series]]. Both races were removed from their series' schedules for 2009. Baseball is another sport played professionally in the city. Mexico City is currently home of the [[Diablos Rojos del México|Mexico City Red Devils]] of the [[Mexican League (baseball)|Mexican League]], which is considered a Triple-A league by Major League Baseball. The Devils play their home games at [[Estadio Alfredo Harp Helú]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mexicodesign.com/estadio-diablos-la-integracion-comunitaria/|title=Estadio Diablos: la integración comunitaria|date=2019-04-05|website=México Design|language=es-MX|access-date=2019-04-08}}</ref> designed by international Mexican-American architect [http://fgp-atelier.com FGP Atelier] Founder [[Francisco Gonzalez Pulido]] in collaboration with local architect Taller ADG. Mexico City has some 10 Little Leagues for young baseball players. In 2005, Mexico City became the first city to host an [[National Football League|NFL]] regular season game outside of the United States, at the [[Estadio Azteca|Azteca Stadium]]. The crowd of 103,467 people attending this game was the largest ever for a regular season game in NFL history until 2009.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.nfl.com/news/story/09000d5d812c91b4/article/nfl-regularseasonrecord-crowd-of-105121-sees-giantscowboys |title = NFL regular-season-record crowd of 105,121 sees Giants-Cowboys |date = |website = NFL.com |agency = Associated Press |access-date = January 2, 2015 }}</ref> The city has also hosted several [[National Basketball Association|NBA]] pre-season games and has hosted international basketball's [[FIBA Americas Championship]], along with north-of-the-border Major League Baseball exhibition games at [[Foro Sol]]. In 2017, NBA commissioner [[Adam Silver]] expressed interest in placing an [[NBA G League]] expansion team in Mexico City as early as 2018. Other sports facilities in Mexico City are the [[Palacio de los Deportes]] indoor arena, [[Alberca Olímpica Francisco Márquez|Francisco Márquez Olympic Swimming Pool]], the [[Hipódromo de las Américas|Hipódromo de Las Américas]], the [[Agustin Melgar Olympic Velodrome]], and venues for equestrianism and horse racing, ice hockey, [[rugby football|rugby]], American-style football, baseball, and basketball. [[Bullfighting]] takes place every Sunday during bullfighting season at the 50,000-seat [[Plaza México]], the world's largest bullring. Mexico City's [[golf course]]s have hosted Women's [[LPGA]] action, and two [[World Cup (men's golf)|Men's Golf World Cups]]. Courses throughout the city are available as private as well as public venues. == Media == Mexico City is Latin America's leading center for the television, music and film industries. It is also Mexico's most important for the printed media and [[publishing|book publishing]] industries. Dozens of daily newspapers are published, including ''[[El Universal (Mexico City)|El Universal]]'', ''[[Excélsior]]'', ''[[Reforma]]'' and ''[[La Jornada]]''. Other major papers include ''[[Milenio]]'', ''[[Crónica, Buenos Aires|Crónica]]'', ''[[El Economista (Mexico)|El Economista]]'' and ''[[El Financiero]]''. Leading magazines include ''[[Expansión (Mexico)|Expansión]]'', ''[[Proceso (magazine)|Proceso]]'', ''[[Poder]]'', as well as dozens of entertainment publications such as ''[[Vanidades]]'', ''[[Quién (magazine)|Quién]]'', ''[[Chilango]]'', ''[[TVNotas|TV Notas]]'', and local editions of ''[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]'', ''[[GQ]]'', and ''[[Architectural Digest]]''. It is also a leading center of the [[advertising industry]]. Most international ad firms have offices in the city, including Grey, [[J. Walter Thompson|JWT]], [[Leo Burnett]], [[Euro RSCG]], [[BBDO]], Ogilvy, [[Saatchi & Saatchi]], and [[McCann Erickson]]. Many local firms also compete in the sector, including [[Alazraki]], [[Olabuenaga/Chemistri]], Terán, Augusto Elías, and Clemente Cámara, among others. There are 60 [[List of radio stations in Mexico City|radio stations]] operating in the city and many [[local community]] radio transmission networks. The two largest media companies in the Spanish-speaking world, [[Televisa]] and [[TV Azteca]], are headquartered in Mexico City. Other [[television channel|local television]] channels include: [[XHDF-TDT|XHDF]] 1 (Azteca Uno),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://aztecauno.com/|title=Azteca Uno - Transmisión EN VIVO|website=aztecauno.com}}</ref> [[XEW-TDT|XEW]] 2 (Televisa W),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.televisa.com/|title=Home|first=Televisa|last=TIM|website=Televisa}}</ref> [[XHCTMX-TDT|XHCTMX]] 3, [[XHTV-TDT|XHTV]] 4, [[XHGC-TDT|XHGC]] 5, [[XHTDMX-TDT|XHTDMX]] 6, [[XHIMT-TDT|XHIMT]] 7, [[XEQ-TDT|XEQ]] 9, [[XEIPN-TDT|XEIPN]] 11, [[XHUNAM-TDT|XHUNAM]] 20, [[XHCDM-TDT|XHCDM]] 21, [[XEIMT-TDT|XEIMT]] 22, [[XHTRES-TDT|XHTRES]] 28, [[XHTVM-TDT|XHTVM]] 40 and [[XHHCU-TDT|XHHCU]] 45. == Nicknames == Mexico City was traditionally known as ''La Ciudad de los Palacios'' ("the City of the Palaces"), a nickname attributed to Baron [[Alexander von Humboldt]] when visiting the city in the 19th century, who, sending a letter back to Europe, said Mexico City could rival any major city in Europe. But it was English politician [[Charles La Trobe|Charles Latrobe]] who really penned the following: "... look at their works: the moles, aqueducts, churches, roads —and the luxurious ''City of Palaces'' which has risen from the clay-builts ruins of Tenochtitlan...", on page 84 of the Letter V of ''The Rambler in Mexico''.<ref>''Diccionario Porrúa. Historia, Biografía y Geografía de México'', Editorial Porrúa, S.A., Mexico City, Fifth Edition, 1986, Vol. II, page 1638.</ref> During [[Andrés Manuel López Obrador|Andrés López Obrador]]'s administration a political slogan was introduced: ''la Ciudad de la Esperanza'' ("The City of Hope"). This motto was quickly adopted as a city nickname, but has faded since the new motto ''Capital en Movimiento'' ("Capital in Movement") was adopted by the administration headed by [[Marcelo Ebrard]], though the latter is not treated as often as a nickname in media. Since 2013, to refer to the City particularly in relation to government campaigns, the abbreviation '''CDMX''' has been used (from Ciudad de México). The city is colloquially known as ''Chilangolandia'' after the locals' nickname ''[[chilango]]s''.<ref>1994 Oxford Spanish-English Dictionary</ref> Chilango is used pejoratively by people living outside Mexico City to "connote a loud, arrogant, ill-mannered, loutish person".<ref>David Lida, ''First Stop in the New World: Mexico City, the Capital of the 21st Century'', New York: Riverhead Books 2008, p. 15.</ref> For their part those living in Mexico City designate insultingly those who live elsewhere as living in ''la provincia'' ("the provinces", the periphery) and many proudly embrace the term chilango.<ref>Lida, ibid.</ref> Residents of Mexico City are more recently called ''defeños'' (deriving from the postal abbreviation of the Federal District in Spanish: D.F., which is read "De-Efe"). They are formally called ''capitalinos'' (in reference to the city being the capital of the country), but "[p]erhaps because capitalino is the more polite, specific, and correct word, it is almost never utilized".<ref>Lida, ibid. p. 16.</ref> == International relations == {{Refimprove section|date=April 2015}} {{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Mexico}} === Twin towns and sister cities === Mexico City is [[twin towns and sister cities|twinned]] with: === Domestic === * {{flagdeco|Chihuahua}} [[Ciudad Juárez]], [[Chihuahua (state)|Chihuahua]] {{citation needed|date=December 2015}} * {{flagdeco|Guanajuato}} [[Dolores Hidalgo]], [[Guanajuato]]{{citation needed|date=December 2015}} === International === {{div col|colwidth=22em}} * {{flagdeco|DEU}} [[Berlin]], Germany<ref name="Berlin twinnings">{{cite web |url = http://www.berlin.de/rbmskzl/staedteverbindungen/staedtepartnerschaft_ueberblick.en.html |title = Berlin – City Partnerships |accessdate = September 17, 2013 |work = Der Regierende Bürgermeister Berlin |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20130521054019/http://www.berlin.de/rbmskzl/staedteverbindungen/staedtepartnerschaft_ueberblick.en.html |archivedate = May 21, 2013 }}</ref> * {{flagdeco|US}} [[Chicago]], United States<ref name=MexicoChicago>{{cite web |url = http://chicagosistercities.com/sister-cities/ |title = Our Sister Cities |publisher = Chicago Sister Cities International |accessdate = December 17, 2015 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20151224135441/http://chicagosistercities.com/sister-cities/ |archivedate = December 24, 2015 |df = mdy-all }}</ref> * {{flagdeco|PER}} [[Cusco]], Peru<ref name="cuidadhermanas">{{cite web|url=http://www.municusco.gob.pe/ver.php?id=6 |title=Ciudades Hermanas (Sister Cities of Cusco) |publisher=Municipalidad del Cusco |language=Spanish |accessdate=September 23, 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111012234407/http://www.municusco.gob.pe/ver.php?id=6 |archivedate=October 12, 2011 |df= }}</ref> * {{flagdeco|RUS}} [[Kaliningrad]], Russia{{citation needed|date=December 2015}} * {{flagdeco|UKR}} [[Kiev]], Ukraine<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chicagosistercities.com/sister-cities/kyiv/|title=Kyiv, Ukraine–Chicago Sister Cities|website=Chicagosistercities.com|accessdate=June 28, 2018}}</ref> * {{flagdeco|US}} [[Los Angeles]], United States<ref name=MexicoLA>{{cite web |url = http://sistercities.lacity.org/html/04.htm |title = Mexico City |publisher = Los Angeles City Council |accessdate = December 17, 2015 }}</ref> * {{flagdeco|PHL}} [[Manila]], Philippines<ref>{{cite web|url=http://manila.gov.ph/government/|title=About Manila: Sister Cities|publisher=City of Manila|accessdate=November 24, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611173109/http://manila.gov.ph/government/|archive-date=June 11, 2016|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}</ref> * {{flagdeco|JPN}} [[Nagoya]], Japan<ref name=MexicoNagoya>{{cite web |url = http://nsca.gr.jp/english/sistercities/index.html |title = Sister and Friendship Cities |publisher = Nagoya Sister Cities Association |accessdate = December 17, 2015 }}</ref> * {{flagdeco|KAZ}} [[Nur-Sultan]], Kazakhstan<ref name="Mexico-Kazakhstan">{{cite news |title = Fortalecen México Kazajstán relaciones diplomaticas |newspaper = [[El Universal (Mexico City)|El Universal]] |language=Spanish |url = http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/nacion-mexico/2014/fortalecen-mexico-y-kazajstan-relaciones-diplomaticas-1039297.html }}</ref> * {{flagdeco|FRA}} [[Paris]], France <ref>{{cite web|url=http://paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=6587&document_type_id=5&document_id=16468&portlet_id=14974|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011162140/http://paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=6587&document_type_id=5&document_id=16468&portlet_id=14974|dead-url=yes|archive-date=October 11, 2007|title=Les pactes d'amitié et de coopération – Paris.fr|date=October 11, 2007|accessdate=June 28, 2018}}</ref> * {{flagicon|UZB}} [[Samarkand]], Uzbekistan * {{flagdeco|ROK}} [[Seoul]], South Korea<ref name="Seoul twinnings2">{{cite web |url = http://english.seoul.go.kr/gover/cooper/coo_02sis.html |title = International Cooperation: Sister Cities |accessdate = January 26, 2008 |work = Seoul Metropolitan Government |publisher = www.seoul.go.kr |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071210175055/http://english.seoul.go.kr/gover/cooper/coo_02sis.html |archivedate = December 10, 2007 }}</ref><ref name="Seoul twinnings">{{cite web |url = http://english.seoul.go.kr/gtk/cg/cityhall.php?pidx=6 |archive-url = https://archive.is/20120325052520/http://english.seoul.go.kr/gtk/cg/cityhall.php?pidx=6 |dead-url = yes |archive-date = March 25, 2012 |title = Seoul -Sister Cities |accessdate = August 23, 2013 |work = Seoul Metropolitan Government }}</ref> {{div col end}} === Union of Ibero-American Capital Cities === Mexico is part of the [[Union of Ibero-American Capital Cities]],<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.munimadrid.es/UnidadWeb/Contenidos/EspecialInformativo/RelacInternac/RRII/HermanamientosyAcuerdos/Files/hermanamiento_UCCI.pdf |title = Declaración de Hermanamiento múltiple y solidario de todas las Capitales de Iberoamérica (12–10–82) |date = October 12, 1982 |accessdate = March 12, 2015 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20130510114810/http://www.munimadrid.es/UnidadWeb/Contenidos/EspecialInformativo/RelacInternac/RRII/HermanamientosyAcuerdos/Files/hermanamiento_UCCI.pdf |archivedate = May 10, 2013 }}</ref> which was founded on October 12, 1982, to establish and foster brotherly relations between the following cities: {{div col|colwidth=22em}} * {{flagdeco|PAR}} [[Asunción]], Paraguay * {{flagdeco|COL}} [[Bogotá]], Colombia * {{flagdeco|ARG}} [[Buenos Aires]], Argentina * {{flagdeco|VEN}} [[Caracas]], Venezuela * {{flagdeco|GUA}} [[Guatemala City]], Guatemala * {{flagdeco|CUB}} [[Havana]], Cuba * {{flagdeco|BOL}} [[La Paz]], Bolivia * {{flagdeco|PER}} [[Lima]], Peru * {{flagdeco|PRT}} [[Lisbon]], Portugal * {{flagdeco|ESP}} [[Madrid]], Spain * {{flagdeco|NCA}} [[Managua]], Nicaragua * {{flagdeco|URU}} [[Montevideo]], Uruguay * {{flagdeco|PAN}} [[Panama City]], Panama * {{flagdeco|ECU}} [[Quito]], Ecuador * {{flagdeco|BRA}} [[Rio de Janeiro]], Brazil * {{flagdeco|CRC}} [[San Jose (Costa Rica)|San Jose]], Costa Rica * {{flagdeco|PUR}} [[San Juan (Puerto Rico)|San Juan]], Puerto Rico * {{flagdeco|SLV}} [[San Salvador]], El Salvador * {{flagdeco|CHI}} [[Santiago]], Chile * {{flagdeco|DOM}} [[Santo Domingo]], Dominican Republic * {{flagdeco|HON}} [[Tegucigalpa]], Honduras {{div col end}} == See also == {{portal|Mexico City|Mesoamerica|Latin America|North America}} * [[Large Cities Climate Leadership Group]] * [[Largest cities in the Americas]] * [[Metropolitan areas of Mexico]] * [[Outline of Mexico]] * [[World's largest cities]] {{clear}} == References == {{reflist|30em}} == External links == {{Commons|Ciudad de México|Mexico City}} {{Wikivoyage}} {{Wikinews category}} * {{osmrelation|1376330}} * [http://www.cdmx.gob.mx/ Mexico City Government] {{es icon}} * [http://www.mexicocity.gob.mx/ Mexico City Tourism Ministry] {{es icon}} * {{dmoz|Regional/North_America/Mexico/States/Federal_District}} {{Navboxes |title= Articles related to Mexico City |list= {{Historic buildings of Mexico City Centro}} {{List of North American capitals}} {{MexicoStateCapitals}} {{Olympic Summer Games Host Cities}} {{Pan American Games host cities}} {{Spanish Colonial architecture}} {{States of Mexico}} {{World Heritage Sites in México}} {{World's most populous metropolitan areas}} {{World's most populous urban areas}}}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Mexico City| ]] [[Category:Cities in Mexico]] [[Category:Subdivisions of Mexico]] [[Category:Nahua settlements]] [[Category:Mexico City metropolitan area]] [[Category:Populated places in Mexico]] [[Category:1520s establishments in Mexico]] [[Category:1521 establishments in New Spain]] [[Category:1521 in Mexico]] [[Category:Articles containing video clips]] [[Category:Capital districts and territories]] [[Category:Capitals in North America]] [[Category:Populated places established in 1521]]'
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext)
'{{About|the capital of Mexico}} {{pp-pc1}} {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}} {{Use American English|date=June 2016}} {{Infobox settlement |name = Mexico City |official_name = Mexico City<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jan/29/mexico-city-name-change-federal-district-df|title=Mexico City officially changes its name to – Mexico City|first=David|last=Agren|date=29 January 2016|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> |native_name = {{native name|es|Ciudad de México}} |native_name_lang = es |settlement_type = Capital City |image_skyline = Montaje Ciudad de México.jpg |image_caption = Clockwise from top: skyline of [[Paseo de la Reforma]], [[Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral]], skyline of [[Polanco]], [[Palacio de Bellas Artes]], [[National Palace (Mexico)|National Palace]], [[Angel of Independence]], and [[Torre Latinoamericana]] |image_flag = Flag of Mexican Federal District.svg |flag_size = 140px |flag_alt = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = Coat of arms of Mexican Federal District.svg |image_blank_emblem = CDMX Logo.png |shield_size = 65px |nickname = |motto = {{lang|es|La Ciudad de los Palacios}}<br /><small>''(The City of Palaces)''</small> |image_map = Mexico (city) in Mexico (zoom).svg |map_caption = Mexico City within Mexico |coordinates = {{coord|19|26|N|99|8|W|type:adm1st_region:MX-CMX|display=it}} |coor_pinpoint = |coordinates_footnotes = |subdivision_type = Country |subdivision_name = {{flag|Mexico}} |subdivision_type1 = [[States of Mexico|State]] |subdivision_name1 = [[State of Mexico|Mexico]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |established_title = Founded |established_date = * {{start date and age|1325|3|13|df=y}}:<br />[[Mexico-Tenochtitlan]]<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.sre.gob.mx/ligas/info_general/fechas.htm |title = Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores – México |publisher = Sre.gob.mx |accessdate = April 17, 2011 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110420232605/http://www.sre.gob.mx/ligas/info_general/fechas.htm |archivedate = April 20, 2011 }}</ref> * {{start date and age|1521|8|13|df=y}}:<br />{{lang|es|Ciudad de México|italic=no}}<ref>{{cite web |url = http://redescolar.ilce.edu.mx/redescolar/act_permanentes/historia/histdeltiempo/mexicana/colonia/c_coteno.htm |title = De la Colonia / 13 agosto de 1521: rendición de México-Tenochtitlan |publisher = Redescolar.ilce.edu.mx |accessdate = April 17, 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080701210417/http://redescolar.ilce.edu.mx/redescolar/act_permanentes/historia/histdeltiempo/mexicana/colonia/c_coteno.htm |archive-date = 1 July 2008 |dead-url = yes |df = dmy-all }}</ref> * {{start date and age|1824|11|18|df=y}}:<br />{{lang|es|Distrito Federal|italic=no}}<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.cultura.df.gob.mx/index.php/sala-de-prensa/boletines/2536-601-09- |title = Conmemora la SecretarĂa de Cultura el 185 Aniversario del Decreto de CreaciĂłn del Distrito Federal |publisher = Cultura.df.gob.mx |accessdate = April 17, 2011 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110722225100/http://www.cultura.df.gob.mx/index.php/sala-de-prensa/boletines/2536-601-09- |archivedate = July 22, 2011 }}</ref> * {{start date and age|2016|1|29|df=y}}:<br />Ciudad de México<ref name=guardianname>{{cite web |url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jan/29/mexico-city-name-change-federal-district-df |title = Mexico City officially changes its name to – Mexico City |work = [[The Guardian]] |first = David |last = Agren |date = January 29, 2015 |accessdate = January 30, 2016 }}</ref> |founder = * [[Tenoch]] <br />(as Mexico Tenochtitlan) * [[Hernán Cortés]] <br />(as Mexico City) |seat_type = |seat = |government_footnotes = |leader_party = |leader_title = [[List of heads of government of the Mexican Federal District|Mayor]] |leader_name = [[File:Morena logo (Mexico).svg|MORENA|link=National Regeneration Movement|25px]] [[Claudia Sheinbaum]] |leader_title1 = [[Senate of Mexico|Senators]]<ref>[http://www.senado.gob.mx/index.php?ver=int&mn=4&sm=3 Senate of Mexico website: LXII & LXIII legislatures, Distrito Federal] Retrieved November 26, 2013</ref> |leader_name1 = {{Unbulleted list |[[File:Morena logo (Mexico).svg|MORENA|link=National Regeneration Movement|25px]] [[Martí Batres]] |[[File:Morena logo (Mexico).svg|MORENA|link=National Regeneration Movement|25px]] [[Citlalli Hernández Mora]] |[[File:Logo Ind.jpg|Ind.|link=Independent Politician|15px]] [[Emilio Álvarez Icaza]] |ul_style=margin-bottom:5px; |li_style=margin-bottom:3px;}} |unit_pref = [[Metric]] |area_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|title=Resumen |url=http://cuentame.inegi.gob.mx/monografias/informacion/df/default.aspx?tema=me&e=09 |publisher=Cuentame INEGI |accessdate=October 20, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100130091033/http://cuentame.inegi.gob.mx/monografias/informacion/df/default.aspx?tema=me&e=09 |archivedate=January 30, 2010 |df= }}</ref>{{Ref label|engfactobox|b|}} |area_total_km2 = 1485 |area_land_km2 = |area_water_km2 = |area_water_percent = |area_note = [[List of Mexican states by area|Ranked 32nd]] |elevation_m = 2,250 |elevation_min_m = |elevation_min_ft = |elevation_max_footnotes =<ref>{{cite web|title=Relieve |url=http://cuentame.inegi.gob.mx/monografias/informacion/df/territorio/relieve.aspx?tema=me&e=09 |publisher=Cuentame INEGI |accessdate=October 20, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302151509/http://cuentame.inegi.gob.mx/monografias/informacion/df/territorio/relieve.aspx?tema=me&e=09 |archivedate=March 2, 2011 |df= }}</ref> |population_total = 8,918,653 |population_as_of = 2015 |population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |title = Encuesta Intercensal 2015 |url = http://www.inegi.org.mx/est/contenidos/proyectos/encuestas/hogares/especiales/ei2015/doc/eic_2015_presentacion.pdf |accessdate = December 8, 2015|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151210230740/http://www.inegi.org.mx/est/contenidos/proyectos/encuestas/hogares/especiales/ei2015/doc/eic_2015_presentacion.pdf|archive-date= December 10, 2015|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |population_density_km2 = auto |population_urban =20.9 million<ref>{{cite web |title = Mexico Demographics Profile 2018 |url = http://www.indexmundi.com/mexico/demographics_profile.html |accessdate=October 3, 2018}}</ref> |population_rank = [[List of Mexican states by population|2nd]] |population_density_rank = [[List of Mexican states by population density|1st]] |population_demonyms = {{Unbulleted list|Capitalino (a)|Mexiqueño (a) (archaic)|Chilango (a) (colloquial)}} |population_note = |timezone1 = [[Central Time Zone|CST]] |utc_offset1 = −6 |timezone1_DST = [[Central Daylight Time|CDT]] |utc_offset1_DST = −5 |postal_code_type = [[Postal codes in Mexico|Postal code]] |postal_code = 00–16 |area_code = [[Area code 55 (Mexico)|55]] / [[Area code 56 (Mexico)|56]] |area_code_type = [[Area code]] |iso_code = MX-CMX |blank_name_sec1 = [[Patron saint|Patron Saint]] |blank_info_sec1 = [[Philip of Jesus]] ({{lang-es|San Felipe de Jesús|links=no}}) |blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] |blank1_info_sec1 = {{increase}} 0.831 <span style="color:#090">'''Very High'''</span> <small>[[List of Mexican states by HDI|Ranked 1st of 32]]</small> |blank_name_sec2 = [[GDP]](Nominal) |blank_info_sec2 = [[USD|$]]170&nbsp;billion<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brookings.edu/research/interactives/global-metro-monitor-3 |title=Global city GDP 2011 |publisher=Brookings Institution |accessdate=December 26, 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6H7Jql2A9?url=http://www.brookings.edu/research/interactives/global-metro-monitor-3 |archivedate=June 4, 2013 |df=mdy }}</ref> · [[List of Mexican states by GDP|1st]] |footnotes = {{designation list | embed=yes | designation1 = WHS | designation1_offname = Historic Centre of Mexico City and [[Xochimilco]] | designation1_date = 1987 <small>(11th [[World Heritage Committee|session]])</small> | designation1_type = Cultural | designation1_criteria = ii, iii, iv, v | designation1_number = [http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/412 412] | designation1_free1name = State Party | designation1_free1value = Mexico | designation1_free2name = Region | designation1_free2value = [[List of World Heritage Sites in North America|Latin America and the Caribbean]] }}{{note|engfactobox}}b. Area of Mexico City that includes non-urban areas at the south |leader_title2 = [[Chamber of Deputies of Mexico|Deputies]]<ref>{{cite web |title = Listado de Diputados por Grupo Parlamentario del Distrito Federal |url = http://sitl.diputados.gob.mx/LXI_leg/listado_diputados_gpnp.php?tipot=Edo&edot=9 |publisher = Camara de Diputados |accessdate = October 20, 2010 }}</ref> |leader_name2 = {{Collapsible list |title = [[Chamber of Deputies of Mexico|Federal Deputies]] |frame_style = border:none; padding: 0; |title_style = |list_style = text-align:left;display:none;padding-bottom:3px; |1 = [[File:PRI logo (Mexico).svg|PRI|link=Institutional Revolutionary Party|13px]] Armando Báez Pinal |2 = [[File:PRI logo (Mexico).svg|PRI|link=Institutional Revolutionary Party|13px]] Marco Antonio García |3 = [[File:PRI logo (Mexico).svg|PRI|link=Institutional Revolutionary Party|13px]] Cuauhtémoc Gutiérrez |4 = [[File:PRI logo (Mexico).svg|PRI|link=Institutional Revolutionary Party|13px]] Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada |5 = [[File:PRI logo (Mexico).svg|PRI|link=Institutional Revolutionary Party|13px]] Roberto Rebollo |6 = [[File:PRI logo (Mexico).svg|PRI|link=Institutional Revolutionary Party|13px]] Leticia Robles |7 = [[File:PRI logo (Mexico).svg|PRI|link=Institutional Revolutionary Party|13px]] Claudia Ruiz Massieu |8 = [[File:PAN Party (Mexico).svg|PAN|link=National Action Party (Mexico)|13px]] Agustín Castilla |9 = [[File:PAN Party (Mexico).svg|PAN|link=National Action Party (Mexico)|13px]] [[Gabriela Cuevas Barron|Gabriela Cuevas]] |10 = [[File:PAN Party (Mexico).svg|PAN|link=National Action Party (Mexico)|13px]] César González |11 = [[File:PAN Party (Mexico).svg|PAN|link=National Action Party (Mexico)|13px]] Paz Gutiérrez |12 = [[File:PAN Party (Mexico).svg|PAN|link=National Action Party (Mexico)|13px]] Valdemar Gutiérrez |13 = [[File:PAN Party (Mexico).svg|PAN|link=National Action Party (Mexico)|13px]] Kenia López |14 = [[File:PAN Party (Mexico).svg|PAN|link=National Action Party (Mexico)|13px]] César Nava |15 = [[File:PAN Party (Mexico).svg|PAN|link=National Action Party (Mexico)|13px]] Rosi Orozco |16 = [[File:PAN Party (Mexico).svg|PAN|link=National Action Party (Mexico)|13px]] Silvia Pérez Ceballos |17 = [[File:PAN Party (Mexico).svg|PAN|link=National Action Party (Mexico)|13px]] Ezequiel Rétiz |18 = [[File:PRD logo without border (Mexico).svg|PRD|link=Party of the Democratic Revolution|13px]] Esthela Damián |19 = [[File:PRD logo without border (Mexico).svg|PRD|link=Party of the Democratic Revolution|13px]] Luis Felipe Eguía |20 = [[File:PRD logo without border (Mexico).svg|PRD|link=Party of the Democratic Revolution|13px]] [[Alejandro Encinas Rodríguez|Alejandro Encinas]] |21 = [[File:PRD logo without border (Mexico).svg|PRD|link=Party of the Democratic Revolution|13px]] Agustín Guerrero |22 = [[File:PRD logo without border (Mexico).svg|PRD|link=Party of the Democratic Revolution|13px]] Francisco Hernández |23 = [[File:PRD logo without border (Mexico).svg|PRD|link=Party of the Democratic Revolution|13px]] Héctor Hernández |24 = [[File:PRD logo without border (Mexico).svg|PRD|link=Party of the Democratic Revolution|13px]] Teresa Incháustegui |25 = [[File:PRD logo without border (Mexico).svg|PRD|link=Party of the Democratic Revolution|13px]] Ramón Jiménez |26 = [[File:PRD logo without border (Mexico).svg|PRD|link=Party of the Democratic Revolution|13px]] Vidal Llerenas |27 = [[File:PRD logo without border (Mexico).svg|PRD|link=Party of the Democratic Revolution|13px]] Avelino Méndez |28 = [[File:PRD logo without border (Mexico).svg|PRD|link=Party of the Democratic Revolution|13px]] Eduardo Mendoza |29 = [[File:PRD logo without border (Mexico).svg|PRD|link=Party of the Democratic Revolution|13px]] Nazario Norberto |30 = [[File:PRD logo without border (Mexico).svg|PRD|link=Party of the Democratic Revolution|13px]] Leticia Quezada |31 = [[File:PRD logo without border (Mexico).svg|PRD|link=Party of the Democratic Revolution|13px]] Rigoberto Salgado |32 = [[File:PRD logo without border (Mexico).svg|PRD|link=Party of the Democratic Revolution|13px]] Arturo Santana |33 = [[File:PRD logo without border (Mexico).svg|PRD|link=Party of the Democratic Revolution|13px]] Emilio Serrano |34 = [[File:PRD logo without border (Mexico).svg|PRD|Party of the Democratic Revolution|13px]] Mauricio Toledo |35 = [[File:PRD logo without border (Mexico).svg|PRD|link=Party of the Democratic Revolution|13px]] [[Enoé Margarita Uranga Muñoz|Enoé Uranga]] |36 = [[File:PRD logo without border (Mexico).svg|PRD|link=Party of the Democratic Revolution|13px]] Balfre Vargas |37 = [[File:PRD logo without border (Mexico).svg|PRD|link=Party of the Democratic Revolution|13px]] [[María Araceli Vázquez Camacho|Araceli Vázquez]] |38 = [[File:PRD logo without border (Mexico).svg|PRD|link=Party of the Democratic Revolution|13px]] Jesús Zambrano |39 = Rosario Brindis |40 = Pablo Escudero |41 = Clara Salinas Sada |42 = [[File:PT logo (Mexico).svg|PT|link=Labor Party (Mexico)|13px]] Jaime Cárdenas |43 = [[File:PT logo (Mexico).svg|PT|link=Labor Party (Mexico)|13px]] Itzel Castillo |44 = [[File:PT logo (Mexico).svg|PT|link=Labor Party (Mexico)|13px]] Mario di Costanzo |45 = [[File:PT logo (Mexico).svg|PT|link=Labor Party (Mexico)|13px]] Gerardo Fernández |46 = [[File:PT logo (Mexico).svg|PT|link=Labor Party (Mexico)|13px]] Ifigenia Martínez |47 = [[File:PT logo (Mexico).svg|PT|link=Labor Party (Mexico)|13px]] [[Porfirio Muñoz Ledo]] |48 = Víctor Hugo Círigo |49 = Laura Piña Olmedo |50 = [[File:PNA logo (Mexico).svg|PNA|link=New Alliance Party (Mexico)|13px]] Gerardo Del Mazo |51 = María Quiñones }} |elevation_max_m = 3930 |elevation_max_ft = }} '''Mexico City''', or the '''City of Mexico''' ({{lang-es|link=no|Ciudad de México}}, {{IPA-es|sjuˈða(ð) ðe ˈmexiko|am|Es-Ciudad de Mexico.ogg}};<ref>In isolation, ''de'' is pronounced {{IPA-es|de|}}.</ref> abbreviated as '''CDMX''', {{lang-nah|Āltepētl Mēxihco}}), is the capital of [[Mexico]] and the most populous city in [[North America]].<ref>{{cite web |title = Artículo 44 |url = http://www.ordenjuridico.gob.mx/Constitucion/articulos/44.pdf |publisher = Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos |accessdate = May 14, 2010 }}</ref> It is one of the most important cultural and financial centres in the [[Americas]].<ref>{{cite web |author = Foreign Policy |title = The 2008 Global Cities Index |year = 2008 |url = https://foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=4509&page=1 |accessdate = December 27, 2009 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100110131155/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=4509&page=1 |archivedate = January 10, 2010 }}</ref> It is located in the [[Valley of Mexico]] ({{lang|es|Valle de México}}), a large valley in the high [[plateau]]s in the center of Mexico, at an altitude of {{convert|2240|m|ft|sp=us}}. The city has 16 [[municipalities of Mexico City|boroughs]]. The 2009 population for the city proper was approximately 8.84 million people,<ref name="ZMVM 2009">{{cite web |url = http://www.edomex.gob.mx/poblacion/docs/2009/PDF/ZMVM.pdf |title = Mexico City Metropolitan Area |author = National Population Council |publisher = Government of the State of Mexico |accessdate = December 27, 2009 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110722144027/http://www.edomex.gob.mx/poblacion/docs/2009/PDF/ZMVM.pdf |archivedate = July 22, 2011 }}</ref> with a land area of {{convert | 1485 | km2 | sqmi | sp=us}}.<ref>Brian W. Blouet, Olwyn M. Blouet. ''OECD Reviews of Regional Innovation OECD Reviews of Regional Innovation: 15 Mexican States 2009''. OECD Publishing, 2009. p. 418 (p. 299). {{ISBN|978-92-64-06012-8}}.</ref> According to the most recent definition agreed upon by the federal and state governments, the population of [[Greater Mexico City]] is 21.3&nbsp;million, which makes it the [[list of metropolitan areas by population|largest metropolitan area]] of the [[Western Hemisphere]], the [[list of urban areas by population|eleventh-largest agglomeration]] (2017), and the largest [[Spanish language|Spanish-speaking]] city in the world.<ref name="UN2007PopulationDatabase">{{cite web|url=http://esa.un.org/unup/index.asp?panel=2 |year=2007 |title=World Urbanization Prospects |author=United Nations |accessdate=December 27, 2009 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5QkbGwwBk?url=http://esa.un.org/unup/index.asp?panel=2 |archivedate=July 31, 2007 |deadurl=yes |df=mdy }}</ref> [[Greater Mexico City]] has a [[gross domestic product|GDP]] of $411 billion in 2011, making Greater Mexico City one of the [[list of cities by GDP|most productive urban areas in the world]].<ref>[http://www.brookings.edu/research/interactives/global-metro-monitor-3 Global MetroMonitor | Brookings Institution] {{webarchive |url=https://www.webcitation.org/6H7Jql2A9?url=http://www.brookings.edu/research/interactives/global-metro-monitor-3 |date=June 4, 2013 }}. Brookings.edu. Retrieved on April 12, 2014.</ref> The city was responsible for generating 15.8% of Mexico's GDP, and the metropolitan area accounted for about 22% of total national GDP.<ref name="GDP">{{cite web|url=http://www.mexicocityexperience.com/business_center/key_economic_facts_and_figures/ |title=Mexico City GDP as compared with national GDP |accessdate=August 19, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100426013125/http://www.mexicocityexperience.com/business_center/key_economic_facts_and_figures/ |archivedate=April 26, 2010 |df= }}</ref> If it were an independent country, in 2013, Mexico City would be the fifth-largest economy in [[Latin America]], five times as large as [[Costa Rica]] and about the same size as [[Peru]].<ref>{{cite magazine |last = Parish Flannery |first = Nathaniel |title = Mexico City Is Focusing On Tech Sector Development |url = https://www.forbes.com/sites/nathanielparishflannery/2013/12/23/mexico-city-is-focusing-on-tech-sector-development/ |magazine = [[Forbes]] |accessdate = December 27, 2013}}</ref> Mexico's capital is both the [[list of oldest continuously inhabited cities#America, Middle|oldest capital city in the Americas]] and one of two founded by Native Americans, the other being [[Quito]], [[Ecuador]]. The city was originally built on an island of [[Lake Texcoco]] by the [[Aztecs]] in 1325 as [[Tenochtitlan]], which was almost completely destroyed in the 1521 [[fall of Tenochtitlan|siege of Tenochtitlan]] and subsequently redesigned and rebuilt in accordance with the [[Spanish architecture#Spanish Colonial architecture|Spanish urban standards]]. In 1524, the [[municipalities of Mexico|municipality]] of Mexico City was established, known as {{lang|es|México Tenochtitlán}},<ref name=gobdf /> and as of 1585, it was officially known as {{lang|es|Ciudad de México}} (Mexico City).<ref name=gobdf>{{cite web |author = Government of the Federal District |title = History of Mexico City |url = http://www.df.gob.mx/wb/gdf/historia_de_la_ciudad_de_mexico |accessdate = December 27, 2009 |language=es |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20091219215021/http://www.df.gob.mx/wb/gdf/historia_de_la_ciudad_de_mexico |archivedate = December 19, 2009}}</ref> Mexico City was the political, administrative, and financial center of a major part of the [[Spanish Empire|Spanish colonial empire]].<ref name=UN>{{cite web |author = United Nations |title = Mexico City, Mexico |url = https://www.un.org/cyberschoolbus/habitat/profiles/mexico.asp |accessdate = December 27, 2009 |language=es |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100502045456/http://www.un.org/cyberschoolbus/habitat/profiles/mexico.asp |archivedate = May 2, 2010 }}</ref> After [[Mexican War of Independence|independence from Spain]] was achieved, the [[federal district]] was created in 1824. After years of demanding greater political [[autonomy]], residents were finally given the right to [[election|elect]] both a [[Head of Government of Mexico City|Head of Government]] and the representatives of the [[unicameralism|unicameral]] [[Legislative Assembly of Mexico City|Legislative Assembly]] by election in 1997. Ever since, the left-wing [[Party of the Democratic Revolution]] (PRD) has controlled both of them.<ref>Daniel C. Schechter, Josephine Quintero. ''Lonely Planet Mexico City, City Guide [With Pullout Map]''. Third Edition. Lonely Planet, 2008. p. 288 (pp. 20–21). {{ISBN|978-1-74059-182-9}}.</ref> The city has several progressive policies, such as [[abortion in Mexico|abortion]] on request, a limited form of [[euthanasia in Mexico|euthanasia]], [[no-fault divorce]], and [[same-sex marriage in Mexico City|same-sex marriage]]. On January 29, 2016, it ceased to be the ''Federal District'' ({{lang-es|Distrito Federal|links=no}} or {{lang|es|D.F.}}), and is now officially known as {{lang|es|Ciudad de México}} (or {{lang|es|CDMX}}), with a greater degree of autonomy.<ref name=FederalDistrictNowOfficially>{{cite web |title=Federal District is now officially Mexico City: The change brings more autonomy for the country's capital |date=January 30, 2016 |work=Mexico News Daily |url=http://mexiconewsdaily.com/news/federal-district-is-now-officially-mexico-city/ |accessdate=July 11, 2017}}</ref> A clause in the [[Constitution of Mexico]], however, prevents it from becoming a state, as it is the seat of power in the country, unless the capital of the country were relocated elsewhere.<ref name=UN2>{{cite web |author = El Diario de México |title = La Ciudad de México no será estado, sino entidad federal autónoma |url = http://www.diariodemexico.com.mx/la-ciudad-mexico-no-sera-estado-sino-entidad-federal-autonoma/ |accessdate = February 29, 2016 |language=es }}</ref> == History == {{anchor|History of Mexico City}}{{Main|History of Mexico City|Timeline of Mexico City}} === Aztec period === {{Main|Tenochtitlan}} [[File:Quetzalcoatl en Templo Mayor - panoramio.jpg|thumb|right|[[Templo Mayor]] ruins]] [[File:Conquista-de-Tenochtitlan-Mexico.jpg|thumb|right|[[Tenochtitlan]], the Aztec capital]] The city of Mexico-[[Tenochtitlan]] was founded by the [[Mexica]] people in 1325. The old Mexica city that is now simply referred to as [[Tenochtitlan]] was built on an island in the center of the inland lake system of the [[Valley of Mexico]], which it shared with a smaller city-state called [[Tlatelolco (altepetl)|Tlatelolco]].<ref>Frances F. Berdan, ''The Aztecs of Mexico: An Imperial Society'', New York: Holt, Rinehart, Winston 1982, pp. 10–14.</ref> According to legend, the Mexicas' principal god, [[Huitzilopochtli]], indicated the site where they were to build their home by presenting a [[golden eagle]] perched on a [[Opuntia|prickly pear]] devouring a [[rattlesnake]].<ref name="Frances F. Berdan 1982, p. 14">Frances F. Berdan, ''The Aztecs of Mexico: An Imperial Society'', New York: Holt, Rinehart, Winston 1982, p. 14.</ref> Between 1325 and 1521, Tenochtitlan grew in size and strength, eventually dominating the other city-states around Lake Texcoco and in the Valley of Mexico. When the Spaniards arrived, the [[Aztec]] Empire had reached much of [[Mesoamerica]], touching both the Gulf of Mexico and the Pacific Ocean.<ref name="Frances F. Berdan 1982, p. 14" /> === Spanish conquest === [[File:El caballito de Tolsa b.jpg|thumb|right|[[Equestrian statue of Charles IV of Spain|El caballito de Tolsa]] representing [[Charles IV of Spain]]]] After landing in [[Veracruz]], Spanish explorer [[Hernán Cortés]] advanced upon Tenochtitlan with the aid of many of the other native peoples,<ref name="ciudadmexico">{{cite web |url = http://www.ciudadmexico.com.mx/historia.htm |title = Historia de la Ciudad de México |language=Spanish |accessdate = October 14, 2008 }}</ref> arriving there on November 8, 1519.<ref name="Marroqui">{{Cite book |title = La Ciudad de Mexico |last = Marroqui |first = Jose Maria |year = 1969 |publisher = Ayuntamiento del Distrito Federal |location = Mexico City |pages = 21–25 }}</ref> Cortés and his men marched along the causeway leading into the city from [[Iztapalapa]], and the city's ruler, [[Moctezuma II]], greeted the Spaniards; they exchanged gifts, but the camaraderie did not last long.<ref name="pbs1">{{cite web |url = https://www.pbs.org/conquistadors/cortes/cortes_e00.html |title = Conquistadors – Cortés. November 1519, The Most Beautiful Thing in the World |publisher = PBS |accessdate = April 17, 2011 }}</ref> Cortés put Moctezuma under [[house arrest]], hoping to rule through him.<ref name="pbs2">{{cite web |url = https://www.pbs.org/conquistadors/cortes/cortes_f00.html |title = Conquistadors – Cortés. November, 1519 – Montezuma Arrested |publisher = PBS |accessdate = April 17, 2011 }}</ref> Tensions increased until, on the night of June 30, 1520 – during a struggle known as "[[La Noche Triste]]" – the Aztecs rose up against the Spanish intrusion and managed to capture or drive out the Europeans and their [[Tlaxcaltec|Tlaxcalan]] allies.<ref name="pbs4">{{cite web |url = https://www.pbs.org/conquistadors/cortes/cortes_g00.html |title = Conquistadors – Cortés. June 1520 – Massacre at Tenochtitlán |publisher = PBS |accessdate = April 17, 2011 }}</ref> Cortés regrouped at Tlaxcala. The Aztecs thought the Spaniards were permanently gone, and they elected a new king, [[Cuitláhuac]], but he soon died; the next king was [[Cuauhtémoc]].<ref name="pbs6">{{cite web |url = https://www.pbs.org/conquistadors/cortes/cortes_h00.html |title = Conquistadors – Cortés. December 1520 – Siege, Starvation & Smallpox |publisher = PBS |accessdate = April 17, 2011 }}</ref> Cortés began a [[siege of Tenochtitlan]] in May 1521. For three months, the city suffered from the lack of food and water as well as the spread of [[smallpox]] brought by the Europeans.<ref name="ciudadmexico" /> Cortés and his allies landed their forces in the south of the island and slowly fought their way through the city.<ref name="pbs7">{{cite web |url = https://www.pbs.org/conquistadors/cortes/cortes_i00.html |title = Conquistadors – Cortés. The Last Stand: An Aztec Iliad |publisher = PBS |accessdate = April 17, 2011 }}</ref> Cuauhtémoc surrendered in August 1521.<ref name="ciudadmexico" /> The Spaniards practically razed Tenochtitlan during the final siege of the conquest.<ref name="Marroqui" /> === Rebuilding === [[File:Mexico City Zocalo Cathedral.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral]] was built by the Spaniards over the ruins of the main Aztec temple]] Cortés first settled in [[Coyoacán]], but decided to rebuild the Aztec site to erase all traces of the old order.<ref name="Marroqui" /> He did not establish a territory under his own [[Sovereignty|personal rule]], but remained loyal to the Spanish crown. The first Spanish [[viceroy]] arrived in Mexico City fourteen years later. By that time, the city had again become a [[city-state]], having power that extended far beyond its borders.<ref name="EncMex2000">{{cite encyclopedia |last = Alvarez |first = Jose Rogelio |encyclopedia = Enciclopedia de Mexico |language=Spanish |title = Mexico, Ciudad de |year = 2000 |publisher = Encyclopædia Britannica |volume = 9 |pages = 5242–5260 }}</ref> Although the Spanish preserved Tenochtitlan's basic layout, they built [[Catholic Church|Catholic churches]] over the old Aztec temples and claimed the imperial palaces for themselves.<ref name="EncMex2000" /> Tenochtitlan was renamed "Mexico" because the Spanish found the word easier to pronounce.<ref name="Marroqui" /> === Growth of colonial Mexico City === {{See also|List of oldest structures in Mexico City}} The city had been the capital of the Aztec empire and in the colonial era, Mexico City became the capital of [[New Spain]]. The [[viceroy of Mexico]] or vice-king lived in the viceregal palace on the main square or [[Zócalo]]. The [[Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral]], the seat of the Archbishopric of New Spain, was constructed on another side of the Zócalo, as was the archbishop's palace, and across from it the building housing the city council or ''ayuntamiento'' of the city. A late seventeenth-century painting of the Zócalo by [[Cristóbal de Villalpando]] depicts the main square, which had been the old Aztec ceremonial center. The existing central place of the Aztecs was effectively and permanently transformed to the ceremonial center and seat of power during the colonial period, and remains to this day in modern Mexico, the central place of the nation. The rebuilding of the city after the siege of Tenochtitlan was accomplished by the abundant indigenous labor in the surrounding area. Franciscan friar [[Toribio de Benavente Motolinia]], one of the [[Twelve Apostles of Mexico]] who arrived in New Spain in 1524, described the rebuilding of the city as one of the afflictions or plagues of the early period: <blockquote>The seventh plague was the construction of the great City of Mexico, which, during the early years used more people than in the construction of Jerusalem. The crowds of laborers were so numerous that one could hardly move in the streets and causeways, although they are very wide. Many died from being crushed by beams, or falling from high places, or in tearing down old buildings for new ones.<ref>Toribio de Benavente Motolinia, ''Motolinia's History of the Indians of New Spain,'' translated and edited by Elizabeth Adnros Foster. Wesport: Greenwood Press, (1950) 1973, pp. 41–42</ref></blockquote> Preconquest Tenochtitlan was built in the center of the inland lake system, with the city reachable by canoe and by wide causeways to the mainland. The causeways were rebuilt under Spanish rule with indigenous labor. [[File:ViewTorreMayor04.JPG|thumb|right|[[Chapultepec Castle]] inside [[Chapultepec]] park]] Colonial Spanish cities were constructed on a grid pattern, if no geographical obstacle prevented it. In Mexico City, the Zócalo (main square) was the central place from which the grid was then built outward. The Spanish lived in the area closest to the main square in what was known as the ''traza'', in orderly, well laid-out streets. Indian residences were outside that exclusive zone and houses were haphazardly located.<ref>Edmundo O'Gorman, ''Reflexiones sobre la distribución urbana coloinal de la ciudad de México'', Mexico 1938, pp. 16ff.</ref> Spaniards sought to keep Indians separate from Spaniards but since the Zócalo was a center of commerce for Indians, they were a constant presence in the central area, so strict segregation was never enforced.<ref>Magnus Mörner and Charles Gibson, "Diego Muñoz Camargo and the Segregation Policy of the Spanish Crown," ''Hispanic American Historical Review'', vol. 42, pp. 558ff.</ref> At intervals Zócalo was where major celebrations took place as well as executions. It was also the site of two major riots in the seventeenth century, one in 1624, the other in 1692.<ref>Ida Altman, Sarah Cline, and Javier Pescador, ''The Early History of Greater Mexico'', Pearson 2003, pp. 246–249.</ref> The city grew as the population did, coming up against the lake's waters. As the depth of the lake water fluctuated, Mexico City was subject to periodic flooding. A major labor draft, the ''desagüe'', compelled thousands of Indians over the colonial period to work on infrastructure to prevent flooding. Floods were not only an inconvenience but also a health hazard, since during flood periods human waste polluted the city's streets. By draining the area, the mosquito population dropped as did the frequency of the diseases they spread. However, draining the wetlands also changed the habitat for fish and birds and the areas accessible for Indian cultivation close to the capital.<ref>Noble David Cook, ''Born to Die: Disease and New World Conquest, 1492–1650.'' New York: Cambridge University Press 1998.</ref> The 16th century saw a proliferation of churches, many of which can still be seen today in the [[Historic center of Mexico City|historic center]].<ref name="EncMex2000" /> Economically, Mexico City prospered as a result of trade. Unlike Brazil or [[Peru]], Mexico had easy contact with both the Atlantic and Pacific worlds. Although the Spanish crown tried to completely regulate all commerce in the city, it had only partial success.<ref name="Hamnett">{{Cite book |title = Concise History of Mexico. |last = Hamnett |first = Brian R. |year = 1998 |publisher = Cambridge University Press |location = Port Chester, NY|isbn = 978-0-521-58120-2 }}</ref> The concept of [[nobility]] flourished in New Spain in a way not seen in other parts of the Americas. Spaniards encountered a society in which the concept of nobility mirrored that of their own. Spaniards respected the indigenous order of nobility and added to it. In the ensuing centuries, possession of a [[Mexican nobility|noble title in Mexico]] did not mean one exercised great political power, for one's power was limited even if the accumulation of wealth was not.<ref name="Ladd">{{Cite book |title = Artes deMexico Palacios de la Nueva España The Mexican Nobility |last = Ladd |first = Doris M |year = 1998 |publisher = Artes de Mexico y del Mundo |location = Mexico City |isbn = 978-968-6533-61-3 |pages = 84–86 }}</ref> The concept of nobility in Mexico was not political but rather a very conservative Spanish social one, based on proving the worthiness of the family. Most of these families proved their worth by making fortunes in New Spain outside of the city itself, then spending the revenues in the capital, building churches, supporting charities and building extravagant palatial homes. The craze to build the most opulent residence possible reached its height in the last half of the 18th century. Many of these palaces can still be seen today, leading to Mexico City's nickname of "The city of palaces" given by [[Alexander von Humboldt|Alexander Von Humboldt]].<ref name="Marroqui" /><ref name="EncMex2000" /><ref name="Ladd" /> The [[Grito de Dolores]] ("Cry of Dolores"), also known as El Grito de la Independencia ("Cry of Independence"), marked the beginning of the Mexican War of Independence. The Battle of Guanajuato, the first major engagement of the insurgency, occurred four days later. After a decade of war, Mexico's independence from Spain was effectively declared in the Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire on September 27, 1821.<ref name="Iturbide">{{cite web |url = http://www.casaimperial.org/augustin.htm |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20040411084151/http://www.casaimperial.org/augustin.htm |dead-url = yes |archive-date = April 11, 2004 |title = Don Agustín de Iturbide |accessdate = October 20, 2008 }}</ref> Unrest followed for the next several decades, as different factions fought for control of Mexico.<ref name="citydata">{{cite web |url = http://www.city-data.com/world-cities/Mexico-City-History.html |title = Mexico City History |accessdate = October 17, 2008 }}</ref> The [[Mexican Federal District]] was established by the new government and by the signing of their new constitution, where the concept of a [[federal district]] was adapted from the [[United States Constitution]].<ref name="Countries of the World">{{Cite book |first = Thomas E. |last = Weil |title = Mexico: Chapter 3B. Evolution of a Nation |work = Countries of the World |publisher = Bureau Development, Inc. |date = January 1, 1991 }}</ref> Before this designation, Mexico City had served as the [[seat of government]] for both the [[State of Mexico]] and the nation as a whole. [[Texcoco, Mexico State|Texcoco]] and then [[Toluca]] became the capital of the State of Mexico.<ref>{{Cite book |first = Ashoka |last = Mody |title = Infrastructure Delivery |work = Countries of the World |publisher = World Bank Publications |year= 1996 |page = 187 |isbn = 978-0-8213-3520-8 }}</ref> === The Battle of Mexico City in the U.S.–Mexican War of 1847 === The [[Battle for Mexico City]] was the series of engagements from September 8 to 15, 1847, in the general vicinity of Mexico City during the [[Mexican–American War|U.S. Mexican War]]. Included are major actions at the battles of [[Battle of Molino del Rey|Molino del Rey]] and [[Battle of Chapultepec|Chapultepec]], culminating with the fall of Mexico City. The U.S. Army under Winfield Scott scored a major success that ended the war. The American invasion into the Federal District was first resisted during the [[Battle of Churubusco]] on August 8 where the [[Saint Patrick's Battalion]], which was composed primarily of Catholic Irish and German immigrants, but also Canadians, English, French, Italians, Poles, Scots, Spaniards, Swiss, and Mexican people, fought for the Mexican cause repelling the American attacks. After defeating the [[Saint Patrick's Battalion]], the Mexican–American War came to a close after the United States [[Military deployment|deployed]] [[Military organization|combat units]] deep into [[Mexico]] resulting in the capture of Mexico City and [[Veracruz, Veracruz|Veracruz]] by the [[United States Army|U.S. Army's]] 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th [[Division (military)|Divisions]].<ref name="Cerro">{{cite web |url = https://www.pbs.org/kera/usmexicanwar/war/cerro_gordo.html |title = The Battle of Cerro Gordo |accessdate = October 18, 2008 }}</ref> The invasion culminated with the storming of [[Chapultepec Castle]] in the city itself.<ref name="storming">{{cite web |url = https://www.pbs.org/kera/usmexicanwar/war/chapultepec_pillows_attack.html |title = The Storming of Chapultepec (General Pillow's Attack) |accessdate = October 18, 2008 }}</ref> During this battle, on September 13, the 4th Division, under [[John A. Quitman]], spearheaded the attack against Chapultepec and carried the castle. Future [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] generals [[George E. Pickett]] and [[James Longstreet]] participated in the attack. Serving in the Mexican defense were the cadets later immortalized as ''[[Niños Héroes|Los Niños Héroes]]'' (the "Boy Heroes"). The Mexican forces fell back from Chapultepec and retreated within the city. Attacks on the Belén and San Cosme Gates came afterwards. The [[treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo]] was signed in what is now the far north of the city.<ref name="treaty">{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/kera/usmexicanwar/war/wars_end_guadalupe.html |title=Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo |author=Richard Griswold del Castillo |accessdate=October 18, 2008 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5nE7IO7rN?url=http://www.pbs.org/kera/usmexicanwar/war/wars_end_guadalupe.html |archivedate=February 1, 2010 |deadurl=no |df=mdy }}</ref> === Porfirian era (1876–1911) === [[File:Hotel Ciudad de México - panoramio.jpg|thumb|right|French-styled architecture in [[Benito Juárez, Mexico City]], whose architectural legacy remains in the neighborhoods of [[Condesa]], [[Zona Rosa, Mexico City|Zona Rosa]], [[Historic Center of Mexico City|Centro Historico]] and [[San Miguel Chapultepec|Chapultepec.]]]] [[File:Palacio Postal - panoramio (1).jpg|thumb|right|The gilded central foyer of the Palacio Postal, now used as the primary post office of central Mexico City.]] Events such as the [[Mexican–American War]], the [[French Intervention]] and the [[Reform War]] left the city relatively untouched and it continued to grow, especially during the rule of President [[Porfirio Díaz]]. During this time the city developed a modern infrastructure, such as roads, schools, transportation systems and communication systems. However the regime concentrated resources and wealth into the city while the rest of the country languished in poverty. Under the rule of Porfirio Díaz, Mexico City experienced a massive transformation. Díaz's goal was to create a city which could rival the great European cities. He and his government came to the conclusion that they would use Paris as a model, while still containing remnants of Amerindian and Hispanic elements. This style of Mexican-French fusion architecture became colloquially known as Porfirian Architecture. Porfirian architecture became very influenced by Paris' [[Haussmannization]]. During this era of Porfirian rule, the city underwent an extensive modernization. Many Spanish Colonial style buildings were destroyed, replaced by new much larger Porfirian institutions and many outlying rural zones were transformed into urban or industrialized districts with most having electrical, gas and sewage utilities by 1908. While the initial focus was on developing modern hospitals, schools, factories and massive public works, perhaps the most long-lasting effects of the Porfirian modernization were creation of the Colonia Roma area and the development of Reforma Avenue. Many of Mexico City's major attractions and landmarks were built during this era in this style. Diaz's plans called for the entire city to eventually be modernized or rebuilt in the Porfirian/French style of the Colonia Roma; but the Mexican Revolution began soon afterward and the plans never came to fruition, with many projects being left half-completed. One of the best examples of this is the Monument to the Mexican Revolution. Originally the monument was to be the main dome of Diaz's new senate hall, but when the revolution erupted only the dome of the senate hall and its supporting pillars were completed, this was subsequently seen as a symbol by many Mexicans that the Porfirian era was over once and for all and as such, it was turned into a monument to victory over Diaz. === Mexican Revolution (1910–1920) === [[File:Porforio Diaz.jpg|thumb|right|[[Porfirio Diaz]], (second from right) commissioned many of the ornate European style buildings constructed from the 1890–1910 and hoped for Mexico City to eventually rival European cities like Paris in opulence.]] The capital escaped the worst of the violence of the ten-year conflict of the [[Mexican Revolution]]. The most significant episode of this period for the city was the February 1913 [[Decena trágica|la Decena Trágica]] ("The Ten Tragic Days"), when forces counter to the elected government of [[Francisco I. Madero]] staged a successful coup. The center of the city was subjected to artillery attacks from the army stronghold of the ''ciudadela'' or citadel, with significant civilian casualties and the undermining of confidence in the Madero government. [[Victoriano Huerta]], chief general of the [[Huerta's Federal Army|Federal Army]], saw a chance to take power, forcing Madero and Pino Suarez to sign resignations. The two were murdered later while on their way to [[Palacio de Lecumberri|Lecumberri prison]].<ref name="redescolar">{{cite web |url = http://redescolar.ilce.edu.mx/redescolar/act_permanentes/historia/histdeltiempo/mexicana/sigloxx/xx_dece.htm |title = La Decena Trágica, febrero de 1913 |language = Spanish |accessdate = October 19, 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130620151846/http://redescolar.ilce.edu.mx/redescolar/act_permanentes/historia/histdeltiempo/mexicana/sigloxx/xx_dece.htm |archive-date = 20 June 2013 |dead-url = yes |df = dmy-all }}</ref> Huerta's ouster in July 1914 saw the entry of the armies of [[Pancho Villa]] and [[Emiliano Zapata]], but the city did not experience violence. Huerta had abandoned the capital and the conquering armies marched in. [[Venustiano Carranza]]'s [[Constitutionalist]] faction ultimately prevailed in the revolutionary civil war and Carranza took up residence in the presidential palace. === 20th century to present === [[File:San-Angel-Casa-Rivera-Kahlo.jpg|thumb|right|Frida Kahlo and Diego Rivera house in [[San Angel|San Ángel]] designed by [[Juan O'Gorman]], an example of 20th Century Modernist Architecture in Mexico]] The history of the rest of the 20th century to the present focuses on the phenomenal growth of the city and its environmental and political consequences. In 1900, the population of Mexico City was about 500,000.<ref name="larosa">{{Cite book |title = Atlas and Survey of Latin American History. |last = LaRosa |first = Michael J.(Editor) |year = 2005 |publisher = M.E. Sharpe, Inc. |location = Armonk, NY|pages = 118–125 |isbn = 978-0-7656-1597-8 }}</ref> The city began to grow rapidly westward in the early part of the 20th century<ref name="EncMex2000" /> and then began to grow upwards in the 1950s, with the [[Torre Latinoamericana]] becoming the city's first skyscraper.<ref name="ciudadmexico" /> The [[1968 Summer Olympics|1968 Olympic Games]] brought about the construction of large sporting facilities.<ref name="EncMex2000" /> In 1969 the [[Mexico City Metro|Metro system]] was inaugurated.<ref name="ciudadmexico" /> Explosive growth in the population of the city started from the 1960s, with the population overflowing the boundaries of the Federal District into the neighboring State of Mexico, especially to the north, northwest and northeast. Between 1960 and 1980 the city's population more than doubled to nearly 9 million.<ref name="EncMex2000" /> In 1980 half of all the industrial jobs in Mexico were located in Mexico City. Under relentless growth, the Mexico City government could barely keep up with services. Villagers from the countryside who continued to pour into the city to escape poverty only compounded the city's problems. With no housing available, they took over lands surrounding the city, creating huge [[shanty town|shantytowns]] that extended for many miles.<ref name="citydata" /> This caused serious [[air pollution in Mexico City]] and [[water pollution]] problems, as well as [[groundwater-related subsidence|subsidence due to overextraction of groundwater]].<ref name="water">{{Cite book |title = Mexico City's Water Supply: Improving the Outlook for Sustainability. |author = National Research Council Staff. |year = 1995 |publisher = National Academies Press |location = Washington, DC|page = 4 }}</ref> Air and water pollution has been contained and improved in several areas due to government programs, the renovation of vehicles and the modernization of public transportation. The autocratic government that ruled Mexico City since the Revolution was tolerated, mostly because of the continued economic expansion since World War II. This was the case even though this government could not handle the population and pollution problems adequately. Nevertheless, discontent and protests began in the 1960s leading to the [[Tlatelolco massacre|massacre of an unknown number of protesting students]] in [[Tlatelolco (Mexico City)|Tlatelolco]].<ref name="citydata" /> Three years later, a demonstration in the Maestros avenue, organized by former members of the 1968 student movement, was violently repressed by a paramilitary group called "Los Halcones", composed of gang members and teenagers from many sports clubs who received training in the U.S. [[File:Paloma Cordero Nancy Reagan Mexico City 1985 earthquake.jpg|right|thumb|First ladies [[Paloma Cordero]] of Mexico (left) and [[Nancy Reagan]] of the United States (right) with U.S. Ambassador to Mexico, [[John Gavin]] observing the damage done by the 1985 earthquake.]] On Thursday, September 19, 1985, at 7:19&nbsp;am [[Central Standard Time|CST]], Mexico City was struck by an [[1985 Mexico City earthquake|earthquake of magnitude 8.1]]<ref name="Campus">{{Cite news |first = Yunnven |last = Campus |title = A 20 años del sismo del 85 |url = http://www.esmas.com/noticierostelevisa/terremoto/475688.html |publisher = Televisa |location = Mexico City |date = September 19, 2005 |accessdate = October 4, 2008 |language=Spanish |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080922025641/http://www.esmas.com/noticierostelevisa/terremoto/475688.html |archivedate = September 22, 2008 }}</ref> on the [[Richter magnitude scale]]. Although this earthquake was not as deadly or destructive as many similar events in Asia and other parts of Latin America,<ref name="Moreno">{{Cite journal |last = Moreno Murillo |first = Juan Manuel |year = 1995 |title = The 1985 Mexico Earthquake |periodical = Geofisica Coumbia |publisher = Universidad Nacional de Colombia |issue = 3 |pages = 5–19 |issn = 0121-2974 |url = http://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/esrj/article/view/31225 }}</ref> it proved to be a disaster politically for the [[One-party state|one-party]] government. The government was paralyzed by its own bureaucracy and corruption, forcing ordinary citizens to create and direct their own rescue efforts and to reconstruct much of the housing that was lost as well.<ref name="haber">{{cite encyclopedia |last = Haber |first = Paul Lawrence |encyclopedia = Concise Encyclopedia of Mexico |title = Earthquake of 1985 |year = 1995 |publisher = Taylor & Frances Ltd. |pages = 179–184 }}</ref> However, the last straw may have been the controversial elections of 1988. That year, the presidency was set between the P.R.I.'s candidate, Carlos Salinas de Gortari, and a coalition of left-wing parties led by Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas, son of the former president Lázaro Cárdenas. The counting system "fell" because coincidentally the light went out and suddenly, when it returned, the winning candidate was Salinas, even though Cárdenas had the upper hand. As a result of the fraudulent election, Cárdenas became a member of the [[Party of the Democratic Revolution]]. Discontent over the election eventually led [[Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas]] to become the first [[mayor|elected mayor]] of Mexico City in 1997. Cárdenas promised a more [[democracy|democratic government]], and his party claimed some victories against crime, pollution, and other major problems. He resigned in 1999 to run for the presidency. == Geography == Mexico City is located in the Valley of Mexico, sometimes called the Basin of Mexico. This valley is located in the [[Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt]] in the high plateaus of south-central Mexico.<ref name="PorruaCuenca">{{Cite book |title = Diccionario Porrua de Historia, Biografia y Geografia de Mexico 6th ed. – Mexico, Cuenca de |year = 1995 |publisher = Editorial Porrua |location = Mexico City |language=Spanish |isbn = 978-968-452-907-6 |page = 2238 |volume = 3 }}</ref><ref name="casestudy">{{cite web |url = http://casestudies.lead.org/index.php?cscid=100 |title = Mexico City: Opportunities and Challenges for Sustainable Management of Urban Water Resources |date = December 2004 |accessdate = November 25, 2008 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081207190625/http://casestudies.lead.org/index.php?cscid=100 |archivedate = December 7, 2008 |deadurl = yes }}</ref> It has a minimum altitude of {{convert|2,200|m|ft|abbr=off|sp=us}} [[above mean sea level|above sea level]] and is surrounded by mountains and volcanoes that reach elevations of over {{convert|5,000|m|ft|abbr=off|sp=us}}.<ref name="natresearch">{{Cite book |title = Mexico City's Water Supply: Improving the Outlook for Sustainability. |author = National Research Council Staff |year = 1995 |publisher = National Academies Press |location = Washington, DC |isbn = 978-0-309-05245-0 }}</ref> This valley has no natural drainage outlet for the waters that flow from the mountainsides, making the city vulnerable to flooding. Drainage was engineered through the use of canals and tunnels starting in the 17th century.<ref name="PorruaCuenca" /><ref name="natresearch" /> Mexico City primarily rests on what was [[Lake Texcoco]].<ref name="PorruaCuenca" /> Seismic activity is frequent there.<ref name="yip">{{Cite journal |last = Yip |first = Maricela |author2 = Madl, Pierre |title = Air Pollution in Mexico City |page = 16 |publisher = University of Salzburg, Austria |date = April 16, 2002 |url = http://biophysics.sbg.ac.at/mexico/air.htm |accessdate = November 25, 2008 }}</ref> Lake Texcoco was drained starting from the 17th century. Although none of the lake waters remain, the city rests on the lake bed's heavily saturated clay. This soft base is collapsing due to the over-extraction of groundwater, called ''[[groundwater-related subsidence]]''. Since the beginning of the 20th century the city has sunk as much as {{convert|9|m|ft|spell=in|abbr=off|sp=us}} in some areas. This sinking is causing problems with runoff and wastewater management, leading to flooding problems, especially during the summer.<ref name="natresearch" /><ref name="yip" /><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/02/17/world/americas/mexico-city-sinking.html?emc=edit_ta_20170217&nl=top-stories&nlid=73270920&ref=headline&_r=0 New York Times: "Mexico City, Parched and Sinking, Faces a Water Crisis" By Michael Kimmelman] February 17, 2017</ref> The entire lake bed is now paved over and most of the city's remaining forested areas lie in the southern boroughs of [[Milpa Alta]], [[Tlalpan]] and [[Xochimilco]].<ref name="yip" /> <div class="center"> <!-- galería de mapas --> {|class="toc" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="2" style="width:600px; float:center; margin:0.5em 0.5em 0.5em 1em; padding:0.5e text-align:left;clear:all; margin-left:3px; font-size:90%;" |colspan="4" style="background:#black; color:white; font-size:100%; text-align:center; background-color:black;"|Mexico City geophysical maps |- |style="text-align:center; vertical-align:center; background:white;"|[[File:MX-DF-Relieve.png|120px]] |style="text-align:center; vertical-align:center; background:white;"|[[File:MX-DF-hidro.png|120px]] |style="text-align:center; vertical-align:center; background:white;"|[[File:MX-DF-clima.png|120px]] |- style="text-align:center; background:#e9e9e9; background:#e9e9e9;" ||Topography ||Hydrology ||Climate patterns |} </div> == Climate == {{wide image|Torre LatinoAmericana Panoramic View.jpg|1600px|<center>Mexico City from atop the [[Torre Latinoamericana]]</center>}} [[File:Cumbres del Ajusco.jpg|thumb|right|[[Cumbres del Ajusco National Park]]]] Mexico City has a [[Oceanic climate|subtropical highland climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''Cwb''), due to its tropical location but high elevation. The lower region of the valley receives less rainfall than the upper regions of the south; the lower boroughs of [[Iztapalapa]], [[Iztacalco]], [[Venustiano Carranza, D.F.|Venustiano Carranza]] and the east portion of [[Gustavo A. Madero, D.F.|Gustavo A. Madero]] are usually drier and warmer than the upper southern boroughs of [[Tlalpan]] and [[Milpa Alta]], a mountainous region of [[pine]] and [[oak]] trees known as the range of [[Ajusco]]. The average annual temperature varies from {{convert|12|to|16|C|F|0}}, depending on the altitude of the borough. The temperature is rarely below {{convert|3|C|0}} or above {{convert|30|C|0}}.<ref name=weatherspark>{{cite web |title = Average Weather for Mexico City |url = http://weatherspark.com/averages/32574/Mexico-City-Distrito-Federal |publisher = Weather Spark |accessdate = October 29, 2013 }}</ref> At the Tacubaya observatory, the lowest temperature ever registered was {{convert|−4.4|C|0}} on February 13, 1960, and the highest temperature on record was {{convert|33.9|C|0}} on May 9, 1998.<ref name="Extreme temps">{{cite web |url = http://smn.cna.gob.mx/es/pronosticos/pronosticossubmenu/reporte-diario-del-observatorio-de-tacubaya |title = Reporte Diario del Observatorio de Tacubaya |publisher = Servicio Meteorológico Nacional |language=Spanish |accessdate = October 13, 2016 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20161014033451/http://smn.cna.gob.mx/es/pronosticos/pronosticossubmenu/reporte-diario-del-observatorio-de-tacubaya |archivedate = October 14, 2016 |df = mdy-all }}</ref> Overall precipitation is heavily concentrated in the summer months, and includes dense [[hail]]. Snow falls in the city very rarely, although somewhat more often in nearby mountain tops. Throughout its history, the Central Valley of Mexico was accustomed to having several snowfalls per decade (including a period between 1878 and 1895 in which every single year—except 1880—recorded snowfalls<ref name=Clima-CDMX/>) mostly [[lake-effect snow]]. The effects of the draining of [[Lake Texcoco]] and [[global warming]] have greatly reduced snowfalls after the snow flurries of February 12, 1907.<ref>"Snow in Mexico City". ''The Baltimore Sun'' (Baltimore, Maryland USA). February 13, 1907. p. 2.</ref> Since 1908, snow has only fallen three times, snow on February 14, 1920;<ref>"Snow Falls in Mexico City". ''The Baltimore Sun'' (Baltimore, Maryland USA). p. 1.</ref> snow flurries on March 14, 1940;<ref>"Snowfall Startles Mexico City". ''The New York Times''. March 15, 1940. p. 3.</ref> and on January 12, 1967, when {{convert|8|cm|0}} of snow fell on the city, the most on record.<ref>"6 Die As Snow Storm Covers Mexico City". ''The New York Times''. January 12, 1967. p. 13.</ref> The 1967 snowstorm coincided with the operation of ''[[Lake Texcoco#Artificial drainage|Deep Drainage System]]'' that resulted in the total draining of what was left of Lake Texcoco.<ref name=Clima-CDMX>{{Cite book|last=Jáuregui Ostos |first=Ernesto |title=El clima de la Ciudad de México |year=2000 |publisher=Instituto de Geografía de la UNAM |isbn=978-968-856-819-4 |language=Spanish |location=México, D.F.}}</ref><ref name=DAMsxix>{{Cite book|last=Escobar Ohmstede |first=Antonio |title=Desastres agrícolas en México: Siglo XIX Tomo 2 (1822–1900) |year=2004 |publisher=Fondo de Cultura Económica (FCE); Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores en Antropología Social (CIESAS) |editor=Juan Manuel Pérez Zevallos |authorlink=Antonio Escobar Ohmstede |isbn=978-968-16-7188-4 |language=Spanish |location=México, D.F.}}</ref> After the disappearance of Lake Texcoco, snow has never fallen again over Mexico City.<ref name=Clima-CDMX/> The region of the [[Valley of Mexico]] receives [[Anticyclone|anti-cyclonic]] systems. The weak winds of these systems do not allow for the dispersion, outside the basin, of the [[air pollution|air pollutants]] which are produced by the 50,000 industries and 4 million vehicles operating in and around the metropolitan area.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.sma.df.gob.mx/sma/download/archivos/proaire_2002-2010.pdf |title = Program to improve air quality in the Metropolitan zone of the valley of Mexico – 2002. Secretaría del Medio Ambiente del Distrito Federal, SMA (2002) Programa para Mejorar la Calidad del Aire de la Zona Metropolitana del Valle de México, Gobierno del Distrito Federal |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070126231119/http://www.sma.df.gob.mx/sma/download/archivos/proaire_2002-2010.pdf |archivedate = January 26, 2007 }}</ref> The area receives about {{convert|820|mm|in|0|sp=us}} of annual rainfall, which is concentrated from May through October with little or no precipitation the remainder of the year.<ref name="natresearch" /> The area has two main seasons. The wet humid summer runs from May to October when winds bring in tropical moisture from the sea, the wettest month being July. The cool sunny winter runs from November to April, when the air is relatively drier, the driest month being December. This season is subdivided into a cold winter period and a warm spring period. The cold period spans from November to February, when polar [[air mass]]es push down from the north and keep the air fairly dry. The warm period extends from March to May when subtropical winds again dominate but do not yet carry enough moisture for rain to form.<ref name="lafragua">{{Cite journal |last = Lafregua |first = J |author2 = Gutierrez, A, Aguilar E, Aparicio J, Mejia R, Santillan O, Suarez MA, Preciado M |title = Balance hídrico del Valle de Mexico |version = |publisher = Anuario IMTA |year = 2003 |url = http://www.imta.gob.mx/instituto/historial-proyectos/th/2003/HDR1-Balance.pdf |id = |accessdate = December 1, 2008 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081216230728/http://www.imta.gob.mx/instituto/historial-proyectos/th/2003/HDR1-Balance.pdf |archivedate = December 16, 2008 }}</ref> {{Weather box |location = Mexico City ([[Tacubaya]]), 1981–2000 normals, extremes 1921-2000 |metric first = Y |single line = Y |collapsed = |Jan record high C = 28.2 |Feb record high C = 29.3 |Mar record high C = 33.3 |Apr record high C = 33.4 |May record high C = 33.9 |Jun record high C = 33.5 |Jul record high C = 30.0 |Aug record high C = 28.4 |Sep record high C = 28.5 |Oct record high C = 28.9 |Nov record high C = 29.3 |Dec record high C = 28.0 |Jan high C = 21.7 |Feb high C = 23.4 |Mar high C = 25.7 |Apr high C = 26.8 |May high C = 26.8 |Jun high C = 25.3 |Jul high C = 23.8 |Aug high C = 23.9 |Sep high C = 23.3 |Oct high C = 22.9 |Nov high C = 22.9 |Dec high C = 21.9 |year high C = 24.0 |Jan mean C = 14.6 |Feb mean C = 15.9 |Mar mean C = 18.1 |Apr mean C = 19.6 |May mean C = 20.0 |Jun mean C = 19.4 |Jul mean C = 18.2 |Aug mean C = 18.3 |Sep mean C = 18.0 |Oct mean C = 17.1 |Nov mean C = 16.3 |Dec mean C = 15.0 |year mean C = 17.5 |Jan low C = 7.4 |Feb low C = 8.5 |Mar low C = 10.4 |Apr low C = 12.3 |May low C = 13.2 |Jun low C = 13.5 |Jul low C = 12.5 |Aug low C = 12.7 |Sep low C = 12.7 |Oct low C = 11.2 |Nov low C = 9.7 |Dec low C = 8.1 |year low C = 11.0 |Jan record low C = −4.1 |Feb record low C = −4.4 |Mar record low C = -4.0 |Apr record low C = −0.6 |May record low C = 3.7 |Jun record low C = 4.5 |Jul record low C = 5.3 |Aug record low C = 6 |Sep record low C = 1.6 |Oct record low C = 0 |Nov record low C = −3 |Dec record low C = −3 |year record low C = −4.4 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 7.6 |Feb precipitation mm = 7.0 |Mar precipitation mm = 8.9 |Apr precipitation mm = 22.5 |May precipitation mm = 66.5 |Jun precipitation mm = 140.0 |Jul precipitation mm = 189.5 |Aug precipitation mm = 171.2 |Sep precipitation mm = 139.8 |Oct precipitation mm = 72.4 |Nov precipitation mm = 12.6 |Dec precipitation mm = 8.2 |year precipitation mm = 846.1 |Jan humidity = 51 |Feb humidity = 47 |Mar humidity = 41 |Apr humidity = 43 |May humidity = 51 |Jun humidity = 63 |Jul humidity = 69 |Aug humidity = 69 |Sep humidity = 70 |Oct humidity = 64 |Nov humidity = 57 |Dec humidity = 54 |year humidity = 56 |unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm |Jan precipitation days = 2.2 |Feb precipitation days = 2.5 |Mar precipitation days = 4.1 |Apr precipitation days = 6.8 |May precipitation days = 12.9 |Jun precipitation days = 18.7 |Jul precipitation days = 23.2 |Aug precipitation days = 20.9 |Sep precipitation days = 18.2 |Oct precipitation days = 9.6 |Nov precipitation days = 3.8 |Dec precipitation days = 2.0 |year precipitation days = 124.8 |Jan sun = 240 |Feb sun = 234 |Mar sun = 268 |Apr sun = 232 |May sun = 225 |Jun sun = 183 |Jul sun = 176 |Aug sun = 176 |Sep sun = 157 |Oct sun = 194 |Nov sun = 232 |Dec sun = 236 |year sun = 2555 |source 1 = Colegio de Postgraduados (extremes)<ref name= clima>{{cite web |url = http://www.cm.colpos.mx/meteoro/progde/norm/norm24/33053.htm |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20130116054427/http://www.cm.colpos.mx/meteoro/progde/norm/norm24/33053.htm |archivedate = January 16, 2013 |title = Normales climatológicas para Mexico-Central-Tacubaya D.F. |publisher = Colegio de Postgraduados |language=Spanish |accessdate = January 20, 2013 }}</ref> Servicio Meteorológico Nacional (normals, precipitation and sunshine hours 1981–2000)<ref name=SMN>{{cite web|url=http://smn.cna.gob.mx/observatorios/historica/tacubaya.pdf |title=NORMALES CLIMATOLÓGICAS 1981–2000 |accessdate=January 5, 2013 |publisher=Comision Nacional Del Agua |language=Spanish |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116054428/http://smn.cna.gob.mx/observatorios/historica/tacubaya.pdf |archivedate=January 16, 2013 |df= }}</ref> }} {{Weather box |location = Mexico City ([[Tacubaya]]), 1961–1990 normals |metric first = Y |single line = Y |collapsed = y | Jan record high C =28.0 | Feb record high C =33.8 | Mar record high C =33.0 | Apr record high C =33.0 | May record high C =35.0 | Jun record high C =32.4 | Jul record high C =30.3 | Aug record high C =34.0 | Sep record high C =33.0 | Oct record high C =32.0 | Nov record high C =29.5 | Dec record high C =29.3 | Jan record low C =-1.4 | Feb record low C =0.0 | Mar record low C =0.0 | Apr record low C =3.7 | May record low C =7.0 | Jun record low C =3.0 | Jul record low C =2.0 | Aug record low C =9.0 | Sep record low C =1.9 | Oct record low C =0.7 | Nov record low C =-1.0 | Dec record low C =0.0 | Jan mean C =13.4 | Feb mean C =14.7 | Mar mean C =17.0 | Apr mean C =18.2 | May mean C =18.6 | Jun mean C =17.4 | Jul mean C =16.2 | Aug mean C =16.4 | Sep mean C =16.3 | Oct mean C =15.5 | Nov mean C =14.9 | Dec mean C =13.5 | Jan high C =21.3 | Feb high C =22.9 | Mar high C =25.4 | Apr high C =26.5 | May high C =26.6 | Jun high C =24.7 | Jul high C =23.2 | Aug high C =23.4 | Sep high C =22.9 | Oct high C =22.6 | Nov high C =22.2 | Dec high C =21.3 | Jan low C =6.5 | Feb low C =7.4 | Mar low C =9.7 | Apr low C =11.3 | May low C =12.2 | Jun low C =12.5 | Jul low C =11.8 | Aug low C =11.9 | Sep low C =11.9 | Oct low C =10.4 | Nov low C =8.4 | Dec low C =7.2 |precipitation colour = green | Jan precipitation mm =9 | Feb precipitation mm =9 | Mar precipitation mm =13 | Apr precipitation mm =27 | May precipitation mm =58 | Jun precipitation mm =157 | Jul precipitation mm =183 | Aug precipitation mm =173 | Sep precipitation mm =144 | Oct precipitation mm =61 | Nov precipitation mm =6 | Dec precipitation mm =8 | Jan humidity =55.5 | Feb humidity =53.5 | Mar humidity =51.5 | Apr humidity =52.5 | May humidity =55 | Jun humidity =59 | Jul humidity =64 | Aug humidity =67.5 | Sep humidity =65 | Oct humidity =62 | Nov humidity =57 | Dec humidity =58 | Jan sun =208.2 | Feb sun =212.1 | Mar sun =228.6 | Apr sun =209.4 | May sun =196.9 | Jun sun =152.6 | Jul sun =144.2 | Aug sun =158.4 | Sep sun =139.1 | Oct sun =177.0 | Nov sun =198.5 | Dec sun =186.5 | Jan rain days =2 | Feb rain days =2 | Mar rain days =4 | Apr rain days =9 | May rain days =13 | Jun rain days =19 | Jul rain days =24 | Aug rain days =22 | Sep rain days =19 | Oct rain days =10 | Nov rain days =3 | Dec rain days = 3 | source = [ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_IV/MX/76680.TXT NOAA] amd [http://climatebase.ru/stations/Mexico?lang=en Climatebase.ru] (extremes) }} == Environment == {{See also|Water management in Greater Mexico City}} [[File:División de canales.JPG|thumb|The canals of [[Xochimilco]], together with the Historic Center of Mexico City, were declared a [[World Heritage Site]] in 1987.]] Originally much of the valley lay beneath the waters of [[Lake Texcoco]], a system of interconnected salt and freshwater lakes. The [[Aztec]]s built dikes to separate the [[Freshwater|fresh water]] used to raise crops in ''[[chinampa]]s'' and to prevent recurrent floods. These dikes were destroyed during the siege of Tenochtitlan, and during colonial times the Spanish regularly drained the lake to prevent floods. Only a small section of the original lake remains, located outside Mexico City, in the municipality of [[San Salvador Atenco|Atenco]], [[State of Mexico]]. Architects [[Teodoro González de León]] and [[Alberto Kalach]] along with a group of Mexican urbanists, engineers and biologists have developed the project plan for ''Recovering the City of Lakes''. If approved by the government the project will contribute to the supply of water from natural sources to the [[Valley of Mexico]], the creation of new natural spaces, a great improvement in air quality, and greater population establishment planning. === Pollution === {{Further|Air pollution in Mexico City}} [[File:AerialViewMexicoCity.jpg|thumb|right|Air pollution over Mexico City in December 2010. Air quality is poorest during the winter.]] By the 1990s Mexico City had become infamous as one of the world's most polluted cities; however, the city has become a model for drastically lowering pollution levels. By 2014 [[carbon monoxide]] pollution had dropped drastically, while levels of [[sulfur dioxide]] and [[nitrogen dioxide]] were nearly three times lower than in 1992. The levels of signature pollutants in Mexico City are similar to those of [[Los Angeles]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.laweekly.com/news/los-angeles-and-mexico-city-a-tale-of-two-cities-2152222|title=Los Angeles and Mexico City: A Tale of Two Cities|first=Julia|last=Cooke|date=February 27, 2008|website=laweekly.com}}</ref> Despite the cleanup, the metropolitan area is still the most [[ozone]]-polluted part of the country, with ozone levels 2.5 times beyond [[WHO]]-defined safe limits.<ref name="harvard">{{cite web |url = http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2014/10/coming-up-for-air/ |title = Coming up for air |work = Harvard Gazette |accessdate = December 16, 2015 |date = 28 October 2014 }}</ref> To clean up pollution, the federal and local governments implemented numerous plans including the constant monitoring and reporting of environmental conditions, such as ozone and [[nitrogen oxide]]s.<ref name=clean>{{cite news |url = http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/28391130/wid/18298287/page/2/ |title = Mexico City cleans up its reputation for smog |date = December 26, 2008 }}</ref> When the levels of these two pollutants reached critical levels, contingency actions were implemented which included closing factories, changing school hours, and extending the ''[[Hoy No Circula|A day without a car]]'' program to two days of the week.<ref name=clean /> The government also instituted industrial technology improvements, a strict biannual vehicle emission inspection and the reformulation of gasoline and [[diesel fuel]]s.<ref name=clean /> The introduction of [[Mexico City Metrobús|Metrobús]] [[bus rapid transit]] and the [[EcoBici (Mexico City)|Ecobici]] bike-sharing were among efforts to encourage alternate, greener forms of transportation.<ref name="harvard" /> == Politics == {{update|section|date=January 2016}} === Political structure === [[File:MexCity-palacio.jpg|thumb|right|The [[National Palace of Mexico]]]] [[File:Senado de México 01.jpg|thumb|right|[[Senate of the Republic (Mexico)|Senate of the Republic]]]] [[File:San lazaro.jpg|thumb|right|[[Legislative Palace of San Lázaro]]]] [[File:Edificio Tlatelolco (S.R.E).JPG|thumb|right|Offices of the [[Secretariat of Foreign Affairs]]]] [[File:Asamblea Legislativa del Distrito Federal Ciudad de México.jpg|thumb|right|Mexico City's Legislative Assembly building]] [[File:Ángel de la Independencia (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Angel of Independence]] on [[Paseo de la Reforma]] avenue.]] The Acta Constitutiva de la Federación of January 31, 1824, and the Federal Constitution of October 4, 1824,<ref>{{cite web |url = http://tarlton.law.utexas.edu/constitutions/text/1824index.html |title = Federal Constitution of the United Mexican States (1824) |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120318225631/http://tarlton.law.utexas.edu/constitutions/text/1824index.html |archivedate = March 18, 2012 }}</ref> fixed the political and administrative organization of the [[Mexico|United Mexican States]] after the [[Mexican War of Independence]]. In addition, Section XXVIII of Article 50 gave the new Congress the right to choose where the federal government would be located. This location would then be appropriated as federal land, with the federal government acting as the local authority. The two main candidates to become the capital were Mexico City and [[Querétaro, Querétaro|Querétaro]].<ref>[http://www.juridicas.unam.mx/publica/rev/boletin/cont/85/art/art13.htm Boletín Mexicano de Derecho Comparado] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410153948/http://www.juridicas.unam.mx/publica/rev/boletin/cont/85/art/art13.htm |date=April 10, 2014 }}. Juridicas.unam.mx. Retrieved on April 12, 2014.</ref> Due in large part to the persuasion of representative [[Servando Teresa de Mier]], Mexico City was chosen because it was the center of the country's population and history, even though Querétaro was closer to the center geographically. The choice was official on November 18, 1824, and Congress delineated a surface area of two leagues square (8,800 acres) centered on the [[Zócalo|Zocalo]]. This area was then separated from the [[State of Mexico]], forcing that state's government to move from the [[Palace of the Inquisition (Museum of Mexican Medicine)|Palace of the Inquisition (now Museum of Mexican Medicine)]] in the city to [[Texcoco, Mexico State|Texcoco]]. This area did not include the population centers of the towns of [[Coyoacán]], [[Xochimilco]], [[San Mateo Mexicaltzingo|Mexicaltzingo]] and [[Tlalpan]], all of which remained as part of the State of Mexico.<ref name="EncMex2003">{{cite encyclopedia |last = Alvarez |first = Jose Rogelio |encyclopedia = Enciclopedia de Mexico |title = Distrito Federal |year = 2003 |publisher = Sabeco International Investment Corp. |volume = IV |language=Spanish |isbn = 978-1-56409-063-8 |pages = 2293–2314 }}</ref> In 1854 president [[Antonio López de Santa Anna]] enlarged the area of Mexico City almost eightfold from the original {{convert|220|to|1700|sqkm|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}}, annexing the rural and mountainous areas to secure the strategic mountain passes to the south and southwest to protect the city in event of a foreign invasion. (The [[Mexican–American War]] had just been fought.) The last changes to the limits of Mexico City were made between 1898 and 1902, reducing the area to the current {{convert|1479|sqkm|sqmi|0|abbr=on}} by adjusting the southern border with the state of [[Morelos]]. By that time, the total number of municipalities within Mexico City was twenty-two. While Mexico City was ruled by the federal government through an appointed governor, the municipalities within it were autonomous, and this duality of powers created tension between the municipalities and the federal government for more than a century. In 1903, Porfirio Díaz largely reduced the powers of the municipalities within the Federal District. Eventually, in December 1928, the federal government decided to abolish all the municipalities of the Federal District. In place of the municipalities, the Federal District was divided into one "Central Department" and 13 ''delegaciones'' (boroughs) administered directly by the government of the Federal District. The Central Department was integrated by the former municipalities of Mexico City, Tacuba, Tacubaya and Mixcoac. In 1941, the [[Pedro María de Anaya|General Anaya]] borough was merged to the Central Department, which was then renamed "Mexico City" (thus reviving the name, but not the autonomous municipality). From 1941 to 1970, the Federal District comprised twelve ''delegaciones'' and Mexico City. In 1970, Mexico City was split into four different ''delegaciones'': [[Cuauhtémoc]], [[Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla|Miguel Hidalgo]], [[Venustiano Carranza]] and [[Benito Juárez]], increasing the number of ''delegaciones'' to 16. Since then, the whole Federal District, whose ''delegaciones'' had by then almost formed a single urban area, began to be considered ''de facto'' a synonym of Mexico City.<ref name="df.gob.mx">[http://www.df.gob.mx/leyes/normatividad.html?materia=1&apartado=15&disp=140 Statute of Government of the Federal District] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080313061806/http://www.df.gob.mx/leyes/normatividad.html?materia=1&apartado=15&disp=140 |date=March 13, 2008}}</ref> The lack of a ''de jure'' stipulation left a legal vacuum that led to a number of sterile discussions about whether one concept had engulfed the other or if the latter had ceased to exist altogether. In 1993, the situation was solved by an amendment to the 44th article of the [[Constitution of Mexico]]; Mexico City and the Federal District were stated to be the same entity. The amendment was later introduced into the second article of the Statute of Government of the Federal District.<ref name="df.gob.mx" /> On January 29, 2016, Mexico City ceased to be the ''Federal District'' (Spanish: ''Distrito Federal'' or D.F.).<ref name=FederalDistrictNowOfficially/> The former "Distrito Federal" is now officially known as "Ciudad de México" (or "CDMX").<ref name=FederalDistrictNowOfficially/> Mexico City is now in transition to become the country's 32nd federal entity, giving it a level of autonomy comparable to that of a state.<ref name=FederalDistrictNowOfficially/> Because of a clause in the Mexican Constitution, however, as it is the seat of the powers of the federation, it can never become a state, or the capital of the country has to be relocated elsewhere.<ref name="UN2"/> Mexico City, being the seat of the powers of the Union, belongs not to any particular state but to all of them. Therefore, the president, representing the federation, used to designate the head of government of the Federal District (today the head of the government of Mexico City), sometimes called outside Mexico as the "Mayor" of Mexico City. {{Citation needed|date=December 2008}} In the 1980s, the dramatic increase in population of the previous decades, the inherent political inconsistencies of the system, and dissatisfaction with the inadequate response of the federal government after the 1985 earthquake made residents begin to request political and administrative autonomy to manage their local affairs. {{Citation needed|date=December 2008}} Some [[political party|political groups]] even proposed that the Federal District be converted into the 32nd state of the federation. In response to the demands, Mexico City received a greater degree of autonomy, with the 1987 elaboration the first Statute of Government (''Estatuto de Gobierno'') and the creation of an assembly of representatives. {{Citation needed|date=December 2008}} In the 1990s, this autonomy was further expanded and since 1997, residents can directly elect the head of government of the Federal District and the representatives of a unicameral Legislative Assembly, which succeeded the previous assembly, by popular vote. The first elected head of government was [[Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas]]. He resigned in 1999 to run in the 2000 [[election|presidential elections]] and designated [[Rosario Robles]] to succeed him, who became the first woman, elected or otherwise, to govern Mexico City. In 2000, [[Andrés Manuel López Obrador]] was elected, and he resigned in 2005 to run in the 2006 presidential elections; [[Alejandro Encinas]] was designated by the Legislative Assembly to finish the term. In 2006, [[Marcelo Ebrard]] was elected to serve until 2012. The city has a Statute of Government, and as of its ratification on 31 January 2017, a [[:es:Constitución Política de la Ciudad de México|constitution]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Constitución Política de la Ciudad de México |url=http://www.infodf.org.mx/documentospdf/constitucion_cdmx/Constitucion_%20Politica_CDMX.pdf |accessdate=16 February 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226004223/http://www.infodf.org.mx/documentospdf/constitucion_cdmx/Constitucion_%20Politica_CDMX.pdf |archivedate=26 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Constitución Política de la Ciudad de México |url=http://gaceta.diputados.gob.mx/ACCM/GP/20170130-AA.pdf |accessdate=16 February 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219175548/http://gaceta.diputados.gob.mx/ACCM/GP/20170130-AA.pdf |archivedate=19 February 2018 |date=30 January 2019}}</ref> similar to the states of the Union. As part of the recent changes in autonomy, the budget is administered locally; it is proposed by the head of government and approved by the Legislative Assembly. Nonetheless, it is the [[Congress of Mexico|Congress of the Union]] that sets the ceiling to internal and external [[government debt|public debt]] issued by the city government.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.finanzas.df.gob.mx/documentos/CodigoFinanciero_2007.pdf |title = Codigo Financiero Del Distrito Federal* |accessdate = April 17, 2010 }}</ref> According to the 44th article of the Mexican Constitution, if the powers of the Union move to another city, Mexico City would become a new state, the "State of the Valley of Mexico", with the new limits set by the Congress of the Union. {{wide image|Federal District buildings on Zocalo Mexico City.jpg|1000px|alt=Government offices in the Zócalo|Government offices in the Zócalo}} === Elections and government === In 2012, elections were held for the post of head of government and the representatives of the Legislative Assembly. Heads of government are elected for a six-year period without the possibility of re-election. Traditionally, the position has been considered as the second most important executive office in the country.<ref>Hamnett, Brian (1999) ''A Concise History of Mexico'' [[Cambridge University Press]]; [[Cambridge]], p. 293</ref> The [[Legislative Assembly of Mexico City]] is formed, as it is the case for state legislatures in Mexico, by both single-seat and proportional seats, making it a system of [[parallel voting]]. Mexico City is divided into 40 electoral constituencies of similar population which elect one representative by the [[plurality voting system]], locally called "uninominal deputies". Mexico City, as a whole, is a single constituency for the parallel election of 26 representatives, elected by [[proportional representation]], with open-party lists, locally called "plurinominal deputies". Even though [[proportionality (political maxim)|proportionality]] is supposed to prevent a party from being overrepresented, several restrictions apply in the assignation of the seats. No party can have more than 63% of all seats, both uninominal and plurinominal. In the 2006 elections, the PRD got the absolute majority in the direct uninominal elections, securing 34 of the 40 FPP seats. As such, the PRD was not assigned any plurinominal seat to comply with the law that prevents over-representation. The overall composition of the Legislative Assembly is: {|class="wikitable" |- ! [[List of political parties in Mexico|Political party]] ! style="width:55pt;"|[[first-past-the-post|FPP]] ! style="width:55pt;"|[[Proportional representation|PR]] ! style="width:55pt;"|Total |- |align="left"|[[File:Morena Party (Mexico).png|25px]] [[National Regeneration Movement]] |style="text-align:center;"|18 |style="text-align:center;"|4 |style="text-align:center;"|22 |- |align="left"|[[File:PRD logo (Mexico).svg|18px]] [[File:PT logo (Mexico).svg|18px]] [[File:PNA logo (Mexico).svg|18px]] [[Party of the Democratic Revolution]] / [[Labor Party (Mexico)|Labour Party]] / [[New Alliance Party (Mexico)|New Alliance Party]] |style="text-align:center;"|14 |style="text-align:center;"|7 |style="text-align:center;"|21 |- |align="left"|[[File:PAN (Mexico).svg|18px]] [[National Action Party (Mexico)|National Action Party]] |style="text-align:center;"|5 |style="text-align:center;"|5 |style="text-align:center;"|10 |- |align="left"|[[File:PRI logo (Mexico).svg|18px]] [[File:PVE Party (Mexico).svg|18px]] [[Institutional Revolutionary Party]] / [[Ecologist Green Party of Mexico]] |style="text-align:center;"|3 |style="text-align:center;"|6 |style="text-align:center;"|9 |- |align="left"|[[File:EncuentroSocial Party (Mexico).png|18px]] [[Social Encounter Party]] |style="text-align:center;"|0 |style="text-align:center;"|2 |style="text-align:center;"|2 |- |align="left"|[[File:PMC logo (Mexico).svg|18px]] [[Citizens' Movement (Mexico)|Citizens' Movement]] |style="text-align:center;"|0 |style="text-align:center;"|1 |style="text-align:center;"|1 |- |align="left"|[[File:Humanista Party (Mexico).png|18px]] [[Humanist Party (Mexico)|Humanist Party]] |style="text-align:center;"|0 |style="text-align:center;"|1 |style="text-align:center;"|1 |- ||'''Total''' ||'''40''' ||'''26''' ||'''66''' |} The politics pursued by the administrations of heads of government in Mexico City since the second half of the 20th century have usually been more liberal than those of the rest of the country, whether with the support of the federal government, as was the case with the approval of several comprehensive environmental laws in the 1980s, or by laws that were since approved by the Legislative Assembly. The Legislative Assembly expanded provisions on abortions, becoming the first federal entity to expand [[abortion in Mexico]] beyond cases of rape and economic reasons, to permit it at the choice of the mother before the 12th week of pregnancy.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/420927.html |title = Aprueba ALDF en lo general reforma sobre el aborto |newspaper = [[El Universal (Mexico City)|El Universal]] |date = April 24, 2007 |accessdate = April 25, 2007 }}</ref> In December 2009, the then Federal District became the first city in Latin America and one of very few in the world to legalize [[same-sex marriage]]. === Boroughs and neighborhoods === {{See also|Mexico City's boroughs|List of neighborhoods in Mexico City|l2=Neighborhoods in Mexico City}} [[File:Boroughs of Mexican Federal District numbered.svg|thumb|right|The 16 boroughs of Mexico City]] [[File:Arco.jpg|thumb|right|Some neighborhoods, such as [[San Ángel]], retain a distinct urban design from their time as independent towns.]] [[File:KoreanRestaurantsFlorenciaStreet.JPG|thumb|right|Korean businesses in the [[Pequeño Seúl]] area of the Zona Rosa.]] For administrative purposes, the Federal District is divided into 16 "delegaciones", or boroughs. While they are not fully equivalent to municipalities, the boroughs have gained significant autonomy, and since 2000, their heads of government have been elected directly by [[plurality voting system|plurality]] (they had been appointed by the head of government of the Federal District). Since Mexico City is organized entirely as a Federal District, most of the [[Municipal services|city services]] are provided or organized by the Government of the Federal District, not by the boroughs themselves; in the [[constituent state]]s, such services would be provided by the municipalities. The boroughs of Mexico City with their 2010 populations are:<ref>[http://mapserver.inegi.org.mx/mgn2k/?s=geo&c=1223 2010 census tables: INEGI] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502025339/http://mapserver.inegi.org.mx/mgn2k/?s=geo&c=1223 |date=May 2, 2013 }}<br />Select ''Municipales'' (Municipal), then ''Descargar'' (Download).</ref> {|cellspacing="8" |- |style="width:50%;"| 1. [[Álvaro Obregón, D.F.|Álvaro Obregón]] (pop. 727,034)<br /> 2. [[Azcapotzalco]] (pop. 414,711)<br /> 3. [[Benito Juárez, D.F.|Benito Juárez]] (pop. 385,439)<br /> 4. [[Coyoacán]] (pop. 620,416)<br /> 5. [[Cuajimalpa]] (pop. 186,391)<br /> 6. [[Cuauhtémoc, D.F.|Cuauhtémoc]] (pop. 531,831)<br /> 7. [[Gustavo A. Madero, D.F.|Gustavo A. Madero]] (pop. 1,185,772)<br /> 8. [[Iztacalco]] (pop. 384,326) |style="width:33%;"| 9. [[Iztapalapa]] (pop. 1,815,786)<br /> 10. [[Magdalena Contreras]] (pop. 239,086)<br /> 11. [[Miguel Hidalgo, D.F.|Miguel Hidalgo]] (pop. 372,889)<br /> 12. [[Milpa Alta]] (pop. 130,582)<br /> 13. [[Tláhuac]] (pop. 360,265)<br /> 14. [[Tlalpan]] (pop. 650,567)<br /> 15. [[Venustiano Carranza, D.F.|Venustiano Carranza]] (pop. 430,978)<br /> 16. [[Xochimilco]] (pop. 415,007) |} The boroughs are composed by hundreds of ''[[Colonias of Mexico City|colonias]]'' or [[Neighbourhood|neighborhoods]], which have no jurisdictional autonomy or representation. The [[Historic center of Mexico City|Historic Center]], in the borough of [[Cuauhtémoc, Mexico City|Cuauhtémoc]], is the oldest part of the city (along with some other, formerly separate colonial towns such as [[Coyoacán]] and [[San Ángel]]), some of the buildings [[List of oldest structures in Mexico City|dating back to the 16th century]]. Other well-known central neighborhoods include [[Condesa]], known for its [[Art Deco]] architecture and its restaurant scene; [[Colonia Roma]], a [[Beaux-Arts architecture|beaux arts]] neighborhood and artistic and culinary hot-spot, the [[Zona Rosa, Mexico City|Zona Rosa]], formerly the center of nightlife and restaurants, now reborn as the center of the [[LGBT in Mexico|LGBT]] and [[Koreans in Mexico|Korean-Mexican]] communities; and [[Tepito]] and [[La Lagunilla]], known for their local working-class folklore and large [[flea market]]s. [[Santa María la Ribera]] and [[Colonia San Rafael|San Rafael]] are the latest neighborhoods of magnificent [[Porfiriato]] architecture seeing the first signs of gentrification. West of the [[Historic center of Mexico City|Historic Center]] (''Centro Histórico'') along [[Paseo de la Reforma]] are many of the city's wealthiest neighborhoods such as [[Polanco]], [[Lomas de Chapultepec]], [[Bosques de las Lomas]], [[Santa Fe, Mexico City|Santa Fe]], and (in the State of Mexico) [[Interlomas]], which are also the city's most important areas of class A office space, corporate headquarters, skyscrapers and shopping malls. Nevertheless, some areas of lower-income ''colonias'' are right next to rich neighborhoods, particularly in the case of Santa Fe. The south of the city is home to some other high-income neighborhoods such as [[Colonia del Valle]] and [[Jardines del Pedregal]] and the formerly separate colonial towns of [[Coyoacán]], [[San Ángel]], and San Jerónimo. Along [[Avenida de los Insurgentes|Avenida Insurgentes]] from [[Paseo de la Reforma]], near the center, south past the [[World Trade Center Mexico City|World Trade Center]] and [[UNAM]] university towards the [[Periférico]] ring road, is another important corridor of corporate office space. The far-southern boroughs of [[Xochimilco]] and [[Tláhuac]] have a significant rural population, with [[Milpa Alta]] being entirely rural. East of the center are mostly lower-income areas with some middle-class neighborhoods such as Jardín Balbuena. Urban sprawl continues further east for many miles into the State of Mexico, including [[Ciudad Nezahualcoyotl]], now increasingly middle-class, but once full of informal settlements. Such slums are still found on the eastern edges of the metropolitan area in the [[Valle de Chalco|Chalco]] area. North of the Historic Center, [[Azcapotzalco]] and [[Gustavo A. Madero, D.F.|Gustavo A. Madero]] have important industrial centers and neighborhoods that range from established middle-class ''colonias'' such as Claveria and [[Lindavista]] to huge low-income housing areas that share hillsides with adjacent municipalities in the [[State of Mexico]]. In recent years, much of northern Mexico City's industry has moved to nearby municipalities in the [[State of Mexico]]. Northwest of Mexico City itself is [[Ciudad Satélite]], a vast middle to upper-middle-class residential and business area. The [[Human Development Index]] report of 2005 <ref name="DISTRITO FEDERAL">{{cite web|url=http://www.undp.org.mx/IMG/pdf/Distrito_Federal.pdf |title=Panorama de la entidad (Panorama of the entity) |language=Spanish |accessdate=September 19, 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203130742/http://www.undp.org.mx/IMG/pdf/Distrito_Federal.pdf |archivedate=December 3, 2012 |df= }}</ref> shows that there were three boroughs with a very high Human Development Index, 12 with a high HDI value (9 above .85) and one with a medium HDI value (almost high). [[Benito Juarez, D.F.|Benito Juárez]] borough had the highest HDI of the country (0.9510) followed by [[Miguel Hidalgo, D.F.|Miguel Hidalgo]] which came up fourth nationally with a HDI of (0.9189) and [[Coyoacán]] was fifth nationally, with a HDI of (0.9169). [[Cuajimalpa]] (15th), [[Cuauhtémoc (23rd), D.F.|Cuauhtémoc]] and [[Azcapotzalco]] (25th) also had very high values of respectively 0.8994, 0.8922, and 0.8915. In contrast, the boroughs of [[Xochimilco]] (172nd), [[Tláhuac]] (177th), and [[Iztapalapa]] (183rd) presented the lowest HDI values of Mexico City with values of 0.8481, 0.8473, and 0.8464 respectively, which are still in the global high-HDI range. The only borough that did not have a high HDI was that of rural [[Milpa Alta]], which had a "medium" HDI of 0.7984, far below all of the other boroughs (627th nationally, the rest being in the top 200). Mexico City's HDI for the 2005 report was of 0.9012 (very high), and its 2010 value of 0.9225 (very high), or (by newer methodology) 0.8307, was Mexico's highest. === Metropolitan area === {{Main|Greater Mexico City}} [[File:MX-DF-Crecimiento de la ciudad de México.png|thumb|right|Growth of Mexico city's area from 1900 to 2000]] Greater Mexico City is formed by Mexico City, 60 municipalities from the [[State of Mexico]] and one from the state of [[Hidalgo (state)|Hidalgo]]. [[Greater Mexico City]] is the [[list of metropolitan areas of Mexico|largest metropolitan area in Mexico]] and the area with the highest population density. {{As of|2009}}, 21,163,226 people live in this urban agglomeration, of which 8,841,916 live in Mexico City proper.<ref name="ZMVM 2009" /> In terms of population, the biggest municipalities that are part of Greater Mexico City (excluding Mexico City proper) are:<ref>[http://www.inegi.org.mx/sistemas/TabuladosBasicos/preliminares2010.aspx Censo de Población y Vivienda 2010 Resultados preliminares (choose drop down Mexico for state)] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103004900/http://www.inegi.org.mx/sistemas/TabuladosBasicos/preliminares2010.aspx |date=November 3, 2014 }}</ref> * [[Ecatepec de Morelos]] ({{abbr|pop.|population}} 1,658,806) * [[Ciudad Nezahualcóyotl|Nezahualcóyotl]] (pop. 1,109,363) * [[Naucalpan]] (pop. 833,782) * [[Tlalnepantla de Baz]] (pop. 664,160) * [[Chimalhuacán]] (pop. 602,079) * [[Cuautitlán Izcalli]] (pop. 532,973) * [[Atizapan de Zaragoza]] (pop. 489,775) * [[Ixtapaluca]] (pop. 467,630) The above municipalities are located in the state of Mexico but are part of the Greater Mexico City area. Approximately 75% (10 million) of the state of México's population live in municipalities that are part of Greater Mexico City's conurbation. Greater Mexico City was the fastest growing metropolitan area in the country until the late 1980s. Since then, and through a policy of decentralization in order to reduce the environmental pollutants of the growing conurbation, the annual rate of growth of the agglomeration has decreased, and it is lower than that of the other four largest metropolitan areas (namely [[Greater Guadalajara]], [[Greater Monterrey]], [[Greater Puebla]] and [[Greater Toluca]]) even though it is still positive.<ref name=sintesis>[http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/proyectos/conteos/conteo2005/sintesis.pps Síntesis de Resultados del Conteo 2005] INEGI</ref> The [[net migration rate]] of Mexico City proper from 1995 to 2000 was negative,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t=mpob62&c=3883&e=09 |title=Tasa de emigración, inmigración y migración neta de las entidades federativas |publisher=Inegi.gob.mx |date= |accessdate=May 26, 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510155316/http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t=mpob62&c=3883&e=09 |archivedate=May 10, 2013 |df= }}</ref> which implies that residents are moving to the suburbs of the metropolitan area, or to other states of Mexico. In addition, some inner suburbs are losing population to outer suburbs, indicating the continuing expansion of Greater Mexico City. == Law enforcement == {{Main|Law enforcement in Mexico City}} [[File:05022012Convenio ssp tlalpan mondragon pompa070.JPG|thumb|right|Officers of the [[Secretariat of Public Security]]]] The Secretariat of Public Security of Mexico City (Secretaría de Seguridad Pública de la Ciudad de México – SSP) manages a combined force of over 90,000 officers in Mexico City. The SSP is charged with maintaining [[Public order crime|public order]] and safety in the heart of Mexico City. The historic district is also roamed by tourist police, aiming to orient and serve tourists. These horse-mounted agents dress in traditional uniforms. The investigative Judicial Police of Mexico City (Policía Judicial de la Ciudad de México – PJCDMX) is organized under the Office of the [[Attorney General of Mexico|Attorney General]] of Mexico City (the Procuraduría General de Justicia de la Ciudad de México). The PGJCDMX maintains 16 precincts (delegaciones) with an estimated 3,500 judicial police, 1,100 investigating agents for prosecuting attorneys (agentes del ministerio público), and nearly 1,000 criminology experts or specialists (peritos). Between 2000 and 2004 an average of 478 crimes were reported each day in Mexico City; however, the actual crime rate is thought to be much higher "since most people are reluctant to report crime".<ref>{{cite news|last=Reuters |title=Police say Giuliani helps cut Mexico City crime |url=http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/mexico/20040512-1639-crime-mexico.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040609044928/http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/mexico/20040512-1639-crime-mexico.html |dead-url=yes |archive-date=June 9, 2004 |newspaper=San Diego Union-Tribune |date=May 12, 2004 |accessdate=September 15, 2009 }}</ref> Under policies enacted by Mayor [[Marcelo Ebrard]] between 2009 and 2011, Mexico City underwent a major security upgrade with violent and petty crime rates both falling significantly despite the rise in violent crime in other parts of the country. Some of the policies enacted included the installation of 11,000 [[security camera]]s around the city and a very large expansion of the police force. Mexico City has one of the world's highest police officer-to-resident ratios, with one uniformed officer per 100 citizens.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/americas/security-central-in-mexico-citys-makeover/article2084076 |title = Security central in Mexico City's makeover |work = The Globe and Mail |accessdate = May 18, 2015 }}</ref> Since 1997 the prison population has increased by more than 500%.<ref name=mueller>{{cite news |url = http://www.digital-development-debates.org/issue-18-cities--mexico-city--punishing-the-informal.html |title = Punishing the informal |work = Digital Development Debats. |accessdate = August 31, 2016 }}</ref> Political scientist Markus-Michael Müller argues that mostly informal street vendors are hit by these measures. He sees punishment "related to the growing politicisation of security and crime issues and the resulting criminalisation of the people living at the margins of urban society, in particular those who work in the city's informal economy."<ref name=mueller/> == Health == [[File:Secretaría de Salud, México D.F., México, 2014-10-13, DD 12.JPG|thumb|right|[[Secretariat of Health (Mexico)|Secretariat of Health building]]]] Mexico City is home to some of the best private hospitals in the country, including Hospital Ángeles, Hospital ABC and Médica Sur. The national [[Publicly-funded health care|public healthcare]] institution for [[private sector|private-sector]] employees, [[Mexican Social Security Institute|IMSS]], has its largest facilities in Mexico City—including the National Medical Center and the [[La Raza]] Medical Center—and has an annual budget of over 6&nbsp;billion pesos. The IMSS and other [[public health]] institutions, including the ISSSTE (Public Sector Employees' Social Security Institute) and the National Health Ministry (SSA) maintain large specialty facilities in the city. These include the National Institutes of Cardiology, Nutrition, Psychiatry, Oncology, Pediatrics, Rehabilitation, among others. The [[World Bank Group|World Bank]] has sponsored a project to curb air pollution through public transport improvements and the Mexican government has started shutting down polluting factories. They have phased out diesel buses and mandated new emission controls on new cars; since 1993 all new cars must be fitted with a [[catalytic converter]], which reduces the emissions released. Trucks must use only [[liquefied petroleum gas]] (LPG). Also construction of an [[Mexico City Metro|underground rail system]] was begun in 1968 in order to help curb air pollution problems and alleviate [[traffic congestion]]. It currently has over {{convert|201|km|0|abbr=on}} of track and carries over 5 million people every day. Fees are kept low to encourage use of the system and during [[rush hour]]s the crush is so great, that authorities have reserved a special carriage specifically for women. Due to these initiatives and others, the air quality in Mexico City has begun to improve; it is currently cleaner than it was in 1991, when the air quality was declared to be a public health risk for 355 days of the year.{{citation needed|date=June 2012}} == Economy == [[File:Bolsa Mexicana de Valores.png|thumb|right|[[Mexican Stock Exchange]] in [[Paseo de la Reforma]], Mexico City]] Mexico City is one of the most important economic hubs in [[Latin America]]. The city proper produces 15.8% of the country's [[gross domestic product]].<ref name="INEGI">{{cite web|url=http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t=cuna14&c=1669 |title=Producto interno bruto por entidad federativa. Participación sectorial por entidad federative |language=Spanish |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070714181238/http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t=cuna14&c=1669 |archivedate=July 14, 2007 |df= }}</ref> According to a study conducted by [[PricewaterhouseCoopers|PwC]], Mexico City had a GDP of $390&nbsp;billion, ranking it as the eighth richest city in the world and the richest in Latin America.<ref name="ukmediacentre.pwc.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID=1562 |title=Emerging market city economies set to rise rapidly in global GDP rankings says PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP |author=PricewaterhouseCoopers |publisher=UK Media Centre |date=February 11, 2009 |accessdate=December 27, 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504031739/https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID=1562 |archivedate=May 4, 2011 |df= }}</ref> Mexico City alone would rank as the 30th largest economy in the world.<ref name="emporis">{{cite web|url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/ci/?id=101008 |title=Emporis |accessdate=January 9, 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080317113146/http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/ci/?id=101008 |archivedate=March 17, 2008 |df= }}</ref> Mexico City is the greatest contributor to the country's industrial GDP (15.8%) and also the greatest contributor to the country's GDP in the [[Tertiary sector of the economy|service sector]] (25.3%). Due to the limited non-urbanized space at the south—most of which is protected through environmental laws—the contribution of Mexico City in agriculture is the smallest of all federal entities in the country.<ref name="INEGI" /> Mexico City has one of the world's fastest-growing economies and its GDP is set to double from 2008 to 2020.<ref name="furness">{{Cite journal |last = Furness |first = Charlie |date = April 2008 |title = Boomtown |journal = Geographical |volume = 80 |issue = 4 |pages = 36–45 |id = 0016741X }}</ref> In 2002, Mexico City had a [[Human Development Index]] score of 0.915,<ref>{{cite web |url = http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/global/hdr2006/chapters/spanish/ |title = HDR 2006 &#124; Spanish &#124; Human Development Reports (HDR) &#124; United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) |publisher = Hdr.undp.org |accessdate = April 17, 2011 }}</ref> identical to that of [[international rankings of South Korea|South Korea]]. The top twelve percent of GDP per capita holders in the city had a mean [[disposable and discretionary income|disposable income]] of {{US$|98,517|link=yes}} in 2007. The high spending power of Mexico City inhabitants makes the city attractive for companies offering prestige and [[luxury goods]]. The economic reforms of President [[Carlos Salinas de Gortari]] had a tremendous effect on the city, as a number of businesses, including banks and airlines, were privatized. He also signed the [[North American Free Trade Agreement]] (NAFTA). This led to decentralization<ref name="furness" /> and a shift in Mexico City's economic base, from manufacturing to services, as most factories moved away to either the [[State of Mexico]], or more commonly to the northern border. By contrast, corporate office buildings set their base in the city. == Demographics == [[File:Basilica de Guadalupe, tambien llamada La Villa..JPG|thumb|right|[[Villa de Guadalupe, Mexico City|La Villa de Guadalupe]], the main Catholic pilgrimage site in the Americas]] [[File:Visita guiada a las dos sinagogas de Justo Sierra (Centro, México, D.F.) 03.jpg|thumb|right|Justo Sierra 83 Synagogue, Justo Sierra Street]] Historically, and since [[Pre-Columbian era|Pre-Columbian]] times, the [[Valley of Mexico|Valley of Anahuac]] has been one of the most densely populated areas in Mexico. When the Federal District was created in 1824, the urban area of Mexico City extended approximately to the area of today's [[Cuauhtémoc, Mexico City|Cuauhtémoc borough]]. At the beginning of the 20th century, the ''elites'' began migrating to the south and west and soon the small towns of [[Mixcoac]] and [[San Ángel]] were incorporated by the growing conurbation. According to the 1921 census, 54.78% of the city's population was considered Mestizo (Indigenous mixed with European), 22.79% considered European, and 18.74% considered Indigenous.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.houstonculture.org/hispanic/census.html |title = The Hispanic Experience – Indigenous Identity in Mexico |publisher = Houstonculture.org |accessdate = April 17, 2011 }}</ref> This was the last Mexican Census which asked people to self-identify with a heritage other than Amerindian. However, the census had the particularity that, unlike racial/ethnic census in other countries, it was focused in the perception of [[cultural heritage]] rather than in a racial perception, leading to a good number of white people to identify with "Mixed heritage" due to cultural influence.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.redalyc.org/pdf/105/10503808.pdf |title=Composición Étnica de las Tres Áreas Culturales del Continente Americano al Comienzo del Siglo XXI |work=Academic investigation |publisher=university of the State of Mexico |year=2005 |accessdate=June 10, 2014 |language=Spanish |page=196 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022220348/http://www.redalyc.org/pdf/105/10503808.pdf |archivedate=October 22, 2013 |df= }}</ref> In 1921, Mexico City had less than one million inhabitants. Up to the 1990s, the Federal District was the most populous [[Political divisions of Mexico|federal entity]] in Mexico, but since then its population has remained stable at around 8.7&nbsp;million. The growth of the city has extended beyond the limits of the Federal District to 59 municipalities of the [[State of Mexico]] and 1 in the state of [[Hidalgo (state)|Hidalgo]].<ref name="CONAPOzm2005">[https://web.archive.org/web/20090506013007/http://www.conapo.gob.mx/publicaciones/dzm2005/index.htm Consejo Nacional de Población, México; Delimitación de las zonas metropolitanas de México 2005]. Retrieved September 27, 2008. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206100054/http://www.conapo.gob.mx/publicaciones/dzm2005/index.htm |date=December 6, 2008 }}</ref> With a population of approximately 19.8&nbsp;million inhabitants (2008),<ref name="CONAPOProy2">{{cite web|url=http://www.conapo.gob.mx/00cifras/5.htm |title=Consejo Nacional de Población, México; Proyecciones de la Población de México 2005–2050 |accessdate=October 12, 2007 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012092602/http://www.conapo.gob.mx/00cifras/5.htm |archivedate=October 12, 2007 |df=mdy }} Total projected population of Mexico City and the 60 other municipalities of ''Zona metropolitana del Valle de México'', as defined in 2005. Retrieved September 27, 2008.</ref> it is one of the most populous conurbations in the world. Nonetheless, the annual rate of growth of the [[Greater Mexico City|Metropolitan Area of Mexico City]] is much lower than that of other large urban agglomerations in Mexico,<ref name="sintesis" /> a phenomenon most likely attributable to the [[environmental policy]] of decentralization. The [[net migration rate]] of Mexico City from 1995 to 2000 was negative.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t=mpob62&c=3883&e=09 |title=Tasa de emigración, inmigración y migración neta de las entidades federativas |publisher=Inegi.gob.mx |accessdate=April 17, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510155316/http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t=mpob62&c=3883&e=09 |archivedate=May 10, 2013 |df= }}</ref> Representing around 18.74% of the city's population, [[Indigenous peoples in Mexico|indigenous peoples]] from different areas of Mexico have migrated to the capital in search of better economic opportunities. [[Nahuatl]], [[Otomi language|Otomi]], [[Mixtec]], [[Zapotec languages|Zapotec]] and [[Mazahua language|Mazahua]] are the indigenous languages with the greatest number of speakers in Mexico City.<ref>[http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t=mlen23&c=4169&e=09 Población de 5 y más años hablante de lengua indígena por principales lenguas, 2005] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722062155/http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t=mlen23&c=4169&e=09 |date=July 22, 2011 }} INEGI</ref> === Nationality === On the other hand, Mexico City is also home to large communities of [[expatriate]]s and immigrants, most notably from the rest of North America (U.S. and Canada), from South America (mainly from [[Argentine people|Argentina]] and [[Colombian people|Colombia]], but also from [[Brazilian people|Brazil]], [[Chilean people|Chile]], [[Uruguayan people|Uruguay]] and [[Venezuelan people|Venezuela]]), from Central America and the Caribbean (mainly from [[Cubans|Cuba]], [[Demographics of Guatemala|Guatemala]], [[List of Salvadorans|El Salvador]], [[Haitian people|Haiti]] and [[Hondurans|Honduras]]); from Europe (mainly from [[Spanish people|Spain]], [[Germans|Germany]] and [[Swiss people|Switzerland]], but also from [[Czechs|Czech Republic]], [[Hungarian people|Hungary]], [[French people|France]], [[Italian people|Italy]], [[Irish people|Ireland]], [[Dutch people|the Netherlands]], [[Polish people|Poland]] and [[Romanians|Romania]]),<ref name="extranjeros">{{cite web|url=http://redalyc.uaemex.mx/redalyc/pdf/151/15103202.pdf |title=Asociaciones de Inmigrantes Extranjeros en la Ciudad de México. Una Mirada a Fines del Siglo XX |accessdate=April 17, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090704104421/http://redalyc.uaemex.mx/redalyc/pdf/151/15103202.pdf |archivedate=July 4, 2009 |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://historiamexicana.colmex.mx/pdf/13/art_13_1938_16335.pdf |title=Los extranjeros en México, la inmigración y el gobierno ¿Tolerancia o intolerancia religiosa? |accessdate=April 17, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327124211/http://historiamexicana.colmex.mx/pdf/13/art_13_1938_16335.pdf |archivedate=March 27, 2009 |df= }}</ref> from the Middle East (mainly from [[Egyptians|Egypt]], [[List of Lebanese people in Mexico|Lebanon]] and [[Syrian people|Syria]]);<ref>{{cite web|url=http://confines.mty.itesm.mx/articulos2/GarciaRE.pdf |title=Los árabes de México. Asimilación y herencia cultural |accessdate=April 17, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327124211/https://confines.mty.itesm.mx/articulos2/GarciaRE.pdf |archivedate=March 27, 2009 |df=mdy }}</ref> and recently from Asia-Pacific (mainly from [[Chinese people|China]] and [[Korean people|South Korea]]).<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.esmas.com/noticierostelevisa/mexico/443030.html |title = Conmemoran 100 años de inmigración coreana |publisher = Esmas.com |accessdate = April 17, 2010 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100122103834/http://www.esmas.com/noticierostelevisa/mexico/443030.html |archivedate = January 22, 2010 }}</ref> Historically since the era of [[New Spain]], many [[Filipino people|Filipinos]] settled in the city and have become integrated in Mexican society. While no official figures have been reported, [[Census|population estimates]] of each of these communities are quite significant. Mexico City is home to the largest population of [[Demographics of the United States|U.S. Americans]] living outside the United States. Current estimates are as high as 700,000 U.S. Americans living in Mexico City, while in 1999 the U.S. Bureau of Consular Affairs estimated over 440,000 Americans lived in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area.<ref>{{cite web |author1 = Carl Franz |author2 = Lorena Havens |lastauthoramp = yes |url = http://www.peoplesguide.com/1pages/retire/work/bil-maste/%232americans.html |title = How Many Americans Live in Mexico? |publisher = Peoplesguide.com |accessdate = April 17, 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.overseasdigest.com/amcit_nu2.htm |title = Private American Citizens Residing Abroad |publisher = Overseasdigest.com |accessdate = April 17, 2010 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100326040310/http://www.overseasdigest.com/amcit_nu2.htm |archivedate = March 26, 2010 }}</ref> === Religion === The majority (82%) of the residents in Mexico City are Roman Catholic, slightly lower than the 2010 census national percentage of 87%, though it has been decreasing over the last decades.<ref>[http://cuentame.inegi.org.mx/monografias/informacion/df/poblacion/diversidad.aspx?tema=me&e=09 Volumen y porcentaje de la población de 5 y más años católica por entidad federativa, 2010] INEGI</ref> Many other religions and philosophies are also practiced in the city: many different types of [[Protestantism|Protestant]] groups, different types of [[History of the Jews in Mexico|Jewish communities]], [[Buddhism|Buddhist]], [[Islamic]] and other [[Spirituality|spiritual]] and [[philosophical]] groups. There are also growing{{citation needed|date=May 2016}} numbers of irreligious people, whether [[agnostic]] or [[atheist]]. The patron saint of Mexico City is saint [[Philip of Jesus]], a [[Mexican people|Mexican]] [[Catholic]] missionary who became one of the [[Twenty-six Martyrs of Japan]].<ref>Ronald J. Morgan, ''Spanish American Saints and the Rhetoric of Identity, 1600–1810.'' Tucson: University of Arizona Press 2002, pp. 143–169</ref> == Culture == ===Tourism=== {{Wikivoyage}} [[File:Turibus Ciudad de Mexico.jpg|thumb|right|The Turibus runs through many of the most important tourist attractions in the city.]] Mexico City is a destination for many foreign tourists. Wikipedia's sister project [[Wikivoyage]] has useful information on tourism in Mexico City. The [[Historic center of Mexico City]] (''Centro Histórico'') and the "floating gardens" of [[Xochimilco]] in the southern borough have been declared [[World Heritage Site]]s by [[UNESCO]]. Landmarks in the Historic Center include the [[Zócalo|Plaza de la Constitución]] (Zócalo), the main central square with its epoch-contrasting Spanish-era [[Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral|Metropolitan Cathedral]] and [[National Palace (Mexico)|National Palace]], ancient Aztec temple ruins [[Templo Mayor]] ("Major Temple") and modern structures, all within a few steps of one another. (The Templo Mayor was discovered in 1978 while workers were digging to place underground electric cables). The most recognizable icon of Mexico City is the golden [[Angel of Independence]] on the wide, elegant avenue [[Paseo de la Reforma]], modeled by the order of the Emperor [[Maximilian I of Mexico|Maximilian of Mexico]] after the [[Champs-Élysées]] in Paris. This avenue was designed over the Americas' oldest known major roadway in the 19th century to connect the [[National Palace (Mexico)|National Palace]] (seat of government) with the [[Chapultepec Castle|Castle of Chapultepec]], the imperial residence. Today, this avenue is an important financial district in which the [[Mexican Stock Exchange]] and several [[corporate headquarters]] are located. Another important avenue is the [[Avenida de los Insurgentes]], which extends {{convert|28.8|km|mi|abbr=on}} and is one of the longest single avenues in the world. [[Chapultepec]] Park houses the [[Chapultepec Castle]], now a museum on a hill that overlooks the park and its numerous museums, monuments and the national zoo and the [[Museo Nacional de Antropología|National Museum of Anthropology]] (which houses the [[Aztec calendar stone|Aztec Calendar Stone]]). Another piece of architecture is the [[Palacio de Bellas Artes|Fine Arts Palace]], a white marble theatre/museum whose weight is such that it has gradually been sinking into the soft ground below. Its construction began during the presidency of [[Porfirio Díaz]] and ended in 1934, after being interrupted by the [[Mexican Revolution]] in the 1920s. The [[Plaza de las Tres Culturas|Plaza of the Three Cultures]] in the [[Tlatelolco (Mexico City)|Tlatelolco]] neighbourhood, and the shrine and [[Basilica]]s of [[Our Lady of Guadalupe]] are also important sites. There is a [[double-decker bus]], known as the "Turibus", that circles most of these sites, and has timed audio describing the sites in multiple languages as they are passed. In addition, the city has about 160 museums—the world's greatest single metropolitan concentration <ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.stay.com/mexico-city/museum/ |title = Museums in Mexico City |publisher = Stay.com |date = May 14, 2013 |accessdate = May 26, 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120525140058/http://www.stay.com/mexico-city/museum/ |archive-date = 25 May 2012 |dead-url = yes |df = dmy-all }}</ref>—over 100 [[art museum|art galleries]], and some 30 [[List of concert halls|concert halls]], all of which maintain a constant cultural activity during the whole year. It has either the third or fourth-highest number of theatres in the world after New York, London and perhaps Toronto. Many areas (e.g. Palacio Nacional and the [[National Institute of Cardiology]]) have murals painted by [[Diego Rivera]]. He and his wife [[Frida Kahlo]] lived in [[Coyoacán]], where several of their homes, studios, and art collections are open to the public. The house where [[Leon Trotsky]] was initially granted asylum and finally murdered in 1940 is also in Coyoacán. In addition, there are several restored ''haciendas'' that are now restaurants, such as the San Ángel Inn, the Hacienda de Tlalpan, Hacienda de Cortés and the Hacienda de los Morales. === Art === {{Main|Mexican art}} [[File:Bellas Artes 01.jpg|275px|thumb|right|[[Palacio de Bellas Artes]] is the prominent cultural center in the city]] Having been capital of a vast pre-Hispanic empire, and also the capital of richest viceroyalty within the [[Spanish Empire]] (ruling over a vast territory in the Americas and [[Spanish West Indies]]), and, finally, the capital of the United Mexican States, Mexico City has a rich history of [[Mexican art|artistic expression]]. Since the mesoamerican pre-Classical period the inhabitants of the settlements around Lake Texcoco produced many works of art and complex craftsmanship, some of which are today displayed at the world-renowned [[Museo Nacional de Antropología|National Museum of Anthropology]] and the ''[[Templo Mayor]]'' museum. While many pieces of pottery and stone-engraving have survived, the great majority of the Amerindian iconography was destroyed during the [[Conquest of Mexico]].{{citation needed|date=July 2017}} Much of the early colonial art stemmed from the codices (Aztec illustrated books), aiming to recover and preserve some Aztec and other Amerindian iconography and history. From then, artistic expressions in Mexico were mostly religious in theme. The [[Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral|Metropolitan Cathedral]] still displays works by [[Juan de Rojas]], [[Juan Correa]] and an [[oil painting]] whose authorship has been attributed to [[Bartolomé Esteban Murillo|Murillo]].{{citation needed|date =July 2017}} Secular works of art of this period include the [[equestrian statue|equestrian sculpture]] of [[Charles IV of Spain]], locally known as ''El Caballito'' ("The little horse"). This piece, in bronze, was the work of [[Manuel Tolsá]] and it has been placed at the [[Plaza Tolsá]], in front of the [[Palacio de Mineria]] ([[Mining Palace]]). Directly in front of this building is the [[Museo Nacional de Arte]] (Munal) (the National Museum of Art). [[File:ReceptHallMUNAL.JPG|thumb|left|Receptions Hall at the [[Museo Nacional de Arte]]]] During the 19th century, an important producer of art was the Academia de San Carlos ([[San Carlos Art Academy]]), founded during colonial times, and which later became the Escuela Nacional de Artes Plásticas (the [[National School of Arts (UNAM)|National School of Arts]]) including painting, sculpture and graphic design, one of UNAM's [[art school]]s. Many of the works produced by the students and faculty of that time are now displayed in the Museo Nacional de San Carlos ([[National Museum of San Carlos]]). One of the students, [[José María Velasco Gómez|José María Velasco]], is considered one of the greatest Mexican landscape painters of the 19th century. [[Porfirio Díaz]]'s regime sponsored arts, especially those that followed the French school. Popular arts in the form of cartoons and illustrations flourished, e.g. those of [[José Guadalupe Posada]] and [[Manuel Manilla]]. The permanent collection of the San Carlos Museum also includes paintings by European masters such as Rembrandt, Velázquez, Murillo, and Rubens. After the [[Mexican Revolution]], an [[avant-garde]] [[art movement|artistic movement]] originated in Mexico City: [[mural]]ism. Many of the works of muralists [[José Clemente Orozco]], [[David Alfaro Siqueiros]] and [[Diego Rivera]] are displayed in numerous buildings in the city, most notably at the [[National Palace (Mexico)|National Palace]] and the [[Palacio de Bellas Artes]]. [[Frida Kahlo]], wife of Rivera, with a strong nationalist expression, was also one of the most renowned of Mexican painters. Her house has become a museum that displays many of her works.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.museofridakahlo.org.mx/en/the-blue-house/#back-top|title=The Blue House – Frida Kahlo Museum|website=www.museofridakahlo.org.mx|language=en-US|access-date=2018-10-02}}</ref> The former home of Rivera muse [[Dolores Olmedo]] houses the namesake museum. The facility is in Xochimilco borough in southern Mexico City and includes several buildings surrounded by sprawling manicured lawns. It houses a large collection of Rivera and Kahlo paintings and drawings, as well as living ''Xoloizcuintles'' ([[Mexican Hairless Dog]]). It also regularly hosts small but important temporary exhibits of classical and [[modern art]] (e.g. Venetian Masters and Contemporary New York artists). During the 20th century, many artists immigrated to Mexico City from different regions of Mexico, such as [[Leopoldo Méndez]], an engraver from Veracruz, who supported the creation of the socialist Taller de la Gráfica Popular ([[Popular Graphics Workshop]]), designed to help [[Blue-collar worker|blue-collar]] workers find a venue to express their art. Other painters came from abroad, such as [[Catalonia|Catalan]] painter [[Remedios Varo]] and other Spanish and Jewish exiles. It was in the second half of the 20th century that the artistic movement began to drift apart from the Revolutionary theme. [[José Luis Cuevas]] opted for a modernist style in contrast to the muralist movement associated with social politics. === Museums === [[File:OutsideCasaAzul.JPG|thumb|right|[[Museo Frida Kahlo]]]] [[File:Soumaya201808p2.jpg|thumb|right|[[Museo Soumaya]]]] Mexico City has numerous museums dedicated to art, including Mexican colonial, modern and [[contemporary art]], and international art. The Museo Tamayo was opened in the mid-1980s to house the collection of international contemporary art donated by famed Mexican (born in the state of Oaxaca) painter [[Rufino Tamayo]]. The collection includes pieces by Picasso, Klee, Kandinsky, Warhol and many others, though most of the collection is stored while visiting exhibits are shown. The [[Museo de Arte Moderno]] ([[Museum of Modern Art]]) is a repository of Mexican artists from the 20th century, including Rivera, Orozco, Siqueiros, Kahlo, [[Gerzso]], Carrington, Tamayo, among others, and also regularly hosts temporary exhibits of international modern art. In southern Mexico City, the Museo Carrillo Gil ([[Carrillo Gil Museum]]) showcases avant-garde artists, as does the University Museum/Contemporary Art ([[Museo Universitario Arte Contemporáneo]] – or MUAC), designed by famed Mexican architect [[Teodoro González de León]], inaugurated in late 2008. The [[Museo Soumaya]], named after the wife of Mexican magnate [[Carlos Slim]], has the largest private collection of original [[Auguste Rodin|Rodin]] sculptures outside Paris.{{citation needed|date=July 2017}} It also has a large collection of [[Dalí]] sculptures, and recently began showing pieces in its masters collection including [[El Greco]], [[Velázquez]], [[Picasso]] and [[Canaletto]]. The museum inaugurated a new futuristic-design facility in 2011 just north of Polanco, while maintaining a smaller facility in [[Plaza de Loreto]] in southern Mexico City. The [[Colección Júmex]] is a contemporary art museum located on the sprawling grounds of the [[Jumex]] juice company in the northern industrial suburb of [[San Cristóbal Ecatepec|Ecatepec]]. It is said to have the largest private contemporary art collection in [[Latin America]] and hosts pieces from its permanent collection as well as traveling exhibits by leading contemporary artists. The new [[Museo Júmex]] in [[Nuevo Polanco]] was slated to open in November 2013. The Museo de San Ildefonso, housed in the Antiguo Colegio de San Ildefonso in Mexico City's historic downtown district is a 17th-century colonnaded palace housing an art museum that regularly hosts world-class exhibits of Mexican and international art. Recent exhibits have included those on [[David LaChapelle]], [[Antony Gormley]] and [[Ron Mueck]]. The National Museum of Art (Museo Nacional de Arte) is also located in a former palace in the historic center. It houses a large collection of pieces by all major Mexican artists of the last 400 years and also hosts visiting exhibits. [[File:Hochob Campeche - Rekonstruktion des Tempels.jpg|thumb|left|Reconstruction of the entrance to the Hochob temple in the [[National Museum of Anthropology]]]] [[Jack Kerouac]], the noted American author, spent extended periods of time in the city, and wrote his masterpiece volume of poetry ''[[Mexico City Blues]]'' here. Another American author, [[William S. Burroughs]], also lived in the [[Colonia Roma]] neighborhood of the city for some time. It was here that he accidentally shot his wife. Most of Mexico City's more than 150 museums can be visited from Tuesday to Sunday from 10&nbsp;am to 5&nbsp;pm, although some of them have extended schedules, such as the Museum of Anthropology and History, which is open to 7&nbsp;pm. In addition to this, entrance to most museums are free on Sunday. In some cases a modest fee may be charged.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.mexicocity.com.mx/visita.html |title = Ciudad de México.- atractivos turísticos |publisher = Mexicocity.com.mx |accessdate = April 17, 2010 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090225110752/http://www.mexicocity.com.mx/visita.html |archivedate = February 25, 2009 |deadurl = yes }}</ref> Another major addition to the city's museum scene is the [[Museum of Remembrance and Tolerance]] (Museo de la Memoria y Tolerancia), inaugurated in early 2011. The brainchild of two young Mexican women as a Holocaust museum, the idea morphed into a unique museum dedicated to showcasing all major historical events of discrimination and genocide. Permanent exhibits include those on the Holocaust and other large-scale atrocities. It also houses temporary exhibits; one on [[Tibet]] was inaugurated by the [[Dalai Lama]] in September 2011.{{citation needed|date=July 2017}} {{clear}} === Music, theater and entertainment === [[File:Teatro de la Ciudad de Mexico.jpg|thumb|right|The City Theatre]] [[File:ACMX16.JPG|thumb|right|[[Mexico City Arena]]]] Mexico City is home to a number of orchestras offering season programs. These include the [[Mexico City Philharmonic]],<ref>[http://www.cultura.df.gob.mx/Filarmonica/ Mexico City Philharmonic] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202021052/http://www.cultura.df.gob.mx/Filarmonica/ |date=December 2, 2008 }}</ref> which performs at the Sala Ollin Yoliztli; the [[National Symphony Orchestra (Mexico)|National Symphony Orchestra]], whose home base is the [[Palacio de Bellas Artes]] (Palace of the [[Fine art|Fine Arts]]), a masterpiece of [[Art Nouveau|art nouveau]] and art decó styles; the [[Orchestra|Philharmonic Orchestra]] of the National Autonomous University of Mexico ([[OFUNAM]]),<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.musicaunam.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=5&Itemid=13 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070422104348/http://www.musicaunam.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=5&Itemid=13 |dead-url = yes |archive-date = April 22, 2007 |title = Philharmonic Orchestra of the National Autonomous University of Mexico |publisher = Musicaunam.net |accessdate = April 17, 2010 }}</ref> and the [[Minería Symphony Orchestra]],<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.sinfonicademineria.org/ |title = Minería Symphony Orchestra |publisher = Sinfonicademineria.org |accessdate = April 17, 2011 }}</ref> both of which perform at the [[Sala Nezahualcóyotl]], which was the first wrap-around concert hall of the world's western hemisphere when inaugurated in 1976. There are also many smaller ensembles that enrich the city's musical scene, including the [[Carlos Chávez Youth Symphony]], the [[Cuarteto Latinoamericano]], the [[New World Symphony Orchestra|New World Orchestra]] (Orquesta del Nuevo Mundo), the [[National Polytechnical Symphony]] and the [[Bellas Artes Chamber Orchestra]] (Orquesta de Cámara de Bellas Artes). The city is also a leading center of [[popular culture]] and music. There are a multitude of venues hosting Spanish and foreign-language performers. These include the 10,000-seat [[National Auditorium]] that regularly schedules the Spanish and English-language pop and rock artists, as well as many of the world's leading [[performing arts]] ensembles, the auditorium also broadcasts [[grand opera]] performances from New York's [[Metropolitan Opera]] on giant, high definition screens. In 2007 National Auditorium was selected world's best venue by multiple genre media. Other sites for pop-artist performances include the 3,000-seat [[Teatro Metropolitan]], the 15,000-seat [[Palacio de los Deportes]], and the larger 50,000-seat [[Foro Sol]] Stadium, where popular international artists perform on a regular basis. The [[Cirque du Soleil]] has held several seasons at the [[Carpa Santa Fe]], in the [[Santa Fe (Mexico City)|Santa Fe]] district in the western part of the city. There are numerous venues for smaller musical ensembles and solo performers. These include the [[Hard Rock Live]], Bataclán, Foro Scotiabank, Lunario, Circo Volador and Voilá Acoustique. Recent additions include the 20,000-seat Arena Ciudad de México, the 3,000-seat Pepsi Center World Trade Center, and the 2,500-seat Auditorio Blackberry. The Centro Nacional de las Artes ([[National Center for the Arts]] has several venues for music, theatre, dance. UNAM's main campus, also in the southern part of the city, is home to the Centro Cultural Universitario (the [[University Culture Center]]) (CCU). The CCU also houses the [[National Library of Mexico|National Library]], the interactive [[Universum, Museo de las Ciencias]],<ref>{{cite web |author = Dgdc-Unam |url = http://www.universum.unam.mx/ |title = Universum, Museo de las Ciencias |publisher = Universum.unam.mx |accessdate = April 17, 2010 }}</ref> the Sala Nezahualcóyotl concert hall, several theatres and cinemas, and the new University Museum of Contemporary Art (MUAC).<ref>[http://difusion.cultural.unam.mx/index.php?option=com_weblinks&catid=38&Itemid=86 University Museum of Contemporary Art] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220023046/http://difusion.cultural.unam.mx/index.php?option=com_weblinks&catid=38&Itemid=86 |date=December 20, 2014 }}</ref> A branch of the National University's CCU cultural center was inaugurated in 2007 in the facilities of the former [[Foreign minister|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]], known as Tlatelolco, in north-central Mexico City. The [[José Vasconcelos Library]], a national library, is located on the grounds of the former [[Buenavista, Mexico State|Buenavista]] railroad station in the northern part of the city. The ''[[Papalote children's museum]]'', which houses the world's largest dome screen, is located in the wooded park of [[Chapultepec]], near the ''[[Museo Tecnológico]]'', and ''[[La Feria de Chapultepec Mágico|La Feria]]'' [[amusement park]]. The theme park ''[[Six Flags México]]'' (the largest amusement park in Latin America) is located in the [[Ajusco]] neighborhood, in Tlalpan borough, southern Mexico City. During the winter, the main square of the [[Zócalo]] is transformed into a gigantic [[ice rink|ice skating rink]], which is said to be the largest in the world behind that of Moscow's [[Red Square]]. The Cineteca Nacional (the [[Mexican Film Library]]), near the Coyoacán suburb, shows a variety of films, and stages many film festivals, including the annual [[Muestra Internacional de Cine|International Showcase]], and many smaller ones ranging from Scandinavian and Uruguayan cinema, to Jewish and LGBT-themed films. [[Cinépolis]] and [[Cinemex]], the two biggest film [[chain store|business chains]], also have several film festivals throughout the year, with both national and international movies. Mexico City has a number of [[IMAX]] theatres, providing residents and visitors access to films ranging from documentaries to blockbusters on these large screens. === Cuisine === Mexico City offers a variety of cuisines. Restaurants specializing in the regional cuisines of Mexico's 31 states are available in the city. Also available are an array of international cuisines, including [[Canadian cuisine|Canadian]],<ref>[http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/mexico-food-truck-promoting-canadian-cuisine-1.1328422 Mexico food truck promoting Canadian cuisine]. [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|CBC News]]. Retrieved 29–07–15.</ref> [[French cuisine|French]], [[Italian cuisine|Italian]], [[Croatian cuisine|Croatian]], [[Spanish cuisine|Spanish]] (including many regional variations), [[Jewish cuisine|Jewish]], [[Lebanese cuisine|Lebanese]], [[Chinese cuisine|Chinese]] (again with regional variations), [[Indian cuisine|Indian]], [[Japanese cuisine|Japanese]], [[Korean cuisine|Korean]], [[Thai cuisine|Thai]], [[Vietnamese cuisine|Vietnamese]], and fellow [[Latin American cuisine]]s such as [[Argentine cuisine|Argentine]], [[Brazilian cuisine|Brazilian]], and [[Peruvian cuisine|Peruvian]]. [[Haute cuisine|Haute]], [[fusion cuisine|fusion]], [[Kashrut|kosher]], [[Vegetarian cuisine|vegetarian]] and [[veganism|vegan]] cuisines are also available, as are restaurants solely based on the concepts of [[local food]] and [[slow Food]]. Mexico City is known for having some of the freshest fish and seafood in Mexico's interior. [[La Nueva Viga Market]] is the second largest seafood market in the world after the [[Tsukiji fish market]] in Japan. The city also has several branches of renowned international restaurants and chefs. These include Paris' Au Pied de Cochon and [[Brasserie Lipp]], Philippe (by Philippe Chow); Nobu, Quintonil, Pujol, Morimoto; Pámpano, owned by Mexican-raised opera legend [[Plácido Domingo]]. There are branches of the exclusive Japanese restaurant [[Suntory]], Rome's famed Alfredo, as well as New York steakhouses [[Morton's Restaurant Group|Morton's]] and [[The Palm (restaurant)|The Palm]], and Monte Carlo's BeefBar. Three of the most famous{{fact|date=March 2019}} Lima-based [[Haute cuisine|Haute]] [[Peruvian cuisine|Peruvian]] restaurants, La Mar, Segundo Muelle and Astrid y Gastón have locations in Mexico City. For the 2014 list of [[Restaurant (magazine) Top 50|World's 50 Best Restaurants]] as named by the British magazine ''[[Restaurant (magazine)|Restaurant]]'', Mexico City ranked with the Mexican avant-garde restaurant [[Pujol (restaurant)|Pujol]] (owned by Mexican chef Enrique Olvera) at 20th best. Also notable is the Basque-Mexican fusion restaurant [[Biko (restaurant)|Biko]] (run and co-owned by Bruno Oteiza and Mikel Alonso), which placed outside the list at 59th, but in previous years has ranked within the top 50.<ref name="2014 awards">[[Restaurant (magazine)|Restaurant]], [http://www.theworlds50best.com/list/1-50-winners The World's 50 Best Restaurant Awards: 2014]</ref> Mexico's award-winning [[Mexican wine|wines]] are offered at many restaurants, and the city offers unique experiences for tasting the regional spirits, with broad selections of [[tequila]] and [[mezcal]]. At the other end of the scale are working class [[pulque]] bars known as ''pulquerías'', a challenge for tourists to locate and experience. == Transportation == === Public transportation === [[File:NM-02 STC.jpg|thumb|[[Mexico City Metro]]]] Mexico City has many modes of public transportation, from the metro (subway) system, to suburban rail, light rail, regular buses, BRT (bus rapid transit), 'pesero' minibuses, and trolleybuses, to bike share. ==== Metro ==== {{Main|Mexico City Metro}} Mexico City is served by the ''[[Mexico City Metro|Sistema de Transporte Colectivo]]'', a {{convert|225.9|km|0|abbr=on}} [[rapid transit|metro]] system, which is the largest in Latin America. The first portions were opened in 1969 and it has expanded to 17 lines with [[List of Mexico City metro stations|195 stations]]. The metro transports 4.4&nbsp;million people every day. It is the 8th busiest metro system in the world, behind Tokyo (10.0&nbsp;million), Beijing (9.3&nbsp;million), Shanghai (7.8 million), Seoul (7.3 million), Moscow (6.7&nbsp;million), Guangzhou (6.2&nbsp;million), and New York City (4.9 million).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uitp.org/sites/default/files/cck-focus-papers-files/UITP-Statistic%20Brief-Metro-A4-WEB_0.pdf|title=World Metro Figures: Statistics Brief|date=October 2015|publisher=UITP|page=2|accessdate=June 18, 2016}}</ref> It is heavily subsidized, and has some of the lowest fares in the world, each trip costing 5.00 [[Mexican peso|pesos]] (roughly US$0.27) from 05:00&nbsp;am to midnight. Several stations display [[Pre-Columbian era|pre-Columbian]] artifacts and architecture that were discovered during the metro's construction. {{Citation needed|date=December 2008}} However, the metro covers less than half of the total urban area. The Metro stations are also differentiated by the use of icons and glyphs which were created for the illiterate, a unique system that has become iconic characteristic of Mexico City. Each icon was developed based on historical (characters, sites, pre-Hispanic motifs), linguistic, symbolic (glyphs) or geographic references. A complementary system of icons was used for the Metrobús (BRT) stops. ==== Suburban rail ==== A suburban rail system, the ''[[Ferrocarril Suburbano de la Zona Metropolitana del Valle de México|Tren Suburbano]]'' serves the metropolitan area, beyond the reach of the [[Mexico City Metro|metro]], currently with only one line serving to municipalities such as [[Tlalnepantla de Baz|Tlalnepantla]] and [[Cuautitlán Izcalli, Mexico State|Cuautitlán Izcalli]], but with future lines planned to serve e.g. [[Chalco de Díaz Covarrubias|Chalco]] and [[Los Reyes Acaquilpan|La Paz]]. ==== Peseros ==== [[Pesero]]s are typically half-length passenger buses (known as ''microbús'') that sit 22 passengers and stand up to 28. {{As of|2007}}, the approximately 28,000 peseros carried up to 60 percent of the city's passengers.<ref>{{citation |url = http://www.setravi.df.gob.mx/vialidades/transporte_vialidad.html |publisher = SETRAVI |title = Official statistics on ground transport in Mexico City |language=Spanish |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090815115257/http://www.setravi.df.gob.mx/vialidades/transporte_vialidad.html |archivedate = August 15, 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=bLs3H_IWr3wC&pg=PA381 |page = 381 |title = The Transit Metropolis: A Global Inquiry |author = Robert Cervero | authorlink=Robert Cervero|isbn = 9781559635912 |date = October 1998 }}</ref><ref>{{citation|title = Paratransit in America | last = Cervero |first=Robert|authorlink=Robert Cervero|date=1997|publisher=Praeger}}</ref> In August 2016, Mayor Mancera announced that new pesero vehicle and concessions would be eliminated completely unless they were ecologically friendly vehicles,<ref>[http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/articulo/metropoli/cdmx/2016/06/8/no-habra-mas-microbuses-en-la-cdmx-mancera "No habrá más microbuses en la CDMX: Mancera" (Mancera states that there will not be any more microbuses in Mexico City), ''El Universal'', August 6, 2016]</ref> and in October 2011 the city's Secretary of Mobility Héctor Serrano states that by the end of the current administration (2018) there would no longer by any peseros/microbuses circulating at all, and that new full-sized buses would take over the routes.<ref name="excelsior-pesero">[http://www.excelsior.com.mx/comunidad/2016/10/10/1121631 "Al término del gobierno de Mancera ya no habrá microbuses: Semovi"] ("Semovi says that by the end of Mancera's term there will be no microbuses", ''Excelsior'', October 10, 2016)</ref> ==== Mid-size buses ==== In 2014, the city launched so-called "Bus Rapid Service", with mid-sized [[Mercedes-Benz]] Boxer buses carrying 75–85 passengers<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.automotores-rev.com/en-operacion-69-autobuses-mercedes-benz-boxer-60-mbo/|title=En operación 69 autobuses Mercedes-Benz Revista Auto Motores Informa|date=September 9, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://transporteinformativo.com/inician-operacion-85-autobuses-mercedes-benz-en-corredor-chapultepec-palmas/|title=Inician operación 85 autobuses Mercedes-Benz en Corredor Chapultepec-Palmas – transporteinformativo.com|website=transporteinformativo.com}}</ref> painted purple-on-white, replacing 'peseros' on certain groups of routes. Operation is a concession to the private firms (SAUSA, COTOBUSA, TREPSA) instead of to individual vehicle operators.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fVL8EUfnWz0|title=Presentación del corredor Tacubaya- La Valenciana|last=SAUSA RUTA 86|date=October 7, 2014|publisher=[[YouTube]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.milenio.com/df/corredor_a_valenciana-ruta_86-transporte_df_0_379762169.html|title=Cambios en ex Ruta 86 causan inconformidad entre choferes|first=Erica|last=Flores}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.comunicacion.cdmx.gob.mx/noticias/nota/encabeza-jefe-de-gobierno-inicio-de-operaciones-de-los-corredores-sevilla-defensa-y-toreo-buenavista-boletin|title=Encabeza Jefe de Gobierno inicio de operaciones de los Corredores Sevilla-Defensa y Toreo-Buenavista|website=Comunicacion.cdmx.gob.mx}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.excelsior.com.mx/comunidad/2014/10/30/989766|title=Inauguran corredor de transporte Palmas-Chapultepec|date=October 30, 2014}}</ref> ==== Full-sized buses ==== City agency M1, formerly Red de Transporte de Pasajeros (RTP),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/articulo/metropoli/cdmx/2016/06/19/usuarios-de-m1-se-quejan-de-exceso-en-tiempos-de-espera|title=Usuarios de M1 se quejan de exceso en tiempos de espera|date=June 19, 2016}}</ref> operates various networks of large buses including regular, Ecobús, [[Circuito Bicentenario]], Atenea, Express, school and night routes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sm1.gob.mx/redderutas.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2017-09-18 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409015423/http://www.sm1.gob.mx/redderutas.html |archivedate=April 9, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> In 2016, more bus routes were added to replace pesero routes.<ref name="excelsior-pesero"/> In 2016, the [[SVBUS]] express bus service was launched, with limited stops and utilizing the city's toll roads on the second-level of the [[Periférico]] ring road and [[Supervía Poniente]] and connecting [[Toreo Parque Central|Toreo]]/[[Metro Cuatro Caminos|Cuatro Caminos]] with [[Santa Fe, Mexico City|Santa Fe]], [[San Jerónimo Lídice]] and [[Santa María Tepepan|Tepepan]] near [[Xochimilco]] in the southeast. Suburban buses also leave from the city's main intercity bus stations. ==== Bus rapid transit ==== [[File:Estación SetDominguez.jpg|thumb|right|[[Mexico City Metrobús|Metrobús]] rapid transit bus stop station at Indios Verdes]] The city's first [[bus rapid transit]] line, the '''[[Mexico City Metrobús|Metrobús]]''', began operation in June 2005, along [[Avenida de los Insurgentes|Avenida Insurgentes]]. More and more lines opened and as of mid-2017 there are 6 routes with a 7th planned along [[Paseo de la Reforma]] to connect [[Santa Fe, Mexico City|Santa Fe]] with the city center and points north.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metrobus.cdmx.gob.mx/portal-ciudadano/informacion-linea-7|title=refoma línea 7|last=Metrobús|website=Metrobús}}</ref> As each line opened, the 'pesero' minibuses were removed from each route, in order to reduce pollution and commute times. As of mid-2017, there were 568<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metrobus.cdmx.gob.mx/dependencia/acerca-de/flota|title=Flota|last=Metrobús|website=Metrobús}}</ref> Metrobús buses. In late 2016 they transported an average of 1.1 million passengers daily.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://data.metrobus.cdmx.gob.mx/transparencia/documentos/art14/XIX/CD_4a_2016.pdf|title=Imforme Anual 2016|website=data.metrobus.cdmx.gob.mx}}</ref> '''[[Mexibús]]''' provides 3 bus rapid transit lines connecting [[Metro Ciudad Azteca]] and [[Metro Pantitlán]] with [[Cuautitlán]], [[Ecatepec]] and other suburban areas in the State of Mexico.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.transmasivo.com.mx/|title=TRANSMASIVO|website=www.transmasivo.com.mx}}</ref> ==== Trolleybus, light rail, streetcars ==== Electric transport other than the metro also exists, in the form of several [[Trolleybuses in Mexico City|Mexico City trolleybus]] routes and the [[Xochimilco Light Rail]] line, both of which are operated by [[Servicio de Transportes Eléctricos]]. The central area's last [[Tram|streetcar]] line (tramway, or ''[[:es:Tranvía|tranvía]]'') closed in 1979. === Roads and car transport === [[File:Vista de la Ciudad de México desde Periferico y Paseo de la Reforma.JPG|thumb|right|The [[Anillo Periférico]] and [[Paseo de la Reforma]] in [[Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City|Miguel Hidalgo]]]] In the late 1970s many arterial roads were redesigned as ''[[Eje vial|ejes viales]]''; high-volume one-way roads that cross, in theory, Mexico City proper from side to side. The ''eje vial'' network is based on a quasi-[[Cartesian coordinate system|Cartesian]] grid, with the ''ejes'' themselves being called ''Eje 1 Poniente'', ''Eje Central'', and ''Eje 1 Oriente'', for example, for the north-south roads, and ''Eje 2 Sur'' and ''Eje 3 Norte'', for example, for east-west roads. Ring roads are the [[Circuito Interior]] (inner ring), [[Anillo Periférico]]; the [[Circuito Exterior Mexiquense]] ("State of Mexico outer loop") toll road skirting the northeastern and eastern edges of the metropolitan area,<ref>{{cite web |url = http://diarioportal.com/2009/10/12/en-una-semana-abre-la-carretera-ecatepec-naucalpan/ |title = Archived copy |accessdate = September 21, 2013 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20131220233650/http://diarioportal.com/2009/10/12/en-una-semana-abre-la-carretera-ecatepec-naucalpan/ |archivedate = December 20, 2013 }}</ref> the [[Autopista Chamapa-La Venta|Chamapa-La Venta]] toll road skirting the northwestern edge, and the [[Arco Norte]] completely bypassing the metropolitan area in an arc from northwest ([[Atlacomulco]]) to north ([[Tula de Allende|Tula, Hidalgo]]) to east ([[Puebla, Puebla|Puebla]]). A second level (where tolls are charged) of the Periférico, colloquially called the ''segundo piso'' ("second floor"), was officially opened in 2012, with sections still being completed.<ref>{{cite web |title = Abre Ebrard segundos pisos (Ebrard opens "second levels") |url = http://www.reforma.com/ciudad/articulo/681/1361468/ |work = ''Reforma'' (newspaper) |date = December 4, 2012 }}</ref> The [[Viaducto Miguel Alemán]] crosses the city east-west from Observatorio to the airport. In 2013 the [[Supervía Poniente]] opened, a toll road linking the new [[Santa Fe, Mexico City|Santa Fe]] business district with southwestern Mexico City. There is an environmental program, called [[Hoy No Circula]] ("Today Does Not Run", or "One Day without a Car"), whereby vehicles that have not passed emissions testing are restricted from circulating on certain days according to the ending digit of their [[Vehicle registration plate|license plates]]; this in an attempt to cut down on pollution and traffic congestion. While in 2003, the program still restricted 40% of vehicles in the metropolitan area,<ref>{{cite web |title = Actualización Del Programa Hoy No Circula |trans-title=Update of the "Hoy No Circula" Program |url = http://www.sma.df.gob.mx/sma/download/archivos/actualizacion_phnc_dip.pdf |accessdate = September 21, 2013 |author = Gobierno Del Distrito Federal, Secretaría Del Medio Ambiente, Dirección General De Gestión Ambiental Del Aire, Dirección De Instrumentación De Políticas |page = 19 |language=Spanish |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20130923095052/http://www.sma.df.gob.mx/sma/download/archivos/actualizacion_phnc_dip.pdf |archivedate = September 23, 2013 }}</ref> with the adoption of stricter emissions standards in 2001 and 2006,<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.meca.org/galleries/files/Mexico06.pdf |title = Mexican Emission Standards based on Federal Tier I Light-duty Vehicles up to 6000 lbs. GVWR |author = |date = |work = meca.org |accessdate = June 6, 2016 }}</ref> in practice, these days most vehicles are exempt from the circulation restrictions as long as they pass regular emissions tests.<ref>{{cite web|title=Programa de Verificación Vehicular. Segundo semestre de 2013. |trans-title=Vehicle Verification Program. Second semester 2013. |url=http://www.sma.df.gob.mx/verificentros/index.php?op=inicio |publisher=Gobierno del Distrito Federal, Secretaría del Medio Ambiente |language=Spanish |accessdate=February 12, 2016 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305183101/http://www.sma.df.gob.mx/verificentros/index.php?op=inicio |archivedate=March 5, 2016 |df= }}</ref> ==== Parking ==== {{Main|Parking in Mexico City}} Street parking in urban neighborhoods is mostly controlled by the ''[[franelero]]s'' a.k.a. "''viene vienes''" (lit. "come on, come on"), who ask drivers for a fee to park. Double parking is common (with ''franeleros'' moving the cars as required), impeding on the available lanes for traffic to pass. In order to mitigate that and other problems and to raise revenue,<ref>{{citation|publisher=Miguel Hidalgo borough, Mexico City government, Autoridad del Espacio Público |url=http://movil.miguelhidalgo.gob.mx/uploads/presentacion_anzures.pdf |title=INSTALACIÓN Y OPERACIÓN DE PARQUÍMETROS COLONIA ANZURES |trans-title=Installation and operation of parking meters in Anzures |language=Spanish |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022031636/https://movil.miguelhidalgo.gob.mx/uploads/presentacion_anzures.pdf |archivedate=October 22, 2013 |df=mdy }}</ref> 721 parking meters (as of October 2013), have been installed in the west-central neighborhoods [[Lomas de Chapultepec]], [[Condesa]], [[Colonia Roma|Roma]], [[Polanco]] and [[Anzures]], in operation from 8 AM to 8 PM on weekdays and charging a rate of 2 pesos per 15 minutes, with offenders' cars booted, costing about 500 pesos to remove. 30 percent of the monthly 16 million-peso (as of October 2013) income from the parking-meter system (named "ecoParq") is earmarked for neighborhood improvements. The granting of the license for all zones exclusively to a new company without experience in operating parking meters, Operadora de Estacionamientos Bicentenario, has generated controversy.<ref>{{citation |url = http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/ciudad-metropoli/2013/impreso/parquimetros-negocio-de-una-sola-empresa-en-el-df-119441.html |newspaper = El Universal |date = October 21, 2013 |title = Parquímetros, negocio de una sola empresa en el DF |trans-title=Parking meters, business of a sole company in the DF |language=Spanish |author = Karla Casillas Bermúdez }}</ref> === Cycling === {{Main|EcoBici (Mexico City)}} [[File:ECOBICI1.jpg|thumb|right|Bicycles available for rental in [[Zona Rosa, Mexico City|Zona Rosa]]]] The local government continuously strives for a reduction of massive traffic congestion, and has increased incentives for making a [[bicycle-friendly]] city. This includes North America's second-largest [[bicycle sharing system]], [[EcoBici (Mexico City)|EcoBici]], launched in 2010, in which registered residents can get bicycles for 45&nbsp;minutes with a pre-paid subscription of 300 pesos a year. There are, as of September 2013, 276 stations with 4,000 bicycles across an area stretching from the [[Historic center of Mexico City|Historic center]] to [[Polanco (Mexico)|Polanco]].<ref>{{cite news |newspaper = km0 |url = http://www.guiadelcentrohistorico.mx/kmcero/acciones-de-gobierno/nuevas-estaciones-de-ecobici |date = September 2013 |author = Jesús de León Torres |title = Nuevas estaciones de EcoBici |trans-title=New EcoBici stations |language=Spanish }}</ref> within {{convert|300|m|ft|abbr=off|sp=us}} of one another and are fully automatic using a transponder based card. Bicycle-service users have access to several permanent [[Ciclovía]]s (dedicated bike paths/lanes/streets), including ones along [[Paseo de la Reforma]] and Avenida Chapultepec as well as one running {{convert|59|km|mi|abbr=off|sp=us}} from [[Polanco (Mexico)|Polanco]] to [[Fierro del Toro]], which is located south of [[Cumbres del Ajusco National Park]], near the [[Morelos]] state line.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.fimevic.df.gob.mx/ciclovia/cartel.htm |title = Untitled Document |work = df.gob.mx |accessdate = May 18, 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://transeunte.org/temas/ciclovia-reforma/ |title="Ciclovía Reforma", ''Transeunte'' |access-date=October 20, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021000458/http://transeunte.org/temas/ciclovia-reforma/ |archive-date=October 21, 2013 |dead-url=yes |df=mdy-all }}</ref> The city's initiative is inspired by forward thinking examples, such as [[Denmark]]'s [[Copenhagenization (bicycling)|Copenhagenization]]. === Intercity buses === The city has four major bus stations (North, South, Observatorio, TAPO), which comprise one of the world's largest transportation agglomerations, with bus service to many cities across the country and international connections. There are some intercity buses that leave directly from the [[Mexico City International Airport]]. === Airports === [[File:AICM AIR T2.jpg|thumb|right|Terminal 2 of the Mexico City airport]] Mexico City is served by [[Mexico City International Airport]] ([[International Air Transport Association airport code|IATA Airport Code]]: MEX). This airport is Latin America's [[List of the busiest airports in Latin America|busiest]], with daily flights to United States and Canada, Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean, South America, Europe and Asia. [[Aeroméxico]] ([[SkyTeam|Skyteam]]) is based at this airport, and provide codeshare agreements with non-Mexican airlines that span the entire globe. The airport is also a hub for [[Volaris]], [[Interjet]] and [[Aeromar]]. In 2016, the airport handled almost 42 million passengers, about 3.3 million more than the year before.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.aicm.com.mx/categoria/estadisticas |title = Estadísticas del AICM |author = Aeropuerto Internacional de la Ciudad de México|accessdate = December 16, 2015 }}</ref> This traffic exceeds the current capacity of the airport, which has historically centralized the majority of [[air traffic]] in the country. An alternate option is [[Lic. Adolfo López Mateos International Airport]] ([[International Air Transport Association airport code|IATA Airport Code]]: TLC) in nearby [[Toluca]], [[State of Mexico]], although due to several airlines' decisions to terminate service to TLC, the airport has seen a passenger drop to just over 700,000 passengers in 2014 from over 2.1 million passengers just four years prior. In the Mexico City airport, the government engaged in an extensive restructuring program that includes the addition of a new second terminal, which began operations in 2007, and the enlargement of four other airports (at the nearby cities of [[Toluca]], [[Querétaro, Querétaro|Querétaro]], [[Puebla, Puebla|Puebla]] and [[Cuernavaca]]) that, along with Mexico City's airport, comprise the ''Grupo Aeroportuario del Valle de México'', distributing traffic to different regions in Mexico. The city of [[Pachuca, Hidalgo|Pachuca]] will also provide additional expansion to central Mexico's airport network. During his annual state-of-the-nation address on September 2, 2014, [[President of Mexico]] [[Enrique Peña Nieto]] unveiled plans for a new international airport to ease the city's notorious air traffic congestion, tentatively slated for a 2018 opening. The new airport, which would have six runways, will cost $9.15 billion and would be built on vacant federal land east of Mexico City International Airport. Goals are to eventually handle 120 million passengers a year, which would make it the [[World's busiest airports by passenger traffic|busiest airport in the world]].<ref>{{cite news |last1 = Case |first1 = Brendan |last2 = Cattan |first2 = Nacha |last3 = Martin |first3 = Eric |title = Mexico Poised for New Capital Airport Due in 2018 |url = https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-08-28/mexico-said-poised-for-new-capital-airport-due-in-2018.html |accessdate = September 3, 2014 |work = Bloomberg News |publisher = Bloomberg L.P. |date = August 28, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1 = Gardner |first1 = Simon |last2 = Alper |first2 = Alexandra |title = UPDATE 2-New $9.15 bln airport for Mexico City to quadruple passenger capacity |url = https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/09/02/mexico-airport-idUSL1N0R31OR20140902 |accessdate = September 3, 2014 |work = Reuters |date = September 2, 2014 }}</ref> == Education == [[File:Sanborns DF.jpg|thumb|right|Multi-storey [[Sanborns]] department store with the façade of a 19th-century home being used as an entrance area]] [[File:PalacioHierroOrigStoreCentroDF.JPG|thumb|right|[[Palacio de Hierro]] store]] The [[National Autonomous University of Mexico]] (UNAM), located in Mexico City, is the largest university on the continent, with more than 300,000 students from all backgrounds. Three [[List of Nobel laureates|Nobel laureates]], several Mexican entrepreneurs and most of Mexico's modern-day presidents are among its former students. UNAM conducts 50% of Mexico's [[scientific method|scientific research]] and has presence all across the country with satellite campuses, observatories and research centres. UNAM ranked 74th in the Top 200 World [[College and university rankings|University Ranking]] published by [[Times Higher Education]] (then called Times Higher Education Supplement) in 2006,<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/nacion/144076.html |title = Times Higher Education Supplement, 2006 |publisher = Eluniversal.com.mx |accessdate = April 17, 2010 }}</ref> making it the highest ranked Spanish-speaking university in the world. The sprawling main campus of the university, known as [[Ciudad Universitaria]], was named a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 2007. The second largest higher-education institution is the [[National Polytechnic Institute]] (IPN), which includes among many other relevant centers the [[CINVESTAV|Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados]] (Cinvestav), where varied high-level scientific and technological research is done. Other major higher-education institutions in the city include the [[Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana|Metropolitan Autonomous University]] (UAM), the [[National School of Anthropology and History]] (ENAH), the [[Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México]] (ITAM), the [[Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education]] (3 campuses), the [[Universidad Panamericana Sede México|Universidad Panamericana]] (UP), the [[Universidad La Salle]], the [[Universidad del Valle de México|Universidad del Valle de Mexico]] (UVM), the [[Anahuac Universities Network|Universidad Anáhuac]], [[Simon Bolivar University (Mexico)|Simon Bolivar University]] (USB), the [[Alliant International University]], the [[Universidad Iberoamericana]], [[El Colegio de México]] (Colmex), [[Escuela Libre de Derecho]] and the [[Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económicas|Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económica]], (CIDE). In addition, the prestigious [[University of California]] maintains a campus known as "Casa de California" in the city.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/casa/welcome.html |title = University of California Mexico City |publisher = Universityofcalifornia.edu |accessdate = April 17, 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110613212934/http://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/casa/welcome.html |archive-date = June 13, 2011 |dead-url = yes |df = mdy-all }}</ref> The [[Universidad Tecnológica de México]] is also in Mexico City. Unlike those of Mexican states' schools, curricula of Mexico City's [[public school (government funded)|public schools]] is managed by the federal [[Secretariat of Public Education|Secretary of Public Education]]. The whole funding is allocated by the government of Mexico City (in some specific cases, such as [[El Colegio de México]], funding comes from both the city's government and other public and private national and international entities). {{Citation needed|date=December 2008}} The city's public high school system is the ''[[Instituto de Educación Media Superior de la Ciudad de México]]'' (IEMS-DF). A special case is that of [[Colegio Nacional (Mexico)|El Colegio Nacional]], created during the district's governmental period of [[Miguel Alemán Valdés]] to have, in Mexico, an institution similar to the [[Collège de France|College of France]]. The select and privileged group of Mexican scientists and artists belonging to this institution—membership is for life—include, among many, [[Mario Lavista]], [[Ruy Pérez Tamayo]], [[José Emilio Pacheco]], [[Marcos Moshinsky]] (d.2009), [[Guillermo Soberón Acevedo]]. Members are obligated to publicly disclose their works through conferences and public events such as concerts and recitals. Among its many public and private schools (K–13), the city offers [[Multiculturalism|multi-cultural]], [[Multilingualism|multi-lingual]] and [[international school]]s attended by Mexican and [[International student|foreign students]]. Best known are the [[Colegio Alemán Alexander von Humboldt (Mexico City)|Colegio Alemán]] (German school with three main campuses), the [[Liceo Mexicano Japonés]] (Japanese), the Centro Cultural Coreano en México (Korean), the [[Lycée Franco-Mexicain]] (French), the [[ASF Mexico|American School]], The [[Westhill Institute]] (American School), the [[Edron Academy]] and the [[Greengates School]] (British). == Shopping == Mexico City offers an immense and varied consumer retail market, ranging from basic foods to ultra high-end luxury goods. Consumers may buy in [[Traditional fixed markets in Mexico|fixed indoor markets]], [[tianguis|mobile markets (''tianguis'')]], from [[Street vendors in Mexico City|street vendors]], from downtown shops in a street dedicated to a certain type of good, in convenience stores and traditional neighborhood stores, in modern supermarkets, in warehouse and membership stores and the shopping centers that they anchor, in department stores, [[big-box store]]s and in modern shopping malls. In addition, "[[tianguis]]" or mobile markets set up shop on streets in many neighborhoods, depending on day of week. Sundays see the largest number of these markets. === Traditional markets === {{See also|Traditional fixed markets in Mexico}} The city's main source of fresh produce is the [[Central de Abasto]]. This in itself is a self-contained mini-city in [[Iztapalapa]] borough covering an area equivalent to several dozen city blocks. The wholesale market supplies most of the city's "mercados", supermarkets and restaurants, as well as people who come to buy the produce for themselves. Tons of fresh produce are trucked in from all over Mexico every day. The principal fish market is known as [[La Nueva Viga Market|La Nueva Viga]], in the same complex as the Central de Abastos. The world-renowned market of [[Tepito]] occupies 25 blocks, and sells a variety of products. A staple for consumers in the city is the omnipresent "mercado". Every major neighborhood in the city has its own borough-regulated market, often more than one. These are large well-established facilities offering most basic products, such as fresh produce and meat/poultry, dry goods, tortillerías, and many other services such as locksmiths, herbal medicine, hardware goods, sewing implements; and a multitude of stands offering freshly made, home-style cooking and drinks in the tradition of [[aguas frescas]] and [[atole]]. === Street vendors === {{Main|Street vendors in Mexico City}} Street vendors ply their trade from stalls in the ''tianguis'' as well as at non-officially controlled concentrations around metro stations and hospitals; at ''plazas comerciales'', where vendors of a certain "theme" (e.g. stationery) are housed; originally these were organized to accommodate vendors formerly selling on the street; or simply from improvised stalls on a city sidewalk.<ref name=pena>{{citation|url=http://utminers.utep.edu/spena2/HABITAT%20V23(3)%20INFORMAL%20MARKETS.pdf |title=Informal Markets: Street Vendors in Mexico City |author=Sergio Peña |publisher=Florida State University |year=1999 |accessdate=February 12, 2016 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025356/https://utminers.utep.edu/spena2/HABITAT%20V23%283%29%20INFORMAL%20MARKETS.pdf |archivedate=March 4, 2016 |df=mdy }}</ref> In addition, food and goods are sold from people walking with baskets, pushing carts, from bicycles or the backs of trucks, or simply from a tarp or cloth laid on the ground.<ref>{{citation |url = http://www3.diputados.gob.mx/camara/content/download/21212/105355/file/ITSDM001%20Comercio%20Ambulante.pdf |publisher = Cámara de Diputados (Mexico), Centro de Estudios Sociales y de Opinión Pública |title = Reporte Temático No. 2: Comercio Ambulante |date = June 2005 }}</ref> In the centre of the city informal street vendors are increasingly targeted by laws and prosecution.<ref name=mueller/> The weekly [[San Felipe de Jesús Tianguis]] is reported to be the largest in Latin America.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.maspormas.com/ciudad/tianguis-la-san-felipe-no-podras-recorrerlo-dia/|title=Tianguis de la San Felipe: no podrás recorrerlo en un día |date=January 23, 2017|publisher= Máspormás}}</ref> === Downtown shopping === The [[Historic Center of Mexico City]] is widely known for specialized, often low-cost retailers. Certain blocks or streets are dedicated to shops selling a certain type of merchandise, with areas dedicated to over 40 categories such as home appliances, lamps and electricals, closets and bathrooms, housewares, wedding dresses, jukeboxes, printing, office furniture and safes, books, photography, jewelry, and opticians.<ref>{{cite journal |journal = Km.cero |url = http://guiadelcentrohistorico.mx/sites/default/files/km40_0.pdf |date = November 2011 |title = Calles con vocación |page = 7 }}</ref> The main department stores are also represented downtown. Traditional markets downtown include the [[La Merced Market]]; the [[Mercado Jamaica, Mexico City|Mercado de Jamaica]] specializes in fresh flowers, the [[Mercado de Sonora]] in the occult, and [[La Lagunilla]] in furniture. Ethnic shopping areas are located in [[Chinatown, Mexico City|Chinatown]], downtown along Calle Dolores, but Mexico City's [[Koreatown]], or [[Pequeño Seúl]], is located in the [[Zona Rosa, Mexico City|Zona Rosa]]. === Supermarkets and neighborhood stores === Large, modern chain supermarkets, [[hypermarkets]] and [[warehouse club]]s including [[Soriana]], [[Comercial Mexicana]], [[Chedraui]], [[Bodega Aurrerá]], [[Walmart]] and [[Costco]], are located across the city. Many anchor shopping centers that contain smaller shops, services, a [[food court]] and sometimes cinemas. Small "mom-and-pop" corner stores ("abarroterías" or more colloquially as "changarros") abound in all neighborhoods, rich and poor. These are small shops offering basics such as soft drinks, packaged snacks, canned goods and dairy products. Thousands of [[C-stores]] or corner stores, such as [[OXXO|Oxxo]], [[7-Eleven]] and Extra are located throughout the city. == Parks and recreation == [[File:Lago de Chapultepec desde el castillo - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Lake at [[Chapultepec]] park]] [[File:Alameda Central, Mexico City.jpg|thumb|Walkway in [[Alameda Central]]]] [[Chapultepec Park]], the city's most iconic public park, has history back to the Aztec emperors who used the area as a retreat. It is south of [[Polanco (Mexico)|Polanco]] district, and houses the [[Chapultepec Zoo|city's zoo]], several ponds, seven museums including the [[Museo Nacional de Antropología|National Museum of Anthropology]], and the oldest and most traditional amusement park, [[La Feria de Chapultepec Mágico]], with its vintage Montaña Rusa rollercoaster. Other iconic city parks include the [[Alameda Central]] [[Historic center of Mexico City|historic center]], a city park since colonial times and renovated in 2013; [[Parque México]] and [[Parque España]] in the hip [[Condesa]] district; [[Parque Hundido]] and ''Parque de los Venados'' in [[Colonia del Valle]], and [[Parque Lincoln]] in [[Polanco, Mexico City|Polanco]].<ref>{{citation |newspaper = El Universal |url = http://www.eluniversaldf.mx/benitojuarez/nota18622.html |title = 5 parques representativos del DF |trans-title=5 iconic parks of Mexico City |author = Lidia Arista |date = January 16, 2011 }}</ref> There are many smaller parks throughout the city. Most are small "squares" occupying two or three square blocks amid residential or commercial districts. Several other larger parks such as the Bosque de Tlalpan and [[Viveros de Coyoacán]], and in the east [[Alameda Oriente]], offer many recreational activities. Northwest of the city is a large ecological reserve, the [[Bosque de Aragón]]. In the southeast is the [[Xochimilco Ecological Park and Plant Market]], a [[World Heritage site]]. West of [[Santa Fe, Mexico City|Santa Fe]] district are the pine forests of the [[Desierto de los Leones National Park]]. Amusement parks include [[Six Flags México]], in Ajusco neighborhood which is the largest in Latin America. There are numerous seasonal fairs present in the city. Mexico City has three zoos. [[Chapultepec Zoo]], the [[San Juan de Aragon Zoo]] and [[Los Coyotes Zoo]]. Chapultepec Zoo is located in the first section of Chapultepec Park in the Miguel Hidalgo. It was opened in 1924.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sedema.df.gob.mx/zoo_chapultepec/index.php/quienes-somos/historia-del-zoologico|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222123052/http://www.sedema.df.gob.mx/zoo_chapultepec/index.php/quienes-somos/historia-del-zoologico|dead-url=yes|archive-date=December 22, 2015|title=Historia del zoológico|date=December 22, 2015|accessdate=June 28, 2018}}</ref> Visitors can see about 243 specimens of different species including kangaroos, giant panda, gorillas, caracal, hyena, hippos, jaguar, giraffe, lemur, lion, among others.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sedema.df.gob.mx/zoo_chapultepec/index.php/aprende/coleccion-animal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222122547/http://www.sedema.df.gob.mx/zoo_chapultepec/index.php/aprende/coleccion-animal|dead-url=yes|archive-date=December 22, 2015|title=Colección animal|date=December 22, 2015|accessdate=June 28, 2018}}</ref> Zoo San Juan de Aragon is near the San Juan de Aragon Park in the Gustavo A. Madero. In this zoo, opened in 1964,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sedema.df.gob.mx/zoo_aragon/index.php/quienes-somos/historia-del-zoologico|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004113006/http://www.sedema.df.gob.mx/zoo_aragon/index.php/quienes-somos/historia-del-zoologico|dead-url=yes|archive-date=October 4, 2015|title=Historia del zoológico|date=October 4, 2015|accessdate=June 28, 2018}}</ref> there are species that are in danger of extinction such as the jaguar and the Mexican wolf. Other guests are the golden eagle, pronghorn, bighorn sheep, caracara, zebras, African elephant, macaw, hippo, among others.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sedema.df.gob.mx/zoo_aragon/index.php/aprende/coleccion-animal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004211309/http://www.sedema.df.gob.mx/zoo_aragon/index.php/aprende/coleccion-animal|dead-url=yes|archive-date=October 4, 2015|title=Colección animal|date=October 4, 2015|accessdate=June 28, 2018}}</ref> Zoo Los Coyotes is a 27.68-acre (11.2 ha) zoo located south of Mexico City in the Coyoacan. It was inaugurated on February 2, 1999.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sedema.df.gob.mx/zoo_coyotes/index.php/quienes-somos/historia-del-zoologico|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222094602/http://www.sedema.df.gob.mx/zoo_coyotes/index.php/quienes-somos/historia-del-zoologico|dead-url=yes|archive-date=December 22, 2015|title=Historia del zoológico|date=December 22, 2015|accessdate=June 28, 2018}}</ref> It has more than 301 specimens of 51 species of wild native or endemic fauna from the Mexico City. You can admire eagles, ajolotes, coyotes, macaws, bobcats, Mexican wolves, raccoons, mountain lions, teporingos, foxes, white-tailed deer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sedema.df.gob.mx/zoo_coyotes/index.php/aprende/coleccion-animal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222114313/http://www.sedema.df.gob.mx/zoo_coyotes/index.php/aprende/coleccion-animal|dead-url=yes|archive-date=December 22, 2015|title=Colección animal|date=December 22, 2015|accessdate=June 28, 2018}}</ref> == Sports == {| class="wikitable" |- ! Team !! Stadium !! League |- | [[Club América|América]] || [[Azteca Stadium]] || [[Liga MX]] |- | [[Club Universidad Nacional|UNAM]]|| [[University Olympic Stadium]] || [[Liga MX]] |- | [[Cruz Azul]] || [[Azteca Stadium]] || [[Liga MX]] |- | [[Diablos Rojos del México]] || [[Fray Nano Stadium]] || [[Mexican League]] |} [[File:Estadio Azteca 07a.jpg|thumb|right|[[Azteca Stadium]], the [[List of stadiums by capacity|12th largest]] stadium in the world]] [[Association football]] is the country's most popular and most [[Broadcasting of sports events|televised franchised sport]]. Its important venues in Mexico City include the [[Azteca Stadium]], home to the [[Mexico national football team]] and giants [[Club América|América]], which can seat 91,653 fans, making it the biggest stadium in Latin America. The [[Estadio Olímpico Universitario|Olympic Stadium]] in [[Ciudad Universitaria]] is home to the football club giants [[Club Universidad Nacional|Universidad Nacional]], with a [[seating capacity]] of over 52,000. The [[Estadio Azul]], which seats 33,042 fans, is near the [[World Trade Center Mexico City]] in the Nochebuena [[Colonia (Mexico)|neighborhood]], and is home to the giants [[Cruz Azul]]. The three teams are based in Mexico City and play in the [[Primera División de México|First Division]]; they are also part, with Guadalajara-based giants [[Club Deportivo Guadalajara]], of Mexico's traditional "Big Four" (though recent years have tended to erode the teams' leading status at least in standings). The country hosted the [[FIFA World Cup]] in [[1970 FIFA World Cup|1970]] and [[1986 FIFA World Cup|1986]], and Azteca Stadium is the first stadium in World Cup history to host the final twice. Mexico City is the first Latin American city to host the Olympic Games, having held the [[1968 Summer Olympics|Summer Olympics]] in 1968, winning bids against [[Buenos Aires]], [[Lyon]] and Detroit. The city hosted the 1955 and 1975 [[Pan American Games]], the last after Santiago and São Paulo withdrew. The [[ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships|ICF Flatwater Racing World Championships]] were hosted here in 1974 and 1994. [[Lucha libre]] is a Mexican style of wrestling, and is one of the more popular sports throughout the country. The main venues in the city are [[Arena México]] and [[Arena Coliseo]]. [[File:Estadio Olímpico Universitario 2.jpeg|thumb|left|[[Estadio Olímpico Universitario]], considered the "most important building in Modern Americas" by American architect [[Frank Lloyd Wright]].]] The [[Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez]] is the main venue for motorsport, and hosts the Formula 1 [[Mexican Grand Prix]] since its return to the sport in 2015, the event being held in the past from 1962 to 1970, and again from 1986 to 1992. From 1980 to 1981 and again from 2002 to 2007, the circuit hosted the [[Champ Car]] World Series [[Gran Premio de México]]. Beginning in 2005, the [[NASCAR]] [[Nationwide Series]] ran the [[Corona México 200|Telcel-Motorola México 200]]. 2005 also marked the first running of the Mexico City 250 by the [[Grand American Road Racing Association|Grand-Am]] [[Rolex Sports Car Series]]. Both races were removed from their series' schedules for 2009. Baseball is another sport played professionally in the city. Mexico City is currently home of the [[Diablos Rojos del México|Mexico City Red Devils]] of the [[Mexican League (baseball)|Mexican League]], which is considered a Triple-A league by Major League Baseball. The Devils play their home games at [[Estadio Alfredo Harp Helú]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mexicodesign.com/estadio-diablos-la-integracion-comunitaria/|title=Estadio Diablos: la integración comunitaria|date=2019-04-05|website=México Design|language=es-MX|access-date=2019-04-08}}</ref> designed by international Mexican-American architect [http://fgp-atelier.com FGP Atelier] Founder [[Francisco Gonzalez Pulido]] in collaboration with local architect Taller ADG. Mexico City has some 10 Little Leagues for young baseball players. In 2005, Mexico City became the first city to host an [[National Football League|NFL]] regular season game outside of the United States, at the [[Estadio Azteca|Azteca Stadium]]. The crowd of 103,467 people attending this game was the largest ever for a regular season game in NFL history until 2009.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.nfl.com/news/story/09000d5d812c91b4/article/nfl-regularseasonrecord-crowd-of-105121-sees-giantscowboys |title = NFL regular-season-record crowd of 105,121 sees Giants-Cowboys |date = |website = NFL.com |agency = Associated Press |access-date = January 2, 2015 }}</ref> The city has also hosted several [[National Basketball Association|NBA]] pre-season games and has hosted international basketball's [[FIBA Americas Championship]], along with north-of-the-border Major League Baseball exhibition games at [[Foro Sol]]. In 2017, NBA commissioner [[Adam Silver]] expressed interest in placing an [[NBA G League]] expansion team in Mexico City as early as 2018. Other sports facilities in Mexico City are the [[Palacio de los Deportes]] indoor arena, [[Alberca Olímpica Francisco Márquez|Francisco Márquez Olympic Swimming Pool]], the [[Hipódromo de las Américas|Hipódromo de Las Américas]], the [[Agustin Melgar Olympic Velodrome]], and venues for equestrianism and horse racing, ice hockey, [[rugby football|rugby]], American-style football, baseball, and basketball. [[Bullfighting]] takes place every Sunday during bullfighting season at the 50,000-seat [[Plaza México]], the world's largest bullring. Mexico City's [[golf course]]s have hosted Women's [[LPGA]] action, and two [[World Cup (men's golf)|Men's Golf World Cups]]. Courses throughout the city are available as private as well as public venues. == Media == Mexico City is Latin America's leading center for the television, music and film industries. It is also Mexico's most important for the printed media and [[publishing|book publishing]] industries. Dozens of daily newspapers are published, including ''[[El Universal (Mexico City)|El Universal]]'', ''[[Excélsior]]'', ''[[Reforma]]'' and ''[[La Jornada]]''. Other major papers include ''[[Milenio]]'', ''[[Crónica, Buenos Aires|Crónica]]'', ''[[El Economista (Mexico)|El Economista]]'' and ''[[El Financiero]]''. Leading magazines include ''[[Expansión (Mexico)|Expansión]]'', ''[[Proceso (magazine)|Proceso]]'', ''[[Poder]]'', as well as dozens of entertainment publications such as ''[[Vanidades]]'', ''[[Quién (magazine)|Quién]]'', ''[[Chilango]]'', ''[[TVNotas|TV Notas]]'', and local editions of ''[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]'', ''[[GQ]]'', and ''[[Architectural Digest]]''. It is also a leading center of the [[advertising industry]]. Most international ad firms have offices in the city, including Grey, [[J. Walter Thompson|JWT]], [[Leo Burnett]], [[Euro RSCG]], [[BBDO]], Ogilvy, [[Saatchi & Saatchi]], and [[McCann Erickson]]. Many local firms also compete in the sector, including [[Alazraki]], [[Olabuenaga/Chemistri]], Terán, Augusto Elías, and Clemente Cámara, among others. There are 60 [[List of radio stations in Mexico City|radio stations]] operating in the city and many [[local community]] radio transmission networks. The two largest media companies in the Spanish-speaking world, [[Televisa]] and [[TV Azteca]], are headquartered in Mexico City. Other [[television channel|local television]] channels include: [[XHDF-TDT|XHDF]] 1 (Azteca Uno),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://aztecauno.com/|title=Azteca Uno - Transmisión EN VIVO|website=aztecauno.com}}</ref> [[XEW-TDT|XEW]] 2 (Televisa W),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.televisa.com/|title=Home|first=Televisa|last=TIM|website=Televisa}}</ref> [[XHCTMX-TDT|XHCTMX]] 3, [[XHTV-TDT|XHTV]] 4, [[XHGC-TDT|XHGC]] 5, [[XHTDMX-TDT|XHTDMX]] 6, [[XHIMT-TDT|XHIMT]] 7, [[XEQ-TDT|XEQ]] 9, [[XEIPN-TDT|XEIPN]] 11, [[XHUNAM-TDT|XHUNAM]] 20, [[XHCDM-TDT|XHCDM]] 21, [[XEIMT-TDT|XEIMT]] 22, [[XHTRES-TDT|XHTRES]] 28, [[XHTVM-TDT|XHTVM]] 40 and [[XHHCU-TDT|XHHCU]] 45. == Nicknames == Mexico City was traditionally known as ''La Ciudad de los Palacios'' ("the City of the Palaces"), a nickname attributed to Baron [[Alexander von Humboldt]] when visiting the city in the 19th century, who, sending a letter back to Europe, said Mexico City could rival any major city in Europe. But it was English politician [[Charles La Trobe|Charles Latrobe]] who really penned the following: "... look at their works: the moles, aqueducts, churches, roads —and the luxurious ''City of Palaces'' which has risen from the clay-builts ruins of Tenochtitlan...", on page 84 of the Letter V of ''The Rambler in Mexico''.<ref>''Diccionario Porrúa. Historia, Biografía y Geografía de México'', Editorial Porrúa, S.A., Mexico City, Fifth Edition, 1986, Vol. II, page 1638.</ref> During [[Andrés Manuel López Obrador|Andrés López Obrador]]'s administration a political slogan was introduced: ''la Ciudad de la Esperanza'' ("The City of Hope"). This motto was quickly adopted as a city nickname, but has faded since the new motto ''Capital en Movimiento'' ("Capital in Movement") was adopted by the administration headed by [[Marcelo Ebrard]], though the latter is not treated as often as a nickname in media. Since 2013, to refer to the City particularly in relation to government campaigns, the abbreviation '''CDMX''' has been used (from Ciudad de México). The city is colloquially known as ''Chilangolandia'' after the locals' nickname ''[[chilango]]s''.<ref>1994 Oxford Spanish-English Dictionary</ref> Chilango is used pejoratively by people living outside Mexico City to "connote a loud, arrogant, ill-mannered, loutish person".<ref>David Lida, ''First Stop in the New World: Mexico City, the Capital of the 21st Century'', New York: Riverhead Books 2008, p. 15.</ref> For their part those living in Mexico City designate insultingly those who live elsewhere as living in ''la provincia'' ("the provinces", the periphery) and many proudly embrace the term chilango.<ref>Lida, ibid.</ref> Residents of Mexico City are more recently called ''defeños'' (deriving from the postal abbreviation of the Federal District in Spanish: D.F., which is read "De-Efe"). They are formally called ''capitalinos'' (in reference to the city being the capital of the country), but "[p]erhaps because capitalino is the more polite, specific, and correct word, it is almost never utilized".<ref>Lida, ibid. p. 16.</ref> == International relations == {{Refimprove section|date=April 2015}} {{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Mexico}} === Twin towns and sister cities === Mexico City is [[twin towns and sister cities|twinned]] with: === Domestic === * {{flagdeco|Chihuahua}} [[Ciudad Juárez]], [[Chihuahua (state)|Chihuahua]] {{citation needed|date=December 2015}} * {{flagdeco|Guanajuato}} [[Dolores Hidalgo]], [[Guanajuato]]{{citation needed|date=December 2015}} === International === {{div col|colwidth=22em}} * {{flagdeco|DEU}} [[Berlin]], Germany<ref name="Berlin twinnings">{{cite web |url = http://www.berlin.de/rbmskzl/staedteverbindungen/staedtepartnerschaft_ueberblick.en.html |title = Berlin – City Partnerships |accessdate = September 17, 2013 |work = Der Regierende Bürgermeister Berlin |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20130521054019/http://www.berlin.de/rbmskzl/staedteverbindungen/staedtepartnerschaft_ueberblick.en.html |archivedate = May 21, 2013 }}</ref> * {{flagdeco|US}} [[Chicago]], United States<ref name=MexicoChicago>{{cite web |url = http://chicagosistercities.com/sister-cities/ |title = Our Sister Cities |publisher = Chicago Sister Cities International |accessdate = December 17, 2015 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20151224135441/http://chicagosistercities.com/sister-cities/ |archivedate = December 24, 2015 |df = mdy-all }}</ref> * {{flagdeco|PER}} [[Cusco]], Peru<ref name="cuidadhermanas">{{cite web|url=http://www.municusco.gob.pe/ver.php?id=6 |title=Ciudades Hermanas (Sister Cities of Cusco) |publisher=Municipalidad del Cusco |language=Spanish |accessdate=September 23, 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111012234407/http://www.municusco.gob.pe/ver.php?id=6 |archivedate=October 12, 2011 |df= }}</ref> * {{flagdeco|RUS}} [[Kaliningrad]], Russia{{citation needed|date=December 2015}} * {{flagdeco|UKR}} [[Kiev]], Ukraine<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chicagosistercities.com/sister-cities/kyiv/|title=Kyiv, Ukraine–Chicago Sister Cities|website=Chicagosistercities.com|accessdate=June 28, 2018}}</ref> * {{flagdeco|US}} [[Los Angeles]], United States<ref name=MexicoLA>{{cite web |url = http://sistercities.lacity.org/html/04.htm |title = Mexico City |publisher = Los Angeles City Council |accessdate = December 17, 2015 }}</ref> * {{flagdeco|PHL}} [[Manila]], Philippines<ref>{{cite web|url=http://manila.gov.ph/government/|title=About Manila: Sister Cities|publisher=City of Manila|accessdate=November 24, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611173109/http://manila.gov.ph/government/|archive-date=June 11, 2016|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}</ref> * {{flagdeco|JPN}} [[Nagoya]], Japan<ref name=MexicoNagoya>{{cite web |url = http://nsca.gr.jp/english/sistercities/index.html |title = Sister and Friendship Cities |publisher = Nagoya Sister Cities Association |accessdate = December 17, 2015 }}</ref> * {{flagdeco|KAZ}} [[Nur-Sultan]], Kazakhstan<ref name="Mexico-Kazakhstan">{{cite news |title = Fortalecen México Kazajstán relaciones diplomaticas |newspaper = [[El Universal (Mexico City)|El Universal]] |language=Spanish |url = http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/nacion-mexico/2014/fortalecen-mexico-y-kazajstan-relaciones-diplomaticas-1039297.html }}</ref> * {{flagdeco|FRA}} [[Paris]], France <ref>{{cite web|url=http://paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=6587&document_type_id=5&document_id=16468&portlet_id=14974|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011162140/http://paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=6587&document_type_id=5&document_id=16468&portlet_id=14974|dead-url=yes|archive-date=October 11, 2007|title=Les pactes d'amitié et de coopération – Paris.fr|date=October 11, 2007|accessdate=June 28, 2018}}</ref> * {{flagicon|UZB}} [[Samarkand]], Uzbekistan * {{flagdeco|ROK}} [[Seoul]], South Korea<ref name="Seoul twinnings2">{{cite web |url = http://english.seoul.go.kr/gover/cooper/coo_02sis.html |title = International Cooperation: Sister Cities |accessdate = January 26, 2008 |work = Seoul Metropolitan Government |publisher = www.seoul.go.kr |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071210175055/http://english.seoul.go.kr/gover/cooper/coo_02sis.html |archivedate = December 10, 2007 }}</ref><ref name="Seoul twinnings">{{cite web |url = http://english.seoul.go.kr/gtk/cg/cityhall.php?pidx=6 |archive-url = https://archive.is/20120325052520/http://english.seoul.go.kr/gtk/cg/cityhall.php?pidx=6 |dead-url = yes |archive-date = March 25, 2012 |title = Seoul -Sister Cities |accessdate = August 23, 2013 |work = Seoul Metropolitan Government }}</ref> {{div col end}} === Union of Ibero-American Capital Cities === Mexico is part of the [[Union of Ibero-American Capital Cities]],<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.munimadrid.es/UnidadWeb/Contenidos/EspecialInformativo/RelacInternac/RRII/HermanamientosyAcuerdos/Files/hermanamiento_UCCI.pdf |title = Declaración de Hermanamiento múltiple y solidario de todas las Capitales de Iberoamérica (12–10–82) |date = October 12, 1982 |accessdate = March 12, 2015 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20130510114810/http://www.munimadrid.es/UnidadWeb/Contenidos/EspecialInformativo/RelacInternac/RRII/HermanamientosyAcuerdos/Files/hermanamiento_UCCI.pdf |archivedate = May 10, 2013 }}</ref> which was founded on October 12, 1982, to establish and foster brotherly relations between the following cities: {{div col|colwidth=22em}} * {{flagdeco|PAR}} [[Asunción]], Paraguay * {{flagdeco|COL}} [[Bogotá]], Colombia * {{flagdeco|ARG}} [[Buenos Aires]], Argentina * {{flagdeco|VEN}} [[Caracas]], Venezuela * {{flagdeco|GUA}} [[Guatemala City]], Guatemala * {{flagdeco|CUB}} [[Havana]], Cuba * {{flagdeco|BOL}} [[La Paz]], Bolivia * {{flagdeco|PER}} [[Lima]], Peru * {{flagdeco|PRT}} [[Lisbon]], Portugal * {{flagdeco|ESP}} [[Madrid]], Spain * {{flagdeco|NCA}} [[Managua]], Nicaragua * {{flagdeco|URU}} [[Montevideo]], Uruguay * {{flagdeco|PAN}} [[Panama City]], Panama * {{flagdeco|ECU}} [[Quito]], Ecuador * {{flagdeco|BRA}} [[Rio de Janeiro]], Brazil * {{flagdeco|CRC}} [[San Jose (Costa Rica)|San Jose]], Costa Rica * {{flagdeco|PUR}} [[San Juan (Puerto Rico)|San Juan]], Puerto Rico * {{flagdeco|SLV}} [[San Salvador]], El Salvador * {{flagdeco|CHI}} [[Santiago]], Chile * {{flagdeco|DOM}} [[Santo Domingo]], Dominican Republic * {{flagdeco|HON}} [[Tegucigalpa]], Honduras {{div col end}} == See also == {{portal|Mexico City|Mesoamerica|Latin America|North America}} * [[Large Cities Climate Leadership Group]] * [[Largest cities in the Americas]] * [[Metropolitan areas of Mexico]] * [[Outline of Mexico]] * [[World's largest cities]] {{clear}} == References == {{reflist|30em}} == External links == {{Commons|Ciudad de México|Mexico City}} {{Wikivoyage}} {{Wikinews category}} * {{osmrelation|1376330}} * [http://www.cdmx.gob.mx/ Mexico City Government] {{es icon}} * [http://www.mexicocity.gob.mx/ Mexico City Tourism Ministry] {{es icon}} * {{dmoz|Regional/North_America/Mexico/States/Federal_District}} {{Navboxes |title= Articles related to Mexico City |list= {{Historic buildings of Mexico City Centro}} {{List of North American capitals}} {{MexicoStateCapitals}} {{Olympic Summer Games Host Cities}} {{Pan American Games host cities}} {{Spanish Colonial architecture}} {{States of Mexico}} {{World Heritage Sites in México}} {{World's most populous metropolitan areas}} {{World's most populous urban areas}}}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Mexico City| ]] [[Category:Cities in Mexico]] [[Category:Subdivisions of Mexico]] [[Category:Nahua settlements]] [[Category:Mexico City metropolitan area]] [[Category:Populated places in Mexico]] [[Category:1520s establishments in Mexico]] [[Category:1521 establishments in New Spain]] [[Category:1521 in Mexico]] [[Category:Articles containing video clips]] [[Category:Capital districts and territories]] [[Category:Capitals in North America]] [[Category:Populated places established in 1521]]'
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'@@ -765,5 +765,5 @@ [[File:Basilica de Guadalupe, tambien llamada La Villa..JPG|thumb|right|[[Villa de Guadalupe, Mexico City|La Villa de Guadalupe]], the main Catholic pilgrimage site in the Americas]] -[[File:Visita guiada a las dos sinagogas de Justo Sierra (Centro, México, D.F.) 03.jpg|thumb|right|Justo Sierra 83 Synagogue, [[Justo Sierra Street]]]] +[[File:Visita guiada a las dos sinagogas de Justo Sierra (Centro, México, D.F.) 03.jpg|thumb|right|Justo Sierra 83 Synagogue, Justo Sierra Street]] Historically, and since [[Pre-Columbian era|Pre-Columbian]] times, the [[Valley of Mexico|Valley of Anahuac]] has been one of the most densely populated areas in Mexico. When the Federal District was created in 1824, the urban area of Mexico City extended approximately to the area of today's [[Cuauhtémoc, Mexico City|Cuauhtémoc borough]]. At the beginning of the 20th century, the ''elites'' began migrating to the south and west and soon the small towns of [[Mixcoac]] and [[San Ángel]] were incorporated by the growing conurbation. According to the 1921 census, 54.78% of the city's population was considered Mestizo (Indigenous mixed with European), 22.79% considered European, and 18.74% considered Indigenous.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.houstonculture.org/hispanic/census.html |title = The Hispanic Experience – Indigenous Identity in Mexico |publisher = Houstonculture.org |accessdate = April 17, 2011 }}</ref> This was the last Mexican Census which asked people to self-identify with a heritage other than Amerindian. However, the census had the particularity that, unlike racial/ethnic census in other countries, it was focused in the perception of [[cultural heritage]] rather than in a racial perception, leading to a good number of white people to identify with "Mixed heritage" due to cultural influence.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.redalyc.org/pdf/105/10503808.pdf |title=Composición Étnica de las Tres Áreas Culturales del Continente Americano al Comienzo del Siglo XXI |work=Academic investigation |publisher=university of the State of Mexico |year=2005 |accessdate=June 10, 2014 |language=Spanish |page=196 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022220348/http://www.redalyc.org/pdf/105/10503808.pdf |archivedate=October 22, 2013 |df= }}</ref> In 1921, Mexico City had less than one million inhabitants. '
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