Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{about|the Philippine island|other uses|Luzon (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox islands
| name = Luzon
| image_name = File:Luzon Island Red.png
| image_caption = Luzon [[mainland]] in red;<br>its associated islands in maroon
| native_name =
| native_name_link =
| location = [[Southeast Asia]]
| coordinates = {{coord|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| archipelago = [[Philippines]]
| waterbody = {{unbulleted list | [[Babuyan Channel]] | [[Burias Pass]] | [[Philippine Sea]] | [[Polillo Strait]] | [[Samar Sea]] | [[San Bernardino Strait]] | [[Sibuyan Sea]] | [[South China Sea]] | [[Ticao Pass]] | [[Verde Island Passage]] }}
| major_islands = {{Collapsible list
|title =
|frame_style = border:none; padding: 0;
|title_style = background:inherit;text-align:left;
|list_style = text-align:left;display:none;
|bullets = on;
| Luzon | [[Mindoro Island|Mindoro]] | [[Palawan (island)|Palawan]] | [[Masbate Island|Masbate]] | [[Catanduanes]] | [[Busuanga Island|Busuanga]] | [[Marinduque]] | [[Romblon (island)|Romblon]] | [[Polillo Island|Polillo]] | [[Burias (island)|Burias]] | [[Ticao Island|Ticao]] | [[Alabat Island|Alabat]] | [[Sibuyan Island|Sibuyan]] | [[Tablas Island|Tablas]] | [[Culion]] | [[Balabac Island|Balabac]] | [[Bugsuk]] | [[Dumaran Island|Dumaran]]}}
| area_km2 = 109965
| area_footnotes = <ref name=unep/>
| rank = 15th
| coastline_km = 3249.6
| coastline_footnotes = <ref name=unep/>
| highest_mount = [[Mount Pulag]]
| elevation_m = 2,922
| country = Philippines
| country_admin_divisions_title = Regions
| country_admin_divisions = {{unbulleted list | [[Bicol Region|Bicol]] | [[Cagayan Valley]] | [[CALABARZON]] | [[Central Luzon]] | [[Cordillera Administrative Region|Cordillera]] | [[Ilocos Region|Ilocos]] | ''[[Mimaropa]]'' | [[Metro Manila|National Capital Region]] }}
| country_admin_divisions_title_1 = Provinces
| country_admin_divisions_1 = {{Collapsible list
|title =
|frame_style = border:none; padding: 0;
|title_style = background:inherit;text-align:left;
|list_style = text-align:left;display:none;
|bullets = on
|1 = [[Abra (province)|Abra]]
|2 = [[Albay]]
|3 = [[Apayao]]
|4 = [[Aurora (province)|Aurora]]
|5 = [[Bataan]]
|6 = [[Batangas]]
|7 = [[Benguet]]
|8 = [[Bulacan]]
|9 = [[Cagayan]]
|10 = [[Camarines Norte]]
|11 = [[Camarines Sur]]
|12 = [[Cavite]]
|13 = [[Ifugao]]
|14 = [[Ilocos Norte]]
|15 = [[Ilocos Sur]]
|16 = [[Isabela (province)|Isabela]]
|17 = [[Kalinga (province)|Kalinga]]
|18 = [[La Union]]
|19 = [[Laguna (province)|Laguna]]
|20 = [[Mountain Province]]
|21 = [[Nueva Ecija]]
|22 = [[Nueva Vizcaya]]
|23 = [[Pampanga]]
|24 = [[Pangasinan]]
|25 = [[Quezon]]
|26 = [[Quirino]]
|27 = [[Rizal]]
|28 = [[Sorsogon]]
|29 = [[Tarlac]]
|30 = [[Zambales]]
|31 = Outlying island provinces {{bulleted list | ''[[Batanes]]'' | ''[[Catanduanes]]'' | ''[[Marinduque]]'' | ''[[Masbate]]'' | ''[[Occidental Mindoro]]'' | ''[[Oriental Mindoro]]'' |''[[Palawan]]'' | ''[[Romblon]]'' }}
}}
| country_largest_city = [[Quezon City]]
| country_largest_city_population = 2,936,116 {{PH census|2015|d}}
| population = 53,336,134{{efn|name=popnote}}
| population_as_of = 2015
| population_footnotes = {{PH census|2015|d}}
| density_km2 = {{sigfig|53336134/109965|2}}
| demonym = Luzonian (modern)<br/>Luzonese (occasional)<br/>[[Luções]] (archaic)
| ethnic_groups = {{Collapsible list
|title =
|frame_style = border:none; padding: 0;
|title_style = background:inherit;text-align:left;
|list_style = text-align:left;display:none;
|bullets = on;
|1 = [[Aeta]]
|2 = [[Bicolano people|Bicolano]]
|3 = [[Gaddang people|Gaddang]]
|4 = [[Ibanag people|Ibanag]]
|5 = [[Igorot people|Igorot]] {{bulleted list | item_style=white-space:nowrap | [[Bontoc people|Bontoc]] | [[Ibaloi people|Ibaloi]] | [[Ifugao people|Ifugao]] | [[Isnag people|Isneg]] | [[Kalinga people|Kalinga]] | [[Kankanaey people|Kankanaey]] | [[Kalanguya people|Kalanguya]] }}
|6 = [[Ilokano people|Ilokano]]
|7 = [[Ilongot people|Ilongot]]
|8 = [[Itawes]]
|9 = [[Kapampangan people|Kapampangan]]
|10 = [[Pangasinan people|Pangasinan]]
|11 = [[Sambal people|Sambal]]
|12 = [[Tagalog people|Tagalog]]
}}
}}
'''Luzon''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Luzon.ogg|l|uː|ˈ|z|ɒ|n}}, {{IPA-tl|luˈzon|lang}}) is the largest and most populous [[List of islands in the Philippines|island]] in the [[Philippines]]. It is ranked [[List of islands by area|15th largest]] in the world by [[land area]]. Located in the northern portion of the [[archipelago]], it is the economic and political center of the nation, being home to the country's capital city, [[Manila]], as well as [[Quezon City]], <nowiki/>the country's most populous city. With a population of 53 million {{As of|2015|lc=y}},{{PH census|2015|d}} it is the [[List of islands by population|fourth most populous island]] in the world, containing 52.5% of the country's total population.<ref name="ThePHArchipelago">{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90C4DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA16&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false| p=16| title=The Philippine Archipelago|first=Yves |last=Boquet |publisher=Springer|year= 2017|isbn= 9783319519265}}</ref>
Luzon may also refer to one of the three primary [[Island groups of the Philippines|island groups in the country]]. As such, it includes the Luzon [[mainland]], the [[Batanes]] and [[Babuyan Islands|Babuyan]] groups of islands to the north, [[Polillo Islands]] to the east, and the outlying islands of [[Catanduanes]], [[Marinduque]] and [[Mindoro]], among others, to the south.<ref name="unique">{{cite book | last=Zaide | first=Sonia M. | title=The Philippines, a Unique Nation | page=50 }}</ref> The islands of [[Masbate]], [[Palawan (island)|Palawan]] and [[Romblon]] are also included as well, though these three are sometimes grouped in the [[Visayas]].
{{TOC limit|3}}
==Etymology==
[[File:Bangkajf.JPG|thumb|left|Bangkang Pinawa, ancient Philippine [[mortar and pestle]].]]
The name ''Luzon'' is thought to derive from the [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] word ''lusong'', which is a large wooden [[mortar and pestle|mortar]] used in dehusking rice.<ref>{{cite book|author=Keat Gin Ooi|title=Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor|url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&pg=PA798|year=2004|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-770-2|page=798}}</ref><ref name=Roberts1>{{cite book|last=Roberts|first=Edmund|title=Embassy to the Eastern Courts of Cochin-China, Siam, and Muscat|year=1837|publisher=Harper & Brothers|location=New York|page=59|url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/7317/view/1/59/}}</ref> A 2008 PIDS research paper by Eulito Bautista and Evelyn Javier provides an image of a Lusong, and explains that,
{{bquote|Traditional milling was accomplished in the 1900s by pounding the palay with a wooden pestle in a stone or wooden mortar called lusong. The first pounding takes off the hull and further pounding removes the bran but also breaks most grains. Further winnowing with a bamboo tray (bilao) separates the hull from the rice grains. This traditional hand-pounding chore, although very laborious and resulted in a lot of broken rice, required two to three skilled men and women to work harmoniously and was actually a form of socializing among young folks in the villages.<ref name="EulitoandJavier2008">{{Cite journal|last=Bautista|first=Eulito U.|last2=Javier|first2=Evelyn F.|date=2008|title=Rice Production Practices: PIDS Research Paper Series 2008-02|url=http://dirp4.pids.gov.ph/ris/rps/pidsrp0802.pdf|journal=Philippine Institute of Development Studies Research Papers Series|publisher=Philippine Institute of Development Studies|volume=|pages=44}}</ref>}}
[[File:Captioned_Detail_of_Jean_Mallat_1846_Illustration_Tagalog_Couple_Pounding_Rice.jpg|thumb|right|Detail of an illustration from Jean Mallat's 1846 book "The Philippines: history, geography, customs, agriculture, industry, and commerce of the Spanish colonies in Oceania", showing "a Tagalog couple pounding rice." The mortar depicted is known as a "lusong", a large, cylindrical, deep-mouthed wooden mortal used to de-husk rice.<ref name="EulitoandJavier2008"/>{{rp|page=44}} Linguist Jean Paul Potet explains that the [[Old Tagalog]] name of the [[Pasig River]] delta,<ref name="Potet2013">{{cite book | last = Potet | first = Jean-Paul G. | authorlink = | title = Arabic and Persian Loanwords in Tagalog | publisher = | date = 2013 | location = | pages = 444 | language = | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=1i-bBQAAQBAJ | isbn = 9781291457261}}</ref> in which Tondo was located, was derived from this mortar.]]
==History==
{{Further|History of Luzon|Tondo (historical polity)|Namayan|Rajahnate of Maynila}}
Luzon was originally inhabited by [[Negrito]]s before [[Austronesians]] from Taiwan scattered and displaced them. The Austronesian groups were divided into two types of nations; coastal lowland states or highland civilizations. Highland civilizations were based in the mountains and had built up plutocracies based on agriculture, such as the [[Igorot Society]] which is responsible for building many of the [[Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras|rice terraces]] in the [[Cordillera Central (Luzon)|Cordillera Mountains]], among the most notable being the [[Banaue Rice Terraces]]. Meanwhile, coastal states were split among [[Hinduism|Hindu]]-[[Buddhism|Buddhist]] kingdoms, [[Muslim]] principalities, and [[Philippine mythology|ethnoreligious]] tribes, who had trading connections with [[Borneo]], [[Java]], [[Sumatra]], [[Malay Peninsula|Malaya]], [[Indochina]], [[Bengal]], [[India]], [[Korea]], [[Ryukyu Islands|Okinawa]], [[Japan]] and [[China]], before the Spaniards established their rule. From just before the first millennium, the [[Tagalog people|Tagalog]], [[Kapampangan people|Kapampangan]] and [[Pangasinan people|Pangasinan]] peoples of south and central Luzon had established several major coastal [[polity|polities]], most notable among them those of [[Rajahnate of Maynila|Maynila]], [[Tondo (historical polity)|Tondo]] and [[Namayan]]. The [[Laguna Copperplate Inscription]], the first Philippine document written in 900AD, names places in and around [[Manila Bay]] as well as [[Medan]] in Indonesia.<ref>[http://www.mts.net/~pmorrow/lcieng.htm Laguna Copperplate Inscription – Article in English] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080205031106/http://www.mts.net/~pmorrow/lcieng.htm |date=2008-02-05 }}. Mts.net (2006-07-14). Retrieved on 2010-12-19.</ref> These kingdoms were based on leases between village rulers (''[[Datu]]'') and landlords (''[[Lakan]]'') or [[Rajah]]s, to whom tributes and taxes were levied. These kingdoms were coastal [[Thalassocracy|thalassocracies]] based on trade with neighboring Asian political entities at that time. There was also a Sino-Buddhist country in nearby [[Mindoro]] called the country of [[Ma-i]].
According to sources at the time, the trade in large native [[List of Japanese tea ceremony equipment#Shimamono|''Ruson-tsukuri'']] (literally ''Luzon-made'', Japanese:[[wikt:呂|呂]][[wikt:宋|宋]][[wikt:製|製]]) clay jars used for storing [[green tea]] and [[rice wine]] with Japan flourished in the 12th century, and local [[Tagalog people|Tagalog]], [[Kapampangan people|Kapampangan]] and [[Pangasinan people|Pangasinan]] potters had marked each jar with [[Baybayin]] letters denoting the particular urn used and the kiln the jars were manufactured in. Certain kilns were renowned over others and prices depended on the reputation of the kiln.<ref>Kekai, Paul. (2006-09-05) [http://sambali.blogspot.com/2006/09/luzon-jars-glossary.html Quests of the Dragon and Bird Clan: Luzon Jars (Glossary)]. Sambali.blogspot.com. Retrieved on 2010-12-19.</ref><ref>[http://www.seapots.com/home/index.php/production-centers-pottery-groups/philippines South East Asia Pottery – Philippines]. Seapots.com. Retrieved on 2010-12-19. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019011022/http://www.seapots.com/home/index.php/production-centers-pottery-groups/philippines |date=October 19, 2014 }}</ref> Of this flourishing trade, the ''Burnay'' jars of [[Ilocos]] are the only large clay jar manufactured in Luzon today with origins from this time.
During the 1300s, the Javanese-centered Hindu empire of [[Majapahit]] briefly ruled over Luzon as recorded in the epic poem [[Nagarakretagama]], which stated that they had colonies in the Philippines at Saludong ([[Kingdom of Manila|Manila]]) and Solot ([[Sultanate of Sulu|Sulu]]). Eventually, the kingdoms of Luzon regained independence from Majapahit after the Battle of Manila (1365) and Sulu also reestablished independence and in vengeance, [[Military history of the Philippines|assaulted the Majapahit province of Poni]] ([[Brunei]]) before a fleet from the capital drove them out.<ref>{{cite book |title=History for Brunei Darussalam: Sharing our Past |year=2009 |publisher=Curriculum Development Department, Ministry of Education |isbn=978-99917-2-372-3 |ref={{harvid|History for Brunei Darussalam|2009}}|p=44}}</ref>
The [[Yongle Emperor]] instituted a Chinese governor on Luzon during [[Zheng He]]'s [[Treasure voyages|voyages]] and appointed Ko Ch'a-lao to that position in 1405.{{sfn|Ho|2009|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=EwnzBiM0LmAC&pg=PA33 33]}}{{sfn|Karnow|2010|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=VbwogbQ3l8UC&pg=PT84 84]}} China also had vassals among the leaders in the archipelago.<ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopædia Britannica, Volume 9 |others=Contributor: Walter Yust |year=1954 |publisher=EncyclopÆdia Britannica |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9KfnAAAAMAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=vassals |accessdate=2019-06-21 |p=75}}</ref> China attained ascendancy in trade with the area in Yongle's reign.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=uWzjAAAAMAAJ "Philippine Almanac & Handbook of Facts" 1977], p. 59.</ref>
Afterwards, some parts of Luzon were Islamized when the former Majapahit province of Poni broke free, converted to Islam, imported an Arab prince from Saudi Arabia, in the person of [[Sharif Ali]], and became the [[Bruneian Empire|Sultanate of Brunei]], a nation that then expanded its realms from Borneo to the Philippines and set up the [[Kingdom of Maynila]] as its puppet-state<ref>{{cite book|author=Frans Welman|title=Borneo Trilogy Brunei: Vol 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kb7OXcSH7ScC&pg=PA8|date=1 August 2013|publisher=Booksmango|isbn=978-616-222-235-1|pages=8–}}</ref> as well as incorporate the newly converted Sultanate of Sulu by a royal marriage. However, other kingdoms resisted Islam, like the [[Huangdom of Pangasinan|Wangdom of Pangasinan]] which had remained a tributary state to China and was a largely Sinified kingdom which maintained trade with Japan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asj.upd.edu.ph/mediabox/archive/ASJ-21-1983/scott.pdf|title=Filipinos in China in 1500|last=Scott|first=William Henry|work=China Studies Program|page=8|publisher=De la Salle University|year=1989|access-date=2015-06-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724123829/http://www.asj.upd.edu.ph/mediabox/archive/ASJ-21-1983/scott.pdf|archive-date=2015-07-24|url-status=dead}}</ref>
In the 1500s, people from Luzon were called ''[[Lucoes]]'' and they established many overseas communities within the Indo-Pacific and were actively employed in trading, seafaring and military campaigns across Southeast Asia.
The [[Portugal|Portuguese]] were the first European explorers who recorded it in their charts as ''Luçonia'' or ''Luçon'' and inhabitants were called ''[[Luçoes]]''.<ref>Pires, Tomé, A suma oriental de Tomé Pires e o livro de Francisco Rodriguez: Leitura e notas de Armando Cortesão [1512–1515], translated and edited by Armando Cortesao, Cambridge: Hakluyt Society, 1944.</ref> [[Edmund Roberts (diplomat)|Edmund Roberts]], who visited Luzon in the early 19th century, wrote that Luzon was "discovered" in 1521.<ref name=Roberts1/> Many people from Luzon had active-employment in Portuguese Malacca. Lucoes such as the Luzon spice magnate [[Regimo de Raja]], based in Malacca, was highly influential and the Portuguese appointed him as Temenggong (Sea Lord) or a governor and chief general responsible for overseeing of maritime trade, at Malacca. As Temenggung, he was also the head of an armada which traded and protected commerce between the [[Indian Ocean]], the [[Strait of Malacca]], the [[South China Sea]],<ref>Antony, Robert J. Elusive Pirates, Pervasive Smugglers: Violence and Clandestine Trade in the Greater China Seas. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2010. Print, 76.</ref> and the [[History of the Philippines (900–1521)|medieval maritime principalities of the Philippines]].<ref>Junker, Laura L. Raiding, Trading, and Feasting: The Political Economy of Philippine Chiefdoms. Honolulu: University of Hawaiì Press, 1999.</ref><ref>Wilkinson, R J. An Abridged Malay-English Dictionary (romanised). London: Macmillan and Co, 1948. Print, 291.</ref> His father and wife carried on his maritime trading business after his death. Another important Malacca trader was Curia de Raja who also hailed from Luzon. The "surname" of "de Raja" or "diraja" could indicate that Regimo and Curia, and their families, were of noble or royal descent as the term is an abbreviation of Sanskrit adiraja.<ref>Junker, 400. http://sambali.blogspot.com/2014/12/the-borneo-route.html</ref>
Pinto noted that there were a number of Luçoes in the Islamic fleets that went to battle with the Portuguese in the Philippines during the 16th century. The Sultan of Aceh gave one of them (Sapetu Diraja) the task of holding Aru (northeast Sumatra) in 1540. Pinto also says one was named leader of the Malays remaining in the Moluccas Islands after the Portuguese conquest in 1511.<ref name="Pinto">{{Cite journal
| last = Pinto
| first = Fernao Mendes
| author-link = Fernao Mendes Pinto
| title = The travels of Mendes Pinto.
|language= English
|translator=Rebecca Catz
|year=1989
| place = Chicago
| publisher = University of Chicago Press
| orig-year = 1578
}}</ref> Pigafetta notes that one of them was in command of the Brunei fleet in 1521.<ref name="Pigafetta">{{Cite book |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/009797644
| last = Pigafetta
| first = Antonio
| author-link = Antonio Pigafetta
| title = First voyage round the world
|language=English
|translator=J.A. Robertson
|year=1969
| place = Manila
| publisher = Filipiniana Book Guild
| orig-year = 1524
| ref = harv}}</ref>
However, the Luções did not only fight on the side of the Muslims. Pinto says they were also apparently among the natives of the Philippines who fought the Muslims in 1538.<ref name="Pinto"/>
On [[Mainland Southeast Asia]], Lusung/Luçoes warriors aided the Burmese king in his invasion of Siam in 1547 AD. At the same time, Lusong warriors fought alongside the Siamese king and faced the same elephant army of the Burmese king in the defence of the Siamese capital at Ayutthaya.{{sfn|Pigafetta|1969|p=195}}
Scholars have thus suggested that they could be mercenaries valued by all sides.<ref name="Pires">{{Cite book
| last = Pires
| first = Tomé
| author-link = Tomé Pires
| title = A suma oriental de Tomé Pires e o livro de Francisco Rodriguez: Leitura e notas de Armando Cortesão [1512–1515]
|editor=Armando Cortesao (translator)
|language=Portuguese
| place = Cambridge
| publisher = Hakluyt Society
| year = 1944
| postscript = <!--None--> }}</ref><ref name="Lach">{{cite book
|last=Lach
|first=Donald Frederick
|authorlink= Donald Lach
|title= Asia in the Making of Europe
|year=1994
|publisher=University of Chicago Press
|location=Chicago
|chapter= Chapter 8: The Philippine Islands
| isbn = 0-226-46732-5}}</ref><ref name="Reid">{{cite book
|last=Reid
|first=Anthony
|authorlink= Anthony Reid (academic)
|editor=Peter Bellwood |editor2=James J. Fox |editor3=[[Darrell Tryon]]
|title=The Austronesians: Historical and comparative perspectives
|year=1995
|publisher=Department of Anthropology, The Australian National University
|location=Canberra
|chapter= Continuity and Change in the Austronesian Transition to Islam and Christianity
|chapterurl=http://epress.anu.edu.au/austronesians/austronesians/mobile_devices/ch16.html }}</ref>
The Spanish arrival in the 16th century saw the incorporation of the Lucoes people and the breaking up of their kingdoms and the establishment of the [[Spanish East Indies|''Las Islas Filipinas'']] with its capital [[Cebu]], which was moved to [[Manila]] following the defeat of the local [[Rajah Sulayman]] in 1570. Under Spain, Luzon also came to be known as the '''''Nueva Castilla''''' or the '''New Castile'''. In Spanish times, Luzon became the focal point for trade between the Americas and Asia. The [[Manila Galleons]] constructed in the [[Bicol region]], brought silver mined from [[Peru]] and [[Mexico]] to Manila, which was used to purchase Asian commercial goods like Chinese [[silk]], Indian [[gems]] and Indonesian [[spices]] which were exported to the Americas. Luzon then became a focal point for global migration. The walled city of [[Intramuros]] was initially founded by 1200 Spanish families.<ref>{{cite journal|url = http://www.gutenberg.org/files/38269/38269-h/38269-h.htm#pb139 |title = A History of the Philippines |last = Barrows |first = David |journal = Guttenburg Free Online E-books |publisher = |year = 2014 |volume = 1 |page = 179 |quote = Within the walls, there were some six hundred houses of a private nature, most of them built of stone and tile, and an equal number outside in the suburbs, or “arrabales,” all occupied by Spaniards (“todos son vivienda y poblacion de los Españoles”). This gives some twelve hundred Spanish families or establishments, exclusive of the religious, who in Manila numbered at least one hundred and fifty, the garrison, at certain times, about four hundred trained Spanish soldiers who had seen service in Holland and the Low Countries, and the official classes.}}</ref> The nearby district of [[Binondo]] became the center of business and transformed into the world's oldest Chinatown.<ref>[http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/388446/lifestyle/food/binondo-new-discoveries-in-the-world-s-oldest-chinatown New discoveries in the world's oldest Chinatown GMA news]</ref> There was also a smaller district reserved for Japanese migrants in [[Dilao]]. [[Cavite City]] also served as the main port for Luzon and many Mexican soldiers and sailors were stationed in the naval garrisons there.<ref>Galaup "Travel Accounts" page 375.</ref><ref>"Forced Migration in the Spanish Pacific World" By Eva Maria Mehl, page 235.</ref> When the Spanish evacuated from [[Sultanate of Ternate|Ternate]], Indonesia; they settled the [[Papuan languages|Papuan]] refugees in [[Ternate, Cavite]] which was named after their evacuated homeland. After the short [[British Occupation of Manila]], the Indian [[Sepoy]] soldiers that mutinied against their British commanders and joined the Spanish, then settled in [[Cainta, Rizal]]. Newcomers who were impoverished Mexicans and peninsulares were accused of undermining the submission of the natives. In 1774, authorities from Bulacan, Tondo, Laguna Bay, and other areas surrounding Manila reported with consternation that discharged soldiers and deserters (From Mexico, Spain and Peru) were providing indios military training for the weapons that had been disseminated all over the territory during the British war.<ref>CSIC ser. Consultas riel 208 leg.14 (1774)</ref>
After many years of Spanish occupation and resistance to reform, the [[Philippine Revolution]] against Spain erupted in Cavite and spread all throughout Luzon and the Philippines. Consequently, the [[First Philippine Republic]] was established in [[Malolos, Bulacan]]. In the meantime, [[Spain]] sold the Philippines to the [[United States]] and the First Philippine Republic resisted the new American colonizers in the [[Philippine–American War]] which the Republic lost due to its diplomatic isolation (No nation recognized the First Republic) as well as due to the numerical superiority of the American army. The Americans then set up the cool mountain city of [[Baguio City|Baguio]] as a summer retreat for its officials. The Americans also rebuilt the capital, Manila, and established American military bases in [[Olongapo]] and [[Angeles City|Angeles]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.clarkab.org/history/index.htm |title=Clark Air Base History |publisher=Clarkab.org |accessdate=2009-07-14}}</ref>
{{Further|Spanish East Indies}}
[[File:US ships under attack in Lingayen Gulf January 1945.jpg|thumb|U.S. Navy ships under attack while entering [[Lingayen Gulf]], January 1945]]
In [[Pacific War|World War II]], the Philippines were considered to be of great strategic importance because their capture by Japan would pose a significant threat to the U.S. As a result, 135,000 troops and 227 aircraft were stationed in the Philippines by October 1941. Luzon was captured by [[Imperial Japanese Army|Imperial Japanese forces]] in 1942 during their [[Philippines Campaign (1941–42)|campaign to capture the Philippines]]. [[General (United States)|General]] [[Douglas MacArthur]]—who was in charge of the defense of the Philippines at the time—was ordered to Australia, and the remaining U.S. forces retreated to the [[Bataan Peninsula]].<ref name="2ww">{{cite web|url=http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/2WWphilippines.htm |title=The Philippines |accessdate=6 December 2008 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090222190510/http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/2WWphilippines.htm |archivedate=22 February 2009 }}</ref>
A few months after this, MacArthur expressed his belief that an attempt to recapture the Philippines was necessary. The U.S. Pacific Commander [[Admiral]] [[Chester Nimitz]] and [[Chief of Naval Operations]] Admiral [[Ernest King]] both opposed this idea, arguing that it must wait until victory was certain. MacArthur had to wait two years for his wish; it was 1944 before a [[Philippines Campaign (1944–45)|campaign]] to recapture the Philippines was launched. The island of [[Leyte]] was the first objective of the campaign, which was [[Battle of Leyte|captured]] by the end of December 1944. This was followed by the [[Battle of Mindoro|attack on Mindoro]] and later, Luzon.<ref name="2ww"/>
{{Further|Battle of Luzon}}
The end of the World War necessitated [[decolonization]] due to rising nationalist movements across the world's many empires. Subsequently, the Philippines gained independence from the United States. Luzon then arose to become the most developed island in the Philippines. However, the lingering poverty and inequality caused by the long dictatorship of US-supported dictator, [[Ferdinand Marcos]], gave rise to the Philippine diaspora and many people from Luzon have migrated elsewhere and had established large overseas communities; mainly in the [[United States]], [[Hong Kong]], [[Singapore]] and [[Saudi Arabia]]. Eventually, the [[People Power Revolution]] led by [[Corazon Aquino]] and [[Jaime Sin|Cardinal Jaime Sin]], removed Marcos and his cronies from power and they fled to [[Hawaii]] where the US granted them asylum. The following administrations are subsequently managing the political and economic recovery of the Philippines with the particular aim of spreading development outside of Luzon and into the more isolated provinces of the [[Visayas]] and [[Mindanao]].
==Geography==
{{Details|Geography of the Philippines#Luzon|l1=Geography of Luzon|}}
[[File:Northern Philippines (Luzon).jpg|thumb|{{center|Satellite image of Luzon}}]]
Luzon island alone has an area of {{convert|109964.9|km2}},<ref name=unep>{{cite web|title=Islands of Philippines |url=http://islands.unep.ch/IHE.htm#898 |work=Island Directory Tables |publisher=United Nations Environment Programme |accessdate=18 April 2016}}</ref> making it the [[List of islands by area|world's 15th largest island]]. It is bordered on the west by the [[South China Sea]] (''Luzon Sea'' in Philippine territorial waters), on the east by the [[Philippine Sea]], and on the north by the [[Luzon Strait]] containing the [[Babuyan Islands|Babuyan]] Channel and [[Balintang Channel]]. The [[mainland]] is roughly rectangular in shape and has the long [[Bicol Peninsula]] protruding to the southeast.
Luzon is roughly divided into four sections; [[Northern Luzon|Northern]], [[Central Luzon|Central]] and [[Southern Luzon|Southern]] Luzon, and the [[National Capital Region]].
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;background-color:#FDFDFD;"
|-
! scope="col" | Regions
! scope="col" | Six divisions
! scope="col" | Four divisions
! scope="col" | Three divisions
! scope="col" | Two divisions
|-style="vertical-align:top;"
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;" | [[Ilocos Region]]
| rowspan=2 | [[Ilocandia]]
| rowspan=3 | Northern Luzon
| rowspan=4 | North and Central Luzon
| rowspan=4 | North and Central Luzon
|-style="vertical-align:top;"
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;" | [[Cagayan Valley]]
|-style="vertical-align:top;"
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;" | [[Cordillera Administrative Region]]
| Cordilleras
|-style="vertical-align:top;"
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;" | [[Central Luzon]]
| colspan=2 style="text-align:center;" | Central Luzon
|-style="vertical-align:top;"
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;" | [[Metro Manila|National Capital Region]]
| colspan=3 style="text-align:center;" | Metro Manila
| rowspan=4 | Southern Luzon
|-style="vertical-align:top;"
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;" | [[Calabarzon]]
| rowspan=2 | [[Southern Tagalog]]
| rowspan=3 | Southern Luzon
| rowspan=3 | Southern Luzon
|-style="vertical-align:top;"
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;" | [[Mimaropa]]
|-style="vertical-align:top;"
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;" | [[Bicol Region]]
| [[Bicolandia]]
|}
===Physical===
==== Northern Luzon ====
The northwestern portion of the island, which encompasses most of the [[Ilocos Region]], is characterized by a flat terrain extending east from the [[coast]]line toward the [[Cordillera Central, Luzon|Cordillera Central mountains]].
The Cordillera mountain range, which feature the island's north-central section, is covered in a mixture of [[Luzon tropical pine forests|tropical pine forests]] and [[Luzon rainforest|montane rainforests]], and is the site of the island's highest mountain, [[Mount Pulag]], rising at 2,922 metres. The range provides the upland headwaters of the [[Agno River]], which stretches from the slopes of [[Mount Data]], and meanders along the southern Cordillera mountains before reaching the plains of [[Pangasinan]].
The northeastern section of Luzon is generally mountainous, with the [[Sierra Madre (Philippines)|Sierra Madre]], the longest mountain range in the country, abruptly rising a few miles from the coastline. Located in between the Sierra Madre and the Cordillera Central mountain ranges is the large [[Cagayan Valley]]. This region, which is known for being the second largest producer of rice and the country's top corn-producer, serves as the [[Drainage basin|basin]] for the [[Cagayan River]], the longest in the Philippines.
Along the southern limits of the Cordillera Central lies the lesser-known [[Caraballo Mountains]]. These mountains form a link between the Cordillera Central and the Sierra Madre mountain ranges, separating the Cagayan Valley from the [[Central Luzon]] plains.<ref name=TriumphPhil>{{cite book|last1=Smith|first1=Robert Ross|title=Triumph in the Philippines|date=1993|publisher=University Press of the Pacific|location=Honolulu, HI|isbn=1410224953|page=450|url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-P-Triumph/USA-P-Triumph-24.html|accessdate=25 December 2014|format=Transcribed and formatted by Jerry Holden for the HyperWar Foundation}}</ref>
<gallery mode="packed">
View of the north coast of Luzon - ZooKeys-266-001-g002.jpg|North coast of Luzon along the [[Cagayan]]-[[Ilocos Norte]] boundary
Mount Pulag, Kabayan, Philippines (Unsplash).jpg|Summit of [[Mount Pulag]], Luzon's highest mountain
FvfSanJuanLaUnion8559 10.JPG|West coast of Luzon at [[San Juan, La Union|San Juan]] overlooking the [[South China Sea]]
View of the Sierra Madre from the west - ZooKeys-266-001-g004.jpg|The Cagayan Valley at [[Cabagan, Isabela|Cabagan]] with the [[Sierra Madre (Philippines)|Sierra Madre]] mountains in the background
Quirino 1.jpg|Canoes along upstream [[Cagayan River]] at [[Quirino]] province
</gallery>
==== Central Luzon ====
[[File:Arayat44jf.JPG|thumb|The [[Central Luzon]] plain with [[Mount Arayat]] in the background]]
The central section of Luzon is characterized by a flat terrain, known as the Central Luzon [[plain]], the largest in the island in terms of land area. The plain, approximately {{convert|11,000|km2}} in size, is the country's largest producer of rice, and is irrigated by two major rivers; the [[Cagayan River|Cagayan]] to the north, and the [[Pampanga River|Pampanga]] to the south. In the middle of the plain rises the solitary [[Mount Arayat]].
The western coasts of Central Luzon are typically flat extending east from the coastline to the [[Zambales Mountains]], the site of [[Mount Pinatubo]], made famous because of its enormous 1991 eruption. These mountains extend to the sea in the north, forming the [[Lingayen Gulf]], and to the south, forming the [[Bataan Peninsula]]. The peninsula encloses the [[Manila Bay]], a natural [[harbor]] considered to be one of the best natural ports in East Asia, due to its size and strategic geographical location.
The [[Sierra Madre (Philippines)|Sierra Madre]] mountain range continues to stretch across the western section of Central Luzon, snaking southwards into the [[Bicol Peninsula]].
==== Southern Luzon ====
{{overlay|float=right
|image = STS045-152-274 Manila and Taal Volcano.jpg
|width = 280
|height = 350
|columns = 2
|overlay1 = [[Manila Bay]]
|overlay1top = 132
|overlay1left = 50
|overlay2 = [[Laguna de Bay]]
|overlay2top = 94
|overlay2left = 165
|overlay3 = [[Taal Volcano]] / {{nowrap|[[Taal Lake]]}}
|overlay3top = 171
|overlay3left = 193
|overlay4 = [[Bataan Peninsula]]
|overlay4top = 176
|overlay4left = 17
|overlay5 = [[Balayan Bay]]
|overlay5top = 231
|overlay5left = 198
|overlay6 = [[Batangas Bay]]
|overlay6top = 220
|overlay6left = 250
|overlay7 = [[South China Sea]]
|overlay7top = 286
|overlay7left = 55
|overlay8 = [[Mindoro Island]]
|overlay8top = 325
|overlay8left = 264
|overlay9 = [[Lamon Bay]]
|overlay9top = 11
|overlay9left = 209
}}
The northern section of Southern Luzon is dominated by the [[Laguna de Bay]] ([[Old Spanish]], "''Lake of [[Bay, Laguna|Bay]] town''"), the largest [[lake]] in the country. The {{convert|949|km2|adj=on}} lake is drained into [[Manila Bay]] by the [[Pasig River]], one of the most important rivers in the country due to its historical significance and because it runs through the center of [[Metro Manila]].
Located {{convert|20|km}} southwest of Laguna de Bay is [[Taal Lake]], a [[crater lake]] containing the [[Taal Volcano]], the smallest in the country. The environs of the lake form the [[highland|upland]] [[Tagaytay Ridge]], which was once part of a massive prehistoric volcano that covered the southern portion of the province of [[Cavite]], [[Tagaytay City]] and the whole of [[Batangas]] province.
South of Laguna Lake are two [[Topographic prominence|solitary]] mountains, [[Mount Makiling]] in [[Laguna (province)|Laguna]] province, and [[Mount Banahaw]], the highest in the region of [[Calabarzon]].
The southeastern portion of Luzon is dominated by the [[Bicol Peninsula]], a mountainous and narrow region extending approximately {{convert|150|km}} southeast from the [[Tayabas Isthmus]] in [[Quezon (province)|Quezon]] province to the [[San Bernardino Strait]] along the coasts of [[Sorsogon (province)|Sorsogon]]. The area is home to several [[volcano]]es, the most famous of which is the {{convert|2,460|m|adj=on}} high symmetrically shaped [[Mayon Volcano]] in [[Albay]] province. The [[Sierra Madre (Philippines)|Sierra Madre]] range has its southern limits at Quezon province. [[Topographic prominence|Ultra-prominent]] mountains dot the landscape, which include [[Mount Isarog]] and [[Mount Iriga]] in [[Camarines Sur]], and [[Mount Bulusan]] in [[Sorsogon]].
The [[peninsula]]'s coastline features several smaller peninsulas, [[List of gulfs|gulf]]s and [[bay]]s, which include [[Lamon Bay]], [[San Miguel Bay]], [[Lagonoy Gulf]], [[Ragay Gulf]], and [[Sorsogon Bay]].
{{wide image|Legazpi City at Night.jpg|1000px|The nearly perfectly shaped [[Mayon Volcano]] and the city of [[Legazpi, Albay|Legazpi]] in [[Albay]] province|alt=Panorama of city of Legazpi with Mayon Volcano in the background}}
==== Outlying islands ====
Several outlying islands near mainland Luzon are considered part of the [[Island groups of the Philippines|Luzon island group]].
The largest include [[Palawan (island)|Palawan]], [[Mindoro]], [[Masbate Island|Masbate]], [[Catanduanes]], [[Marinduque]], [[Romblon Island|Romblon]] and [[Polillo Island|Polillo]].
{{further|Island groups of the Philippines}}
===Administrative divisions===
The island is covered by 8 [[Regions of the Philippines|administrative regions]], 30 [[Provinces of the Philippines|provinces]] and, {{As of|2014|lc=y}}, 68 [[Cities of the Philippines|cities]] (8 regions, 38 provinces and 71 cities if [[Island groups of the Philippines|associated islands]] are included). One of the regions, [[Mimaropa]], is geographically part of the [[Visayas]] according to the non-centric view. This is contested by imperial Manila through the Manila-centric view. Majority of scholars in the Philippines consider Mimaropa as part of the Visayas, in line with the non-centric view.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto;table-layout:fixed;text-align:center;background-color:#FDFDFD;width:100%;font-size:95%;"
|-
! scope="col" | Location
! scope="col" | Region<br />{{small|(designation)}}
! scope="col" data-sort-type="number" | {{abbr|Population|Population and national share (as of 2015)}}<br />{{small|(2015)}}{{PH census|2015|d}}
! scope="col" | Area{{efn-lr|name=Area}}<ref name="PSA-NSCB-ProvinceList">{{cite web|title=PSGC Interactive; List of Provinces |url=http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/listprov.asp |website=[[Philippine Statistics Authority]] |accessdate=3 April 2016 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130111015112/http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/listprov.asp |archivedate=11 January 2013 }}</ref><ref name="PSA-CitiesList">{{cite web|title=PSGC Interactive; List of Cities |url=http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/listcity.asp |website=Philippine Statistics Authority |accessdate=7 April 2016 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429190752/http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/listcity.asp |archivedate=29 April 2011 }}</ref>
! scope="col" | Density
! scope="col" | Regional<br />center
! scope="col" style="width:14em;text-align:left;" data-sort-type="number" | {{center|[[List of primary local government units of the Philippines|Component LGUs]]}}{{unbulleted list | item_style=white-space:nowrap; | {{Color box|#FDFDFD|border=darkgray}} {{small|Province}} | {{Color box|#FDFDFD|border=darkgray}} {{small|''{{font|Independent city or municipality|css=font-weight:normal;}}''}} | {{Color box|#FDFDFD|{{font|∗|css=font-weight:normal;}}|border=darkgray}} {{small|[[Island groups of the Philippines|Associated island]]}}{{efn-lr|name=Islands}}}}
|-style="vertical-align:top;"
! scope="row" style="width:8em;" data-sort-value="1" | [[File:Ph fil ilocos.png|frameless|upright=0.5|alt=Map of the Philippines highlighting the Ilocos Region]]
| style="font-weight:bold;" | [[Ilocos Region]]<br />{{small|(Region I)}}
| 5,026,128<br />(''{{percentage|5026128|100981437|pad=1}}'')
| {{convert|13,012.60|km2|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br()}}
| {{convert|{{sigfig|5026128/13012.60|2}}|PD/km2|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br()}}
| [[San Fernando City, La Union|San Fernando<br />{{small|(La Union)}}]]
| {{Collapsible list
| title = 5
| frame_style = border:none;
| title_style = font-weight:normal;text-align:left;padding-left:0.5em;background-color:#F5F5F5;
| list_style = text-align:left;font-size:90%;line-height:1.20em;white-space:nowrap;
| bullets = on;
| 1 = ''[[Dagupan]]''{{efn-lr|name=icc}}
| 2 = '''[[Ilocos Norte]]'''
| 3 = '''[[Ilocos Sur]]'''
| 4 = '''[[La Union]]'''
| 5 = '''[[Pangasinan]]'''
}}
|-style="vertical-align:top;"
! scope="row" style="width:8em;" data-sort-value="3" | [[File:Ph fil cagayan valley.png|frameless|upright=0.5|alt=Map of the Philippines highlighting Cagayan Valley]]
| style="font-weight:bold;" | [[Cagayan Valley]]<br />{{small|(Region II)}}
| 3,451,410<br />(''{{percentage|3451410|100981437|pad=1}}'')
| {{convert|28,228.83|km2|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br()}}
| {{convert|{{sigfig|3451410/28228.83|2}}|PD/km2|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br()}}
| [[Tuguegarao]]
| {{Collapsible list
| title = 6
| frame_style = border:none;
| title_style = font-weight:normal;text-align:left;padding-left:0.5em;background-color:#F5F5F5;
| list_style = text-align:left;font-size:90%;line-height:1.20em;white-space:nowrap;
| bullets = on;
| 1 = '''[[Batanes]]'''*
| 2 = '''[[Cagayan]]'''
| 3 = '''[[Isabela (province)|Isabela]]'''
| 4 = '''[[Nueva Vizcaya]]'''
| 5 = '''[[Quirino]]'''
| 6 = ''[[Santiago, Isabela|Santiago]]''{{efn-lr|name=icc}}
}}
|-style="vertical-align:top;"
! scope="row" style="width:8em;" data-sort-value="4" | [[File:Ph fil central luzon.png|frameless|upright=0.5|alt=Map of the Philippines highlighting Central Luzon]]
| style="font-weight:bold;" | [[Central Luzon]]<br />{{small|(Region III)}}
| 11,218,177<br />(''{{percentage|11218177|100981437|pad=1}}'')
| {{convert|22,014.63|km2|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br()}}
| {{convert|{{sigfig|11218177/22014.63|2}}|PD/km2|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br()}}
| [[San Fernando City, Pampanga|San Fernando<br />{{small|(Pampanga)}}]]
| {{Collapsible list
| title = 9
| frame_style = border:none;
| title_style = font-weight:normal;text-align:left;padding-left:0.5em;background-color:#F5F5F5;
| list_style = text-align:left;font-size:90%;line-height:1.20em;white-space:nowrap;
| bullets = on;
| 1 = ''[[Angeles, Pampanga|Angeles]]''{{efn-lr|name=huc}}
| 2 = '''[[Aurora (province)|Aurora]]'''
| 3 = '''[[Bataan]]'''
| 4 = '''[[Bulacan]]'''
| 5 = '''[[Nueva Ecija]]'''
| 6 = ''[[Olongapo]]''{{efn-lr|name=huc}}
| 7 = '''[[Pampanga]]'''
| 8 = '''[[Tarlac]]'''
| 9 = '''[[Zambales]]'''
}}
|-style="vertical-align:top;"
! scope="row" style="width:8em;" data-sort-value="6" | [[File:Ph fil calabarzon.png|frameless|upright=0.5|alt=Map of the Philippines highlighting CALABARZON]]
| style="font-weight:bold;" | [[Calabarzon]]<br />{{small|(Region IV-A)}}
| 14,414,774<br />(''{{percentage|14414774|100981437|pad=1}}'')
| {{convert|16,873.31|km2|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br()}}
| {{convert|{{sigfig|14414774/16873.31|2}}|PD/km2|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br()}}
| [[Calamba, Laguna|Calamba]]
| {{Collapsible list
| title = 6
| frame_style = border:none;
| title_style = font-weight:normal;text-align:left;padding-left:0.5em;background-color:#F5F5F5;
| list_style = text-align:left;font-size:90%;line-height:1.20em;white-space:nowrap;
| bullets = on;
| 1 = '''[[Batangas]]'''
| 2 = '''[[Cavite]]'''
| 3 = '''[[Laguna (province)|Laguna]]'''
| 4 = ''[[Lucena, Philippines|Lucena]]''{{efn-lr|name=huc}}
| 5 = '''[[Quezon]]'''
| 6 = '''[[Rizal]]'''
}}
|-style="vertical-align:top;"
! scope="row" style="width:8em;" data-sort-value="8" | [[File:Ph fil mimaropa.png|frameless|upright=0.5|alt=Map of the Philippines highlighting MIMAROPA]]
| style="font-weight:bold;" | [[Mimaropa]]{{efn-lr|name=Islands}}<br />{{small|(Region IV-B)}}
| 2,963,360<br />(''{{percentage|2963360|100981437|pad=1}}'')
| {{convert|29,620.90|km2|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br()}}
| {{convert|{{sigfig|2963360/29620.90|2}}|PD/km2|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br()}}
| [[Calapan City, Oriental Mindoro|Calapan]]
| {{Collapsible list
| title = 6
| frame_style = border:none;
| title_style = font-weight:normal;text-align:left;padding-left:0.5em;background-color:#F5F5F5;
| list_style = text-align:left;font-size:90%;line-height:1.20em;white-space:nowrap;
| bullets = on;
| 1 = '''[[Marinduque]]'''*
| 2 = '''[[Occidental Mindoro]]'''*
| 3 = '''[[Oriental Mindoro]]'''*
| 4 = '''[[Palawan]]'''*
| 5 = ''[[Puerto Princesa]]''*{{efn-lr|name=huc}}
| 6 = '''[[Romblon]]'''*
}}
|-style="vertical-align:top;"
! scope="row" style="width:8em;" data-sort-value="7" | [[File:Ph fil bicol.png|frameless|upright=0.5|alt=Map of the Philippines highlighting the Bicol Region]]
| style="font-weight:bold;" | [[Bicol Region]]<br />{{small|(Region V)}}
| 5,796,989<br />(''{{percentage|5796989|100981437|pad=1}}'')
| {{convert|18,155.82|km2|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br()}}
| {{convert|{{sigfig|5796989/18155.82|2}}|PD/km2|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br()}}
| [[Legazpi, Albay|Legazpi]]
| {{Collapsible list
| title = 7
| frame_style = border:none;
| title_style = font-weight:normal;text-align:left;padding-left:0.5em;background-color:#F5F5F5;
| list_style = text-align:left;font-size:90%;line-height:1.20em;white-space:nowrap;
| bullets = on;
| 1 = '''[[Albay]]'''
| 2 = '''[[Camarines Norte]]'''
| 3 = '''[[Camarines Sur]]'''
| 4 = '''[[Catanduanes]]'''*
| 5 = '''[[Masbate]]'''*
| 6 = ''[[Naga, Camarines Sur|Naga]]''{{efn-lr|name=icc}}
| 7 = '''[[Sorsogon]]'''
}}
|-style="vertical-align:top;"
! scope="row" style="width:8em;" data-sort-value="2" | [[File:Ph fil car.png|frameless|upright=0.5|alt=Map of the Philippines highlighting Cordillera Administrative Region]]
| style="font-weight:bold;" | [[Cordillera Administrative Region|Cordillera<br />Administrative<br />Region]]<br />{{small|(CAR)}}
| 1,722,006<br />(''{{percentage|1722006|100981437|pad=1}}'')
| {{convert|19,422.03|km2|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br()}}
| {{convert|{{sigfig|1722006/19422.03|2}}|PD/km2|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br()}}
| [[Baguio]]
| {{Collapsible list
| title = 7
| frame_style = border:none;
| title_style = font-weight:normal;text-align:left;padding-left:0.5em;background-color:#F5F5F5;
| list_style = text-align:left;font-size:90%;line-height:1.20em;white-space:nowrap;
| bullets = on;
| 1 = '''[[Abra (province)|Abra]]'''
| 2 = '''[[Apayao]]'''
| 3 = ''[[Baguio]]''{{efn-lr|name=huc}}
| 4 = '''[[Benguet]]'''
| 5 = '''[[Ifugao]]'''
| 6 = '''[[Kalinga (province)|Kalinga]]'''
| 7 = '''[[Mountain Province]]'''
}}
|-style="vertical-align:top;"
! scope="row" style="width:8em;" data-sort-value="5" | [[File:Ph fil ncr.png|frameless|upright=0.5|alt=Map of the Philippines highlighting the National Capital Region]]
| style="font-weight:bold;" | [[Metro Manila|National Capital<br />Region]]<br />{{small|(NCR)}}
| 12,877,253<br />(''{{percentage|12877253|100981437|pad=1}}'')
| {{convert|611.39|km2|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br()}}
| {{convert|{{sigfig|12877253/611.39|2}}|PD/km2|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br()}}
| '''[[Manila]]'''
| {{Collapsible list
| title = 17
| frame_style = border:none;
| title_style = font-weight:normal;text-align:left;padding-left:0.5em;background-color:#F5F5F5;
| list_style = text-align:left;font-size:90%;line-height:1.20em;white-space:nowrap;
| bullets = on;
| 1 = ''[[Caloocan]]''
| 2 = ''[[Las Piñas]]''
| 3 = ''[[Makati]]''
| 4 = ''[[Malabon]]''
| 5 = ''[[Mandaluyong]]''
| 6 = ''[[Manila]]''
| 7 = ''[[Marikina]]''
| 8 = ''[[Muntinlupa]]''
| 9 = ''[[Navotas]]''
| 10 = ''[[Parañaque]]''
| 11 = ''[[Pasay]]''
| 12 = ''[[Pasig]]''
| 13 = ''[[Pateros, Metro Manila|Pateros]]''
| 14 = ''[[Quezon City]]''
| 15 = ''[[San Juan, Metro Manila|San Juan]]''
| 16 = ''[[Taguig]]''
| 17 = ''[[Valenzuela, Metro Manila|Valenzuela]]''
}}
|-class="sortbottom" style="font-size:85%;"
! scope="col" colspan=2 | Region
! scope="col" | 2015 census
! scope="col" | Area
! scope="col" | Density
! scope="col" | Regional center
! scope="col" | Component LGUs
|-class="sortbottom" style="text-align:left;background-color:#F2F2F2;"
| colspan="7" |
;Table note(s)
{{notelist-lr|refs=
{{efn-lr|name=Islands|The list includes the [[Island groups of the Philippines|associated islands]] of Luzon (provinces of [[Marinduque]], [[Occidental Mindoro]], [[Oriental Mindoro]], [[Palawan]], [[Romblon]], [[Batanes]], [[Catanduanes]] and [[Masbate]]).}}
{{efn-lr|name=Area|Land area figures are the sum of each region's component provinces (and/or independent cities), derived from the National Statistical Coordination Board ([[Philippine Statistics Authority]]) official website.}}
{{efn-lr|name=icc|An [[Cities of the Philippines#Classification|independent component city]], not under the jurisdiction of any provincial government.}}
{{efn-lr|name=huc|A [[Cities of the Philippines#Classification|highly urbanized city]], independent from any province}}
}}
|}
{{Back to contents}}
===Tectonics===
{{Main|Philippine Mobile Belt}}
[[File:Lake Pinatubo in January, 2009.jpg|thumb|[[Lake Pinatubo]] in [[Zambales]]]]
Luzon is part of the [[Philippine Mobile Belt]], a fast deforming plate boundary zone (Gervasio, 1967) hemmed in between two opposing subduction zones, the west-dipping [[Philippine Trench]]-[[East Luzon Trench]] subduction zone, and the east-dipping north-south trending [[Manila Trench]]-[[Negros (island)|Negros]] Trench-[[Cotabato Trench]].<ref>Hashimoto, M, ed., ''Accretion Tectonics in the Circum-Pacific Regions'', {{ISBN|90-277-1561-0}} p299</ref> The [[Philippine Sea Plate]] subducts under eastern Luzon along the East Luzon Trench and the Philippine Trench, while the [[South China Sea]] basin, part of the [[Eurasian plate]], subducts under western Luzon along the Manila Trench.
The North-Southeastern trending braided left-lateral strike-slip [[Philippine Fault System]] traverses Luzon, from [[Quezon province]] and [[Bicol Region|Bicol]] to the northwestern part of the island. This fault system takes up part of the motion due to the subducting plates and produces large earthquakes. Southwest of Luzon is a collision zone where the Palawan micro-block collides with SW Luzon, producing a highly seismic zone near [[Mindoro]] island. Southwest Luzon is characterized by a highly volcanic zone, called the Macolod Corridor, a region of crustal thinning and spreading.
Using geologic and structural data, seven principal blocks were identified in Luzon in 1989: the Sierra Madre Oriental, Angat, [[Zambales]], [[Central Cordillera of Luzon]], Bicol, and [[Catanduanes Island]] blocks.<ref>Rangin and Pubellier in ''Tectonics of Circum-Pacific Continental Margins'' {{ISBN|90-6764-132-4}} p148 fig 4</ref> Using seismic and geodetic data, Luzon was modeled by Galgana et al. (2007) as a series of six micro blocks or micro plates (separated by subduction zones and intra-arc faults), all translating and rotating in different directions, with maximum velocities ~100 mm/yr NW with respect to Sundaland/Eurasia.
==Demographics==
{{Philippine Census
| title= Population census of Luzon
| 1990= 30782432
| 2000= 39584158
| 2010= 48520774
| 2015= 53336134
| footnote= Source: National Statistics Office{{PH census|2015|d}}{{PH census|2010|d}}{{efn|name=popnote}}
}}
As of the 2015 census, the population of Luzon Island is 53,336,134 people,{{PH census|2015|d}}{{efn|name=popnote}} making it the [[List of islands by population|4th most populated island in the world]].
===Cities===
[[File:North EDSA - Trinoma, QC CBD, SM North (view from SMDC Grass) (Diliman, Quezon City)(2017-09-07) cropped.jpg|thumb|A view of Quezon City on September 2017, The Largest city in Luzon island]]
[[Metro Manila]] is the most populous of the [[List of metropolitan areas in the Philippines|3 defined metropolitan areas]] in the Philippines and the [[List of metropolitan areas by population|11th most populous]] in the world. {{As of|2007|lc=y}}, census data showed it had a population of 11,553,427, comprising 13% of the national population.<ref name="phcensus">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov.ph/data/census2007/index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716233046/http://www.census.gov.ph/data/census2007/index.html|archivedate=July 16, 2012|title=Total Population and Annual Population Growth Rates by Region: Population Censuses 1995, 2000, and 2007|author=Philippine Statistics Authority |date=April 2008 |accessdate=April 4, 2010}}</ref> Including suburbs in the adjacent provinces ([[Bulacan]], [[Cavite]], [[Laguna (province)|Laguna]], and [[Rizal]]) of [[Greater Manila Area|Greater Manila]], the population is around 21 million.<ref name="phcensus" /><ref name="demographia">Demographia. (July 2010). [http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf ''Demographia World Urban Areas (World Agglomerations) Population & Projections''] (Edition 6.1). Retrieved March 29, 2011.</ref>
{{Largest Cities and Municipalities in Luzon}}
<br />
{{Largest cities and municipalities in Luzon location map}}
===Ethnic groups===
[[File:Ifugao headhunter.jpg|thumb|upright|An [[Igorot people|Ifugao]] warrior with some of his trophies, Cordillera Mountains, circa 1912]]
Seven major [[Filipinos|Philippine]] [[Ethnolinguistics|ethnolinguistic]] groups predominate Luzon. [[Ilocano people|Ilocanos]] dominate northern Luzon, while [[Kapampangan people|Kapampangans]] and [[Pangasinan people|Pangasinenses]], as well as [[Tagalog people|Tagalogs]] and [[Sambal people|Sambals]], populate [[Central Luzon]]. [[Tagalog people|Tagalog]]s dominate the [[Metro Manila|National Capital Region]], [[CALABARZON]] and the island provinces of [[Marinduque]] and [[Mindoro]], while [[Bicolano people|Bicolanos]] populate the southern [[Bicol Region|Bicol]] peninsula. [[Visayans]] mainly predominate in the island provinces of [[Masbate]], [[Palawan]] and [[Romblon]].
Other ethnic groups lesser in population include the [[Aeta]]s of [[Zambales]] and [[Bataan]], the [[Ibanag people|Ibanags]] of [[Cagayan province|Cagayan]] and [[Isabela province|Isabela]] and the [[Igorot|Igorot/Cordillerans]] of the [[Cordillera Administrative Region|Cordilleras]].
{{Further|Ethnic groups of the Philippines}}
Due to recent migrations, populations of [[Filipino Chinese|Chinese]] and [[Moro people|Moros]] have also been present in urban areas. [[Filipino mestizo|Mixed-race]] populations of [[Filipinos of Spanish descent|Spanish]], [[Filipinos of American descent|Americans]], [[Filipinos of Japanese descent|Japanese]], [[Koreans in the Philippines|Koreans]], [[Filipinos of Indian descent|Indians]], [[Mexican settlement in the Philippines|Mexicans]] and [[Arabs]] are also visible. The Chinese and their mixed-raced descendants are spread all across Luzon. According to old Spanish censuses, around 1/3rd of the population of Luzon are admixed with either Spanish or Latino descent (Mostly in Cavite and Manila)<ref>Jagor, Fëdor, et al. (1870). [http://www.authorama.com/former-philippines-b-8.html ''The Former Philippines thru Foreign Eyes'']</ref> Most Americans have settled in Central Luzon's highly urbanized cities of [[Angeles City|Angeles]] and [[Olongapo City|Olongapo]] due to the former presence of the U.S. air and naval bases in there, while a majority of the Koreans and Japanese have mainly settled in the major cities and towns.
===Languages===
{{Main|Languages of the Philippines}}
[[File:Philippine languages per region.png|thumb|left|upright|Dominant languages per administrative region.]]
Almost all of the languages of Luzon belong to the [[Philippine languages|Philippine]] group of the [[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian]] branch of the [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian language family]]. Major regional languages include: [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]], [[Ilocano language|Ilocano]], [[Bicolano language|Bicolano]], [[Kapampangan language|Kapampangan]], and [[Pangasinan language|Pangasinan]].
[[Philippine English|English]] is spoken by many inhabitants. The use of [[Spanish language in the Philippines|Spanish]] as an [[official language]] declined following the [[American occupation of the Philippines]]. Almost inexistent among the general populace, Spanish is still used by the elderly of some families of great tradition (Rizal, Liboro...).
[[File:Paoay Church of Ilocos Norte, Philippines.JPG|thumb|[[Paoay Church|Saint Augustine Catholic Church]] in [[Paoay, Ilocos Norte|Paoay]]]]
===Religion===
<!--Please suggest changes through the talk page. Thanks.-->
{{Main|Religion in the Philippines}}
Like most of the Philippines, the major religion in Luzon is [[Christianity in the Philippines|Christianity]], with [[Roman Catholicism in the Philippines|Roman Catholicism]] being the major [[Christian denomination|denomination]]. Other major sects includes [[Jehovah's Witnesses]], [[Protestantism in the Philippines|Protestantism]], the [[Philippine Independent Church]] (Aglipayans), the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons), and the [[Iglesia ni Cristo]].<ref>[https://www.census.gov.ph/old/data/pressrelease/2003/pr0323tx.html PHILIPPINES: ADDITIONAL THREE PERSONS PER MINUTE] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305074956/http://www.census.gov.ph/old/data/pressrelease/2003/pr0323tx.html |date=2016-03-05 }}, [https://www.census.gov.ph/ National Statistics Office] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004104825/http://census.gov.ph/ |date=2013-10-04 }}. Last revised: July 18, 2003. Retrieved November 27, 2006.</ref> Indigenous traditions and rituals, though rare, are also present.
There are also sizable communities of [[Hinduism in the Philippines|Hindu]]s, [[Buddhism in the Philippines|Buddhist]]s and [[Islam in the Philippines|Muslim]]s in [[Metro Manila]] and in other, especially, urban areas due to the immigration of [[Moro people|Moros]] and [[Filipino Chinese|Chinese]] to the island.
[[File:EDSA-Guadalupe northward view 2012-10-29.jpg|thumb|[[EDSA (road)|EDSA]], a major thoroughfare in [[Metro Manila]]]]
==Economy==
The economy of the island is centered in [[Metro Manila]] with [[Makati]] serving as the main economic and financial hub. Major companies such as [[Ayala Corporation|Ayala]], [[Jollibee Foods Corporation]], [[SM Group]], and [[Metropolitan Bank and Trust Company|Metrobank]] are based in the business districts of [[Makati]], [[Ortigas Center]], and [[Bonifacio Global City]]. Industry is concentrated in and around the urban areas of Metro Manila while agriculture predominates in the other regions of the island producing crops such as rice, bananas, mangoes, coconuts, pineapple, and coffee.<ref>[https://www.census.gov.ph/data/sectordata/dataagri.html Index of Agriculture and Fishery Statistics]. Census.gov.ph. Retrieved on 2010-12-19. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120221223854/http://www.census.gov.ph/data/sectordata/dataagri.html |date=February 21, 2012 }}</ref> Other sectors include livestock raising, tourism, mining, and fishing.
==See also==
{{Portal|Philippines|Islands|Geography}}
* [[Regions of the Philippines]]
* [[Provinces of the Philippines]]
* [[Battle of Luzon]]
* [[Visayas]]
* [[Mindanao]]
==Notes==
{{notelist|refs=
{{efn|name=popnote|Figure composed of the 8 administrative regions excluding the island provinces of Batanes, Catanduanes, and Masbate and the region MIMAROPA.}}
}}
{{clear}}
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
==Further reading==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em|style=font-size:95%;}}
*{{cite book|title=History of the Filipino People|first1=Teodoro A.|last1=Agoncillo|first2=Milagros|last2=Guerrero|volume=|edition=4|year=1975|publisher=R. P. Garcia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z3PiAAAAMAAJ|isbn=9712345386|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
*{{cite book|title=Philippine History|first=Teodoro A.|last=Agoncillo|volume=|edition=|year=1962|publisher=Inang Wika Publishing Company|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=odpwAAAAMAAJ|isbn=9712345386|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
*{{cite book|title=Political and Cultural History of the Philippines, Volumes 1-2 |first= Eufronio Melo |last=Alip|volume=|edition=revised|year=1954|publisher=Alip & Sons|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0A5wAAAAMAAJ|isbn=|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
*{{cite book|title=Turning Points I' 2007 Ed.|first1=Eleanor D.|last1=Antonio|first2=Evangeline M.|last2=Dallo|first3=Consuelo M.|last3=Imperial|first4=Maria Carmelita B.|last4=Samson|first5=Celia D.|last5=Soriano|volume=|edition=unabridged|year=2007|publisher=Rex Bookstore, Inc.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lb8a7P_2InIC|isbn=9712345386|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
*{{cite book|title=War Background Studies, Issues 1-7 |issue=Issues 1–6 of Origin of Far Eastern Civilizations: A Brief Handbook, Origin of Far Eastern Civilizations: A Brief Handbook|first= Carl Whiting |last=Bishop|others=Contributor: Smithsonian Institution|volume=|edition=|year=1942|publisher=Smithsonian Institution|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=daq0AAAAIAAJ|isbn=|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
*{{cite book|title=Origin of Far Eastern Civilizations: A Brief Handbook, Issues 1-7 |issue=|first= Carl Whiting |last=Bishop|others=Contributor: Smithsonian Institution|volume=|edition=|year=1942|publisher=Smithsonian Institution|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XNFFAAAAMAAJ|isbn=|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
*{{cite book|title=The bureaucracy in the Philippines |issue=Issue 4 of Studies in public administration, University of the Philippines Institute of Public Administration|first= Onofre D. |last=Corpuz|others=|volume=|edition=|year=1957|publisher=Institute of Public Administration, University of the Philippines|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3BMQAQAAMAAJ|isbn=|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
*{{cite book|title=Myths and Symbols: Philippines |issue=|first= Francisco R. |last=Demetrio|others=|volume=|edition=2|year=1981|publisher=National Book Store|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lGuBAAAAMAAJ|isbn=|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
*{{cite book|title=Princess Urduja, Queen of the Orient Seas: Before and After Her Time in the Political Orbit of the Shri-vi-ja-ya and Madjapahit Maritime Empire : a Pre-Hispanic History of the Philippines |issue=|first= Antonio |last=Del Castillo y Tuazon|others=|volume=|edition=|year=1988|publisher=A. del. Castillo y Tuazon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yv1xAAAAMAAJ|isbn=|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
*{{cite book|title=Mask of Asia: The Philippines Today |issue=|first= George |last=Farwell|others=|volume=|edition=|year=1967|publisher=Praeger|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8ZACAAAAMAAJ|isbn=|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
*{{cite book|title=A concise history of East Asia |issue=|first= Charles Patrick |last=Fitzgerald|others=|volume=|edition=|year=1966|publisher=Praeger|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VI9uAAAAMAAJ|isbn=|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
*{{cite book|title=Connecting and Distancing: Southeast Asia and China |editor-first= Khai Leong |editor-last=Ho|volume=|edition=illustrated|year=2009|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EwnzBiM0LmAC |isbn=9812308563 |accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
*{{cite book|title=In Our Image: America's Empire in the Philippines |first= Stanley |last=Karnow|volume=|edition=unabridged|year=2010|publisher=Random House LLC|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VbwogbQ3l8UC |isbn=0307775437 |accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
*{{cite book|title=Peoples of the Philippines, Issue 4 |issue=Issue 4 of Smithsonian Institution Washington, DC: War background studies|first= Herbert William |last=Krieger|volume=Volume 3694 of Publication (Smithsonian Institution)|edition=|year=1942|publisher=Smithsonian Institution|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHsZAAAAMAAJ|isbn=|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
*{{cite book|title=Moro Archives: A History of Armed Conflicts in Mindanao and East Asia |first= Norodin Alonto |last=Lucman|volume=|edition=|year=2000|publisher=FLC Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IplyAAAAMAAJ|isbn=|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
*{{cite book|title=Chinese participation in Philippine culture and economy |editor-first= Shubert S. C.|editor-last=Liao|volume=|edition=|year=1964|publisher=Bookman|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vrDkAAAAIAAJ|archiveurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=O1AeAAAAMAAJ|archivedate=Nov 9, 2006|isbn=|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
*{{cite book|title=Chinese Elements in the Tagalog Language: With Some Indication of Chinese Influence on Other Philippine Languages and Cultures, and an Excursion Into Austronesian Linguistics |first= Esperidion Arsenio |last=Manuel|others=Contributor: Henry Otley Beyer|edition=|year=1948|publisher=Filipiniana Publications|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=19APAAAAYAAJ|isbn=|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
*{{cite book|title=Islands of Pleasure: A Guide to the Philippines |first= Hans Arvid |last=Ostelius|edition=|year=1963|publisher=G. Allen & Unwin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oWpwAAAAMAAJ|isbn=|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
*{{cite book|title=The literature of the Pilipinos: a survey|first1=José Villa|last1=Panganiban|first2=Consuelo Torres|last2=Panganiban|volume=|edition=5|year=1965|publisher=Limbagang Pilipino|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zG2CAAAAIAAJ|isbn=|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
*{{cite book|title=A Survey of the Literature of the Filipinos|first1=José Villa|last1=Panganiban|first2=Consuelo Torres-|last2=Panganiban|volume=|edition=4|year=1962|publisher=Limbagang Pilipino|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CD0RAQAAIAAJ|isbn=|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
*{{cite book|title=Philippine Cartography, 1320-1899 |first= Carlos |last=Quirino|others=|edition=2|year=1963|publisher=N. Israel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qTgIAQAAIAAJ|isbn=|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
*{{cite book|title=The Philippines: A Young Republic on the Move |first= Albert |last=Ravenholt|others=|edition=|year=1962|publisher=Van Nostrand|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kUU_AAAAMAAJ|isbn=|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
*{{cite book|title=Francisco Balagtas and the roots of Filipino nationalism: life and times of the great Filipino poet and his legacy of literary excellence and political activism|first1=Fred|last1=Sevilla|first2=Francisco|last2=Balagtas|volume=|edition=|year=1997|publisher=Trademark Pub. Corp.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZotkAAAAMAAJ|isbn=|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
*{{cite book|title=Seven Thousand Islands: The Story of the Philippines |first= Cornelia |last=Spencer|others=|edition=|year=1951|publisher=Aladdin Books|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-kgMAAAAMAAJ|isbn=|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
*{{cite book|title=The Chinese in the Philippines, 1898-1935: A Study of Their National Awakening |first= Antonio S. |last=Tan|others=|edition=|year=1972|publisher=R. P. Garcia Publishing Company|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9xNwAAAAMAAJ|isbn=|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
*{{cite book|title=The Philippines since pre-Spanish times.-v. 2. The Philippines since the British invasion |first= Gregorio F. |last=Zaide|volume=Volume 1 of Philippine Political and Cultural History|edition=revised|year=1957|publisher=Philippine Education Company|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pJYVAQAAIAAJ|isbn=|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
*{{cite book|title=The Pageant of Philippine History: Political, Economic, and Socio-cultural, Volume 1 |first= Gregorio F. |last=Zaide|volume=|year=1979|publisher=Philippine Education Company|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LRJwAAAAMAAJ|isbn=|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
*{{cite book|title=The Philippines: a Handbook of Information |author= Philippines (Republic). Office of Cultural Affairs|others=Contributor: National Economic Council (Philippines)|volume=|edition=revised|year=1965|publisher=Republic of the Philippines, Department of Foreign Affairs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ykgeAAAAMAAJ|isbn=|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
*{{cite book|title=The Annals of Philippine Chinese Historical Association, Volumes 5-8 |author= Philippine Chinese Historical Association |volume=|edition=revised|year=1975|publisher=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3DzjAAAAMAAJ|isbn=|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
*{{cite book|title=Biennial Conference Proceedings, Issue 1 |author= IAHA Conference |volume=|edition=|year=1962|publisher=Philippine Historical Association.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QZ5IAAAAMAAJ|isbn=|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
*{{cite book|title=The Philippines: A Handbook of Information |author= |others=Contributor: Philippine Information Agency|volume=|edition=|year=1955|publisher=Philippine Information Agency|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gr4eAAAAMAAJ|isbn=|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
*{{cite book|title=University of Manila Journal of East Asiatic Studies, Volume 7 |author= |others=Contributors: Manila (Philippines) University, University of Manila|volume=|edition=revised|year=1959|publisher=University of Manila.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TVPRAAAAMAAJ|isbn=|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
*{{cite book|title=Unitas, Volume 30, Issues 1-2 |author= |others=Contributor: University of Santo Tomás|volume=|edition=|year=1957|publisher=University of Santo Tomás|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=26oiAQAAIAAJ|isbn=|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
*{{cite book|title=The Researcher, Volume 2, Issue 2 |author= |others=Contributors: University of Pangasinan, Dagupan Colleges|volume=|edition=|year=1970|publisher=Dagupan Colleges|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5c3_QiLW50EC|isbn=|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
*{{cite book|title=Philippine Social Sciences and Humanities Review, Volumes 24-25 |author= |others=Contributor: University of the Philippines. College of Liberal Arts|volume=|edition=|year=1959|publisher=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5KLjAAAAMAAJ|isbn=|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
*{{cite book|title=Philippine Social Sciences and Humanities Reviews, Volume 24, Issues 1-2 |author= |others=Contributors: Philippine Academy of Social Sciences, Manila, University of the Philippines. College of Liberal Arts|volume=|edition=|year=1959|publisher=College of Liberal Arts, University of the Philippines|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gi-2AAAAIAAJ|isbn=|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
*{{cite book|title=Studies in Public Administration, Issue 4 |author= |others=Contributor: University of the Philippines. Institute of Public Administration|volume=|edition=|year=1957|publisher=Institute of Public Administration, University of the Philippines|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0suOAAAAMAAJ|isbn=|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
*{{cite book|title=Proceedings [of The] Second Biennial Conference, Held at Taiwan Provincial Museum, Taipei, Taiwan. Republic of China, October 6-9, 1962 |author= |others=|volume=|edition=|year=1963|publisher=Tʻai-pei|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wAkEAAAAMAAJ|isbn=|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
*{{cite book|title=Yearbook |author= |others=|volume=|edition=|year=1965|publisher=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oTUkAQAAMAAJ|isbn=|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
*{{cite book|title=Philippine Almanac & Handbook of Facts |first= |last=|others=|edition=|year=1977|publisher=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uWzjAAAAMAAJ|isbn=|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
{{div col end}}
==External links==
{{Wikinews category}}
* {{Commons category-inline|Luzon}}
* {{Wiktionary-inline|Luzon}}
* {{Wikivoyage-inline|Luzon}}
* {{OSM relation|4250623}}
* {{Cite AmCyc|wstitle=Luzon |short=x}}
{{Islands of the Philippines}}
{{World's largest islands}}
{{Philippines administrative divisions}}
{{Principal Geographical Divisions of the Philippines}}
{{Philippine regions}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Luzon| ]]
[[Category:Island groups of the Philippines]]
[[Category:Islands of the Philippines]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{about|the Philippine island|other uses|Luzon (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox islands
| name = Luzon
| image_name = File:Luzon Island Red.png
| image_caption = Luzon [[mainland]] in red;<br>its associated islands in maroon
| native_name =
| native_name_link =
| location = [[Southeast Asia]]
| coordinates = {{coord|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| archipelago = [[Philippines]]
| waterbody = {{unbulleted list | [[Babuyan Channel]] | [[Burias Pass]] | [[Philippine Sea]] | [[Polillo Strait]] | [[Samar Sea]] | [[San Bernardino Strait]] | [[Sibuyan Sea]] | [[South China Sea]] | [[Ticao Pass]] | [[Verde Island Passage]] }}
| major_islands = {{Collapsible list
|title =
|frame_style = border:none; padding: 0;
|title_style = background:inherit;text-align:left;
|list_style = text-align:left;display:none;
|bullets = on;
| Luzon | [[Mindoro Island|Mindoro]] | [[Palawan (island)|Palawan]] | [[Masbate Island|Masbate]] | [[Catanduanes]] | [[Busuanga Island|Busuanga]] | [[Marinduque]] | [[Romblon (island)|Romblon]] | [[Polillo Island|Polillo]] | [[Burias (island)|Burias]] | [[Ticao Island|Ticao]] | [[Alabat Island|Alabat]] | [[Sibuyan Island|Sibuyan]] | [[Tablas Island|Tablas]] | [[Culion]] | [[Balabac Island|Balabac]] | [[Bugsuk]] | [[Dumaran Island|Dumaran]]}}
| area_km2 = 109965
| area_footnotes = <ref name=unep/>
| rank = 15th
| coastline_km = 3249.6
| coastline_footnotes = <ref name=unep/>
| highest_mount = [[Mount Pulag]]
| elevation_m = 2,922
| country = Philippines
| country_admin_divisions_title = Regions
| country_admin_divisions = {{unbulleted list | [[Bicol Region|Bicol]] | [[Cagayan Valley]] | [[CALABARZON]] | [[Central Luzon]] | [[Cordillera Administrative Region|Cordillera]] | [[Ilocos Region|Ilocos]] | ''[[Mimaropa]]'' | [[Metro Manila|National Capital Region]] }}
| country_admin_divisions_title_1 = Provinces
| country_admin_divisions_1 = {{Collapsible list
|title =
|frame_style = border:none; padding: 0;
|title_style = background:inherit;text-align:left;
|list_style = text-align:left;display:none;
|bullets = on
|1 = [[Abra (province)|Abra]]
|2 = [[Albay]]
|3 = [[Apayao]]
|4 = [[Aurora (province)|Aurora]]
|5 = [[Bataan]]
|6 = [[Batangas]]
|7 = [[Benguet]]
|8 = [[Bulacan]]
|9 = [[Cagayan]]
|10 = [[Camarines Norte]]
|11 = [[Camarines Sur]]
|12 = [[Cavite]]
|13 = [[Ifugao]]
|14 = [[Ilocos Norte]]
|15 = [[Ilocos Sur]]
|16 = [[Isabela (province)|Isabela]]
|17 = [[Kalinga (province)|Kalinga]]
|18 = [[La Union]]
|19 = [[Laguna (province)|Laguna]]
|20 = [[Mountain Province]]
|21 = [[Nueva Ecija]]
|22 = [[Nueva Vizcaya]]
|23 = [[Pampanga]]
|24 = [[Pangasinan]]
|25 = [[Quezon]]
|26 = [[Quirino]]
|27 = [[Rizal]]
|28 = [[Sorsogon]]
|29 = [[Tarlac]]
|30 = [[Zambales]]
|31 = Outlying island provinces {{bulleted list | ''[[Batanes]]'' | ''[[Catanduanes]]'' | ''[[Marinduque]]'' | ''[[Masbate]]'' | ''[[Occidental Mindoro]]'' | ''[[Oriental Mindoro]]'' |''[[Palawan]]'' | ''[[Romblon]]'' }}
}}
| country_largest_city = [[Quezon City]]
| country_largest_city_population = 2,936,116 {{PH census|2015|d}}
| population = 53,336,134{{efn|name=popnote}}
| population_as_of = 2015
| population_footnotes = {{PH census|2015|d}}
| density_km2 = {{sigfig|53336134/109965|2}}
| demonym = Luzonian (modern)<br/>Luzonese (occasional)<br/>[[Luções]] (archaic)
| ethnic_groups = {{Collapsible list
|title =
|frame_style = border:none; padding: 0;
|title_style = background:inherit;text-align:left;
|list_style = text-align:left;display:none;
|bullets = on;
|1 = [[Aeta]]
|2 = [[Bicolano people|Bicolano]]
|3 = [[Gaddang people|Gaddang]]
|4 = [[Ibanag people|Ibanag]]
|5 = [[Igorot people|Igorot]] {{bulleted list | item_style=white-space:nowrap | [[Bontoc people|Bontoc]] | [[Ibaloi people|Ibaloi]] | [[Ifugao people|Ifugao]] | [[Isnag people|Isneg]] | [[Kalinga people|Kalinga]] | [[Kankanaey people|Kankanaey]] | [[Kalanguya people|Kalanguya]] }}
|6 = [[Ilokano people|Ilokano]]
|7 = [[Ilongot people|Ilongot]]
|8 = [[Itawes]]
|9 = [[Kapampangan people|Kapampangan]]
|10 = [[Pangasinan people|Pangasinan]]
|11 = [[Sambal people|Sambal]]
|12 = [[Tagalog people|Tagalog]]
}}
}}
'''Luzon''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Luzon.ogg|l|uː|ˈ|z|ɒ|n}}, {{IPA-tl|luˈzon|lang}}) is the largest and most populous [[List of islands in the Philippines|island]] in the [[Philippines]]. It is ranked [[List of islands by area|15th largest]] in the world by [[land area]]. Located in the northern portion of the [[archipelago]], it is the economic and political center of the nation, being home to the country's capital city, [[Manila]], as well as [[Quezon City]], <nowiki/>the country's most populous city. With a population of 53 million {{As of|2015|lc=y}},{{PH census|2015|d}} it is the [[List of islands by population|fourth most populous island]] in the world, containing 52.5% of the country's total population.<ref name="ThePHArchipelago">{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90C4DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA16&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false| p=16| title=The Philippine Archipelago|first=Yves |last=Boquet |publisher=Springer|year= 2017|isbn= 9783319519265}}</ref>
Luzon may also refer to one of the three primary [[Island groups of the Philippines|island groups in the country]]. As such, it includes the Luzon [[mainland]], the [[Batanes]] and [[Babuyan Islands|Babuyan]] groups of islands to the north, [[Polillo Islands]] to the east, and the outlying islands of [[Catanduanes]], [[Marinduque]] and [[Mindoro]], among others, to the south.<ref name="unique">{{cite book | last=Zaide | first=Sonia M. | title=The Philippines, a Unique Nation | page=50 }}</ref> The islands of [[Masbate]], [[Palawan (island)|Palawan]] and [[Romblon]] are also included as well, though these three are sometimes grouped in the [[Visayas]].
{{TOC limit|3}}
==Etymology==
[[File:Bangkajf.JPG|thumb|left|Bangkang Pinawa, ancient Philippine [[mortar and pestle]].]]
The name ''Luzon'' is thought to derive from the [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] word ''lusong'', which is a large wooden [[mortar and pestle|mortar]] used in dehusking rice.<ref>{{cite book|author=Keat Gin Ooi|title=Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor|url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&pg=PA798|year=2004|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-770-2|page=798}}</ref><ref name=Roberts1>{{cite book|last=Roberts|first=Edmund|title=Embassy to the Eastern Courts of Cochin-China, Siam, and Muscat|year=1837|publisher=Harper & Brothers|location=New York|page=59|url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/7317/view/1/59/}}</ref> A 2008 PIDS research paper by Eulito Bautista and Evelyn Javier provides an image of a Lusong, and explains that,
{{bquote|Traditional milling was accomplished in the 1900s by pounding the palay with a wooden pestle in a stone or wooden mortar called lusong. The first pounding takes off the hull and further pounding removes the bran but also breaks most grains. Further winnowing with a bamboo tray (bilao) separates the hull from the rice grains. This traditional hand-pounding chore, although very laborious and resulted in a lot of broken rice, required two to three skilled men and women to work harmoniously and was actually a form of socializing among young folks in the villages.<ref name="EulitoandJavier2008">{{Cite journal|last=Bautista|first=Eulito U.|last2=Javier|first2=Evelyn F.|date=2008|title=Rice Production Practices: PIDS Research Paper Series 2008-02|url=http://dirp4.pids.gov.ph/ris/rps/pidsrp0802.pdf|journal=Philippine Institute of Development Studies Research Papers Series|publisher=Philippine Institute of Development Studies|volume=|pages=44}}</ref>}}
[dicky in da clicky
==History==
{{Further|History of Luzon|Tondo (historical polity)|Namayan|Rajahnate of Maynila}}
Luzon was originally inhabited by [[Negrito]]s before [[Austronesians]] from Taiwan scattered and displaced them. The Austronesian groups were divided into two types of nations; coastal lowland states or highland civilizations. Highland civilizations were based in the mountains and had built up plutocracies based on agriculture, such as the [[Igorot Society]] which is responsible for building many of the [[Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras|rice terraces]] in the [[Cordillera Central (Luzon)|Cordillera Mountains]], among the most notable being the [[Banaue Rice Terraces]]. Meanwhile, coastal states were split among [[Hinduism|Hindu]]-[[Buddhism|Buddhist]] kingdoms, [[Muslim]] principalities, and [[Philippine mythology|ethnoreligious]] tribes, who had trading connections with [[Borneo]], [[Java]], [[Sumatra]], [[Malay Peninsula|Malaya]], [[Indochina]], [[Bengal]], [[India]], [[Korea]], [[Ryukyu Islands|Okinawa]], [[Japan]] and [[China]], before the Spaniards established their rule. From just before the first millennium, the [[Tagalog people|Tagalog]], [[Kapampangan people|Kapampangan]] and [[Pangasinan people|Pangasinan]] peoples of south and central Luzon had established several major coastal [[polity|polities]], most notable among them those of [[Rajahnate of Maynila|Maynila]], [[Tondo (historical polity)|Tondo]] and [[Namayan]]. The [[Laguna Copperplate Inscription]], the first Philippine document written in 900AD, names places in and around [[Manila Bay]] as well as [[Medan]] in Indonesia.<ref>[http://www.mts.net/~pmorrow/lcieng.htm Laguna Copperplate Inscription – Article in English] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080205031106/http://www.mts.net/~pmorrow/lcieng.htm |date=2008-02-05 }}. Mts.net (2006-07-14). Retrieved on 2010-12-19.</ref> These kingdoms were based on leases between village rulers (''[[Datu]]'') and landlords (''[[Lakan]]'') or [[Rajah]]s, to whom tributes and taxes were levied. These kingdoms were coastal [[Thalassocracy|thalassocracies]] based on trade with neighboring Asian political entities at that time. There was also a Sino-Buddhist country in nearby [[Mindoro]] called the country of [[Ma-i]].
According to sources at the time, the trade in large native [[List of Japanese tea ceremony equipment#Shimamono|''Ruson-tsukuri'']] (literally ''Luzon-made'', Japanese:[[wikt:呂|呂]][[wikt:宋|宋]][[wikt:製|製]]) clay jars used for storing [[green tea]] and [[rice wine]] with Japan flourished in the 12th century, and local [[Tagalog people|Tagalog]], [[Kapampangan people|Kapampangan]] and [[Pangasinan people|Pangasinan]] potters had marked each jar with [[Baybayin]] letters denoting the particular urn used and the kiln the jars were manufactured in. Certain kilns were renowned over others and prices depended on the reputation of the kiln.<ref>Kekai, Paul. (2006-09-05) [http://sambali.blogspot.com/2006/09/luzon-jars-glossary.html Quests of the Dragon and Bird Clan: Luzon Jars (Glossary)]. Sambali.blogspot.com. Retrieved on 2010-12-19.</ref><ref>[http://www.seapots.com/home/index.php/production-centers-pottery-groups/philippines South East Asia Pottery – Philippines]. Seapots.com. Retrieved on 2010-12-19. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019011022/http://www.seapots.com/home/index.php/production-centers-pottery-groups/philippines |date=October 19, 2014 }}</ref> Of this flourishing trade, the ''Burnay'' jars of [[Ilocos]] are the only large clay jar manufactured in Luzon today with origins from this time.
During the 1300s, the Javanese-centered Hindu empire of [[Majapahit]] briefly ruled over Luzon as recorded in the epic poem [[Nagarakretagama]], which stated that they had colonies in the Philippines at Saludong ([[Kingdom of Manila|Manila]]) and Solot ([[Sultanate of Sulu|Sulu]]). Eventually, the kingdoms of Luzon regained independence from Majapahit after the Battle of Manila (1365) and Sulu also reestablished independence and in vengeance, [[Military history of the Philippines|assaulted the Majapahit province of Poni]] ([[Brunei]]) before a fleet from the capital drove them out.<ref>{{cite book |title=History for Brunei Darussalam: Sharing our Past |year=2009 |publisher=Curriculum Development Department, Ministry of Education |isbn=978-99917-2-372-3 |ref={{harvid|History for Brunei Darussalam|2009}}|p=44}}</ref>
The [[Yongle Emperor]] instituted a Chinese governor on Luzon during [[Zheng He]]'s [[Treasure voyages|voyages]] and appointed Ko Ch'a-lao to that position in 1405.{{sfn|Ho|2009|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=EwnzBiM0LmAC&pg=PA33 33]}}{{sfn|Karnow|2010|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=VbwogbQ3l8UC&pg=PT84 84]}} China also had vassals among the leaders in the archipelago.<ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopædia Britannica, Volume 9 |others=Contributor: Walter Yust |year=1954 |publisher=EncyclopÆdia Britannica |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9KfnAAAAMAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=vassals |accessdate=2019-06-21 |p=75}}</ref> China attained ascendancy in trade with the area in Yongle's reign.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=uWzjAAAAMAAJ "Philippine Almanac & Handbook of Facts" 1977], p. 59.</ref>
Afterwards, some parts of Luzon were Islamized when the former Majapahit province of Poni broke free, converted to Islam, imported an Arab prince from Saudi Arabia, in the person of [[Sharif Ali]], and became the [[Bruneian Empire|Sultanate of Brunei]], a nation that then expanded its realms from Borneo to the Philippines and set up the [[Kingdom of Maynila]] as its puppet-state<ref>{{cite book|author=Frans Welman|title=Borneo Trilogy Brunei: Vol 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kb7OXcSH7ScC&pg=PA8|date=1 August 2013|publisher=Booksmango|isbn=978-616-222-235-1|pages=8–}}</ref> as well as incorporate the newly converted Sultanate of Sulu by a royal marriage. However, other kingdoms resisted Islam, like the [[Huangdom of Pangasinan|Wangdom of Pangasinan]] which had remained a tributary state to China and was a largely Sinified kingdom which maintained trade with Japan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asj.upd.edu.ph/mediabox/archive/ASJ-21-1983/scott.pdf|title=Filipinos in China in 1500|last=Scott|first=William Henry|work=China Studies Program|page=8|publisher=De la Salle University|year=1989|access-date=2015-06-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724123829/http://www.asj.upd.edu.ph/mediabox/archive/ASJ-21-1983/scott.pdf|archive-date=2015-07-24|url-status=dead}}</ref>
In the 1500s, people from Luzon were called ''[[Lucoes]]'' and they established many overseas communities within the Indo-Pacific and were actively employed in trading, seafaring and military campaigns across Southeast Asia.
The [[Portugal|Portuguese]] were the first European explorers who recorded it in their charts as ''Luçonia'' or ''Luçon'' and inhabitants were called ''[[Luçoes]]''.<ref>Pires, Tomé, A suma oriental de Tomé Pires e o livro de Francisco Rodriguez: Leitura e notas de Armando Cortesão [1512–1515], translated and edited by Armando Cortesao, Cambridge: Hakluyt Society, 1944.</ref> [[Edmund Roberts (diplomat)|Edmund Roberts]], who visited Luzon in the early 19th century, wrote that Luzon was "discovered" in 1521.<ref name=Roberts1/> Many people from Luzon had active-employment in Portuguese Malacca. Lucoes such as the Luzon spice magnate [[Regimo de Raja]], based in Malacca, was highly influential and the Portuguese appointed him as Temenggong (Sea Lord) or a governor and chief general responsible for overseeing of maritime trade, at Malacca. As Temenggung, he was also the head of an armada which traded and protected commerce between the [[Indian Ocean]], the [[Strait of Malacca]], the [[South China Sea]],<ref>Antony, Robert J. Elusive Pirates, Pervasive Smugglers: Violence and Clandestine Trade in the Greater China Seas. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2010. Print, 76.</ref> and the [[History of the Philippines (900–1521)|medieval maritime principalities of the Philippines]].<ref>Junker, Laura L. Raiding, Trading, and Feasting: The Political Economy of Philippine Chiefdoms. Honolulu: University of Hawaiì Press, 1999.</ref><ref>Wilkinson, R J. An Abridged Malay-English Dictionary (romanised). London: Macmillan and Co, 1948. Print, 291.</ref> His father and wife carried on his maritime trading business after his death. Another important Malacca trader was Curia de Raja who also hailed from Luzon. The "surname" of "de Raja" or "diraja" could indicate that Regimo and Curia, and their families, were of noble or royal descent as the term is an abbreviation of Sanskrit adiraja.<ref>Junker, 400. http://sambali.blogspot.com/2014/12/the-borneo-route.html</ref>
Pinto noted that there were a number of Luçoes in the Islamic fleets that went to battle with the Portuguese in the Philippines during the 16th century. The Sultan of Aceh gave one of them (Sapetu Diraja) the task of holding Aru (northeast Sumatra) in 1540. Pinto also says one was named leader of the Malays remaining in the Moluccas Islands after the Portuguese conquest in 1511.<ref name="Pinto">{{Cite journal
| last = Pinto
| first = Fernao Mendes
| author-link = Fernao Mendes Pinto
| title = The travels of Mendes Pinto.
|language= English
|translator=Rebecca Catz
|year=1989
| place = Chicago
| publisher = University of Chicago Press
| orig-year = 1578
}}</ref> Pigafetta notes that one of them was in command of the Brunei fleet in 1521.<ref name="Pigafetta">{{Cite book |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/009797644
| last = Pigafetta
| first = Antonio
| author-link = Antonio Pigafetta
| title = First voyage round the world
|language=English
|translator=J.A. Robertson
|year=1969
| place = Manila
| publisher = Filipiniana Book Guild
| orig-year = 1524
| ref = harv}}</ref>
However, the Luções did not only fight on the side of the Muslims. Pinto says they were also apparently among the natives of the Philippines who fought the Muslims in 1538.<ref name="Pinto"/>
On [[Mainland Southeast Asia]], Lusung/Luçoes warriors aided the Burmese king in his invasion of Siam in 1547 AD. At the same time, Lusong warriors fought alongside the Siamese king and faced the same elephant army of the Burmese king in the defence of the Siamese capital at Ayutthaya.{{sfn|Pigafetta|1969|p=195}}
Scholars have thus suggested that they could be mercenaries valued by all sides.<ref name="Pires">{{Cite book
| last = Pires
| first = Tomé
| author-link = Tomé Pires
| title = A suma oriental de Tomé Pires e o livro de Francisco Rodriguez: Leitura e notas de Armando Cortesão [1512–1515]
|editor=Armando Cortesao (translator)
|language=Portuguese
| place = Cambridge
| publisher = Hakluyt Society
| year = 1944
| postscript = <!--None--> }}</ref><ref name="Lach">{{cite book
|last=Lach
|first=Donald Frederick
|authorlink= Donald Lach
|title= Asia in the Making of Europe
|year=1994
|publisher=University of Chicago Press
|location=Chicago
|chapter= Chapter 8: The Philippine Islands
| isbn = 0-226-46732-5}}</ref><ref name="Reid">{{cite book
|last=Reid
|first=Anthony
|authorlink= Anthony Reid (academic)
|editor=Peter Bellwood |editor2=James J. Fox |editor3=[[Darrell Tryon]]
|title=The Austronesians: Historical and comparative perspectives
|year=1995
|publisher=Department of Anthropology, The Australian National University
|location=Canberra
|chapter= Continuity and Change in the Austronesian Transition to Islam and Christianity
|chapterurl=http://epress.anu.edu.au/austronesians/austronesians/mobile_devices/ch16.html }}</ref>
The Spanish arrival in the 16th century saw the incorporation of the Lucoes people and the breaking up of their kingdoms and the establishment of the [[Spanish East Indies|''Las Islas Filipinas'']] with its capital [[Cebu]], which was moved to [[Manila]] following the defeat of the local [[Rajah Sulayman]] in 1570. Under Spain, Luzon also came to be known as the '''''Nueva Castilla''''' or the '''New Castile'''. In Spanish times, Luzon became the focal point for trade between the Americas and Asia. The [[Manila Galleons]] constructed in the [[Bicol region]], brought silver mined from [[Peru]] and [[Mexico]] to Manila, which was used to purchase Asian commercial goods like Chinese [[silk]], Indian [[gems]] and Indonesian [[spices]] which were exported to the Americas. Luzon then became a focal point for global migration. The walled city of [[Intramuros]] was initially founded by 1200 Spanish families.<ref>{{cite journal|url = http://www.gutenberg.org/files/38269/38269-h/38269-h.htm#pb139 |title = A History of the Philippines |last = Barrows |first = David |journal = Guttenburg Free Online E-books |publisher = |year = 2014 |volume = 1 |page = 179 |quote = Within the walls, there were some six hundred houses of a private nature, most of them built of stone and tile, and an equal number outside in the suburbs, or “arrabales,” all occupied by Spaniards (“todos son vivienda y poblacion de los Españoles”). This gives some twelve hundred Spanish families or establishments, exclusive of the religious, who in Manila numbered at least one hundred and fifty, the garrison, at certain times, about four hundred trained Spanish soldiers who had seen service in Holland and the Low Countries, and the official classes.}}</ref> The nearby district of [[Binondo]] became the center of business and transformed into the world's oldest Chinatown.<ref>[http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/388446/lifestyle/food/binondo-new-discoveries-in-the-world-s-oldest-chinatown New discoveries in the world's oldest Chinatown GMA news]</ref> There was also a smaller district reserved for Japanese migrants in [[Dilao]]. [[Cavite City]] also served as the main port for Luzon and many Mexican soldiers and sailors were stationed in the naval garrisons there.<ref>Galaup "Travel Accounts" page 375.</ref><ref>"Forced Migration in the Spanish Pacific World" By Eva Maria Mehl, page 235.</ref> When the Spanish evacuated from [[Sultanate of Ternate|Ternate]], Indonesia; they settled the [[Papuan languages|Papuan]] refugees in [[Ternate, Cavite]] which was named after their evacuated homeland. After the short [[British Occupation of Manila]], the Indian [[Sepoy]] soldiers that mutinied against their British commanders and joined the Spanish, then settled in [[Cainta, Rizal]]. Newcomers who were impoverished Mexicans and peninsulares were accused of undermining the submission of the natives. In 1774, authorities from Bulacan, Tondo, Laguna Bay, and other areas surrounding Manila reported with consternation that discharged soldiers and deserters (From Mexico, Spain and Peru) were providing indios military training for the weapons that had been disseminated all over the territory during the British war.<ref>CSIC ser. Consultas riel 208 leg.14 (1774)</ref>
After many years of Spanish occupation and resistance to reform, the [[Philippine Revolution]] against Spain erupted in Cavite and spread all throughout Luzon and the Philippines. Consequently, the [[First Philippine Republic]] was established in [[Malolos, Bulacan]]. In the meantime, [[Spain]] sold the Philippines to the [[United States]] and the First Philippine Republic resisted the new American colonizers in the [[Philippine–American War]] which the Republic lost due to its diplomatic isolation (No nation recognized the First Republic) as well as due to the numerical superiority of the American army. The Americans then set up the cool mountain city of [[Baguio City|Baguio]] as a summer retreat for its officials. The Americans also rebuilt the capital, Manila, and established American military bases in [[Olongapo]] and [[Angeles City|Angeles]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.clarkab.org/history/index.htm |title=Clark Air Base History |publisher=Clarkab.org |accessdate=2009-07-14}}</ref>
{{Further|Spanish East Indies}}
[[File:US ships under attack in Lingayen Gulf January 1945.jpg|thumb|U.S. Navy ships under attack while entering [[Lingayen Gulf]], January 1945]]
In [[Pacific War|World War II]], the Philippines were considered to be of great strategic importance because their capture by Japan would pose a significant threat to the U.S. As a result, 135,000 troops and 227 aircraft were stationed in the Philippines by October 1941. Luzon was captured by [[Imperial Japanese Army|Imperial Japanese forces]] in 1942 during their [[Philippines Campaign (1941–42)|campaign to capture the Philippines]]. [[General (United States)|General]] [[Douglas MacArthur]]—who was in charge of the defense of the Philippines at the time—was ordered to Australia, and the remaining U.S. forces retreated to the [[Bataan Peninsula]].<ref name="2ww">{{cite web|url=http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/2WWphilippines.htm |title=The Philippines |accessdate=6 December 2008 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090222190510/http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/2WWphilippines.htm |archivedate=22 February 2009 }}</ref>
A few months after this, MacArthur expressed his belief that an attempt to recapture the Philippines was necessary. The U.S. Pacific Commander [[Admiral]] [[Chester Nimitz]] and [[Chief of Naval Operations]] Admiral [[Ernest King]] both opposed this idea, arguing that it must wait until victory was certain. MacArthur had to wait two years for his wish; it was 1944 before a [[Philippines Campaign (1944–45)|campaign]] to recapture the Philippines was launched. The island of [[Leyte]] was the first objective of the campaign, which was [[Battle of Leyte|captured]] by the end of December 1944. This was followed by the [[Battle of Mindoro|attack on Mindoro]] and later, Luzon.<ref name="2ww"/>
{{Further|Battle of Luzon}}
The end of the World War necessitated [[decolonization]] due to rising nationalist movements across the world's many empires. Subsequently, the Philippines gained independence from the United States. Luzon then arose to become the most developed island in the Philippines. However, the lingering poverty and inequality caused by the long dictatorship of US-supported dictator, [[Ferdinand Marcos]], gave rise to the Philippine diaspora and many people from Luzon have migrated elsewhere and had established large overseas communities; mainly in the [[United States]], [[Hong Kong]], [[Singapore]] and [[Saudi Arabia]]. Eventually, the [[People Power Revolution]] led by [[Corazon Aquino]] and [[Jaime Sin|Cardinal Jaime Sin]], removed Marcos and his cronies from power and they fled to [[Hawaii]] where the US granted them asylum. The following administrations are subsequently managing the political and economic recovery of the Philippines with the particular aim of spreading development outside of Luzon and into the more isolated provinces of the [[Visayas]] and [[Mindanao]].
==Geography==
{{Details|Geography of the Philippines#Luzon|l1=Geography of Luzon|}}
[[File:Northern Philippines (Luzon).jpg|thumb|{{center|Satellite image of Luzon}}]]
Luzon island alone has an area of {{convert|109964.9|km2}},<ref name=unep>{{cite web|title=Islands of Philippines |url=http://islands.unep.ch/IHE.htm#898 |work=Island Directory Tables |publisher=United Nations Environment Programme |accessdate=18 April 2016}}</ref> making it the [[List of islands by area|world's 15th largest island]]. It is bordered on the west by the [[South China Sea]] (''Luzon Sea'' in Philippine territorial waters), on the east by the [[Philippine Sea]], and on the north by the [[Luzon Strait]] containing the [[Babuyan Islands|Babuyan]] Channel and [[Balintang Channel]]. The [[mainland]] is roughly rectangular in shape and has the long [[Bicol Peninsula]] protruding to the southeast.
Luzon is roughly divided into four sections; [[Northern Luzon|Northern]], [[Central Luzon|Central]] and [[Southern Luzon|Southern]] Luzon, and the [[National Capital Region]].
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;background-color:#FDFDFD;"
|-
! scope="col" | Regions
! scope="col" | Six divisions
! scope="col" | Four divisions
! scope="col" | Three divisions
! scope="col" | Two divisions
|-style="vertical-align:top;"
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;" | [[Ilocos Region]]
| rowspan=2 | [[Ilocandia]]
| rowspan=3 | Northern Luzon
| rowspan=4 | North and Central Luzon
| rowspan=4 | North and Central Luzon
|-style="vertical-align:top;"
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;" | [[Cagayan Valley]]
|-style="vertical-align:top;"
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;" | [[Cordillera Administrative Region]]
| Cordilleras
|-style="vertical-align:top;"
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;" | [[Central Luzon]]
| colspan=2 style="text-align:center;" | Central Luzon
|-style="vertical-align:top;"
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;" | [[Metro Manila|National Capital Region]]
| colspan=3 style="text-align:center;" | Metro Manila
| rowspan=4 | Southern Luzon
|-style="vertical-align:top;"
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;" | [[Calabarzon]]
| rowspan=2 | [[Southern Tagalog]]
| rowspan=3 | Southern Luzon
| rowspan=3 | Southern Luzon
|-style="vertical-align:top;"
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;" | [[Mimaropa]]
|-style="vertical-align:top;"
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;" | [[Bicol Region]]
| [[Bicolandia]]
|}
===Physical===
==== Northern Luzon ====
The northwestern portion of the island, which encompasses most of the [[Ilocos Region]], is characterized by a flat terrain extending east from the [[coast]]line toward the [[Cordillera Central, Luzon|Cordillera Central mountains]].
The Cordillera mountain range, which feature the island's north-central section, is covered in a mixture of [[Luzon tropical pine forests|tropical pine forests]] and [[Luzon rainforest|montane rainforests]], and is the site of the island's highest mountain, [[Mount Pulag]], rising at 2,922 metres. The range provides the upland headwaters of the [[Agno River]], which stretches from the slopes of [[Mount Data]], and meanders along the southern Cordillera mountains before reaching the plains of [[Pangasinan]].
The northeastern section of Luzon is generally mountainous, with the [[Sierra Madre (Philippines)|Sierra Madre]], the longest mountain range in the country, abruptly rising a few miles from the coastline. Located in between the Sierra Madre and the Cordillera Central mountain ranges is the large [[Cagayan Valley]]. This region, which is known for being the second largest producer of rice and the country's top corn-producer, serves as the [[Drainage basin|basin]] for the [[Cagayan River]], the longest in the Philippines.
Along the southern limits of the Cordillera Central lies the lesser-known [[Caraballo Mountains]]. These mountains form a link between the Cordillera Central and the Sierra Madre mountain ranges, separating the Cagayan Valley from the [[Central Luzon]] plains.<ref name=TriumphPhil>{{cite book|last1=Smith|first1=Robert Ross|title=Triumph in the Philippines|date=1993|publisher=University Press of the Pacific|location=Honolulu, HI|isbn=1410224953|page=450|url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-P-Triumph/USA-P-Triumph-24.html|accessdate=25 December 2014|format=Transcribed and formatted by Jerry Holden for the HyperWar Foundation}}</ref>
<gallery mode="packed">
View of the north coast of Luzon - ZooKeys-266-001-g002.jpg|North coast of Luzon along the [[Cagayan]]-[[Ilocos Norte]] boundary
Mount Pulag, Kabayan, Philippines (Unsplash).jpg|Summit of [[Mount Pulag]], Luzon's highest mountain
FvfSanJuanLaUnion8559 10.JPG|West coast of Luzon at [[San Juan, La Union|San Juan]] overlooking the [[South China Sea]]
View of the Sierra Madre from the west - ZooKeys-266-001-g004.jpg|The Cagayan Valley at [[Cabagan, Isabela|Cabagan]] with the [[Sierra Madre (Philippines)|Sierra Madre]] mountains in the background
Quirino 1.jpg|Canoes along upstream [[Cagayan River]] at [[Quirino]] province
</gallery>
==== Central Luzon ====
[[File:Arayat44jf.JPG|thumb|The [[Central Luzon]] plain with [[Mount Arayat]] in the background]]
The central section of Luzon is characterized by a flat terrain, known as the Central Luzon [[plain]], the largest in the island in terms of land area. The plain, approximately {{convert|11,000|km2}} in size, is the country's largest producer of rice, and is irrigated by two major rivers; the [[Cagayan River|Cagayan]] to the north, and the [[Pampanga River|Pampanga]] to the south. In the middle of the plain rises the solitary [[Mount Arayat]].
The western coasts of Central Luzon are typically flat extending east from the coastline to the [[Zambales Mountains]], the site of [[Mount Pinatubo]], made famous because of its enormous 1991 eruption. These mountains extend to the sea in the north, forming the [[Lingayen Gulf]], and to the south, forming the [[Bataan Peninsula]]. The peninsula encloses the [[Manila Bay]], a natural [[harbor]] considered to be one of the best natural ports in East Asia, due to its size and strategic geographical location.
The [[Sierra Madre (Philippines)|Sierra Madre]] mountain range continues to stretch across the western section of Central Luzon, snaking southwards into the [[Bicol Peninsula]].
==== Southern Luzon ====
{{overlay|float=right
|image = STS045-152-274 Manila and Taal Volcano.jpg
|width = 280
|height = 350
|columns = 2
|overlay1 = [[Manila Bay]]
|overlay1top = 132
|overlay1left = 50
|overlay2 = [[Laguna de Bay]]
|overlay2top = 94
|overlay2left = 165
|overlay3 = [[Taal Volcano]] / {{nowrap|[[Taal Lake]]}}
|overlay3top = 171
|overlay3left = 193
|overlay4 = [[Bataan Peninsula]]
|overlay4top = 176
|overlay4left = 17
|overlay5 = [[Balayan Bay]]
|overlay5top = 231
|overlay5left = 198
|overlay6 = [[Batangas Bay]]
|overlay6top = 220
|overlay6left = 250
|overlay7 = [[South China Sea]]
|overlay7top = 286
|overlay7left = 55
|overlay8 = [[Mindoro Island]]
|overlay8top = 325
|overlay8left = 264
|overlay9 = [[Lamon Bay]]
|overlay9top = 11
|overlay9left = 209
}}
The northern section of Southern Luzon is dominated by the [[Laguna de Bay]] ([[Old Spanish]], "''Lake of [[Bay, Laguna|Bay]] town''"), the largest [[lake]] in the country. The {{convert|949|km2|adj=on}} lake is drained into [[Manila Bay]] by the [[Pasig River]], one of the most important rivers in the country due to its historical significance and because it runs through the center of [[Metro Manila]].
Located {{convert|20|km}} southwest of Laguna de Bay is [[Taal Lake]], a [[crater lake]] containing the [[Taal Volcano]], the smallest in the country. The environs of the lake form the [[highland|upland]] [[Tagaytay Ridge]], which was once part of a massive prehistoric volcano that covered the southern portion of the province of [[Cavite]], [[Tagaytay City]] and the whole of [[Batangas]] province.
South of Laguna Lake are two [[Topographic prominence|solitary]] mountains, [[Mount Makiling]] in [[Laguna (province)|Laguna]] province, and [[Mount Banahaw]], the highest in the region of [[Calabarzon]].
The southeastern portion of Luzon is dominated by the [[Bicol Peninsula]], a mountainous and narrow region extending approximately {{convert|150|km}} southeast from the [[Tayabas Isthmus]] in [[Quezon (province)|Quezon]] province to the [[San Bernardino Strait]] along the coasts of [[Sorsogon (province)|Sorsogon]]. The area is home to several [[volcano]]es, the most famous of which is the {{convert|2,460|m|adj=on}} high symmetrically shaped [[Mayon Volcano]] in [[Albay]] province. The [[Sierra Madre (Philippines)|Sierra Madre]] range has its southern limits at Quezon province. [[Topographic prominence|Ultra-prominent]] mountains dot the landscape, which include [[Mount Isarog]] and [[Mount Iriga]] in [[Camarines Sur]], and [[Mount Bulusan]] in [[Sorsogon]].
The [[peninsula]]'s coastline features several smaller peninsulas, [[List of gulfs|gulf]]s and [[bay]]s, which include [[Lamon Bay]], [[San Miguel Bay]], [[Lagonoy Gulf]], [[Ragay Gulf]], and [[Sorsogon Bay]].
{{wide image|Legazpi City at Night.jpg|1000px|The nearly perfectly shaped [[Mayon Volcano]] and the city of [[Legazpi, Albay|Legazpi]] in [[Albay]] province|alt=Panorama of city of Legazpi with Mayon Volcano in the background}}
==== Outlying islands ====
Several outlying islands near mainland Luzon are considered part of the [[Island groups of the Philippines|Luzon island group]].
The largest include [[Palawan (island)|Palawan]], [[Mindoro]], [[Masbate Island|Masbate]], [[Catanduanes]], [[Marinduque]], [[Romblon Island|Romblon]] and [[Polillo Island|Polillo]].
{{further|Island groups of the Philippines}}
===Administrative divisions===
The island is covered by 8 [[Regions of the Philippines|administrative regions]], 30 [[Provinces of the Philippines|provinces]] and, {{As of|2014|lc=y}}, 68 [[Cities of the Philippines|cities]] (8 regions, 38 provinces and 71 cities if [[Island groups of the Philippines|associated islands]] are included). One of the regions, [[Mimaropa]], is geographically part of the [[Visayas]] according to the non-centric view. This is contested by imperial Manila through the Manila-centric view. Majority of scholars in the Philippines consider Mimaropa as part of the Visayas, in line with the non-centric view.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto;table-layout:fixed;text-align:center;background-color:#FDFDFD;width:100%;font-size:95%;"
|-
! scope="col" | Location
! scope="col" | Region<br />{{small|(designation)}}
! scope="col" data-sort-type="number" | {{abbr|Population|Population and national share (as of 2015)}}<br />{{small|(2015)}}{{PH census|2015|d}}
! scope="col" | Area{{efn-lr|name=Area}}<ref name="PSA-NSCB-ProvinceList">{{cite web|title=PSGC Interactive; List of Provinces |url=http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/listprov.asp |website=[[Philippine Statistics Authority]] |accessdate=3 April 2016 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130111015112/http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/listprov.asp |archivedate=11 January 2013 }}</ref><ref name="PSA-CitiesList">{{cite web|title=PSGC Interactive; List of Cities |url=http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/listcity.asp |website=Philippine Statistics Authority |accessdate=7 April 2016 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429190752/http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/listcity.asp |archivedate=29 April 2011 }}</ref>
! scope="col" | Density
! scope="col" | Regional<br />center
! scope="col" style="width:14em;text-align:left;" data-sort-type="number" | {{center|[[List of primary local government units of the Philippines|Component LGUs]]}}{{unbulleted list | item_style=white-space:nowrap; | {{Color box|#FDFDFD|border=darkgray}} {{small|Province}} | {{Color box|#FDFDFD|border=darkgray}} {{small|''{{font|Independent city or municipality|css=font-weight:normal;}}''}} | {{Color box|#FDFDFD|{{font|∗|css=font-weight:normal;}}|border=darkgray}} {{small|[[Island groups of the Philippines|Associated island]]}}{{efn-lr|name=Islands}}}}
|-style="vertical-align:top;"
! scope="row" style="width:8em;" data-sort-value="1" | [[File:Ph fil ilocos.png|frameless|upright=0.5|alt=Map of the Philippines highlighting the Ilocos Region]]
| style="font-weight:bold;" | [[Ilocos Region]]<br />{{small|(Region I)}}
| 5,026,128<br />(''{{percentage|5026128|100981437|pad=1}}'')
| {{convert|13,012.60|km2|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br()}}
| {{convert|{{sigfig|5026128/13012.60|2}}|PD/km2|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br()}}
| [[San Fernando City, La Union|San Fernando<br />{{small|(La Union)}}]]
| {{Collapsible list
| title = 5
| frame_style = border:none;
| title_style = font-weight:normal;text-align:left;padding-left:0.5em;background-color:#F5F5F5;
| list_style = text-align:left;font-size:90%;line-height:1.20em;white-space:nowrap;
| bullets = on;
| 1 = ''[[Dagupan]]''{{efn-lr|name=icc}}
| 2 = '''[[Ilocos Norte]]'''
| 3 = '''[[Ilocos Sur]]'''
| 4 = '''[[La Union]]'''
| 5 = '''[[Pangasinan]]'''
}}
|-style="vertical-align:top;"
! scope="row" style="width:8em;" data-sort-value="3" | [[File:Ph fil cagayan valley.png|frameless|upright=0.5|alt=Map of the Philippines highlighting Cagayan Valley]]
| style="font-weight:bold;" | [[Cagayan Valley]]<br />{{small|(Region II)}}
| 3,451,410<br />(''{{percentage|3451410|100981437|pad=1}}'')
| {{convert|28,228.83|km2|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br()}}
| {{convert|{{sigfig|3451410/28228.83|2}}|PD/km2|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br()}}
| [[Tuguegarao]]
| {{Collapsible list
| title = 6
| frame_style = border:none;
| title_style = font-weight:normal;text-align:left;padding-left:0.5em;background-color:#F5F5F5;
| list_style = text-align:left;font-size:90%;line-height:1.20em;white-space:nowrap;
| bullets = on;
| 1 = '''[[Batanes]]'''*
| 2 = '''[[Cagayan]]'''
| 3 = '''[[Isabela (province)|Isabela]]'''
| 4 = '''[[Nueva Vizcaya]]'''
| 5 = '''[[Quirino]]'''
| 6 = ''[[Santiago, Isabela|Santiago]]''{{efn-lr|name=icc}}
}}
|-style="vertical-align:top;"
! scope="row" style="width:8em;" data-sort-value="4" | [[File:Ph fil central luzon.png|frameless|upright=0.5|alt=Map of the Philippines highlighting Central Luzon]]
| style="font-weight:bold;" | [[Central Luzon]]<br />{{small|(Region III)}}
| 11,218,177<br />(''{{percentage|11218177|100981437|pad=1}}'')
| {{convert|22,014.63|km2|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br()}}
| {{convert|{{sigfig|11218177/22014.63|2}}|PD/km2|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br()}}
| [[San Fernando City, Pampanga|San Fernando<br />{{small|(Pampanga)}}]]
| {{Collapsible list
| title = 9
| frame_style = border:none;
| title_style = font-weight:normal;text-align:left;padding-left:0.5em;background-color:#F5F5F5;
| list_style = text-align:left;font-size:90%;line-height:1.20em;white-space:nowrap;
| bullets = on;
| 1 = ''[[Angeles, Pampanga|Angeles]]''{{efn-lr|name=huc}}
| 2 = '''[[Aurora (province)|Aurora]]'''
| 3 = '''[[Bataan]]'''
| 4 = '''[[Bulacan]]'''
| 5 = '''[[Nueva Ecija]]'''
| 6 = ''[[Olongapo]]''{{efn-lr|name=huc}}
| 7 = '''[[Pampanga]]'''
| 8 = '''[[Tarlac]]'''
| 9 = '''[[Zambales]]'''
}}
|-style="vertical-align:top;"
! scope="row" style="width:8em;" data-sort-value="6" | [[File:Ph fil calabarzon.png|frameless|upright=0.5|alt=Map of the Philippines highlighting CALABARZON]]
| style="font-weight:bold;" | [[Calabarzon]]<br />{{small|(Region IV-A)}}
| 14,414,774<br />(''{{percentage|14414774|100981437|pad=1}}'')
| {{convert|16,873.31|km2|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br()}}
| {{convert|{{sigfig|14414774/16873.31|2}}|PD/km2|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br()}}
| [[Calamba, Laguna|Calamba]]
| {{Collapsible list
| title = 6
| frame_style = border:none;
| title_style = font-weight:normal;text-align:left;padding-left:0.5em;background-color:#F5F5F5;
| list_style = text-align:left;font-size:90%;line-height:1.20em;white-space:nowrap;
| bullets = on;
| 1 = '''[[Batangas]]'''
| 2 = '''[[Cavite]]'''
| 3 = '''[[Laguna (province)|Laguna]]'''
| 4 = ''[[Lucena, Philippines|Lucena]]''{{efn-lr|name=huc}}
| 5 = '''[[Quezon]]'''
| 6 = '''[[Rizal]]'''
}}
|-style="vertical-align:top;"
! scope="row" style="width:8em;" data-sort-value="8" | [[File:Ph fil mimaropa.png|frameless|upright=0.5|alt=Map of the Philippines highlighting MIMAROPA]]
| style="font-weight:bold;" | [[Mimaropa]]{{efn-lr|name=Islands}}<br />{{small|(Region IV-B)}}
| 2,963,360<br />(''{{percentage|2963360|100981437|pad=1}}'')
| {{convert|29,620.90|km2|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br()}}
| {{convert|{{sigfig|2963360/29620.90|2}}|PD/km2|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br()}}
| [[Calapan City, Oriental Mindoro|Calapan]]
| {{Collapsible list
| title = 6
| frame_style = border:none;
| title_style = font-weight:normal;text-align:left;padding-left:0.5em;background-color:#F5F5F5;
| list_style = text-align:left;font-size:90%;line-height:1.20em;white-space:nowrap;
| bullets = on;
| 1 = '''[[Marinduque]]'''*
| 2 = '''[[Occidental Mindoro]]'''*
| 3 = '''[[Oriental Mindoro]]'''*
| 4 = '''[[Palawan]]'''*
| 5 = ''[[Puerto Princesa]]''*{{efn-lr|name=huc}}
| 6 = '''[[Romblon]]'''*
}}
|-style="vertical-align:top;"
! scope="row" style="width:8em;" data-sort-value="7" | [[File:Ph fil bicol.png|frameless|upright=0.5|alt=Map of the Philippines highlighting the Bicol Region]]
| style="font-weight:bold;" | [[Bicol Region]]<br />{{small|(Region V)}}
| 5,796,989<br />(''{{percentage|5796989|100981437|pad=1}}'')
| {{convert|18,155.82|km2|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br()}}
| {{convert|{{sigfig|5796989/18155.82|2}}|PD/km2|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br()}}
| [[Legazpi, Albay|Legazpi]]
| {{Collapsible list
| title = 7
| frame_style = border:none;
| title_style = font-weight:normal;text-align:left;padding-left:0.5em;background-color:#F5F5F5;
| list_style = text-align:left;font-size:90%;line-height:1.20em;white-space:nowrap;
| bullets = on;
| 1 = '''[[Albay]]'''
| 2 = '''[[Camarines Norte]]'''
| 3 = '''[[Camarines Sur]]'''
| 4 = '''[[Catanduanes]]'''*
| 5 = '''[[Masbate]]'''*
| 6 = ''[[Naga, Camarines Sur|Naga]]''{{efn-lr|name=icc}}
| 7 = '''[[Sorsogon]]'''
}}
|-style="vertical-align:top;"
! scope="row" style="width:8em;" data-sort-value="2" | [[File:Ph fil car.png|frameless|upright=0.5|alt=Map of the Philippines highlighting Cordillera Administrative Region]]
| style="font-weight:bold;" | [[Cordillera Administrative Region|Cordillera<br />Administrative<br />Region]]<br />{{small|(CAR)}}
| 1,722,006<br />(''{{percentage|1722006|100981437|pad=1}}'')
| {{convert|19,422.03|km2|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br()}}
| {{convert|{{sigfig|1722006/19422.03|2}}|PD/km2|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br()}}
| [[Baguio]]
| {{Collapsible list
| title = 7
| frame_style = border:none;
| title_style = font-weight:normal;text-align:left;padding-left:0.5em;background-color:#F5F5F5;
| list_style = text-align:left;font-size:90%;line-height:1.20em;white-space:nowrap;
| bullets = on;
| 1 = '''[[Abra (province)|Abra]]'''
| 2 = '''[[Apayao]]'''
| 3 = ''[[Baguio]]''{{efn-lr|name=huc}}
| 4 = '''[[Benguet]]'''
| 5 = '''[[Ifugao]]'''
| 6 = '''[[Kalinga (province)|Kalinga]]'''
| 7 = '''[[Mountain Province]]'''
}}
|-style="vertical-align:top;"
! scope="row" style="width:8em;" data-sort-value="5" | [[File:Ph fil ncr.png|frameless|upright=0.5|alt=Map of the Philippines highlighting the National Capital Region]]
| style="font-weight:bold;" | [[Metro Manila|National Capital<br />Region]]<br />{{small|(NCR)}}
| 12,877,253<br />(''{{percentage|12877253|100981437|pad=1}}'')
| {{convert|611.39|km2|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br()}}
| {{convert|{{sigfig|12877253/611.39|2}}|PD/km2|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br()}}
| '''[[Manila]]'''
| {{Collapsible list
| title = 17
| frame_style = border:none;
| title_style = font-weight:normal;text-align:left;padding-left:0.5em;background-color:#F5F5F5;
| list_style = text-align:left;font-size:90%;line-height:1.20em;white-space:nowrap;
| bullets = on;
| 1 = ''[[Caloocan]]''
| 2 = ''[[Las Piñas]]''
| 3 = ''[[Makati]]''
| 4 = ''[[Malabon]]''
| 5 = ''[[Mandaluyong]]''
| 6 = ''[[Manila]]''
| 7 = ''[[Marikina]]''
| 8 = ''[[Muntinlupa]]''
| 9 = ''[[Navotas]]''
| 10 = ''[[Parañaque]]''
| 11 = ''[[Pasay]]''
| 12 = ''[[Pasig]]''
| 13 = ''[[Pateros, Metro Manila|Pateros]]''
| 14 = ''[[Quezon City]]''
| 15 = ''[[San Juan, Metro Manila|San Juan]]''
| 16 = ''[[Taguig]]''
| 17 = ''[[Valenzuela, Metro Manila|Valenzuela]]''
}}
|-class="sortbottom" style="font-size:85%;"
! scope="col" colspan=2 | Region
! scope="col" | 2015 census
! scope="col" | Area
! scope="col" | Density
! scope="col" | Regional center
! scope="col" | Component LGUs
|-class="sortbottom" style="text-align:left;background-color:#F2F2F2;"
| colspan="7" |
;Table note(s)
{{notelist-lr|refs=
{{efn-lr|name=Islands|The list includes the [[Island groups of the Philippines|associated islands]] of Luzon (provinces of [[Marinduque]], [[Occidental Mindoro]], [[Oriental Mindoro]], [[Palawan]], [[Romblon]], [[Batanes]], [[Catanduanes]] and [[Masbate]]).}}
{{efn-lr|name=Area|Land area figures are the sum of each region's component provinces (and/or independent cities), derived from the National Statistical Coordination Board ([[Philippine Statistics Authority]]) official website.}}
{{efn-lr|name=icc|An [[Cities of the Philippines#Classification|independent component city]], not under the jurisdiction of any provincial government.}}
{{efn-lr|name=huc|A [[Cities of the Philippines#Classification|highly urbanized city]], independent from any province}}
}}
|}
{{Back to contents}}
===Tectonics===
{{Main|Philippine Mobile Belt}}
[[File:Lake Pinatubo in January, 2009.jpg|thumb|[[Lake Pinatubo]] in [[Zambales]]]]
Luzon is part of the [[Philippine Mobile Belt]], a fast deforming plate boundary zone (Gervasio, 1967) hemmed in between two opposing subduction zones, the west-dipping [[Philippine Trench]]-[[East Luzon Trench]] subduction zone, and the east-dipping north-south trending [[Manila Trench]]-[[Negros (island)|Negros]] Trench-[[Cotabato Trench]].<ref>Hashimoto, M, ed., ''Accretion Tectonics in the Circum-Pacific Regions'', {{ISBN|90-277-1561-0}} p299</ref> The [[Philippine Sea Plate]] subducts under eastern Luzon along the East Luzon Trench and the Philippine Trench, while the [[South China Sea]] basin, part of the [[Eurasian plate]], subducts under western Luzon along the Manila Trench.
The North-Southeastern trending braided left-lateral strike-slip [[Philippine Fault System]] traverses Luzon, from [[Quezon province]] and [[Bicol Region|Bicol]] to the northwestern part of the island. This fault system takes up part of the motion due to the subducting plates and produces large earthquakes. Southwest of Luzon is a collision zone where the Palawan micro-block collides with SW Luzon, producing a highly seismic zone near [[Mindoro]] island. Southwest Luzon is characterized by a highly volcanic zone, called the Macolod Corridor, a region of crustal thinning and spreading.
Using geologic and structural data, seven principal blocks were identified in Luzon in 1989: the Sierra Madre Oriental, Angat, [[Zambales]], [[Central Cordillera of Luzon]], Bicol, and [[Catanduanes Island]] blocks.<ref>Rangin and Pubellier in ''Tectonics of Circum-Pacific Continental Margins'' {{ISBN|90-6764-132-4}} p148 fig 4</ref> Using seismic and geodetic data, Luzon was modeled by Galgana et al. (2007) as a series of six micro blocks or micro plates (separated by subduction zones and intra-arc faults), all translating and rotating in different directions, with maximum velocities ~100 mm/yr NW with respect to Sundaland/Eurasia.
==Demographics==
{{Philippine Census
| title= Population census of Luzon
| 1990= 30782432
| 2000= 39584158
| 2010= 48520774
| 2015= 53336134
| footnote= Source: National Statistics Office{{PH census|2015|d}}{{PH census|2010|d}}{{efn|name=popnote}}
}}
As of the 2015 census, the population of Luzon Island is 53,336,134 people,{{PH census|2015|d}}{{efn|name=popnote}} making it the [[List of islands by population|4th most populated island in the world]].
===Cities===
[[File:North EDSA - Trinoma, QC CBD, SM North (view from SMDC Grass) (Diliman, Quezon City)(2017-09-07) cropped.jpg|thumb|A view of Quezon City on September 2017, The Largest city in Luzon island]]
[[Metro Manila]] is the most populous of the [[List of metropolitan areas in the Philippines|3 defined metropolitan areas]] in the Philippines and the [[List of metropolitan areas by population|11th most populous]] in the world. {{As of|2007|lc=y}}, census data showed it had a population of 11,553,427, comprising 13% of the national population.<ref name="phcensus">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov.ph/data/census2007/index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716233046/http://www.census.gov.ph/data/census2007/index.html|archivedate=July 16, 2012|title=Total Population and Annual Population Growth Rates by Region: Population Censuses 1995, 2000, and 2007|author=Philippine Statistics Authority |date=April 2008 |accessdate=April 4, 2010}}</ref> Including suburbs in the adjacent provinces ([[Bulacan]], [[Cavite]], [[Laguna (province)|Laguna]], and [[Rizal]]) of [[Greater Manila Area|Greater Manila]], the population is around 21 million.<ref name="phcensus" /><ref name="demographia">Demographia. (July 2010). [http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf ''Demographia World Urban Areas (World Agglomerations) Population & Projections''] (Edition 6.1). Retrieved March 29, 2011.</ref>
{{Largest Cities and Municipalities in Luzon}}
<br />
{{Largest cities and municipalities in Luzon location map}}
===Ethnic groups===
[[File:Ifugao headhunter.jpg|thumb|upright|An [[Igorot people|Ifugao]] warrior with some of his trophies, Cordillera Mountains, circa 1912]]
Seven major [[Filipinos|Philippine]] [[Ethnolinguistics|ethnolinguistic]] groups predominate Luzon. [[Ilocano people|Ilocanos]] dominate northern Luzon, while [[Kapampangan people|Kapampangans]] and [[Pangasinan people|Pangasinenses]], as well as [[Tagalog people|Tagalogs]] and [[Sambal people|Sambals]], populate [[Central Luzon]]. [[Tagalog people|Tagalog]]s dominate the [[Metro Manila|National Capital Region]], [[CALABARZON]] and the island provinces of [[Marinduque]] and [[Mindoro]], while [[Bicolano people|Bicolanos]] populate the southern [[Bicol Region|Bicol]] peninsula. [[Visayans]] mainly predominate in the island provinces of [[Masbate]], [[Palawan]] and [[Romblon]].
Other ethnic groups lesser in population include the [[Aeta]]s of [[Zambales]] and [[Bataan]], the [[Ibanag people|Ibanags]] of [[Cagayan province|Cagayan]] and [[Isabela province|Isabela]] and the [[Igorot|Igorot/Cordillerans]] of the [[Cordillera Administrative Region|Cordilleras]].
{{Further|Ethnic groups of the Philippines}}
Due to recent migrations, populations of [[Filipino Chinese|Chinese]] and [[Moro people|Moros]] have also been present in urban areas. [[Filipino mestizo|Mixed-race]] populations of [[Filipinos of Spanish descent|Spanish]], [[Filipinos of American descent|Americans]], [[Filipinos of Japanese descent|Japanese]], [[Koreans in the Philippines|Koreans]], [[Filipinos of Indian descent|Indians]], [[Mexican settlement in the Philippines|Mexicans]] and [[Arabs]] are also visible. The Chinese and their mixed-raced descendants are spread all across Luzon. According to old Spanish censuses, around 1/3rd of the population of Luzon are admixed with either Spanish or Latino descent (Mostly in Cavite and Manila)<ref>Jagor, Fëdor, et al. (1870). [http://www.authorama.com/former-philippines-b-8.html ''The Former Philippines thru Foreign Eyes'']</ref> Most Americans have settled in Central Luzon's highly urbanized cities of [[Angeles City|Angeles]] and [[Olongapo City|Olongapo]] due to the former presence of the U.S. air and naval bases in there, while a majority of the Koreans and Japanese have mainly settled in the major cities and towns.
===Languages===
{{Main|Languages of the Philippines}}
[[File:Philippine languages per region.png|thumb|left|upright|Dominant languages per administrative region.]]
Almost all of the languages of Luzon belong to the [[Philippine languages|Philippine]] group of the [[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian]] branch of the [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian language family]]. Major regional languages include: [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]], [[Ilocano language|Ilocano]], [[Bicolano language|Bicolano]], [[Kapampangan language|Kapampangan]], and [[Pangasinan language|Pangasinan]].
[[Philippine English|English]] is spoken by many inhabitants. The use of [[Spanish language in the Philippines|Spanish]] as an [[official language]] declined following the [[American occupation of the Philippines]]. Almost inexistent among the general populace, Spanish is still used by the elderly of some families of great tradition (Rizal, Liboro...).
[[File:Paoay Church of Ilocos Norte, Philippines.JPG|thumb|[[Paoay Church|Saint Augustine Catholic Church]] in [[Paoay, Ilocos Norte|Paoay]]]]
===Religion===
<!--Please suggest changes through the talk page. Thanks.-->
{{Main|Religion in the Philippines}}
Like most of the Philippines, the major religion in Luzon is [[Christianity in the Philippines|Christianity]], with [[Roman Catholicism in the Philippines|Roman Catholicism]] being the major [[Christian denomination|denomination]]. Other major sects includes [[Jehovah's Witnesses]], [[Protestantism in the Philippines|Protestantism]], the [[Philippine Independent Church]] (Aglipayans), the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons), and the [[Iglesia ni Cristo]].<ref>[https://www.census.gov.ph/old/data/pressrelease/2003/pr0323tx.html PHILIPPINES: ADDITIONAL THREE PERSONS PER MINUTE] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305074956/http://www.census.gov.ph/old/data/pressrelease/2003/pr0323tx.html |date=2016-03-05 }}, [https://www.census.gov.ph/ National Statistics Office] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004104825/http://census.gov.ph/ |date=2013-10-04 }}. Last revised: July 18, 2003. Retrieved November 27, 2006.</ref> Indigenous traditions and rituals, though rare, are also present.
There are also sizable communities of [[Hinduism in the Philippines|Hindu]]s, [[Buddhism in the Philippines|Buddhist]]s and [[Islam in the Philippines|Muslim]]s in [[Metro Manila]] and in other, especially, urban areas due to the immigration of [[Moro people|Moros]] and [[Filipino Chinese|Chinese]] to the island.
[[File:EDSA-Guadalupe northward view 2012-10-29.jpg|thumb|[[EDSA (road)|EDSA]], a major thoroughfare in [[Metro Manila]]]]
==Economy==
The economy of the island is centered in [[Metro Manila]] with [[Makati]] serving as the main economic and financial hub. Major companies such as [[Ayala Corporation|Ayala]], [[Jollibee Foods Corporation]], [[SM Group]], and [[Metropolitan Bank and Trust Company|Metrobank]] are based in the business districts of [[Makati]], [[Ortigas Center]], and [[Bonifacio Global City]]. Industry is concentrated in and around the urban areas of Metro Manila while agriculture predominates in the other regions of the island producing crops such as rice, bananas, mangoes, coconuts, pineapple, and coffee.<ref>[https://www.census.gov.ph/data/sectordata/dataagri.html Index of Agriculture and Fishery Statistics]. Census.gov.ph. Retrieved on 2010-12-19. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120221223854/http://www.census.gov.ph/data/sectordata/dataagri.html |date=February 21, 2012 }}</ref> Other sectors include livestock raising, tourism, mining, and fishing.
==See also==
{{Portal|Philippines|Islands|Geography}}
* [[Regions of the Philippines]]
* [[Provinces of the Philippines]]
* [[Battle of Luzon]]
* [[Visayas]]
* [[Mindanao]]
==Notes==
{{notelist|refs=
{{efn|name=popnote|Figure composed of the 8 administrative regions excluding the island provinces of Batanes, Catanduanes, and Masbate and the region MIMAROPA.}}
}}
{{clear}}
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
==Further reading==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em|style=font-size:95%;}}
*{{cite book|title=History of the Filipino People|first1=Teodoro A.|last1=Agoncillo|first2=Milagros|last2=Guerrero|volume=|edition=4|year=1975|publisher=R. P. Garcia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z3PiAAAAMAAJ|isbn=9712345386|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
*{{cite book|title=Philippine History|first=Teodoro A.|last=Agoncillo|volume=|edition=|year=1962|publisher=Inang Wika Publishing Company|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=odpwAAAAMAAJ|isbn=9712345386|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
*{{cite book|title=Political and Cultural History of the Philippines, Volumes 1-2 |first= Eufronio Melo |last=Alip|volume=|edition=revised|year=1954|publisher=Alip & Sons|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0A5wAAAAMAAJ|isbn=|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
*{{cite book|title=Turning Points I' 2007 Ed.|first1=Eleanor D.|last1=Antonio|first2=Evangeline M.|last2=Dallo|first3=Consuelo M.|last3=Imperial|first4=Maria Carmelita B.|last4=Samson|first5=Celia D.|last5=Soriano|volume=|edition=unabridged|year=2007|publisher=Rex Bookstore, Inc.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lb8a7P_2InIC|isbn=9712345386|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
*{{cite book|title=War Background Studies, Issues 1-7 |issue=Issues 1–6 of Origin of Far Eastern Civilizations: A Brief Handbook, Origin of Far Eastern Civilizations: A Brief Handbook|first= Carl Whiting |last=Bishop|others=Contributor: Smithsonian Institution|volume=|edition=|year=1942|publisher=Smithsonian Institution|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=daq0AAAAIAAJ|isbn=|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
*{{cite book|title=Origin of Far Eastern Civilizations: A Brief Handbook, Issues 1-7 |issue=|first= Carl Whiting |last=Bishop|others=Contributor: Smithsonian Institution|volume=|edition=|year=1942|publisher=Smithsonian Institution|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XNFFAAAAMAAJ|isbn=|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
*{{cite book|title=The bureaucracy in the Philippines |issue=Issue 4 of Studies in public administration, University of the Philippines Institute of Public Administration|first= Onofre D. |last=Corpuz|others=|volume=|edition=|year=1957|publisher=Institute of Public Administration, University of the Philippines|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3BMQAQAAMAAJ|isbn=|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
*{{cite book|title=Myths and Symbols: Philippines |issue=|first= Francisco R. |last=Demetrio|others=|volume=|edition=2|year=1981|publisher=National Book Store|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lGuBAAAAMAAJ|isbn=|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
*{{cite book|title=Princess Urduja, Queen of the Orient Seas: Before and After Her Time in the Political Orbit of the Shri-vi-ja-ya and Madjapahit Maritime Empire : a Pre-Hispanic History of the Philippines |issue=|first= Antonio |last=Del Castillo y Tuazon|others=|volume=|edition=|year=1988|publisher=A. del. Castillo y Tuazon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yv1xAAAAMAAJ|isbn=|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
*{{cite book|title=Mask of Asia: The Philippines Today |issue=|first= George |last=Farwell|others=|volume=|edition=|year=1967|publisher=Praeger|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8ZACAAAAMAAJ|isbn=|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
*{{cite book|title=A concise history of East Asia |issue=|first= Charles Patrick |last=Fitzgerald|others=|volume=|edition=|year=1966|publisher=Praeger|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VI9uAAAAMAAJ|isbn=|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
*{{cite book|title=Connecting and Distancing: Southeast Asia and China |editor-first= Khai Leong |editor-last=Ho|volume=|edition=illustrated|year=2009|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EwnzBiM0LmAC |isbn=9812308563 |accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
*{{cite book|title=In Our Image: America's Empire in the Philippines |first= Stanley |last=Karnow|volume=|edition=unabridged|year=2010|publisher=Random House LLC|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VbwogbQ3l8UC |isbn=0307775437 |accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
*{{cite book|title=Peoples of the Philippines, Issue 4 |issue=Issue 4 of Smithsonian Institution Washington, DC: War background studies|first= Herbert William |last=Krieger|volume=Volume 3694 of Publication (Smithsonian Institution)|edition=|year=1942|publisher=Smithsonian Institution|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHsZAAAAMAAJ|isbn=|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
*{{cite book|title=Moro Archives: A History of Armed Conflicts in Mindanao and East Asia |first= Norodin Alonto |last=Lucman|volume=|edition=|year=2000|publisher=FLC Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IplyAAAAMAAJ|isbn=|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
*{{cite book|title=Chinese participation in Philippine culture and economy |editor-first= Shubert S. C.|editor-last=Liao|volume=|edition=|year=1964|publisher=Bookman|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vrDkAAAAIAAJ|archiveurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=O1AeAAAAMAAJ|archivedate=Nov 9, 2006|isbn=|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
*{{cite book|title=Chinese Elements in the Tagalog Language: With Some Indication of Chinese Influence on Other Philippine Languages and Cultures, and an Excursion Into Austronesian Linguistics |first= Esperidion Arsenio |last=Manuel|others=Contributor: Henry Otley Beyer|edition=|year=1948|publisher=Filipiniana Publications|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=19APAAAAYAAJ|isbn=|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
*{{cite book|title=Islands of Pleasure: A Guide to the Philippines |first= Hans Arvid |last=Ostelius|edition=|year=1963|publisher=G. Allen & Unwin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oWpwAAAAMAAJ|isbn=|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
*{{cite book|title=The literature of the Pilipinos: a survey|first1=José Villa|last1=Panganiban|first2=Consuelo Torres|last2=Panganiban|volume=|edition=5|year=1965|publisher=Limbagang Pilipino|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zG2CAAAAIAAJ|isbn=|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
*{{cite book|title=A Survey of the Literature of the Filipinos|first1=José Villa|last1=Panganiban|first2=Consuelo Torres-|last2=Panganiban|volume=|edition=4|year=1962|publisher=Limbagang Pilipino|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CD0RAQAAIAAJ|isbn=|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
*{{cite book|title=Philippine Cartography, 1320-1899 |first= Carlos |last=Quirino|others=|edition=2|year=1963|publisher=N. Israel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qTgIAQAAIAAJ|isbn=|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
*{{cite book|title=The Philippines: A Young Republic on the Move |first= Albert |last=Ravenholt|others=|edition=|year=1962|publisher=Van Nostrand|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kUU_AAAAMAAJ|isbn=|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
*{{cite book|title=Francisco Balagtas and the roots of Filipino nationalism: life and times of the great Filipino poet and his legacy of literary excellence and political activism|first1=Fred|last1=Sevilla|first2=Francisco|last2=Balagtas|volume=|edition=|year=1997|publisher=Trademark Pub. Corp.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZotkAAAAMAAJ|isbn=|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
*{{cite book|title=Seven Thousand Islands: The Story of the Philippines |first= Cornelia |last=Spencer|others=|edition=|year=1951|publisher=Aladdin Books|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-kgMAAAAMAAJ|isbn=|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
*{{cite book|title=The Chinese in the Philippines, 1898-1935: A Study of Their National Awakening |first= Antonio S. |last=Tan|others=|edition=|year=1972|publisher=R. P. Garcia Publishing Company|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9xNwAAAAMAAJ|isbn=|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
*{{cite book|title=The Philippines since pre-Spanish times.-v. 2. The Philippines since the British invasion |first= Gregorio F. |last=Zaide|volume=Volume 1 of Philippine Political and Cultural History|edition=revised|year=1957|publisher=Philippine Education Company|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pJYVAQAAIAAJ|isbn=|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
*{{cite book|title=The Pageant of Philippine History: Political, Economic, and Socio-cultural, Volume 1 |first= Gregorio F. |last=Zaide|volume=|year=1979|publisher=Philippine Education Company|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LRJwAAAAMAAJ|isbn=|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
*{{cite book|title=The Philippines: a Handbook of Information |author= Philippines (Republic). Office of Cultural Affairs|others=Contributor: National Economic Council (Philippines)|volume=|edition=revised|year=1965|publisher=Republic of the Philippines, Department of Foreign Affairs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ykgeAAAAMAAJ|isbn=|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
*{{cite book|title=The Annals of Philippine Chinese Historical Association, Volumes 5-8 |author= Philippine Chinese Historical Association |volume=|edition=revised|year=1975|publisher=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3DzjAAAAMAAJ|isbn=|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
*{{cite book|title=Biennial Conference Proceedings, Issue 1 |author= IAHA Conference |volume=|edition=|year=1962|publisher=Philippine Historical Association.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QZ5IAAAAMAAJ|isbn=|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
*{{cite book|title=The Philippines: A Handbook of Information |author= |others=Contributor: Philippine Information Agency|volume=|edition=|year=1955|publisher=Philippine Information Agency|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gr4eAAAAMAAJ|isbn=|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
*{{cite book|title=University of Manila Journal of East Asiatic Studies, Volume 7 |author= |others=Contributors: Manila (Philippines) University, University of Manila|volume=|edition=revised|year=1959|publisher=University of Manila.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TVPRAAAAMAAJ|isbn=|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
*{{cite book|title=Unitas, Volume 30, Issues 1-2 |author= |others=Contributor: University of Santo Tomás|volume=|edition=|year=1957|publisher=University of Santo Tomás|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=26oiAQAAIAAJ|isbn=|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
*{{cite book|title=The Researcher, Volume 2, Issue 2 |author= |others=Contributors: University of Pangasinan, Dagupan Colleges|volume=|edition=|year=1970|publisher=Dagupan Colleges|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5c3_QiLW50EC|isbn=|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
*{{cite book|title=Philippine Social Sciences and Humanities Review, Volumes 24-25 |author= |others=Contributor: University of the Philippines. College of Liberal Arts|volume=|edition=|year=1959|publisher=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5KLjAAAAMAAJ|isbn=|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
*{{cite book|title=Philippine Social Sciences and Humanities Reviews, Volume 24, Issues 1-2 |author= |others=Contributors: Philippine Academy of Social Sciences, Manila, University of the Philippines. College of Liberal Arts|volume=|edition=|year=1959|publisher=College of Liberal Arts, University of the Philippines|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gi-2AAAAIAAJ|isbn=|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
*{{cite book|title=Studies in Public Administration, Issue 4 |author= |others=Contributor: University of the Philippines. Institute of Public Administration|volume=|edition=|year=1957|publisher=Institute of Public Administration, University of the Philippines|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0suOAAAAMAAJ|isbn=|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
*{{cite book|title=Proceedings [of The] Second Biennial Conference, Held at Taiwan Provincial Museum, Taipei, Taiwan. Republic of China, October 6-9, 1962 |author= |others=|volume=|edition=|year=1963|publisher=Tʻai-pei|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wAkEAAAAMAAJ|isbn=|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
*{{cite book|title=Yearbook |author= |others=|volume=|edition=|year=1965|publisher=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oTUkAQAAMAAJ|isbn=|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
*{{cite book|title=Philippine Almanac & Handbook of Facts |first= |last=|others=|edition=|year=1977|publisher=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uWzjAAAAMAAJ|isbn=|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
{{div col end}}
==External links==
{{Wikinews category}}
* {{Commons category-inline|Luzon}}
* {{Wiktionary-inline|Luzon}}
* {{Wikivoyage-inline|Luzon}}
* {{OSM relation|4250623}}
* {{Cite AmCyc|wstitle=Luzon |short=x}}
{{Islands of the Philippines}}
{{World's largest islands}}
{{Philippines administrative divisions}}
{{Principal Geographical Divisions of the Philippines}}
{{Philippine regions}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Luzon| ]]
[[Category:Island groups of the Philippines]]
[[Category:Islands of the Philippines]]' |
Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-parser-output"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Philippine island. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Luzon_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Luzon (disambiguation)">Luzon (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
<table class="infobox vcard" style="width:22em"><caption class="fn org">Luzon</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:Luzon_Island_Red.png" class="image"><img alt="Luzon Island Red.png" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Luzon_Island_Red.png/260px-Luzon_Island_Red.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="406" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Luzon_Island_Red.png/390px-Luzon_Island_Red.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Luzon_Island_Red.png/520px-Luzon_Island_Red.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3120" /></a><div>Luzon <a href="/wiki/Mainland" title="Mainland">mainland</a> in red;<br />its associated islands in maroon</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color: #efefef">Geography</th></tr><tr><th scope="row">Location</th><td><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Coordinates</th><td><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Luzon&params=16_N_121_E_type:isle"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">16°N</span> <span class="longitude">121°E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">16°N 121°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">16; 121</span></span></span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Luzon&params=16_N_121_E_type:isle"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">16°N</span> <span class="longitude">121°E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">16°N 121°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">16; 121</span></span></span></a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Archipelago</th><td class="note"><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Adjacent bodies of water</th><td><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babuyan_Channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Babuyan Channel">Babuyan Channel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Burias_Pass" title="Burias Pass">Burias Pass</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Sea" title="Philippine Sea">Philippine Sea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Polillo_Strait" class="mw-redirect" title="Polillo Strait">Polillo Strait</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Samar_Sea" title="Samar Sea">Samar Sea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/San_Bernardino_Strait" title="San Bernardino Strait">San Bernardino Strait</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sibuyan_Sea" title="Sibuyan Sea">Sibuyan Sea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ticao_Pass" title="Ticao Pass">Ticao Pass</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Verde_Island_Passage" title="Verde Island Passage">Verde Island Passage</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Major islands</th><td><div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none; padding: 0;">
<div class="NavHead" style="font-size: 105%; background:inherit;text-align:left;">List</div>
<ul class="NavContent" style="text-align:left;display:none; font-size: 105%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> Luzon </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Mindoro_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Mindoro Island">Mindoro</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Palawan_(island)" title="Palawan (island)">Palawan</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Masbate_Island" title="Masbate Island">Masbate</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Catanduanes" title="Catanduanes">Catanduanes</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Busuanga_Island" title="Busuanga Island">Busuanga</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Marinduque" title="Marinduque">Marinduque</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Romblon_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Romblon (island)">Romblon</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Polillo_Island" title="Polillo Island">Polillo</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Burias_(island)" title="Burias (island)">Burias</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Ticao_Island" title="Ticao Island">Ticao</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Alabat_Island" title="Alabat Island">Alabat</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Sibuyan_Island" title="Sibuyan Island">Sibuyan</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Tablas_Island" title="Tablas Island">Tablas</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Culion" title="Culion">Culion</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Balabac_Island" title="Balabac Island">Balabac</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Bugsuk" title="Bugsuk">Bugsuk</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Dumaran_Island" title="Dumaran Island">Dumaran</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Area</th><td>109,965 km<sup>2</sup> (42,458 sq mi)<sup id="cite_ref-unep_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unep-1">[1]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_by_area" title="List of islands by area">Area rank</a></th><td>15th</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Coastline</th><td>3,249.6 km (2,019.21 mi)<sup id="cite_ref-unep_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unep-1">[1]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Highest elevation</th><td>2,922 m (9,587 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Highest point</th><td><a href="/wiki/Mount_Pulag" title="Mount Pulag">Mount Pulag</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color: #efefef">Administration</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><div><b>Philippines</b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Regions</th><td><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicol_Region" title="Bicol Region">Bicol</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cagayan_Valley" title="Cagayan Valley">Cagayan Valley</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/CALABARZON" class="mw-redirect" title="CALABARZON">CALABARZON</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Luzon" title="Central Luzon">Central Luzon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cordillera_Administrative_Region" title="Cordillera Administrative Region">Cordillera</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ilocos_Region" title="Ilocos Region">Ilocos</a></li><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mimaropa" title="Mimaropa">Mimaropa</a></i></li><li><a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">National Capital Region</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Provinces</th><td><div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none; padding: 0;">
<div class="NavHead" style="font-size: 105%; background:inherit;text-align:left;">List</div>
<ul class="NavContent" style="text-align:left;display:none; font-size: 105%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Abra_(province)" title="Abra (province)">Abra</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Albay" title="Albay">Albay</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Apayao" title="Apayao">Apayao</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Aurora_(province)" title="Aurora (province)">Aurora</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Bataan" title="Bataan">Bataan</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Batangas" title="Batangas">Batangas</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Benguet" title="Benguet">Benguet</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Bulacan" title="Bulacan">Bulacan</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Cagayan" title="Cagayan">Cagayan</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Camarines_Norte" title="Camarines Norte">Camarines Norte</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Camarines_Sur" title="Camarines Sur">Camarines Sur</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Cavite" title="Cavite">Cavite</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Ifugao" title="Ifugao">Ifugao</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Ilocos_Norte" title="Ilocos Norte">Ilocos Norte</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Ilocos_Sur" title="Ilocos Sur">Ilocos Sur</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Isabela_(province)" title="Isabela (province)">Isabela</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_(province)" title="Kalinga (province)">Kalinga</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/La_Union" title="La Union">La Union</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Laguna_(province)" title="Laguna (province)">Laguna</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Province" title="Mountain Province">Mountain Province</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Nueva_Ecija" title="Nueva Ecija">Nueva Ecija</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Nueva_Vizcaya" title="Nueva Vizcaya">Nueva Vizcaya</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Pampanga" title="Pampanga">Pampanga</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Pangasinan" title="Pangasinan">Pangasinan</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Quezon" title="Quezon">Quezon</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Quirino" title="Quirino">Quirino</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Rizal" title="Rizal">Rizal</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Sorsogon" title="Sorsogon">Sorsogon</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Tarlac" title="Tarlac">Tarlac</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Zambales" title="Zambales">Zambales</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Outlying island provinces <div><ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Batanes" title="Batanes">Batanes</a></i></li><li><i><a href="/wiki/Catanduanes" title="Catanduanes">Catanduanes</a></i></li><li><i><a href="/wiki/Marinduque" title="Marinduque">Marinduque</a></i></li><li><i><a href="/wiki/Masbate" title="Masbate">Masbate</a></i></li><li><i><a href="/wiki/Occidental_Mindoro" title="Occidental Mindoro">Occidental Mindoro</a></i></li><li><i><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Mindoro" title="Oriental Mindoro">Oriental Mindoro</a></i></li><li><i><a href="/wiki/Palawan" title="Palawan">Palawan</a></i></li><li><i><a href="/wiki/Romblon" title="Romblon">Romblon</a></i></li></ul></div></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Largest settlement</th><td><a href="/wiki/Quezon_City" title="Quezon City">Quezon City</a> (pop. 2,936,116 <sup id="cite_ref-PSA15–d_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PSA15–d-2">[2]</a></sup>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color: #efefef">Demographics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row">Demonym</th><td>Luzonian (modern)<br />Luzonese (occasional)<br /><a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%A7%C3%B5es" title="Luções">Luções</a> (archaic)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Population</th><td>53,336,134<sup id="cite_ref-popnote_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-popnote-3">[a]</a></sup> (2015)<sup id="cite_ref-PSA15–d_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PSA15–d-2">[2]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Pop. density</th><td>490 /km<sup>2</sup> (1,270 /sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Ethnic groups</th><td><div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none; padding: 0;">
<div class="NavHead" style="font-size: 105%; background:inherit;text-align:left;">List</div>
<ul class="NavContent" style="text-align:left;display:none; font-size: 105%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Aeta" class="mw-redirect" title="Aeta">Aeta</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Bicolano_people" title="Bicolano people">Bicolano</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Gaddang_people" title="Gaddang people">Gaddang</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Ibanag_people" title="Ibanag people">Ibanag</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Igorot_people" title="Igorot people">Igorot</a> <div><ul><li style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bontoc_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bontoc people">Bontoc</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ibaloi_people" title="Ibaloi people">Ibaloi</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ifugao_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ifugao people">Ifugao</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Isnag_people" title="Isnag people">Isneg</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalinga people">Kalinga</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kankanaey_people" title="Kankanaey people">Kankanaey</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kalanguya_people" title="Kalanguya people">Kalanguya</a></li></ul></div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Ilokano_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilokano people">Ilokano</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Ilongot_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilongot people">Ilongot</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Itawes" title="Itawes">Itawes</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Kapampangan_people" title="Kapampangan people">Kapampangan</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Pangasinan_people" title="Pangasinan people">Pangasinan</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Sambal_people" title="Sambal people">Sambal</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_people" title="Tagalog people">Tagalog</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><b>Luzon</b> (<span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span> <span class="nowrap" style="font-size:85%">(<span class="unicode haudio"><span class="fn"><span style="white-space:nowrap;margin-right:.25em;"><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Luzon.ogg" title="About this sound"><img alt="About this sound" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/17px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/22px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span><a href="/media/wikipedia/commons/3/31/En-ca-Luzon.oga" class="internal" title="En-ca-Luzon.oga">listen</a></span></span>)</span></span>, <small>Tagalog: </small><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Tagalog" title="Help:IPA/Tagalog">[luˈzon]</a></span>) is the largest and most populous <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="List of islands in the Philippines">island</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>. It is ranked <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_by_area" title="List of islands by area">15th largest</a> in the world by <a href="/wiki/Land_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Land area">land area</a>. Located in the northern portion of the <a href="/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">archipelago</a>, it is the economic and political center of the nation, being home to the country's capital city, <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Quezon_City" title="Quezon City">Quezon City</a>, the country's most populous city. With a population of 53 million as of 2015<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="/w/index.php?title=Luzon&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>,<sup id="cite_ref-PSA15–d_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PSA15–d-2">[2]</a></sup> it is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_by_population" title="List of islands by population">fourth most populous island</a> in the world, containing 52.5% of the country's total population.<sup id="cite_ref-ThePHArchipelago_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ThePHArchipelago-4">[3]</a></sup>
</p><p>Luzon may also refer to one of the three primary <a href="/wiki/Island_groups_of_the_Philippines" title="Island groups of the Philippines">island groups in the country</a>. As such, it includes the Luzon <a href="/wiki/Mainland" title="Mainland">mainland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Batanes" title="Batanes">Batanes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Babuyan_Islands" title="Babuyan Islands">Babuyan</a> groups of islands to the north, <a href="/wiki/Polillo_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Polillo Islands">Polillo Islands</a> to the east, and the outlying islands of <a href="/wiki/Catanduanes" title="Catanduanes">Catanduanes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marinduque" title="Marinduque">Marinduque</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mindoro" title="Mindoro">Mindoro</a>, among others, to the south.<sup id="cite_ref-unique_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unique-5">[4]</a></sup> The islands of <a href="/wiki/Masbate" title="Masbate">Masbate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palawan_(island)" title="Palawan (island)">Palawan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romblon" title="Romblon">Romblon</a> are also included as well, though these three are sometimes grouped in the <a href="/wiki/Visayas" title="Visayas">Visayas</a>.
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><div id="toc" class="toc"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2>Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Etymology"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Etymology</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Geography"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Geography</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Physical"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Physical</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><a href="#Northern_Luzon"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Northern Luzon</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="#Central_Luzon"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Central Luzon</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="#Southern_Luzon"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Southern Luzon</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#Outlying_islands"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Outlying islands</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Administrative_divisions"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Administrative divisions</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Tectonics"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Tectonics</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Demographics"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Demographics</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Cities"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Cities</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Ethnic_groups"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Ethnic groups</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Languages"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Languages</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Religion"><span class="tocnumber">4.4</span> <span class="toctext">Religion</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Economy"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Economy</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Etymology">Etymology</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luzon&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bangkajf.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Bangkajf.JPG/220px-Bangkajf.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Bangkajf.JPG/330px-Bangkajf.JPG 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Bangkajf.JPG/440px-Bangkajf.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Bangkajf.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Bangkang Pinawa, ancient Philippine <a href="/wiki/Mortar_and_pestle" title="Mortar and pestle">mortar and pestle</a>.</div></div></div>
<p>The name <i>Luzon</i> is thought to derive from the <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> word <i>lusong</i>, which is a large wooden <a href="/wiki/Mortar_and_pestle" title="Mortar and pestle">mortar</a> used in dehusking rice.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Roberts1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roberts1-7">[6]</a></sup> A 2008 PIDS research paper by Eulito Bautista and Evelyn Javier provides an image of a Lusong, and explains that,
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047036">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Traditional milling was accomplished in the 1900s by pounding the palay with a wooden pestle in a stone or wooden mortar called lusong. The first pounding takes off the hull and further pounding removes the bran but also breaks most grains. Further winnowing with a bamboo tray (bilao) separates the hull from the rice grains. This traditional hand-pounding chore, although very laborious and resulted in a lot of broken rice, required two to three skilled men and women to work harmoniously and was actually a form of socializing among young folks in the villages.<sup id="cite_ref-EulitoandJavier2008_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EulitoandJavier2008-8">[7]</a></sup>
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<p>[dicky in da clicky
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luzon&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Luzon" title="History of Luzon">History of Luzon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tondo_(historical_polity)" title="Tondo (historical polity)">Tondo (historical polity)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Namayan" title="Namayan">Namayan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rajahnate_of_Maynila" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajahnate of Maynila">Rajahnate of Maynila</a></div>
<p>Luzon was originally inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Negrito" title="Negrito">Negritos</a> before <a href="/wiki/Austronesians" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesians">Austronesians</a> from Taiwan scattered and displaced them. The Austronesian groups were divided into two types of nations; coastal lowland states or highland civilizations. Highland civilizations were based in the mountains and had built up plutocracies based on agriculture, such as the <a href="/wiki/Igorot_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Igorot Society">Igorot Society</a> which is responsible for building many of the <a href="/wiki/Rice_Terraces_of_the_Philippine_Cordilleras" title="Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras">rice terraces</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Cordillera_Central_(Luzon)" title="Cordillera Central (Luzon)">Cordillera Mountains</a>, among the most notable being the <a href="/wiki/Banaue_Rice_Terraces" title="Banaue Rice Terraces">Banaue Rice Terraces</a>. Meanwhile, coastal states were split among <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a>-<a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> kingdoms, <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> principalities, and <a href="/wiki/Philippine_mythology" title="Philippine mythology">ethnoreligious</a> tribes, who had trading connections with <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indochina" class="mw-redirect" title="Indochina">Indochina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_Islands" title="Ryukyu Islands">Okinawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> and <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, before the Spaniards established their rule. From just before the first millennium, the <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_people" title="Tagalog people">Tagalog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kapampangan_people" title="Kapampangan people">Kapampangan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pangasinan_people" title="Pangasinan people">Pangasinan</a> peoples of south and central Luzon had established several major coastal <a href="/wiki/Polity" title="Polity">polities</a>, most notable among them those of <a href="/wiki/Rajahnate_of_Maynila" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajahnate of Maynila">Maynila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tondo_(historical_polity)" title="Tondo (historical polity)">Tondo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Namayan" title="Namayan">Namayan</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Laguna_Copperplate_Inscription" title="Laguna Copperplate Inscription">Laguna Copperplate Inscription</a>, the first Philippine document written in 900AD, names places in and around <a href="/wiki/Manila_Bay" title="Manila Bay">Manila Bay</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Medan" title="Medan">Medan</a> in Indonesia.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a></sup> These kingdoms were based on leases between village rulers (<i><a href="/wiki/Datu" title="Datu">Datu</a></i>) and landlords (<i><a href="/wiki/Lakan" title="Lakan">Lakan</a></i>) or <a href="/wiki/Rajah" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajah">Rajahs</a>, to whom tributes and taxes were levied. These kingdoms were coastal <a href="/wiki/Thalassocracy" title="Thalassocracy">thalassocracies</a> based on trade with neighboring Asian political entities at that time. There was also a Sino-Buddhist country in nearby <a href="/wiki/Mindoro" title="Mindoro">Mindoro</a> called the country of <a href="/wiki/Ma-i" title="Ma-i">Ma-i</a>.
</p><p>According to sources at the time, the trade in large native <a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_tea_ceremony_equipment#Shimamono" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Japanese tea ceremony equipment"><i>Ruson-tsukuri</i></a> (literally <i>Luzon-made</i>, Japanese:<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%91%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:呂">呂</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%AE%8B" class="extiw" title="wikt:宋">宋</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%A3%BD" class="extiw" title="wikt:製">製</a>) clay jars used for storing <a href="/wiki/Green_tea" title="Green tea">green tea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rice_wine" title="Rice wine">rice wine</a> with Japan flourished in the 12th century, and local <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_people" title="Tagalog people">Tagalog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kapampangan_people" title="Kapampangan people">Kapampangan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pangasinan_people" title="Pangasinan people">Pangasinan</a> potters had marked each jar with <a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin</a> letters denoting the particular urn used and the kiln the jars were manufactured in. Certain kilns were renowned over others and prices depended on the reputation of the kiln.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a></sup> Of this flourishing trade, the <i>Burnay</i> jars of <a href="/wiki/Ilocos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilocos">Ilocos</a> are the only large clay jar manufactured in Luzon today with origins from this time.
</p><p>During the 1300s, the Javanese-centered Hindu empire of <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a> briefly ruled over Luzon as recorded in the epic poem <a href="/wiki/Nagarakretagama" title="Nagarakretagama">Nagarakretagama</a>, which stated that they had colonies in the Philippines at Saludong (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Manila" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Manila">Manila</a>) and Solot (<a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu" title="Sultanate of Sulu">Sulu</a>). Eventually, the kingdoms of Luzon regained independence from Majapahit after the Battle of Manila (1365) and Sulu also reestablished independence and in vengeance, <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines" title="Military history of the Philippines">assaulted the Majapahit province of Poni</a> (<a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>) before a fleet from the capital drove them out.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Yongle_Emperor" title="Yongle Emperor">Yongle Emperor</a> instituted a Chinese governor on Luzon during <a href="/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He">Zheng He</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Treasure_voyages" class="mw-redirect" title="Treasure voyages">voyages</a> and appointed Ko Ch'a-lao to that position in 1405.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHo2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidEwnzBiM0LmACpgPA33_33]_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHo2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidEwnzBiM0LmACpgPA33_33]-13">[12]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarnow2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidVbwogbQ3l8UCpgPT84_84]_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarnow2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidVbwogbQ3l8UCpgPT84_84]-14">[13]</a></sup> China also had vassals among the leaders in the archipelago.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a></sup> China attained ascendancy in trade with the area in Yongle's reign.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a></sup>
</p><p>Afterwards, some parts of Luzon were Islamized when the former Majapahit province of Poni broke free, converted to Islam, imported an Arab prince from Saudi Arabia, in the person of <a href="/wiki/Sharif_Ali" title="Sharif Ali">Sharif Ali</a>, and became the <a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Empire" title="Bruneian Empire">Sultanate of Brunei</a>, a nation that then expanded its realms from Borneo to the Philippines and set up the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Maynila" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Maynila">Kingdom of Maynila</a> as its puppet-state<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a></sup> as well as incorporate the newly converted Sultanate of Sulu by a royal marriage. However, other kingdoms resisted Islam, like the <a href="/wiki/Huangdom_of_Pangasinan" class="mw-redirect" title="Huangdom of Pangasinan">Wangdom of Pangasinan</a> which had remained a tributary state to China and was a largely Sinified kingdom which maintained trade with Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a></sup>
</p><p>In the 1500s, people from Luzon were called <i><a href="/wiki/Lucoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucoes">Lucoes</a></i> and they established many overseas communities within the Indo-Pacific and were actively employed in trading, seafaring and military campaigns across Southeast Asia.
</p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a> were the first European explorers who recorded it in their charts as <i>Luçonia</i> or <i>Luçon</i> and inhabitants were called <i><a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%A7oes" class="mw-redirect" title="Luçoes">Luçoes</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Roberts_(diplomat)" title="Edmund Roberts (diplomat)">Edmund Roberts</a>, who visited Luzon in the early 19th century, wrote that Luzon was "discovered" in 1521.<sup id="cite_ref-Roberts1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roberts1-7">[6]</a></sup> Many people from Luzon had active-employment in Portuguese Malacca. Lucoes such as the Luzon spice magnate <a href="/wiki/Regimo_de_Raja" title="Regimo de Raja">Regimo de Raja</a>, based in Malacca, was highly influential and the Portuguese appointed him as Temenggong (Sea Lord) or a governor and chief general responsible for overseeing of maritime trade, at Malacca. As Temenggung, he was also the head of an armada which traded and protected commerce between the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Malacca" title="Strait of Malacca">Strait of Malacca</a>, the <a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(900%E2%80%931521)" title="History of the Philippines (900–1521)">medieval maritime principalities of the Philippines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a></sup> His father and wife carried on his maritime trading business after his death. Another important Malacca trader was Curia de Raja who also hailed from Luzon. The "surname" of "de Raja" or "diraja" could indicate that Regimo and Curia, and their families, were of noble or royal descent as the term is an abbreviation of Sanskrit adiraja.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a></sup>
</p><p>Pinto noted that there were a number of Luçoes in the Islamic fleets that went to battle with the Portuguese in the Philippines during the 16th century. The Sultan of Aceh gave one of them (Sapetu Diraja) the task of holding Aru (northeast Sumatra) in 1540. Pinto also says one was named leader of the Malays remaining in the Moluccas Islands after the Portuguese conquest in 1511.<sup id="cite_ref-Pinto_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pinto-24">[23]</a></sup> Pigafetta notes that one of them was in command of the Brunei fleet in 1521.<sup id="cite_ref-Pigafetta_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pigafetta-25">[24]</a></sup>
</p><p>However, the Luções did not only fight on the side of the Muslims. Pinto says they were also apparently among the natives of the Philippines who fought the Muslims in 1538.<sup id="cite_ref-Pinto_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pinto-24">[23]</a></sup>
</p><p>On <a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia" title="Mainland Southeast Asia">Mainland Southeast Asia</a>, Lusung/Luçoes warriors aided the Burmese king in his invasion of Siam in 1547 AD. At the same time, Lusong warriors fought alongside the Siamese king and faced the same elephant army of the Burmese king in the defence of the Siamese capital at Ayutthaya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPigafetta1969195_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPigafetta1969195-26">[25]</a></sup>
</p><p>Scholars have thus suggested that they could be mercenaries valued by all sides.<sup id="cite_ref-Pires_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pires-27">[26]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lach_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lach-28">[27]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Reid_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reid-29">[28]</a></sup>
</p><p>The Spanish arrival in the 16th century saw the incorporation of the Lucoes people and the breaking up of their kingdoms and the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies"><i>Las Islas Filipinas</i></a> with its capital <a href="/wiki/Cebu" title="Cebu">Cebu</a>, which was moved to <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a> following the defeat of the local <a href="/wiki/Rajah_Sulayman" title="Rajah Sulayman">Rajah Sulayman</a> in 1570. Under Spain, Luzon also came to be known as the <i><b>Nueva Castilla</b></i> or the <b>New Castile</b>. In Spanish times, Luzon became the focal point for trade between the Americas and Asia. The <a href="/wiki/Manila_Galleons" class="mw-redirect" title="Manila Galleons">Manila Galleons</a> constructed in the <a href="/wiki/Bicol_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicol region">Bicol region</a>, brought silver mined from <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> to Manila, which was used to purchase Asian commercial goods like Chinese <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a>, Indian <a href="/wiki/Gems" class="mw-redirect" title="Gems">gems</a> and Indonesian <a href="/wiki/Spices" class="mw-redirect" title="Spices">spices</a> which were exported to the Americas. Luzon then became a focal point for global migration. The walled city of <a href="/wiki/Intramuros" title="Intramuros">Intramuros</a> was initially founded by 1200 Spanish families.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a></sup> The nearby district of <a href="/wiki/Binondo" title="Binondo">Binondo</a> became the center of business and transformed into the world's oldest Chinatown.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a></sup> There was also a smaller district reserved for Japanese migrants in <a href="/wiki/Dilao" class="mw-redirect" title="Dilao">Dilao</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cavite_City" title="Cavite City">Cavite City</a> also served as the main port for Luzon and many Mexican soldiers and sailors were stationed in the naval garrisons there.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a></sup> When the Spanish evacuated from <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Ternate" title="Sultanate of Ternate">Ternate</a>, Indonesia; they settled the <a href="/wiki/Papuan_languages" title="Papuan languages">Papuan</a> refugees in <a href="/wiki/Ternate,_Cavite" title="Ternate, Cavite">Ternate, Cavite</a> which was named after their evacuated homeland. After the short <a href="/wiki/British_Occupation_of_Manila" class="mw-redirect" title="British Occupation of Manila">British Occupation of Manila</a>, the Indian <a href="/wiki/Sepoy" title="Sepoy">Sepoy</a> soldiers that mutinied against their British commanders and joined the Spanish, then settled in <a href="/wiki/Cainta,_Rizal" class="mw-redirect" title="Cainta, Rizal">Cainta, Rizal</a>. Newcomers who were impoverished Mexicans and peninsulares were accused of undermining the submission of the natives. In 1774, authorities from Bulacan, Tondo, Laguna Bay, and other areas surrounding Manila reported with consternation that discharged soldiers and deserters (From Mexico, Spain and Peru) were providing indios military training for the weapons that had been disseminated all over the territory during the British war.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a></sup>
</p><p>After many years of Spanish occupation and resistance to reform, the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Revolution" title="Philippine Revolution">Philippine Revolution</a> against Spain erupted in Cavite and spread all throughout Luzon and the Philippines. Consequently, the <a href="/wiki/First_Philippine_Republic" title="First Philippine Republic">First Philippine Republic</a> was established in <a href="/wiki/Malolos,_Bulacan" class="mw-redirect" title="Malolos, Bulacan">Malolos, Bulacan</a>. In the meantime, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> sold the Philippines to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and the First Philippine Republic resisted the new American colonizers in the <a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American War</a> which the Republic lost due to its diplomatic isolation (No nation recognized the First Republic) as well as due to the numerical superiority of the American army. The Americans then set up the cool mountain city of <a href="/wiki/Baguio_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Baguio City">Baguio</a> as a summer retreat for its officials. The Americans also rebuilt the capital, Manila, and established American military bases in <a href="/wiki/Olongapo" title="Olongapo">Olongapo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Angeles_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Angeles City">Angeles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a></sup>
</p>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Spanish East Indies</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:US_ships_under_attack_in_Lingayen_Gulf_January_1945.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/US_ships_under_attack_in_Lingayen_Gulf_January_1945.jpg/220px-US_ships_under_attack_in_Lingayen_Gulf_January_1945.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="thumbimage" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/US_ships_under_attack_in_Lingayen_Gulf_January_1945.jpg/330px-US_ships_under_attack_in_Lingayen_Gulf_January_1945.jpg 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/US_ships_under_attack_in_Lingayen_Gulf_January_1945.jpg/440px-US_ships_under_attack_in_Lingayen_Gulf_January_1945.jpg 2x" data-file-width="845" data-file-height="521" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:US_ships_under_attack_in_Lingayen_Gulf_January_1945.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>U.S. Navy ships under attack while entering <a href="/wiki/Lingayen_Gulf" title="Lingayen Gulf">Lingayen Gulf</a>, January 1945</div></div></div>
<p>In <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">World War II</a>, the Philippines were considered to be of great strategic importance because their capture by Japan would pose a significant threat to the U.S. As a result, 135,000 troops and 227 aircraft were stationed in the Philippines by October 1941. Luzon was captured by <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese forces</a> in 1942 during their <a href="/wiki/Philippines_Campaign_(1941%E2%80%9342)" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippines Campaign (1941–42)">campaign to capture the Philippines</a>. <a href="/wiki/General_(United_States)" title="General (United States)">General</a> <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a>—who was in charge of the defense of the Philippines at the time—was ordered to Australia, and the remaining U.S. forces retreated to the <a href="/wiki/Bataan_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Bataan Peninsula">Bataan Peninsula</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2ww_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2ww-36">[35]</a></sup>
</p><p>A few months after this, MacArthur expressed his belief that an attempt to recapture the Philippines was necessary. The U.S. Pacific Commander <a href="/wiki/Admiral" title="Admiral">Admiral</a> <a href="/wiki/Chester_Nimitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Chester Nimitz">Chester Nimitz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Naval_Operations" title="Chief of Naval Operations">Chief of Naval Operations</a> Admiral <a href="/wiki/Ernest_King" title="Ernest King">Ernest King</a> both opposed this idea, arguing that it must wait until victory was certain. MacArthur had to wait two years for his wish; it was 1944 before a <a href="/wiki/Philippines_Campaign_(1944%E2%80%9345)" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippines Campaign (1944–45)">campaign</a> to recapture the Philippines was launched. The island of <a href="/wiki/Leyte" title="Leyte">Leyte</a> was the first objective of the campaign, which was <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte" title="Battle of Leyte">captured</a> by the end of December 1944. This was followed by the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mindoro" title="Battle of Mindoro">attack on Mindoro</a> and later, Luzon.<sup id="cite_ref-2ww_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2ww-36">[35]</a></sup>
</p>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Luzon" title="Battle of Luzon">Battle of Luzon</a></div>
<p>The end of the World War necessitated <a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">decolonization</a> due to rising nationalist movements across the world's many empires. Subsequently, the Philippines gained independence from the United States. Luzon then arose to become the most developed island in the Philippines. However, the lingering poverty and inequality caused by the long dictatorship of US-supported dictator, <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Ferdinand Marcos</a>, gave rise to the Philippine diaspora and many people from Luzon have migrated elsewhere and had established large overseas communities; mainly in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>. Eventually, the <a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People Power Revolution</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Corazon_Aquino" title="Corazon Aquino">Corazon Aquino</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jaime_Sin" title="Jaime Sin">Cardinal Jaime Sin</a>, removed Marcos and his cronies from power and they fled to <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a> where the US granted them asylum. The following administrations are subsequently managing the political and economic recovery of the Philippines with the particular aim of spreading development outside of Luzon and into the more isolated provinces of the <a href="/wiki/Visayas" title="Visayas">Visayas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a>.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Geography">Geography</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luzon&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Philippines#Luzon" title="Geography of the Philippines">Geography of Luzon</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Northern_Philippines_(Luzon).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Northern_Philippines_%28Luzon%29.jpg/220px-Northern_Philippines_%28Luzon%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="thumbimage" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Northern_Philippines_%28Luzon%29.jpg/330px-Northern_Philippines_%28Luzon%29.jpg 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Northern_Philippines_%28Luzon%29.jpg/440px-Northern_Philippines_%28Luzon%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2600" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Northern_Philippines_(Luzon).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Satellite image of Luzon</div></div></div></div>
<p>Luzon island alone has an area of 109,964.9 square kilometres (42,457.7 sq mi),<sup id="cite_ref-unep_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unep-1">[1]</a></sup> making it the <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_by_area" title="List of islands by area">world's 15th largest island</a>. It is bordered on the west by the <a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</a> (<i>Luzon Sea</i> in Philippine territorial waters), on the east by the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Sea" title="Philippine Sea">Philippine Sea</a>, and on the north by the <a href="/wiki/Luzon_Strait" title="Luzon Strait">Luzon Strait</a> containing the <a href="/wiki/Babuyan_Islands" title="Babuyan Islands">Babuyan</a> Channel and <a href="/wiki/Balintang_Channel" title="Balintang Channel">Balintang Channel</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Mainland" title="Mainland">mainland</a> is roughly rectangular in shape and has the long <a href="/wiki/Bicol_Peninsula" title="Bicol Peninsula">Bicol Peninsula</a> protruding to the southeast.
</p><p>Luzon is roughly divided into four sections; <a href="/wiki/Northern_Luzon" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Luzon">Northern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Luzon" title="Central Luzon">Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Luzon" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Luzon">Southern</a> Luzon, and the <a href="/wiki/National_Capital_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="National Capital Region">National Capital Region</a>.
</p>
<table class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;background-color:#FDFDFD;">
<tbody><tr>
<th scope="col">Regions
</th>
<th scope="col">Six divisions
</th>
<th scope="col">Four divisions
</th>
<th scope="col">Three divisions
</th>
<th scope="col">Two divisions
</th></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align:top;">
<th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ilocos_Region" title="Ilocos Region">Ilocos Region</a>
</th>
<td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ilocandia" title="Ilocandia">Ilocandia</a>
</td>
<td rowspan="3">Northern Luzon
</td>
<td rowspan="4">North and Central Luzon
</td>
<td rowspan="4">North and Central Luzon
</td></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align:top;">
<th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Cagayan_Valley" title="Cagayan Valley">Cagayan Valley</a>
</th></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align:top;">
<th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Cordillera_Administrative_Region" title="Cordillera Administrative Region">Cordillera Administrative Region</a>
</th>
<td>Cordilleras
</td></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align:top;">
<th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Luzon" title="Central Luzon">Central Luzon</a>
</th>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">Central Luzon
</td></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align:top;">
<th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">National Capital Region</a>
</th>
<td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;">Metro Manila
</td>
<td rowspan="4">Southern Luzon
</td></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align:top;">
<th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Calabarzon" title="Calabarzon">Calabarzon</a>
</th>
<td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Tagalog" title="Southern Tagalog">Southern Tagalog</a>
</td>
<td rowspan="3">Southern Luzon
</td>
<td rowspan="3">Southern Luzon
</td></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align:top;">
<th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mimaropa" title="Mimaropa">Mimaropa</a>
</th></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align:top;">
<th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bicol_Region" title="Bicol Region">Bicol Region</a>
</th>
<td><a href="/wiki/Bicolandia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicolandia">Bicolandia</a>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Physical">Physical</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luzon&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Physical">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Northern_Luzon">Northern Luzon</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luzon&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Northern Luzon">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p>The northwestern portion of the island, which encompasses most of the <a href="/wiki/Ilocos_Region" title="Ilocos Region">Ilocos Region</a>, is characterized by a flat terrain extending east from the <a href="/wiki/Coast" title="Coast">coastline</a> toward the <a href="/wiki/Cordillera_Central,_Luzon" class="mw-redirect" title="Cordillera Central, Luzon">Cordillera Central mountains</a>.
</p><p>The Cordillera mountain range, which feature the island's north-central section, is covered in a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Luzon_tropical_pine_forests" title="Luzon tropical pine forests">tropical pine forests</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luzon_rainforest" title="Luzon rainforest">montane rainforests</a>, and is the site of the island's highest mountain, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Pulag" title="Mount Pulag">Mount Pulag</a>, rising at 2,922 metres. The range provides the upland headwaters of the <a href="/wiki/Agno_River" title="Agno River">Agno River</a>, which stretches from the slopes of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Data" title="Mount Data">Mount Data</a>, and meanders along the southern Cordillera mountains before reaching the plains of <a href="/wiki/Pangasinan" title="Pangasinan">Pangasinan</a>.
</p><p>The northeastern section of Luzon is generally mountainous, with the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Madre_(Philippines)" title="Sierra Madre (Philippines)">Sierra Madre</a>, the longest mountain range in the country, abruptly rising a few miles from the coastline. Located in between the Sierra Madre and the Cordillera Central mountain ranges is the large <a href="/wiki/Cagayan_Valley" title="Cagayan Valley">Cagayan Valley</a>. This region, which is known for being the second largest producer of rice and the country's top corn-producer, serves as the <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">basin</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Cagayan_River" title="Cagayan River">Cagayan River</a>, the longest in the Philippines.
</p><p>Along the southern limits of the Cordillera Central lies the lesser-known <a href="/wiki/Caraballo_Mountains" title="Caraballo Mountains">Caraballo Mountains</a>. These mountains form a link between the Cordillera Central and the Sierra Madre mountain ranges, separating the Cagayan Valley from the <a href="/wiki/Central_Luzon" title="Central Luzon">Central Luzon</a> plains.<sup id="cite_ref-TriumphPhil_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TriumphPhil-37">[36]</a></sup>
</p>
<ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed">
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"><div style="width: 182px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_the_north_coast_of_Luzon_-_ZooKeys-266-001-g002.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/View_of_the_north_coast_of_Luzon_-_ZooKeys-266-001-g002.jpg/270px-View_of_the_north_coast_of_Luzon_-_ZooKeys-266-001-g002.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/View_of_the_north_coast_of_Luzon_-_ZooKeys-266-001-g002.jpg/405px-View_of_the_north_coast_of_Luzon_-_ZooKeys-266-001-g002.jpg 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/View_of_the_north_coast_of_Luzon_-_ZooKeys-266-001-g002.jpg/540px-View_of_the_north_coast_of_Luzon_-_ZooKeys-266-001-g002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1512" data-file-height="1008" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p>North coast of Luzon along the <a href="/wiki/Cagayan" title="Cagayan">Cagayan</a>-<a href="/wiki/Ilocos_Norte" title="Ilocos Norte">Ilocos Norte</a> boundary
</p>
</div>
</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 181.33333333333px"><div style="width: 181.33333333333px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 179.33333333333px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mount_Pulag,_Kabayan,_Philippines_(Unsplash).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Mount_Pulag%2C_Kabayan%2C_Philippines_%28Unsplash%29.jpg/269px-Mount_Pulag%2C_Kabayan%2C_Philippines_%28Unsplash%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Mount_Pulag%2C_Kabayan%2C_Philippines_%28Unsplash%29.jpg/404px-Mount_Pulag%2C_Kabayan%2C_Philippines_%28Unsplash%29.jpg 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Mount_Pulag%2C_Kabayan%2C_Philippines_%28Unsplash%29.jpg/538px-Mount_Pulag%2C_Kabayan%2C_Philippines_%28Unsplash%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p>Summit of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Pulag" title="Mount Pulag">Mount Pulag</a>, Luzon's highest mountain
</p>
</div>
</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"><div style="width: 162px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:FvfSanJuanLaUnion8559_10.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/FvfSanJuanLaUnion8559_10.JPG/240px-FvfSanJuanLaUnion8559_10.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/FvfSanJuanLaUnion8559_10.JPG/360px-FvfSanJuanLaUnion8559_10.JPG 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/FvfSanJuanLaUnion8559_10.JPG/480px-FvfSanJuanLaUnion8559_10.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p>West coast of Luzon at <a href="/wiki/San_Juan,_La_Union" title="San Juan, La Union">San Juan</a> overlooking the <a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</a>
</p>
</div>
</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"><div style="width: 182px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_the_Sierra_Madre_from_the_west_-_ZooKeys-266-001-g004.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/View_of_the_Sierra_Madre_from_the_west_-_ZooKeys-266-001-g004.jpg/270px-View_of_the_Sierra_Madre_from_the_west_-_ZooKeys-266-001-g004.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/View_of_the_Sierra_Madre_from_the_west_-_ZooKeys-266-001-g004.jpg/405px-View_of_the_Sierra_Madre_from_the_west_-_ZooKeys-266-001-g004.jpg 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/View_of_the_Sierra_Madre_from_the_west_-_ZooKeys-266-001-g004.jpg/540px-View_of_the_Sierra_Madre_from_the_west_-_ZooKeys-266-001-g004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1512" data-file-height="1008" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p>The Cagayan Valley at <a href="/wiki/Cabagan,_Isabela" title="Cabagan, Isabela">Cabagan</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Madre_(Philippines)" title="Sierra Madre (Philippines)">Sierra Madre</a> mountains in the background
</p>
</div>
</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"><div style="width: 182.66666666667px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Quirino_1.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Quirino_1.jpg/271px-Quirino_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Quirino_1.jpg/406px-Quirino_1.jpg 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Quirino_1.jpg/542px-Quirino_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p>Canoes along upstream <a href="/wiki/Cagayan_River" title="Cagayan River">Cagayan River</a> at <a href="/wiki/Quirino" title="Quirino">Quirino</a> province
</p>
</div>
</div></li>
</ul>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Central_Luzon">Central Luzon</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luzon&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Central Luzon">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Arayat44jf.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Arayat44jf.JPG/220px-Arayat44jf.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="thumbimage" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Arayat44jf.JPG/330px-Arayat44jf.JPG 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Arayat44jf.JPG/440px-Arayat44jf.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Arayat44jf.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The <a href="/wiki/Central_Luzon" title="Central Luzon">Central Luzon</a> plain with <a href="/wiki/Mount_Arayat" title="Mount Arayat">Mount Arayat</a> in the background</div></div></div>
<p>The central section of Luzon is characterized by a flat terrain, known as the Central Luzon <a href="/wiki/Plain" title="Plain">plain</a>, the largest in the island in terms of land area. The plain, approximately 11,000 square kilometres (4,200 sq mi) in size, is the country's largest producer of rice, and is irrigated by two major rivers; the <a href="/wiki/Cagayan_River" title="Cagayan River">Cagayan</a> to the north, and the <a href="/wiki/Pampanga_River" title="Pampanga River">Pampanga</a> to the south. In the middle of the plain rises the solitary <a href="/wiki/Mount_Arayat" title="Mount Arayat">Mount Arayat</a>.
</p><p>The western coasts of Central Luzon are typically flat extending east from the coastline to the <a href="/wiki/Zambales_Mountains" title="Zambales Mountains">Zambales Mountains</a>, the site of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Pinatubo" title="Mount Pinatubo">Mount Pinatubo</a>, made famous because of its enormous 1991 eruption. These mountains extend to the sea in the north, forming the <a href="/wiki/Lingayen_Gulf" title="Lingayen Gulf">Lingayen Gulf</a>, and to the south, forming the <a href="/wiki/Bataan_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Bataan Peninsula">Bataan Peninsula</a>. The peninsula encloses the <a href="/wiki/Manila_Bay" title="Manila Bay">Manila Bay</a>, a natural <a href="/wiki/Harbor" title="Harbor">harbor</a> considered to be one of the best natural ports in East Asia, due to its size and strategic geographical location.
</p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Madre_(Philippines)" title="Sierra Madre (Philippines)">Sierra Madre</a> mountain range continues to stretch across the western section of Central Luzon, snaking southwards into the <a href="/wiki/Bicol_Peninsula" title="Bicol Peninsula">Bicol Peninsula</a>.
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Southern_Luzon">Southern Luzon</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luzon&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Southern Luzon">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<table style="float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em;border:1px #ccc solid"><tbody><tr><td align="center" colspan="2"><div style="position:relative;left:0px;top:0px;width:280px;height:350px"><span style="position:absolute;left:0px;top:0px;z-index:0;width:280px;height:350px"><a href="/wiki/File:STS045-152-274_Manila_and_Taal_Volcano.jpg" class="image"><img alt="STS045-152-274 Manila and Taal Volcano.jpg" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/STS045-152-274_Manila_and_Taal_Volcano.jpg/280px-STS045-152-274_Manila_and_Taal_Volcano.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="350" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/STS045-152-274_Manila_and_Taal_Volcano.jpg/420px-STS045-152-274_Manila_and_Taal_Volcano.jpg 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/STS045-152-274_Manila_and_Taal_Volcano.jpg/560px-STS045-152-274_Manila_and_Taal_Volcano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4457" data-file-height="5572" /></a></span><div style="position:absolute;left:50px;top:132px;line-height:95%;z-index:1"><div style="display:inline-block;width:auto;height:auto;text-align:center;padding:0px 4px;vertical-align:middle;border-radius:3px;background-color:red"><span title="[[Manila Bay]]" style="color:white;font-size:88%;font-weight:bold">1</span></div></div><div style="position:absolute;left:165px;top:94px;line-height:95%;z-index:1"><div style="display:inline-block;width:auto;height:auto;text-align:center;padding:0px 4px;vertical-align:middle;border-radius:3px;background-color:red"><span title="[[Laguna de Bay]]" style="color:white;font-size:88%;font-weight:bold">2</span></div></div><div style="position:absolute;left:193px;top:171px;line-height:95%;z-index:1"><div style="display:inline-block;width:auto;height:auto;text-align:center;padding:0px 4px;vertical-align:middle;border-radius:3px;background-color:red"><span title="[[Taal Volcano]] / <span class="nowrap">[[Taal Lake]]</span>" style="color:white;font-size:88%;font-weight:bold">3</span></div></div><div style="position:absolute;left:17px;top:176px;line-height:95%;z-index:1"><div style="display:inline-block;width:auto;height:auto;text-align:center;padding:0px 4px;vertical-align:middle;border-radius:3px;background-color:red"><span title="[[Bataan Peninsula]]" style="color:white;font-size:88%;font-weight:bold">4</span></div></div><div style="position:absolute;left:198px;top:231px;line-height:95%;z-index:1"><div style="display:inline-block;width:auto;height:auto;text-align:center;padding:0px 4px;vertical-align:middle;border-radius:3px;background-color:red"><span title="[[Balayan Bay]]" style="color:white;font-size:88%;font-weight:bold">5</span></div></div><div style="position:absolute;left:250px;top:220px;line-height:95%;z-index:1"><div style="display:inline-block;width:auto;height:auto;text-align:center;padding:0px 4px;vertical-align:middle;border-radius:3px;background-color:red"><span title="[[Batangas Bay]]" style="color:white;font-size:88%;font-weight:bold">6</span></div></div><div style="position:absolute;left:55px;top:286px;line-height:95%;z-index:1"><div style="display:inline-block;width:auto;height:auto;text-align:center;padding:0px 4px;vertical-align:middle;border-radius:3px;background-color:red"><span title="[[South China Sea]]" style="color:white;font-size:88%;font-weight:bold">7</span></div></div><div style="position:absolute;left:264px;top:325px;line-height:95%;z-index:1"><div style="display:inline-block;width:auto;height:auto;text-align:center;padding:0px 4px;vertical-align:middle;border-radius:3px;background-color:red"><span title="[[Mindoro Island]]" style="color:white;font-size:88%;font-weight:bold">8</span></div></div><div style="position:absolute;left:209px;top:11px;line-height:95%;z-index:1"><div style="display:inline-block;width:auto;height:auto;text-align:center;padding:0px 4px;vertical-align:middle;border-radius:3px;background-color:red"><span title="[[Lamon Bay]]" style="color:white;font-size:88%;font-weight:bold">9</span></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td><table style="width:100%;border:1px #ccc solid"><tbody><tr><td style="width:0.5%;vertical-align:top"><table style="width:100%;font-size:85%;line-height:95%"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:12px;text-align:right;padding-bottom:2px"><div style="display:inline-block;width:auto;height:auto;text-align:center;padding:0px 4px;vertical-align:middle;border-radius:3px;background-color:red"><span title="[[Manila Bay]]" style="color:white;font-size:88%;font-weight:bold">1</span></div></td><td style="padding-bottom:2px"><a href="/wiki/Manila_Bay" title="Manila Bay">Manila Bay</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:12px;text-align:right;padding-bottom:2px"><div style="display:inline-block;width:auto;height:auto;text-align:center;padding:0px 4px;vertical-align:middle;border-radius:3px;background-color:red"><span title="[[Laguna de Bay]]" style="color:white;font-size:88%;font-weight:bold">2</span></div></td><td style="padding-bottom:2px"><a href="/wiki/Laguna_de_Bay" title="Laguna de Bay">Laguna de Bay</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:12px;text-align:right;padding-bottom:2px"><div style="display:inline-block;width:auto;height:auto;text-align:center;padding:0px 4px;vertical-align:middle;border-radius:3px;background-color:red"><span title="[[Taal Volcano]] / <span class="nowrap">[[Taal Lake]]</span>" style="color:white;font-size:88%;font-weight:bold">3</span></div></td><td style="padding-bottom:2px"><a href="/wiki/Taal_Volcano" title="Taal Volcano">Taal Volcano</a> / <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Taal_Lake" title="Taal Lake">Taal Lake</a></span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:12px;text-align:right;padding-bottom:2px"><div style="display:inline-block;width:auto;height:auto;text-align:center;padding:0px 4px;vertical-align:middle;border-radius:3px;background-color:red"><span title="[[Bataan Peninsula]]" style="color:white;font-size:88%;font-weight:bold">4</span></div></td><td style="padding-bottom:2px"><a href="/wiki/Bataan_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Bataan Peninsula">Bataan Peninsula</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:12px;text-align:right;padding-bottom:2px"><div style="display:inline-block;width:auto;height:auto;text-align:center;padding:0px 4px;vertical-align:middle;border-radius:3px;background-color:red"><span title="[[Balayan Bay]]" style="color:white;font-size:88%;font-weight:bold">5</span></div></td><td style="padding-bottom:2px"><a href="/wiki/Balayan_Bay" title="Balayan Bay">Balayan Bay</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td style="width:0.5%;vertical-align:top"><table style="width:100%;font-size:85%;line-height:95%"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:12px;text-align:right;padding-bottom:2px"><div style="display:inline-block;width:auto;height:auto;text-align:center;padding:0px 4px;vertical-align:middle;border-radius:3px;background-color:red"><span title="[[Batangas Bay]]" style="color:white;font-size:88%;font-weight:bold">6</span></div></td><td style="padding-bottom:2px"><a href="/wiki/Batangas_Bay" title="Batangas Bay">Batangas Bay</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:12px;text-align:right;padding-bottom:2px"><div style="display:inline-block;width:auto;height:auto;text-align:center;padding:0px 4px;vertical-align:middle;border-radius:3px;background-color:red"><span title="[[South China Sea]]" style="color:white;font-size:88%;font-weight:bold">7</span></div></td><td style="padding-bottom:2px"><a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:12px;text-align:right;padding-bottom:2px"><div style="display:inline-block;width:auto;height:auto;text-align:center;padding:0px 4px;vertical-align:middle;border-radius:3px;background-color:red"><span title="[[Mindoro Island]]" style="color:white;font-size:88%;font-weight:bold">8</span></div></td><td style="padding-bottom:2px"><a href="/wiki/Mindoro_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Mindoro Island">Mindoro Island</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:12px;text-align:right;padding-bottom:2px"><div style="display:inline-block;width:auto;height:auto;text-align:center;padding:0px 4px;vertical-align:middle;border-radius:3px;background-color:red"><span title="[[Lamon Bay]]" style="color:white;font-size:88%;font-weight:bold">9</span></div></td><td style="padding-bottom:2px"><a href="/wiki/Lamon_Bay" title="Lamon Bay">Lamon Bay</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>The northern section of Southern Luzon is dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Laguna_de_Bay" title="Laguna de Bay">Laguna de Bay</a> (<a href="/wiki/Old_Spanish" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Spanish">Old Spanish</a>, "<i>Lake of <a href="/wiki/Bay,_Laguna" title="Bay, Laguna">Bay</a> town</i>"), the largest <a href="/wiki/Lake" title="Lake">lake</a> in the country. The 949-square-kilometre (366 sq mi) lake is drained into <a href="/wiki/Manila_Bay" title="Manila Bay">Manila Bay</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Pasig_River" title="Pasig River">Pasig River</a>, one of the most important rivers in the country due to its historical significance and because it runs through the center of <a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">Metro Manila</a>.
</p><p>Located 20 kilometres (12 mi) southwest of Laguna de Bay is <a href="/wiki/Taal_Lake" title="Taal Lake">Taal Lake</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Crater_lake" title="Crater lake">crater lake</a> containing the <a href="/wiki/Taal_Volcano" title="Taal Volcano">Taal Volcano</a>, the smallest in the country. The environs of the lake form the <a href="/wiki/Highland" title="Highland">upland</a> <a href="/wiki/Tagaytay_Ridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Tagaytay Ridge">Tagaytay Ridge</a>, which was once part of a massive prehistoric volcano that covered the southern portion of the province of <a href="/wiki/Cavite" title="Cavite">Cavite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tagaytay_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Tagaytay City">Tagaytay City</a> and the whole of <a href="/wiki/Batangas" title="Batangas">Batangas</a> province.
</p><p>South of Laguna Lake are two <a href="/wiki/Topographic_prominence" title="Topographic prominence">solitary</a> mountains, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Makiling" title="Mount Makiling">Mount Makiling</a> in <a href="/wiki/Laguna_(province)" title="Laguna (province)">Laguna</a> province, and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Banahaw" title="Mount Banahaw">Mount Banahaw</a>, the highest in the region of <a href="/wiki/Calabarzon" title="Calabarzon">Calabarzon</a>.
</p><p>The southeastern portion of Luzon is dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Bicol_Peninsula" title="Bicol Peninsula">Bicol Peninsula</a>, a mountainous and narrow region extending approximately 150 kilometres (93 mi) southeast from the <a href="/wiki/Tayabas_Isthmus" title="Tayabas Isthmus">Tayabas Isthmus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Quezon_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quezon (province)">Quezon</a> province to the <a href="/wiki/San_Bernardino_Strait" title="San Bernardino Strait">San Bernardino Strait</a> along the coasts of <a href="/wiki/Sorsogon_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sorsogon (province)">Sorsogon</a>. The area is home to several <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcanoes</a>, the most famous of which is the 2,460-metre (8,070 ft) high symmetrically shaped <a href="/wiki/Mayon_Volcano" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayon Volcano">Mayon Volcano</a> in <a href="/wiki/Albay" title="Albay">Albay</a> province. The <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Madre_(Philippines)" title="Sierra Madre (Philippines)">Sierra Madre</a> range has its southern limits at Quezon province. <a href="/wiki/Topographic_prominence" title="Topographic prominence">Ultra-prominent</a> mountains dot the landscape, which include <a href="/wiki/Mount_Isarog" title="Mount Isarog">Mount Isarog</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Iriga" title="Mount Iriga">Mount Iriga</a> in <a href="/wiki/Camarines_Sur" title="Camarines Sur">Camarines Sur</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Bulusan" title="Mount Bulusan">Mount Bulusan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sorsogon" title="Sorsogon">Sorsogon</a>.
</p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Peninsula" title="Peninsula">peninsula</a>'s coastline features several smaller peninsulas, <a href="/wiki/List_of_gulfs" title="List of gulfs">gulfs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bay" title="Bay">bays</a>, which include <a href="/wiki/Lamon_Bay" title="Lamon Bay">Lamon Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Miguel_Bay" title="San Miguel Bay">San Miguel Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lagonoy_Gulf" title="Lagonoy Gulf">Lagonoy Gulf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ragay_Gulf" title="Ragay Gulf">Ragay Gulf</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sorsogon_Bay" title="Sorsogon Bay">Sorsogon Bay</a>.
</p>
<div class="thumb tnone" style="margin:0 auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1008px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Legazpi_City_at_Night.jpg" class="image" title="The nearly perfectly shaped Mayon Volcano and the city of Legazpi in Albay province"><img alt="Panorama of city of Legazpi with Mayon Volcano in the background" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Legazpi_City_at_Night.jpg/1000px-Legazpi_City_at_Night.jpg" decoding="async" width="1000" height="240" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Legazpi_City_at_Night.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="288" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Legazpi_City_at_Night.jpg" title="File:Legazpi City at Night.jpg"> </a></div>The nearly perfectly shaped <a href="/wiki/Mayon_Volcano" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayon Volcano">Mayon Volcano</a> and the city of <a href="/wiki/Legazpi,_Albay" title="Legazpi, Albay">Legazpi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Albay" title="Albay">Albay</a> province</div></div></div>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Outlying_islands">Outlying islands</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luzon&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Outlying islands">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p>Several outlying islands near mainland Luzon are considered part of the <a href="/wiki/Island_groups_of_the_Philippines" title="Island groups of the Philippines">Luzon island group</a>.
The largest include <a href="/wiki/Palawan_(island)" title="Palawan (island)">Palawan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mindoro" title="Mindoro">Mindoro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masbate_Island" title="Masbate Island">Masbate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catanduanes" title="Catanduanes">Catanduanes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marinduque" title="Marinduque">Marinduque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romblon_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Romblon Island">Romblon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polillo_Island" title="Polillo Island">Polillo</a>.
</p>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Island_groups_of_the_Philippines" title="Island groups of the Philippines">Island groups of the Philippines</a></div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luzon&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>The island is covered by 8 <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_the_Philippines" title="Regions of the Philippines">administrative regions</a>, 30 <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Philippines" title="Provinces of the Philippines">provinces</a> and, as of 2014<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="/w/index.php?title=Luzon&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, 68 <a href="/wiki/Cities_of_the_Philippines" title="Cities of the Philippines">cities</a> (8 regions, 38 provinces and 71 cities if <a href="/wiki/Island_groups_of_the_Philippines" title="Island groups of the Philippines">associated islands</a> are included). One of the regions, <a href="/wiki/Mimaropa" title="Mimaropa">Mimaropa</a>, is geographically part of the <a href="/wiki/Visayas" title="Visayas">Visayas</a> according to the non-centric view. This is contested by imperial Manila through the Manila-centric view. Majority of scholars in the Philippines consider Mimaropa as part of the Visayas, in line with the non-centric view.
</p>
<table class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto;table-layout:fixed;text-align:center;background-color:#FDFDFD;width:100%;font-size:95%;">
<tbody><tr>
<th scope="col">Location
</th>
<th scope="col">Region<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(designation)</span>
</th>
<th scope="col" data-sort-type="number"><abbr title="Population and national share (as of 2015)">Population</abbr><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(2015)</span><sup id="cite_ref-PSA15–d_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PSA15–d-2">[2]</a></sup>
</th>
<th scope="col">Area<sup id="cite_ref-Area_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Area-38">[i]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PSA-NSCB-ProvinceList_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PSA-NSCB-ProvinceList-39">[37]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PSA-CitiesList_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PSA-CitiesList-40">[38]</a></sup>
</th>
<th scope="col">Density
</th>
<th scope="col">Regional<br />center
</th>
<th scope="col" style="width:14em;text-align:left;" data-sort-type="number"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_primary_local_government_units_of_the_Philippines" title="List of primary local government units of the Philippines">Component LGUs</a></div><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="background-color:#FDFDFD; color:black; border:1px solid darkgray; text-align:center;">    </span> <span style="font-size:85%;">Province</span></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="background-color:#FDFDFD; color:black; border:1px solid darkgray; text-align:center;">    </span> <span style="font-size:85%;"><i><span style="font-family:sans-serif;font-size:100%;color:black;background-color:transparent;;font-weight:normal;">Independent city or municipality</span></i></span></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="background-color:#FDFDFD; color:black; border:1px solid darkgray; text-align:center;"> <span style="font-family:sans-serif;font-size:100%;color:black;background-color:transparent;;font-weight:normal;">∗</span> </span> <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Island_groups_of_the_Philippines" title="Island groups of the Philippines">Associated island</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-Islands_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Islands-41">[ii]</a></sup></li></ul></div>
</th></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align:top;">
<th scope="row" style="width:8em;" data-sort-value="1"><a href="/wiki/File:Ph_fil_ilocos.png" class="image"><img alt="Map of the Philippines highlighting the Ilocos Region" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Ph_fil_ilocos.png/110px-Ph_fil_ilocos.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="172" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Ph_fil_ilocos.png/165px-Ph_fil_ilocos.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Ph_fil_ilocos.png/220px-Ph_fil_ilocos.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3120" /></a>
</th>
<td style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Ilocos_Region" title="Ilocos Region">Ilocos Region</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Region I)</span>
</td>
<td>5,026,128<br />(<i><span data-sort-value="7000500000000000000♠">5.0</span>%</i>)
</td>
<td><span data-sort-value="7010130126000000000♠"></span>13,012.60 km<sup>2</sup><br />(5,024.19 sq mi)
</td>
<td><span data-sort-value="6996390000000000000♠"></span>390/km<sup>2</sup><br />(1,000/sq mi)
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/San_Fernando_City,_La_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="San Fernando City, La Union">San Fernando<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(La Union)</span></a>
</td>
<td><div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;">
<div class="NavHead" style="font-size: 105%; font-weight:normal;text-align:left;padding-left:0.5em;background-color:#F5F5F5;">5</div>
<ul class="NavContent" style="text-align:left;font-size:90%;line-height:1.20em;white-space:nowrap; font-size: 105%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i><a href="/wiki/Dagupan" title="Dagupan">Dagupan</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-icc_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-icc-42">[iii]</a></sup></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><b><a href="/wiki/Ilocos_Norte" title="Ilocos Norte">Ilocos Norte</a></b></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><b><a href="/wiki/Ilocos_Sur" title="Ilocos Sur">Ilocos Sur</a></b></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><b><a href="/wiki/La_Union" title="La Union">La Union</a></b></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><b><a href="/wiki/Pangasinan" title="Pangasinan">Pangasinan</a></b></li></ul>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align:top;">
<th scope="row" style="width:8em;" data-sort-value="3"><a href="/wiki/File:Ph_fil_cagayan_valley.png" class="image"><img alt="Map of the Philippines highlighting Cagayan Valley" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Ph_fil_cagayan_valley.png/110px-Ph_fil_cagayan_valley.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="172" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Ph_fil_cagayan_valley.png/165px-Ph_fil_cagayan_valley.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Ph_fil_cagayan_valley.png/220px-Ph_fil_cagayan_valley.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3120" /></a>
</th>
<td style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Cagayan_Valley" title="Cagayan Valley">Cagayan Valley</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Region II)</span>
</td>
<td>3,451,410<br />(<i><span data-sort-value="7000340000000000000♠">3.4</span>%</i>)
</td>
<td><span data-sort-value="7010282288300000000♠"></span>28,228.83 km<sup>2</sup><br />(10,899.21 sq mi)
</td>
<td><span data-sort-value="6996119999999999999♠"></span>120/km<sup>2</sup><br />(310/sq mi)
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Tuguegarao" title="Tuguegarao">Tuguegarao</a>
</td>
<td><div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;">
<div class="NavHead" style="font-size: 105%; font-weight:normal;text-align:left;padding-left:0.5em;background-color:#F5F5F5;">6</div>
<ul class="NavContent" style="text-align:left;font-size:90%;line-height:1.20em;white-space:nowrap; font-size: 105%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><b><a href="/wiki/Batanes" title="Batanes">Batanes</a></b>*</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><b><a href="/wiki/Cagayan" title="Cagayan">Cagayan</a></b></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><b><a href="/wiki/Isabela_(province)" title="Isabela (province)">Isabela</a></b></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><b><a href="/wiki/Nueva_Vizcaya" title="Nueva Vizcaya">Nueva Vizcaya</a></b></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><b><a href="/wiki/Quirino" title="Quirino">Quirino</a></b></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i><a href="/wiki/Santiago,_Isabela" class="mw-redirect" title="Santiago, Isabela">Santiago</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-icc_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-icc-42">[iii]</a></sup></li></ul>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align:top;">
<th scope="row" style="width:8em;" data-sort-value="4"><a href="/wiki/File:Ph_fil_central_luzon.png" class="image"><img alt="Map of the Philippines highlighting Central Luzon" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Ph_fil_central_luzon.png/110px-Ph_fil_central_luzon.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="172" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Ph_fil_central_luzon.png/165px-Ph_fil_central_luzon.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Ph_fil_central_luzon.png/220px-Ph_fil_central_luzon.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3120" /></a>
</th>
<td style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Luzon" title="Central Luzon">Central Luzon</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Region III)</span>
</td>
<td>11,218,177<br />(<i><span data-sort-value="7001111000000000000♠">11.1</span>%</i>)
</td>
<td><span data-sort-value="7010220146300000000♠"></span>22,014.63 km<sup>2</sup><br />(8,499.90 sq mi)
</td>
<td><span data-sort-value="6996509999999999999♠"></span>510/km<sup>2</sup><br />(1,300/sq mi)
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/San_Fernando_City,_Pampanga" class="mw-redirect" title="San Fernando City, Pampanga">San Fernando<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Pampanga)</span></a>
</td>
<td><div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;">
<div class="NavHead" style="font-size: 105%; font-weight:normal;text-align:left;padding-left:0.5em;background-color:#F5F5F5;">9</div>
<ul class="NavContent" style="text-align:left;font-size:90%;line-height:1.20em;white-space:nowrap; font-size: 105%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i><a href="/wiki/Angeles,_Pampanga" class="mw-redirect" title="Angeles, Pampanga">Angeles</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-huc_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huc-43">[iv]</a></sup></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><b><a href="/wiki/Aurora_(province)" title="Aurora (province)">Aurora</a></b></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><b><a href="/wiki/Bataan" title="Bataan">Bataan</a></b></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><b><a href="/wiki/Bulacan" title="Bulacan">Bulacan</a></b></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><b><a href="/wiki/Nueva_Ecija" title="Nueva Ecija">Nueva Ecija</a></b></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i><a href="/wiki/Olongapo" title="Olongapo">Olongapo</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-huc_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huc-43">[iv]</a></sup></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><b><a href="/wiki/Pampanga" title="Pampanga">Pampanga</a></b></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><b><a href="/wiki/Tarlac" title="Tarlac">Tarlac</a></b></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><b><a href="/wiki/Zambales" title="Zambales">Zambales</a></b></li></ul>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align:top;">
<th scope="row" style="width:8em;" data-sort-value="6"><a href="/wiki/File:Ph_fil_calabarzon.png" class="image"><img alt="Map of the Philippines highlighting CALABARZON" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Ph_fil_calabarzon.png/110px-Ph_fil_calabarzon.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="172" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Ph_fil_calabarzon.png/165px-Ph_fil_calabarzon.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Ph_fil_calabarzon.png/220px-Ph_fil_calabarzon.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3120" /></a>
</th>
<td style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Calabarzon" title="Calabarzon">Calabarzon</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Region IV-A)</span>
</td>
<td>14,414,774<br />(<i><span data-sort-value="7001143000000000000♠">14.3</span>%</i>)
</td>
<td><span data-sort-value="7010168733100000000♠"></span>16,873.31 km<sup>2</sup><br />(6,514.82 sq mi)
</td>
<td><span data-sort-value="6996850000000000000♠"></span>850/km<sup>2</sup><br />(2,200/sq mi)
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Calamba,_Laguna" title="Calamba, Laguna">Calamba</a>
</td>
<td><div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;">
<div class="NavHead" style="font-size: 105%; font-weight:normal;text-align:left;padding-left:0.5em;background-color:#F5F5F5;">6</div>
<ul class="NavContent" style="text-align:left;font-size:90%;line-height:1.20em;white-space:nowrap; font-size: 105%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><b><a href="/wiki/Batangas" title="Batangas">Batangas</a></b></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><b><a href="/wiki/Cavite" title="Cavite">Cavite</a></b></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><b><a href="/wiki/Laguna_(province)" title="Laguna (province)">Laguna</a></b></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i><a href="/wiki/Lucena,_Philippines" title="Lucena, Philippines">Lucena</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-huc_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huc-43">[iv]</a></sup></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><b><a href="/wiki/Quezon" title="Quezon">Quezon</a></b></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><b><a href="/wiki/Rizal" title="Rizal">Rizal</a></b></li></ul>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align:top;">
<th scope="row" style="width:8em;" data-sort-value="8"><a href="/wiki/File:Ph_fil_mimaropa.png" class="image"><img alt="Map of the Philippines highlighting MIMAROPA" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Ph_fil_mimaropa.png/110px-Ph_fil_mimaropa.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="172" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Ph_fil_mimaropa.png/165px-Ph_fil_mimaropa.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Ph_fil_mimaropa.png/220px-Ph_fil_mimaropa.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3120" /></a>
</th>
<td style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Mimaropa" title="Mimaropa">Mimaropa</a><sup id="cite_ref-Islands_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Islands-41">[ii]</a></sup><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Region IV-B)</span>
</td>
<td>2,963,360<br />(<i><span data-sort-value="7000290000000000000♠">2.9</span>%</i>)
</td>
<td><span data-sort-value="7010296209000000000♠"></span>29,620.90 km<sup>2</sup><br />(11,436.69 sq mi)
</td>
<td><span data-sort-value="6996099999999999999♠"></span>100/km<sup>2</sup><br />(260/sq mi)
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Calapan_City,_Oriental_Mindoro" class="mw-redirect" title="Calapan City, Oriental Mindoro">Calapan</a>
</td>
<td><div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;">
<div class="NavHead" style="font-size: 105%; font-weight:normal;text-align:left;padding-left:0.5em;background-color:#F5F5F5;">6</div>
<ul class="NavContent" style="text-align:left;font-size:90%;line-height:1.20em;white-space:nowrap; font-size: 105%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><b><a href="/wiki/Marinduque" title="Marinduque">Marinduque</a></b>*</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><b><a href="/wiki/Occidental_Mindoro" title="Occidental Mindoro">Occidental Mindoro</a></b>*</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><b><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Mindoro" title="Oriental Mindoro">Oriental Mindoro</a></b>*</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><b><a href="/wiki/Palawan" title="Palawan">Palawan</a></b>*</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Princesa" title="Puerto Princesa">Puerto Princesa</a></i>*<sup id="cite_ref-huc_43-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huc-43">[iv]</a></sup></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><b><a href="/wiki/Romblon" title="Romblon">Romblon</a></b>*</li></ul>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align:top;">
<th scope="row" style="width:8em;" data-sort-value="7"><a href="/wiki/File:Ph_fil_bicol.png" class="image"><img alt="Map of the Philippines highlighting the Bicol Region" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Ph_fil_bicol.png/110px-Ph_fil_bicol.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="172" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Ph_fil_bicol.png/165px-Ph_fil_bicol.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Ph_fil_bicol.png/220px-Ph_fil_bicol.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3120" /></a>
</th>
<td style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Bicol_Region" title="Bicol Region">Bicol Region</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Region V)</span>
</td>
<td>5,796,989<br />(<i><span data-sort-value="7000570000000000000♠">5.7</span>%</i>)
</td>
<td><span data-sort-value="7010181558200000000♠"></span>18,155.82 km<sup>2</sup><br />(7,010.00 sq mi)
</td>
<td><span data-sort-value="6996320000000000000♠"></span>320/km<sup>2</sup><br />(830/sq mi)
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Legazpi,_Albay" title="Legazpi, Albay">Legazpi</a>
</td>
<td><div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;">
<div class="NavHead" style="font-size: 105%; font-weight:normal;text-align:left;padding-left:0.5em;background-color:#F5F5F5;">7</div>
<ul class="NavContent" style="text-align:left;font-size:90%;line-height:1.20em;white-space:nowrap; font-size: 105%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><b><a href="/wiki/Albay" title="Albay">Albay</a></b></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><b><a href="/wiki/Camarines_Norte" title="Camarines Norte">Camarines Norte</a></b></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><b><a href="/wiki/Camarines_Sur" title="Camarines Sur">Camarines Sur</a></b></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><b><a href="/wiki/Catanduanes" title="Catanduanes">Catanduanes</a></b>*</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><b><a href="/wiki/Masbate" title="Masbate">Masbate</a></b>*</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i><a href="/wiki/Naga,_Camarines_Sur" title="Naga, Camarines Sur">Naga</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-icc_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-icc-42">[iii]</a></sup></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><b><a href="/wiki/Sorsogon" title="Sorsogon">Sorsogon</a></b></li></ul>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align:top;">
<th scope="row" style="width:8em;" data-sort-value="2"><a href="/wiki/File:Ph_fil_car.png" class="image"><img alt="Map of the Philippines highlighting Cordillera Administrative Region" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Ph_fil_car.png/110px-Ph_fil_car.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="172" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Ph_fil_car.png/165px-Ph_fil_car.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Ph_fil_car.png/220px-Ph_fil_car.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3120" /></a>
</th>
<td style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Cordillera_Administrative_Region" title="Cordillera Administrative Region">Cordillera<br />Administrative<br />Region</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(CAR)</span>
</td>
<td>1,722,006<br />(<i><span data-sort-value="7000170000000000000♠">1.7</span>%</i>)
</td>
<td><span data-sort-value="7010194220300000000♠"></span>19,422.03 km<sup>2</sup><br />(7,498.89 sq mi)
</td>
<td><span data-sort-value="6995890000000000000♠"></span>89/km<sup>2</sup><br />(230/sq mi)
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Baguio" title="Baguio">Baguio</a>
</td>
<td><div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;">
<div class="NavHead" style="font-size: 105%; font-weight:normal;text-align:left;padding-left:0.5em;background-color:#F5F5F5;">7</div>
<ul class="NavContent" style="text-align:left;font-size:90%;line-height:1.20em;white-space:nowrap; font-size: 105%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><b><a href="/wiki/Abra_(province)" title="Abra (province)">Abra</a></b></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><b><a href="/wiki/Apayao" title="Apayao">Apayao</a></b></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i><a href="/wiki/Baguio" title="Baguio">Baguio</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-huc_43-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huc-43">[iv]</a></sup></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><b><a href="/wiki/Benguet" title="Benguet">Benguet</a></b></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><b><a href="/wiki/Ifugao" title="Ifugao">Ifugao</a></b></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><b><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_(province)" title="Kalinga (province)">Kalinga</a></b></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><b><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Province" title="Mountain Province">Mountain Province</a></b></li></ul>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align:top;">
<th scope="row" style="width:8em;" data-sort-value="5"><a href="/wiki/File:Ph_fil_ncr.png" class="image"><img alt="Map of the Philippines highlighting the National Capital Region" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Ph_fil_ncr.png/110px-Ph_fil_ncr.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="172" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Ph_fil_ncr.png/165px-Ph_fil_ncr.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Ph_fil_ncr.png/220px-Ph_fil_ncr.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3120" /></a>
</th>
<td style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">National Capital<br />Region</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(NCR)</span>
</td>
<td>12,877,253<br />(<i><span data-sort-value="7001128000000000000♠">12.8</span>%</i>)
</td>
<td><span data-sort-value="7008611390000000000♠"></span>611.39 km<sup>2</sup><br />(236.06 sq mi)
</td>
<td><span data-sort-value="6998209999999999999♠"></span>21,000/km<sup>2</sup><br />(54,000/sq mi)
</td>
<td><b><a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a></b>
</td>
<td><div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;">
<div class="NavHead" style="font-size: 105%; font-weight:normal;text-align:left;padding-left:0.5em;background-color:#F5F5F5;">17</div>
<ul class="NavContent" style="text-align:left;font-size:90%;line-height:1.20em;white-space:nowrap; font-size: 105%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i><a href="/wiki/Caloocan" title="Caloocan">Caloocan</a></i></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i><a href="/wiki/Las_Pi%C3%B1as" title="Las Piñas">Las Piñas</a></i></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i><a href="/wiki/Makati" title="Makati">Makati</a></i></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i><a href="/wiki/Malabon" title="Malabon">Malabon</a></i></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i><a href="/wiki/Mandaluyong" title="Mandaluyong">Mandaluyong</a></i></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i><a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a></i></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i><a href="/wiki/Marikina" title="Marikina">Marikina</a></i></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i><a href="/wiki/Muntinlupa" title="Muntinlupa">Muntinlupa</a></i></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i><a href="/wiki/Navotas" title="Navotas">Navotas</a></i></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i><a href="/wiki/Para%C3%B1aque" title="Parañaque">Parañaque</a></i></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i><a href="/wiki/Pasay" title="Pasay">Pasay</a></i></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i><a href="/wiki/Pasig" title="Pasig">Pasig</a></i></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i><a href="/wiki/Pateros,_Metro_Manila" title="Pateros, Metro Manila">Pateros</a></i></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i><a href="/wiki/Quezon_City" title="Quezon City">Quezon City</a></i></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i><a href="/wiki/San_Juan,_Metro_Manila" title="San Juan, Metro Manila">San Juan</a></i></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i><a href="/wiki/Taguig" title="Taguig">Taguig</a></i></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i><a href="/wiki/Valenzuela,_Metro_Manila" title="Valenzuela, Metro Manila">Valenzuela</a></i></li></ul>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr class="sortbottom" style="font-size:85%;">
<th scope="col" colspan="2">Region
</th>
<th scope="col">2015 census
</th>
<th scope="col">Area
</th>
<th scope="col">Density
</th>
<th scope="col">Regional center
</th>
<th scope="col">Component LGUs
</th></tr>
<tr class="sortbottom" style="text-align:left;background-color:#F2F2F2;">
<td colspan="7">
<dl><dt>Table note(s)</dt></dl>
<div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: lower-roman;">
<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-Area-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Area_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Land area figures are the sum of each region's component provinces (and/or independent cities), derived from the National Statistical Coordination Board (<a href="/wiki/Philippine_Statistics_Authority" title="Philippine Statistics Authority">Philippine Statistics Authority</a>) official website.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Islands-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Islands_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Islands_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The list includes the <a href="/wiki/Island_groups_of_the_Philippines" title="Island groups of the Philippines">associated islands</a> of Luzon (provinces of <a href="/wiki/Marinduque" title="Marinduque">Marinduque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Occidental_Mindoro" title="Occidental Mindoro">Occidental Mindoro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Mindoro" title="Oriental Mindoro">Oriental Mindoro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palawan" title="Palawan">Palawan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romblon" title="Romblon">Romblon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batanes" title="Batanes">Batanes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catanduanes" title="Catanduanes">Catanduanes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Masbate" title="Masbate">Masbate</a>).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-icc-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-icc_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-icc_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-icc_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">An <a href="/wiki/Cities_of_the_Philippines#Classification" title="Cities of the Philippines">independent component city</a>, not under the jurisdiction of any provincial government.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-huc-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-huc_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-huc_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-huc_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-huc_43-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-huc_43-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">A <a href="/wiki/Cities_of_the_Philippines#Classification" title="Cities of the Philippines">highly urbanized city</a>, independent from any province</span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<div class="noprint" style="float:right; clear:right; font-size:x-small;"><a href="#toc">Back to contents</a></div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Tectonics">Tectonics</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luzon&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Tectonics">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Mobile_Belt" title="Philippine Mobile Belt">Philippine Mobile Belt</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Lake_Pinatubo_in_January,_2009.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Lake_Pinatubo_in_January%2C_2009.jpg/220px-Lake_Pinatubo_in_January%2C_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="thumbimage" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Lake_Pinatubo_in_January%2C_2009.jpg/330px-Lake_Pinatubo_in_January%2C_2009.jpg 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Lake_Pinatubo_in_January%2C_2009.jpg/440px-Lake_Pinatubo_in_January%2C_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="405" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Lake_Pinatubo_in_January,_2009.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Lake_Pinatubo" title="Lake Pinatubo">Lake Pinatubo</a> in <a href="/wiki/Zambales" title="Zambales">Zambales</a></div></div></div>
<p>Luzon is part of the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Mobile_Belt" title="Philippine Mobile Belt">Philippine Mobile Belt</a>, a fast deforming plate boundary zone (Gervasio, 1967) hemmed in between two opposing subduction zones, the west-dipping <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Trench" title="Philippine Trench">Philippine Trench</a>-<a href="/wiki/East_Luzon_Trench" class="mw-redirect" title="East Luzon Trench">East Luzon Trench</a> subduction zone, and the east-dipping north-south trending <a href="/wiki/Manila_Trench" title="Manila Trench">Manila Trench</a>-<a href="/wiki/Negros_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Negros (island)">Negros</a> Trench-<a href="/wiki/Cotabato_Trench" title="Cotabato Trench">Cotabato Trench</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[39]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Sea_Plate" title="Philippine Sea Plate">Philippine Sea Plate</a> subducts under eastern Luzon along the East Luzon Trench and the Philippine Trench, while the <a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</a> basin, part of the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian plate">Eurasian plate</a>, subducts under western Luzon along the Manila Trench.
</p><p>The North-Southeastern trending braided left-lateral strike-slip <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Fault_System" title="Philippine Fault System">Philippine Fault System</a> traverses Luzon, from <a href="/wiki/Quezon_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Quezon province">Quezon province</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bicol_Region" title="Bicol Region">Bicol</a> to the northwestern part of the island. This fault system takes up part of the motion due to the subducting plates and produces large earthquakes. Southwest of Luzon is a collision zone where the Palawan micro-block collides with SW Luzon, producing a highly seismic zone near <a href="/wiki/Mindoro" title="Mindoro">Mindoro</a> island. Southwest Luzon is characterized by a highly volcanic zone, called the Macolod Corridor, a region of crustal thinning and spreading.
</p><p>Using geologic and structural data, seven principal blocks were identified in Luzon in 1989: the Sierra Madre Oriental, Angat, <a href="/wiki/Zambales" title="Zambales">Zambales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Cordillera_of_Luzon" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Cordillera of Luzon">Central Cordillera of Luzon</a>, Bicol, and <a href="/wiki/Catanduanes_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Catanduanes Island">Catanduanes Island</a> blocks.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">[40]</a></sup> Using seismic and geodetic data, Luzon was modeled by Galgana et al. (2007) as a series of six micro blocks or micro plates (separated by subduction zones and intra-arc faults), all translating and rotating in different directions, with maximum velocities ~100 mm/yr NW with respect to Sundaland/Eurasia.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Demographics">Demographics</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luzon&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<table class="toccolours" style="width:auto;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><tbody><tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="padding:0.25em;font-size:110%">Population census of Luzon</th></tr><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Per annum growth rate. Executive Order 135 §6 states that for "census years" (years divisible by 10) the reference date would be May 1st, but for all other years, the reference date is to be the "middle of the year". This means that growth rates, although correct, are not necessarily simple year-on-year comparisons.">±% p.a.</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1990 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">30,782,432</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2000 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">39,584,158</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.55%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2010 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">48,520,774</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.06%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2015 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">53,336,134</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.82%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid black;font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: National Statistics Office<sup id="cite_ref-PSA15–d_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PSA15–d-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NSO10–d_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSO10–d-46">[41]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-popnote_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-popnote-3">[a]</a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>As of the 2015 census, the population of Luzon Island is 53,336,134 people,<sup id="cite_ref-PSA15–d_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PSA15–d-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-popnote_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-popnote-3">[a]</a></sup> making it the <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_by_population" title="List of islands by population">4th most populated island in the world</a>.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Cities">Cities</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luzon&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Cities">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:North_EDSA_-_Trinoma,_QC_CBD,_SM_North_(view_from_SMDC_Grass)_(Diliman,_Quezon_City)(2017-09-07)_cropped.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/North_EDSA_-_Trinoma%2C_QC_CBD%2C_SM_North_%28view_from_SMDC_Grass%29_%28Diliman%2C_Quezon_City%29%282017-09-07%29_cropped.jpg/220px-North_EDSA_-_Trinoma%2C_QC_CBD%2C_SM_North_%28view_from_SMDC_Grass%29_%28Diliman%2C_Quezon_City%29%282017-09-07%29_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/North_EDSA_-_Trinoma%2C_QC_CBD%2C_SM_North_%28view_from_SMDC_Grass%29_%28Diliman%2C_Quezon_City%29%282017-09-07%29_cropped.jpg/330px-North_EDSA_-_Trinoma%2C_QC_CBD%2C_SM_North_%28view_from_SMDC_Grass%29_%28Diliman%2C_Quezon_City%29%282017-09-07%29_cropped.jpg 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/North_EDSA_-_Trinoma%2C_QC_CBD%2C_SM_North_%28view_from_SMDC_Grass%29_%28Diliman%2C_Quezon_City%29%282017-09-07%29_cropped.jpg/440px-North_EDSA_-_Trinoma%2C_QC_CBD%2C_SM_North_%28view_from_SMDC_Grass%29_%28Diliman%2C_Quezon_City%29%282017-09-07%29_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3646" data-file-height="2430" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:North_EDSA_-_Trinoma,_QC_CBD,_SM_North_(view_from_SMDC_Grass)_(Diliman,_Quezon_City)(2017-09-07)_cropped.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>A view of Quezon City on September 2017, The Largest city in Luzon island</div></div></div>
<p><a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">Metro Manila</a> is the most populous of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_the_Philippines" title="List of metropolitan areas in the Philippines">3 defined metropolitan areas</a> in the Philippines and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_by_population" title="List of metropolitan areas by population">11th most populous</a> in the world. as of 2007<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="/w/index.php?title=Luzon&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, census data showed it had a population of 11,553,427, comprising 13% of the national population.<sup id="cite_ref-phcensus_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phcensus-47">[42]</a></sup> Including suburbs in the adjacent provinces (<a href="/wiki/Bulacan" title="Bulacan">Bulacan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cavite" title="Cavite">Cavite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laguna_(province)" title="Laguna (province)">Laguna</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rizal" title="Rizal">Rizal</a>) of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Manila_Area" title="Greater Manila Area">Greater Manila</a>, the population is around 21 million.<sup id="cite_ref-phcensus_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phcensus-47">[42]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-demographia_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-demographia-48">[43]</a></sup>
</p><p><br />
</p>
<table class="navbox">
<tbody><tr>
<th colspan="10" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini" style="float: left;height:2.6em;"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Largest_Cities_and_Municipalities_in_Luzon" title="Template:Largest Cities and Municipalities in Luzon"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Largest_Cities_and_Municipalities_in_Luzon" title="Template talk:Largest Cities and Municipalities in Luzon"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Largest_Cities_and_Municipalities_in_Luzon&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;"><span style="font-size:110%;">Largest <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_municipalities_in_the_Philippines#Classification" title="List of cities and municipalities in the Philippines">cities and municipalities</a> in Luzon</span><br /><div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/attachments/hsd/pressrelease/2015%20population%20counts%20Summary_0.xlsx">PSA Census August 2015</a></div></div>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<th></th>
<th><a href="/wiki/List_of_Philippine_cities_and_municipalities_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Philippine cities and municipalities by population">Rank</a>
</th>
<th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_Philippines" title="List of cities in the Philippines">Name</a>
</th>
<th><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_the_Philippines" title="Regions of the Philippines">Region</a>
</th>
<th><a href="/wiki/List_of_Philippine_cities_and_municipalities_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Philippine cities and municipalities by population"> Pop.</a>
</th>
<th><a href="/wiki/List_of_Philippine_cities_and_municipalities_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Philippine cities and municipalities by population">Rank</a>
</th>
<th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_Philippines" title="List of cities in the Philippines">Name</a>
</th>
<th><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_the_Philippines" title="Regions of the Philippines">Region</a>
</th>
<th><a href="/wiki/List_of_Philippine_cities_and_municipalities_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Philippine cities and municipalities by population"> Pop.</a></th>
<th>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Qc-welcome-rotonda-2010.JPG" class="image" title="Quezon City"><img alt="Quezon City" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Qc-welcome-rotonda-2010.JPG/120px-Qc-welcome-rotonda-2010.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="thumbborder" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Qc-welcome-rotonda-2010.JPG/180px-Qc-welcome-rotonda-2010.JPG 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Qc-welcome-rotonda-2010.JPG/240px-Qc-welcome-rotonda-2010.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Quezon_City" title="Quezon City">Quezon City</a><br /><a href="/wiki/File:Manila_as_seen_from_Intramuros.jpg" class="image" title="Manila"><img alt="Manila" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Manila_as_seen_from_Intramuros.jpg/120px-Manila_as_seen_from_Intramuros.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="thumbborder" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Manila_as_seen_from_Intramuros.jpg/180px-Manila_as_seen_from_Intramuros.jpg 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Manila_as_seen_from_Intramuros.jpg/240px-Manila_as_seen_from_Intramuros.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5170" data-file-height="3447" /></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">1</td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Quezon_City" title="Quezon City">Quezon City</a></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">National Capital Region</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right;">2,936,116</td>
<td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">11</td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Las_Pi%C3%B1as" title="Las Piñas">Las Piñas</a></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">National Capital Region</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right;">588,894
</td>
<td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:BalintawakLRTStationjf0743_05.JPG" class="image" title="Caloocan"><img alt="Caloocan" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/BalintawakLRTStationjf0743_05.JPG/120px-BalintawakLRTStationjf0743_05.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="thumbborder" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/BalintawakLRTStationjf0743_05.JPG/180px-BalintawakLRTStationjf0743_05.JPG 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/BalintawakLRTStationjf0743_05.JPG/240px-BalintawakLRTStationjf0743_05.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Caloocan" title="Caloocan">Caloocan</a><br /><a href="/wiki/File:Fort_Bonifacio_2.JPG" class="image" title="Taguig"><img alt="Taguig" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Fort_Bonifacio_2.JPG/120px-Fort_Bonifacio_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="thumbborder" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Fort_Bonifacio_2.JPG/180px-Fort_Bonifacio_2.JPG 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Fort_Bonifacio_2.JPG/240px-Fort_Bonifacio_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Taguig" title="Taguig">Taguig</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">2</td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">National Capital Region</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right;">1,780,148</td>
<td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">12</td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Makati" title="Makati">Makati</a></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">National Capital Region</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right;">582,602
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">3</td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Caloocan" title="Caloocan">Caloocan</a></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">National Capital Region</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right;">1,583,978</td>
<td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">13</td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/San_Jose_del_Monte" title="San Jose del Monte">San Jose del Monte</a></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Luzon" title="Central Luzon">Central Luzon</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right;">574,089
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">4</td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Taguig" title="Taguig">Taguig</a></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">National Capital Region</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right;">804,915</td>
<td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">14</td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Muntinlupa" title="Muntinlupa">Muntinlupa</a></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">National Capital Region</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right;">504,509
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">5</td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Antipolo" title="Antipolo">Antipolo</a></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Calabarzon" title="Calabarzon">Calabarzon</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right;">776,386</td>
<td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">15</td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Calamba,_Laguna" title="Calamba, Laguna">Calamba</a></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Calabarzon" title="Calabarzon">Calabarzon</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right;">454,486
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">6</td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pasig" title="Pasig">Pasig</a></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">National Capital Region</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right;">755,300</td>
<td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">16</td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pasay" title="Pasay">Pasay</a></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">National Capital Region</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right;">416,522
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">7</td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Para%C3%B1aque" title="Parañaque">Parañaque</a></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">National Capital Region</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right;">665,822</td>
<td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">17</td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Angeles,_Philippines" title="Angeles, Philippines">Angeles</a></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Luzon" title="Central Luzon">Central Luzon</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right;">411,634
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">8</td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dasmari%C3%B1as" title="Dasmariñas">Dasmariñas</a></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Calabarzon" title="Calabarzon">Calabarzon</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right;">659,019</td>
<td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">18</td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Imus" title="Imus">Imus</a></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Calabarzon" title="Calabarzon">Calabarzon</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right;">408,112
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">9</td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Valenzuela,_Metro_Manila" title="Valenzuela, Metro Manila">Valenzuela</a></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">National Capital Region</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right;">620,422</td>
<td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">19</td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mandaluyong" title="Mandaluyong">Mandaluyong</a></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">National Capital Region</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right;">386,276
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">10</td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bacoor" title="Bacoor">Bacoor</a></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Calabarzon" title="Calabarzon">Calabarzon</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right;">600,609</td>
<td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">20</td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Rodriguez,_Rizal" title="Rodriguez, Rizal">Rodriguez</a></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Calabarzon" title="Calabarzon">Calabarzon</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right;">369,222
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<p><br />
</p>
<div class="NavFrame" style="font-size:100%;margin:0;border-style:none;padding:0;">
<div class="NavFrame" style="margin:0;border-style:none;padding:0;"><div class="NavHead" style="background:transparent;text-align:center;"> Map of most populated cities and municipalities in the Luzon island group (2015 Census, 100,000+ inhabitants) </div><span style="text-align:center;font-size:85%;"> — View by clicking [show] — </span><div class="NavContent" style="display:none;text-align:left;"> <div class="center"><div class="noviewer thumb tnone"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:1002px"><div style="position:relative;width:1000px;border:1px solid lightgray"><a href="/wiki/File:Philippines_location_map_(Luzon).svg" class="image" title="Map of Luzon island group showing the most populous cities and municipalities in Luzon (2015)"><img alt="Map of Luzon island group showing the most populous cities and municipalities in Luzon (2015)" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Philippines_location_map_%28Luzon%29.svg/1000px-Philippines_location_map_%28Luzon%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="1000" height="1000" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Philippines_location_map_%28Luzon%29.svg/1500px-Philippines_location_map_%28Luzon%29.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Philippines_location_map_%28Luzon%29.svg/2000px-Philippines_location_map_%28Luzon%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="743" data-file-height="743" /></a><div style="position:absolute;top:67.931%;left:41.86%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/Quezon_City" title="Quezon City"><img alt="Quezon City" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div><div style="font-size:90%;line-height:110%;position:absolute;width:6em;top:-0.75em;left:5px;text-align:left"><div style="display:inline;padding:1px;float:left;background-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3)">Quezon City</div></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:68.571%;left:41.145%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila"><img alt="Manila" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div><div style="font-size:90%;line-height:110%;position:absolute;width:6em;top:-0.75em;right:5px;text-align:right"><div style="display:inline;padding:1px;float:right;background-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3)">Manila</div></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:67.865%;left:41.189%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/Caloocan" title="Caloocan"><img alt="Caloocan" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:69.251%;left:42.129%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/Taguig" title="Taguig"><img alt="Taguig" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:68.609%;left:43.185%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/Antipolo,_Rizal" title="Antipolo"><img alt="Antipolo" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:68.891%;left:42.153%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/Pasig" title="Pasig"><img alt="Pasig" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:69.525%;left:41.266%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/Para%C3%B1aque" title="Parañaque"><img alt="Parañaque" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:71.369%;left:40.698%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/Dasmari%C3%B1as,_Cavite" title="Dasmariñas"><img alt="Dasmariñas" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:67.328%;left:40.794%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/Valenzuela,_Metro_Manila" title="Valenzuela"><img alt="Valenzuela" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:69.964%;left:40.73%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/Bacoor,_Cavite" title="Bacoor"><img alt="Bacoor" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:69.739%;left:41.166%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/Las_Pi%C3%B1as" title="Las Piñas"><img alt="Las Piñas" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:68.93%;left:41.599%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/Makati" title="Makati"><img alt="Makati" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:66.244%;left:41.843%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/San_Jose_del_Monte,_Bulacan" title="San Jose del Monte"><img alt="San Jose del Monte" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:70.649%;left:41.817%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/Muntinlupa" title="Muntinlupa"><img alt="Muntinlupa" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:72.605%;left:43.06%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/Calamba,_Laguna" title="Calamba"><img alt="Calamba" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:68.12%;left:42.389%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/Marikina" title="Marikina"><img alt="Marikina" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:69.069%;left:41.306%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/Pasay" title="Pasay"><img alt="Pasay" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:62.74%;left:37.061%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/Angeles,_Pampanga" title="Angeles"><img alt="Angeles" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div><div style="font-size:90%;line-height:110%;position:absolute;width:6em;top:-0.75em;left:5px;text-align:left"><div style="display:inline;padding:1px;float:left;background-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3)">Angeles</div></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:70.394%;left:40.638%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/Imus,_Cavite" title="Imus"><img alt="Imus" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:68.711%;left:41.702%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/Mandaluyong" title="Mandaluyong"><img alt="Mandaluyong" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:67.081%;left:42.869%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/Rodriguez,_Rizal" title="Rodriguez"><img alt="Rodriguez" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:67.673%;left:40.909%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/Malabon" title="Malabon"><img alt="Malabon" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:71.489%;left:42.523%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/Santa_Rosa,_Laguna" title="Santa Rosa"><img alt="Santa Rosa" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:49.236%;left:37.118%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/Baguio,_Benguet" title="Baguio"><img alt="Baguio" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div><div style="font-size:90%;line-height:110%;position:absolute;width:6em;top:-0.75em;left:5px;text-align:left"><div style="display:inline;padding:1px;float:left;background-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3)">Baguio</div></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:59.067%;left:37.078%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/Tarlac_City,_Tarlac" title="Tarlac City"><img alt="Tarlac City" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div><div style="font-size:90%;line-height:110%;position:absolute;width:6em;top:-0.75em;right:5px;text-align:right"><div style="display:inline;padding:1px;float:right;background-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3)">Tarlac City</div></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:71.26%;left:42.216%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/Bi%C3%B1an,_Laguna" title="Biñan"><img alt="Biñan" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:75.463%;left:43.065%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/Lipa,_Batangas" title="Lipa"><img alt="Lipa" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div><div style="font-size:90%;line-height:110%;position:absolute;width:6em;top:-0.75em;left:5px;text-align:left"><div style="display:inline;padding:1px;float:left;background-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3)">Lipa</div></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:77.43%;left:41.955%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/Batangas_City,_Batangas" title="Batangas City"><img alt="Batangas City" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div><div style="font-size:90%;line-height:110%;position:absolute;width:6em;top:-0.75em;right:5px;text-align:right"><div style="display:inline;padding:1px;float:right;background-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3)">Batangas City</div></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:70.998%;left:41.952%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/San_Pedro,_Laguna" title="San Pedro"><img alt="San Pedro" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:68.684%;left:42.555%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/Cainta,_Rizal" title="Cainta"><img alt="Cainta" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:68.795%;left:42.733%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/Taytay,_Rizal" title="Taytay"><img alt="Taytay" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:70.741%;left:40.109%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/General_Trias,_Cavite" title="General Trias"><img alt="General Trias" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:71.9%;left:42.637%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/Cabuyao,_Laguna" title="Cabuyao"><img alt="Cabuyao" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:63.915%;left:38.154%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/San_Fernando,_Pampanga" title="San Fernando"><img alt="San Fernando" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:59.021%;left:41.005%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/Cabanatuan,_Nueva_Ecija" title="Cabanatuan"><img alt="Cabanatuan" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div><div style="font-size:90%;line-height:110%;position:absolute;width:6em;top:-0.75em;left:5px;text-align:left"><div style="display:inline;padding:1px;float:left;background-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3)">Cabanatuan</div></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:69.903%;left:43.355%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/Binangonan,_Rizal" title="Binangonan"><img alt="Binangonan" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:75.531%;left:47.733%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/Lucena,_Quezon" title="Lucena"><img alt="Lucena" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div><div style="font-size:90%;line-height:110%;position:absolute;width:6em;top:-0.75em;left:5px;text-align:left"><div style="display:inline;padding:1px;float:left;background-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3)">Lucena</div></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:74.098%;left:44.745%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/San_Pablo,_Laguna" title="San Pablo"><img alt="San Pablo" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div><div style="font-size:90%;line-height:110%;position:absolute;width:6em;top:-0.75em;left:5px;text-align:left"><div style="display:inline;padding:1px;float:left;background-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3)">San Pablo</div></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:66.132%;left:40.944%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria,_Bulacan" title="Santa Maria"><img alt="Santa Maria" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:120.064%;left:17.812%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Princesa,_Palawan" title="Puerto Princesa"><img alt="Puerto Princesa" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div><div style="font-size:90%;line-height:110%;position:absolute;width:6em;top:-0.75em;left:5px;text-align:left"><div style="display:inline;padding:1px;float:left;background-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3)">Puerto Princesa</div></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:67.469%;left:42.583%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/San_Mateo,_Rizal" title="San Mateo"><img alt="San Mateo" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:65.918%;left:39.392%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/Malolos,_Bulacan" title="Malolos"><img alt="Malolos" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:61.86%;left:36.909%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/Mabalacat,_Pampanga" title="Mabalacat"><img alt="Mabalacat" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div><div style="font-size:90%;line-height:110%;position:absolute;width:6em;top:-0.75em;right:5px;text-align:right"><div style="display:inline;padding:1px;float:right;background-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3)">Mabalacat</div></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:67.867%;left:40.81%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/Navotas" title="Navotas"><img alt="Navotas" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:72.467%;left:41.084%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/Silang,_Cavite" title="Silang"><img alt="Silang" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:66.015%;left:33.891%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/Olongapo,_Zambales" title="Olongapo"><img alt="Olongapo" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div><div style="font-size:90%;line-height:110%;position:absolute;width:6em;top:-0.75em;right:5px;text-align:right"><div style="display:inline;padding:1px;float:right;background-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3)">Olongapo</div></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:70.675%;left:39.828%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/Tanza,_Cavite" title="Tanza"><img alt="Tanza" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:66.803%;left:40.809%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/Marilao,_Bulacan" title="Marilao"><img alt="Marilao" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:67.028%;left:40.909%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/Meycauayan,_Bulacan" title="Meycauayan"><img alt="Meycauayan" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:83.983%;left:69.836%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/Legazpi,_Albay" title="Legazpi"><img alt="Legazpi" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div><div style="font-size:90%;line-height:110%;position:absolute;width:6em;top:-0.75em;left:5px;text-align:left"><div style="display:inline;padding:1px;float:left;background-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3)">Legazpi</div></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:78.832%;left:64.115%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/Naga,_Camarines_Sur" title="Naga"><img alt="Naga" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div><div style="font-size:90%;line-height:110%;position:absolute;width:6em;top:-0.75em;left:5px;text-align:left"><div style="display:inline;padding:1px;float:left;background-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3)">Naga</div></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:54.377%;left:34.56%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/San_Carlos,_Pangasinan" title="San Carlos"><img alt="San Carlos" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div><div style="font-size:90%;line-height:110%;position:absolute;width:6em;top:-0.75em;right:5px;text-align:right"><div style="display:inline;padding:1px;float:right;background-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3)">San Carlos</div></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:73.707%;left:43.038%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/Santo_Tomas,_Batangas" title="Santo Tomas"><img alt="Santo Tomas" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:73.935%;left:42.946%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/Tanauan,_Batangas" title="Tanauan"><img alt="Tanauan" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:53.159%;left:34.453%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/Dagupan,_Pangasinan" title="Dagupan"><img alt="Dagupan" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div><div style="font-size:90%;line-height:110%;position:absolute;width:6em;top:-0.75em;right:5px;text-align:right"><div style="display:inline;padding:1px;float:right;background-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3)">Dagupan</div></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:85.768%;left:72.658%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/Sorsogon_City,_Sorsogon" title="Sorsogon City"><img alt="Sorsogon City" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div><div style="font-size:90%;line-height:110%;position:absolute;width:6em;top:-0.75em;left:5px;text-align:left"><div style="display:inline;padding:1px;float:left;background-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3)">Sorsogon City</div></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:64.885%;left:37.192%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/Lubao,_Pampanga" title="Lubao"><img alt="Lubao" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:71.875%;left:39.971%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/Trece_Martires,_Cavite" title="Trece Martires"><img alt="Trece Martires" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:71.674%;left:41.426%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/General_Mariano_Alvarez,_Cavite" title="General Mariano Alvarez"><img alt="General Mariano Alvarez" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:63.537%;left:38.438%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/Mexico,_Pampanga" title="Mexico"><img alt="Mexico" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:60.782%;left:37.765%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/Concepcion,_Tarlac" title="Concepcion"><img alt="Concepcion" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:62.678%;left:41.085%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/San_Miguel,_Bulacan" title="San Miguel"><img alt="San Miguel" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:36.492%;left:48.986%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/Tuguegarao,_Cagayan" title="Tuguegarao"><img alt="Tuguegarao" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div><div style="font-size:90%;line-height:110%;position:absolute;width:6em;top:-0.75em;left:5px;text-align:left"><div style="display:inline;padding:1px;float:left;background-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3)">Tuguegarao</div></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:64.666%;left:40.281%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/Baliuag,_Bulacan" title="Baliuag"><img alt="Baliuag" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:75.235%;left:46.816%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/Sariaya,_Quezon" title="Sariaya"><img alt="Sariaya" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:41.463%;left:50.614%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/Ilagan,_Isabela" title="Ilagan"><img alt="Ilagan" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div><div style="font-size:90%;line-height:110%;position:absolute;width:6em;top:-0.75em;left:5px;text-align:left"><div style="display:inline;padding:1px;float:left;background-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3)">Ilagan</div></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:92.326%;left:42.044%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/San_Jose,_Occidental_Mindoro" title="San Jose"><img alt="San Jose" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div><div style="font-size:90%;line-height:110%;position:absolute;width:6em;top:-0.75em;left:5px;text-align:left"><div style="display:inline;padding:1px;float:left;background-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3)">San Jose</div></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:60.657%;left:37.082%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/Capas,_Tarlac" title="Capas"><img alt="Capas" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:55.84%;left:41.25%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/San_Jose,_Nueva_Ecija" title="San Jose"><img alt="San Jose" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div><div style="font-size:90%;line-height:110%;position:absolute;width:6em;top:-0.75em;left:5px;text-align:left"><div style="display:inline;padding:1px;float:left;background-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3)">San Jose</div></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:46.311%;left:47.027%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/Santiago,_Isabela" title="Santiago"><img alt="Santiago" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div><div style="font-size:90%;line-height:110%;position:absolute;width:6em;top:-0.75em;left:5px;text-align:left"><div style="display:inline;padding:1px;float:left;background-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3)">Santiago</div></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:74.062%;left:37.523%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/Nasugbu,_Batangas" title="Nasugbu"><img alt="Nasugbu" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div><div style="font-size:90%;line-height:110%;position:absolute;width:6em;top:-0.75em;right:5px;text-align:right"><div style="display:inline;padding:1px;float:right;background-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3)">Nasugbu</div></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:81.136%;left:43.206%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/Calapan,_Oriental_Mindoro" title="Calapan"><img alt="Calapan" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div><div style="font-size:90%;line-height:110%;position:absolute;width:6em;top:-0.75em;left:5px;text-align:left"><div style="display:inline;padding:1px;float:left;background-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3)">Calapan</div></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:81.643%;left:69.79%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/Tabaco,_Albay" title="Tabaco"><img alt="Tabaco" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div><div style="font-size:90%;line-height:110%;position:absolute;width:6em;top:-0.75em;left:5px;text-align:left"><div style="display:inline;padding:1px;float:left;background-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3)">Tabaco</div></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:62.632%;left:38.932%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/Arayat,_Pampanga" title="Arayat"><img alt="Arayat" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:53.872%;left:36.844%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/Urdaneta,_Pangasinan" title="Urdaneta"><img alt="Urdaneta" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div><div style="font-size:90%;line-height:110%;position:absolute;width:6em;top:-0.75em;left:5px;text-align:left"><div style="display:inline;padding:1px;float:left;background-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3)">Urdaneta</div></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:54.468%;left:35.249%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/Malasiqui,_Pangasinan" title="Malasiqui"><img alt="Malasiqui" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:65.983%;left:38.577%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/Hagonoy,_Bulacan" title="Hagonoy"><img alt="Hagonoy" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:43.691%;left:49.34%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/Cauayan,_Isabela" title="Cauayan"><img alt="Cauayan" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div><div style="font-size:90%;line-height:110%;position:absolute;width:6em;top:-0.75em;left:5px;text-align:left"><div style="display:inline;padding:1px;float:left;background-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3)">Cauayan</div></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:48.708%;left:37.068%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/La_Trinidad,_Benguet" title="La Trinidad"><img alt="La Trinidad" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div><div style="font-size:90%;line-height:110%;position:absolute;width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em;text-align:center"><div style="display:inline;padding:1px;background-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3)">La Trinidad</div></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:70.217%;left:36.045%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/Mariveles,_Bataan" title="Mariveles"><img alt="Mariveles" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div><div style="font-size:90%;line-height:110%;position:absolute;width:6em;top:-0.75em;right:5px;text-align:right"><div style="display:inline;padding:1px;float:right;background-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3)">Mariveles</div></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:83.887%;left:69.616%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/Daraga,_Albay" title="Daraga"><img alt="Daraga" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:64.481%;left:36.445%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/Floridablanca,_Pampanga" title="Floridablanca"><img alt="Floridablanca" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:58.068%;left:40.52%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/Talavera,_Nueva_Ecija" title="Talavera"><img alt="Talavera" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div><div style="font-size:90%;line-height:110%;position:absolute;width:6em;top:-0.75em;left:5px;text-align:left"><div style="display:inline;padding:1px;float:left;background-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3)">Talavera</div></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:63.458%;left:36.574%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/Porac,_Pampanga" title="Porac"><img alt="Porac" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:68.421%;left:41.666%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/San_Juan,_Metro_Manila" title="San Juan"><img alt="San Juan" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:47.086%;left:34.227%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/San_Fernando,_La_Union" title="San Fernando"><img alt="San Fernando" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div><div style="font-size:90%;line-height:110%;position:absolute;width:6em;top:-0.75em;right:5px;text-align:right"><div style="display:inline;padding:1px;float:right;background-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3)">San Fernando</div></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:66.352%;left:40.588%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/Bocaue,_Bulacan" title="Bocaue"><img alt="Bocaue" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:57.194%;left:38.914%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/Guimba,_Nueva_Ecija" title="Guimba"><img alt="Guimba" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div><div style="font-size:90%;line-height:110%;position:absolute;width:6em;top:-0.75em;right:5px;text-align:right"><div style="display:inline;padding:1px;float:right;background-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3)">Guimba</div></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:55.639%;left:35.667%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/Bayambang,_Pangasinan" title="Bayambang"><img alt="Bayambang" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div><div style="font-size:90%;line-height:110%;position:absolute;width:6em;top:-0.75em;right:5px;text-align:right"><div style="display:inline;padding:1px;float:right;background-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3)">Bayambang</div></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:69.552%;left:44.322%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/Tanay,_Rizal" title="Tanay"><img alt="Tanay" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div><div style="font-size:90%;line-height:110%;position:absolute;width:6em;top:-0.75em;left:5px;text-align:left"><div style="display:inline;padding:1px;float:left;background-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3)">Tanay</div></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:71.811%;left:45.66%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz,_Laguna" title="Santa Cruz"><img alt="Santa Cruz" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div><div style="font-size:90%;line-height:110%;position:absolute;width:6em;top:-0.75em;left:5px;text-align:left"><div style="display:inline;padding:1px;float:left;background-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3)">Santa Cruz</div></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:75.548%;left:45.754%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/Candelaria,_Quezon" title="Candelaria"><img alt="Candelaria" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:64.592%;left:37.538%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/Guagua,_Pampanga" title="Guagua"><img alt="Guagua" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:76.495%;left:43.474%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/Rosario,_Batangas" title="Rosario"><img alt="Rosario" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:69.264%;left:42.952%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/Angono,_Rizal" title="Angono"><img alt="Angono" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:61.946%;left:37.831%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/Magalang,_Pampanga" title="Magalang"><img alt="Magalang" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:72.956%;left:43.66%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/Los_Ba%C3%B1os,_Laguna" title="Los Baños"><img alt="Los Baños" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:80.975%;left:66.489%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/Iriga,_Camarines_Sur" title="Iriga"><img alt="Iriga" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div><div style="font-size:90%;line-height:110%;position:absolute;width:6em;top:-0.75em;right:5px;text-align:right"><div style="display:inline;padding:1px;float:right;background-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3)">Iriga</div></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:63.243%;left:39.558%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/Candaba,_Pampanga" title="Candaba"><img alt="Candaba" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:71.429%;left:38.976%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/Naic,_Cavite" title="Naic"><img alt="Naic" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:82.897%;left:67.784%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/Ligao,_Albay" title="Ligao"><img alt="Ligao" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div><div style="font-size:90%;line-height:110%;position:absolute;width:6em;top:-0.75em;right:5px;text-align:right"><div style="display:inline;padding:1px;float:right;background-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3)">Ligao</div></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:65.212%;left:41.839%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/Norzagaray,_Bulacan" title="Norzagaray"><img alt="Norzagaray" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div><div style="font-size:90%;line-height:110%;position:absolute;width:6em;top:-0.75em;left:5px;text-align:left"><div style="display:inline;padding:1px;float:left;background-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3)">Norzagaray</div></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:30.283%;left:37.12%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/Laoag,_Ilocos_Norte" title="Laoag"><img alt="Laoag" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div><div style="font-size:90%;line-height:110%;position:absolute;width:6em;top:-0.75em;right:5px;text-align:right"><div style="display:inline;padding:1px;float:right;background-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3)">Laoag</div></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:70.434%;left:39.826%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/Rosario,_Cavite" title="Rosario"><img alt="Rosario" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:38.603%;left:45.979%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/Tabuk,_Kalinga" title="Tabuk"><img alt="Tabuk" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div><div style="font-size:90%;line-height:110%;position:absolute;width:6em;top:-0.75em;left:5px;text-align:left"><div style="display:inline;padding:1px;float:left;background-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3)">Tabuk</div></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:60.907%;left:40.828%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/Gapan,_Nueva_Ecija" title="Gapan"><img alt="Gapan" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div><div style="font-size:90%;line-height:110%;position:absolute;width:6em;top:-0.75em;left:5px;text-align:left"><div style="display:inline;padding:1px;float:left;background-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3)">Gapan</div></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:65.126%;left:38.892%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/Calumpit,_Bulacan" title="Calumpit"><img alt="Calumpit" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:78.091%;left:62.833%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/Libmanan,_Camarines_Sur" title="Libmanan"><img alt="Libmanan" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div><div style="font-size:90%;line-height:110%;position:absolute;width:6em;top:-0.75em;right:5px;text-align:right"><div style="display:inline;padding:1px;float:right;background-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3)">Libmanan</div></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:76.703%;left:45.481%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/San_Juan,_Batangas" title="San Juan"><img alt="San Juan" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:64.754%;left:38.853%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/Apalit,_Pampanga" title="Apalit"><img alt="Apalit" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:65.446%;left:39.886%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/Plaridel,_Bulacan" title="Plaridel"><img alt="Plaridel" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:65.644%;left:35.761%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/Dinalupihan,_Bataan" title="Dinalupihan"><img alt="Dinalupihan" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:52.902%;left:35.115%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/Mangaldan,_Pangasinan" title="Mangaldan"><img alt="Mangaldan" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:73.639%;left:61.728%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/Daet,_Camarines_Norte" title="Daet"><img alt="Daet" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div><div style="font-size:90%;line-height:110%;position:absolute;width:6em;top:-0.75em;left:5px;text-align:left"><div style="display:inline;padding:1px;float:left;background-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3)">Daet</div></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:65.527%;left:33.379%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/Subic,_Zambales" title="Subic"><img alt="Subic" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:63.396%;left:40.727%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/San_Ildefonso,_Bulacan" title="San Ildefonso"><img alt="San Ildefonso" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:53.391%;left:33.34%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/Lingayen,_Pangasinan" title="Lingayen"><img alt="Lingayen" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:82.015%;left:44.51%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/Naujan,_Oriental_Mindoro" title="Naujan"><img alt="Naujan" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div><div style="font-size:90%;line-height:110%;position:absolute;width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em;text-align:center"><div style="display:inline;padding:1px;background-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3)">Naujan</div></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:69.724%;left:40.405%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/Cavite_City,_Cavite" title="Cavite City"><img alt="Cavite City" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:73.19%;left:60.426%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/Labo,_Camarines_Norte" title="Labo"><img alt="Labo" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div><div style="font-size:90%;line-height:110%;position:absolute;width:6em;top:-0.75em;right:5px;text-align:right"><div style="display:inline;padding:1px;float:right;background-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3)">Labo</div></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:88.984%;left:71.328%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><a href="/wiki/Bulan,_Sorsogon" title="Bulan"><img alt="Bulan" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/8px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/12px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/16px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Philippines_location_map_(Luzon).svg" title="File:Philippines location map (Luzon).svg"> </a></div><div style="text-align:center;"><b>Largest cities and municipalities in the Luzon island group</b><br />(2015 Census, 100,000+ inhabitants)<sup id="cite_ref-PSA15–[[Category:Errors_reported_by_Module_String]]<strong_class="error">String_Module_Error:_String_subset_index_out_of_range</strong>_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PSA15–[[Category:Errors_reported_by_Module_String]]<strong_class="error">String_Module_Error:_String_subset_index_out_of_range</strong>-49">[44]</a></sup></div></div></div></div></div> </div>
</div>
</div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Ethnic_groups">Ethnic groups</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luzon&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Ethnic groups">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ifugao_headhunter.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Ifugao_headhunter.jpg/170px-Ifugao_headhunter.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="236" class="thumbimage" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Ifugao_headhunter.jpg/255px-Ifugao_headhunter.jpg 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Ifugao_headhunter.jpg/340px-Ifugao_headhunter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="502" data-file-height="696" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Ifugao_headhunter.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>An <a href="/wiki/Igorot_people" title="Igorot people">Ifugao</a> warrior with some of his trophies, Cordillera Mountains, circa 1912</div></div></div>
<p>Seven major <a href="/wiki/Filipinos" title="Filipinos">Philippine</a> <a href="/wiki/Ethnolinguistics" title="Ethnolinguistics">ethnolinguistic</a> groups predominate Luzon. <a href="/wiki/Ilocano_people" title="Ilocano people">Ilocanos</a> dominate northern Luzon, while <a href="/wiki/Kapampangan_people" title="Kapampangan people">Kapampangans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pangasinan_people" title="Pangasinan people">Pangasinenses</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_people" title="Tagalog people">Tagalogs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sambal_people" title="Sambal people">Sambals</a>, populate <a href="/wiki/Central_Luzon" title="Central Luzon">Central Luzon</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_people" title="Tagalog people">Tagalogs</a> dominate the <a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">National Capital Region</a>, <a href="/wiki/CALABARZON" class="mw-redirect" title="CALABARZON">CALABARZON</a> and the island provinces of <a href="/wiki/Marinduque" title="Marinduque">Marinduque</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mindoro" title="Mindoro">Mindoro</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Bicolano_people" title="Bicolano people">Bicolanos</a> populate the southern <a href="/wiki/Bicol_Region" title="Bicol Region">Bicol</a> peninsula. <a href="/wiki/Visayans" title="Visayans">Visayans</a> mainly predominate in the island provinces of <a href="/wiki/Masbate" title="Masbate">Masbate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palawan" title="Palawan">Palawan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romblon" title="Romblon">Romblon</a>.
</p><p>Other ethnic groups lesser in population include the <a href="/wiki/Aeta" class="mw-redirect" title="Aeta">Aetas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Zambales" title="Zambales">Zambales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bataan" title="Bataan">Bataan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ibanag_people" title="Ibanag people">Ibanags</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cagayan_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Cagayan province">Cagayan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isabela_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Isabela province">Isabela</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Igorot" class="mw-redirect" title="Igorot">Igorot/Cordillerans</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Cordillera_Administrative_Region" title="Cordillera Administrative Region">Cordilleras</a>.
</p>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups of the Philippines">Ethnic groups of the Philippines</a></div>
<p>Due to recent migrations, populations of <a href="/wiki/Filipino_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Filipino Chinese">Chinese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moro_people" title="Moro people">Moros</a> have also been present in urban areas. <a href="/wiki/Filipino_mestizo" title="Filipino mestizo">Mixed-race</a> populations of <a href="/wiki/Filipinos_of_Spanish_descent" class="mw-redirect" title="Filipinos of Spanish descent">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Filipinos_of_American_descent" class="mw-redirect" title="Filipinos of American descent">Americans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Filipinos_of_Japanese_descent" class="mw-redirect" title="Filipinos of Japanese descent">Japanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_the_Philippines" title="Koreans in the Philippines">Koreans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Filipinos_of_Indian_descent" class="mw-redirect" title="Filipinos of Indian descent">Indians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexican_settlement_in_the_Philippines" title="Mexican settlement in the Philippines">Mexicans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> are also visible. The Chinese and their mixed-raced descendants are spread all across Luzon. According to old Spanish censuses, around 1/3rd of the population of Luzon are admixed with either Spanish or Latino descent (Mostly in Cavite and Manila)<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[45]</a></sup> Most Americans have settled in Central Luzon's highly urbanized cities of <a href="/wiki/Angeles_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Angeles City">Angeles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Olongapo_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Olongapo City">Olongapo</a> due to the former presence of the U.S. air and naval bases in there, while a majority of the Koreans and Japanese have mainly settled in the major cities and towns.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Languages">Languages</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luzon&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Languages">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Philippines" title="Languages of the Philippines">Languages of the Philippines</a></div>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Philippine_languages_per_region.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Philippine_languages_per_region.png/170px-Philippine_languages_per_region.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="265" class="thumbimage" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Philippine_languages_per_region.png/255px-Philippine_languages_per_region.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Philippine_languages_per_region.png/340px-Philippine_languages_per_region.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3120" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Philippine_languages_per_region.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Dominant languages per administrative region.</div></div></div>
<p>Almost all of the languages of Luzon belong to the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_languages" title="Philippine languages">Philippine</a> group of the <a href="/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Malayo-Polynesian languages">Malayo-Polynesian</a> branch of the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian language family</a>. Major regional languages include: <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilocano_language" title="Ilocano language">Ilocano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bicolano_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicolano language">Bicolano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kapampangan_language" title="Kapampangan language">Kapampangan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pangasinan_language" title="Pangasinan language">Pangasinan</a>.
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Philippine_English" title="Philippine English">English</a> is spoken by many inhabitants. The use of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_Philippines" title="Spanish language in the Philippines">Spanish</a> as an <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a> declined following the <a href="/wiki/American_occupation_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="American occupation of the Philippines">American occupation of the Philippines</a>. Almost inexistent among the general populace, Spanish is still used by the elderly of some families of great tradition (Rizal, Liboro...).
</p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Paoay_Church_of_Ilocos_Norte,_Philippines.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Paoay_Church_of_Ilocos_Norte%2C_Philippines.JPG/220px-Paoay_Church_of_Ilocos_Norte%2C_Philippines.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="thumbimage" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Paoay_Church_of_Ilocos_Norte%2C_Philippines.JPG/330px-Paoay_Church_of_Ilocos_Norte%2C_Philippines.JPG 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Paoay_Church_of_Ilocos_Norte%2C_Philippines.JPG/440px-Paoay_Church_of_Ilocos_Norte%2C_Philippines.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3296" data-file-height="2189" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Paoay_Church_of_Ilocos_Norte,_Philippines.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Paoay_Church" title="Paoay Church">Saint Augustine Catholic Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paoay,_Ilocos_Norte" class="mw-redirect" title="Paoay, Ilocos Norte">Paoay</a></div></div></div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Religion">Religion</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luzon&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Philippines" title="Religion in the Philippines">Religion in the Philippines</a></div>
<p>Like most of the Philippines, the major religion in Luzon is <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Philippines" title="Christianity in the Philippines">Christianity</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in the Philippines">Roman Catholicism</a> being the major <a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">denomination</a>. Other major sects includes <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_the_Philippines" title="Protestantism in the Philippines">Protestantism</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Independent_Church" title="Philippine Independent Church">Philippine Independent Church</a> (Aglipayans), the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons), and the <a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[46]</a></sup> Indigenous traditions and rituals, though rare, are also present.
</p><p>There are also sizable communities of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_Philippines" title="Hinduism in the Philippines">Hindus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Philippines" title="Buddhism in the Philippines">Buddhists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Philippines" title="Islam in the Philippines">Muslims</a> in <a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">Metro Manila</a> and in other, especially, urban areas due to the immigration of <a href="/wiki/Moro_people" title="Moro people">Moros</a> and <a href="/wiki/Filipino_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Filipino Chinese">Chinese</a> to the island.
</p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:EDSA-Guadalupe_northward_view_2012-10-29.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/EDSA-Guadalupe_northward_view_2012-10-29.jpg/220px-EDSA-Guadalupe_northward_view_2012-10-29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/EDSA-Guadalupe_northward_view_2012-10-29.jpg/330px-EDSA-Guadalupe_northward_view_2012-10-29.jpg 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/EDSA-Guadalupe_northward_view_2012-10-29.jpg/440px-EDSA-Guadalupe_northward_view_2012-10-29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:EDSA-Guadalupe_northward_view_2012-10-29.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/EDSA_(road)" title="EDSA (road)">EDSA</a>, a major thoroughfare in <a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">Metro Manila</a></div></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Economy">Economy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luzon&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>The economy of the island is centered in <a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">Metro Manila</a> with <a href="/wiki/Makati" title="Makati">Makati</a> serving as the main economic and financial hub. Major companies such as <a href="/wiki/Ayala_Corporation" title="Ayala Corporation">Ayala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jollibee_Foods_Corporation" title="Jollibee Foods Corporation">Jollibee Foods Corporation</a>, <a href="/wiki/SM_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="SM Group">SM Group</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Bank_and_Trust_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan Bank and Trust Company">Metrobank</a> are based in the business districts of <a href="/wiki/Makati" title="Makati">Makati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ortigas_Center" title="Ortigas Center">Ortigas Center</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bonifacio_Global_City" title="Bonifacio Global City">Bonifacio Global City</a>. Industry is concentrated in and around the urban areas of Metro Manila while agriculture predominates in the other regions of the island producing crops such as rice, bananas, mangoes, coconuts, pineapple, and coffee.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[47]</a></sup> Other sectors include livestock raising, tourism, mining, and fishing.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luzon&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><img alt="flag" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="noviewer thumbborder" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philippines" title="Portal:Philippines">Philippines portal</a></span></li>
<li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg" class="image"><img alt="icon" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/28px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="noviewer" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/42px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/56px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islands" title="Portal:Islands">Islands portal</a></span></li>
<li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><img alt="icon" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/28px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="noviewer" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/42px-Terra.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/56px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="599" data-file-height="599" /></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography portal</a></span></li></ul></div>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_the_Philippines" title="Regions of the Philippines">Regions of the Philippines</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Philippines" title="Provinces of the Philippines">Provinces of the Philippines</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Luzon" title="Battle of Luzon">Battle of Luzon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Visayas" title="Visayas">Visayas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luzon&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-popnote-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-popnote_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-popnote_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-popnote_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Figure composed of the 8 administrative regions excluding the island provinces of Batanes, Catanduanes, and Masbate and the region MIMAROPA.</span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<div style="clear:both;"></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luzon&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;">
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-unep-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-unep_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-unep_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-unep_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://islands.unep.ch/IHE.htm#898">"Islands of Philippines"</a>. <i>Island Directory Tables</i>. United Nations Environment Programme<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Island+Directory+Tables&rft.atitle=Islands+of+Philippines&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fislands.unep.ch%2FIHE.htm%23898&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuzon" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-PSA15–d-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PSA15–d_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PSA15–d_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PSA15–d_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PSA15–d_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PSA15–d_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PSA15–d_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">
<cite class="citation encyclopaedia">Census of Population (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/attachments/hsd/pressrelease/2015%20population%20counts%20Summary_0.xlsx"><i>Highlights of the Philippine Population 2015 Census of Population</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Statistics_Authority" title="Philippine Statistics Authority">PSA</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Highlights+of+the+Philippine+Population+2015+Census+of+Population&rft.pub=PSA&rft.au=Census+of+Population+%282015%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.psa.gov.ph%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fattachments%2Fhsd%2Fpressrelease%2F2015%2520population%2520counts%2520Summary_0.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuzon" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/>
</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-ThePHArchipelago-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ThePHArchipelago_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Boquet, Yves (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=90C4DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA16&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>The Philippine Archipelago</i></a>. Springer. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783319519265" title="Special:BookSources/9783319519265"><bdi>9783319519265</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philippine+Archipelago&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9783319519265&rft.aulast=Boquet&rft.aufirst=Yves&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D90C4DgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA16%26redir_esc%3Dy%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuzon" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-unique-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-unique_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Zaide, Sonia M. <i>The Philippines, a Unique Nation</i>. p. 50.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philippines%2C+a+Unique+Nation&rft.pages=50&rft.aulast=Zaide&rft.aufirst=Sonia+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuzon" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Keat Gin Ooi (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&pg=PA798"><i>Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 798. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-770-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-770-2"><bdi>978-1-57607-770-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southeast+Asia%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia%2C+from+Angkor+Wat+to+East+Timor&rft.pages=798&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-770-2&rft.au=Keat+Gin+Ooi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.ph%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQKgraWbb7yoC%26pg%3DPA798&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuzon" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Roberts1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Roberts1_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roberts1_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Roberts, Edmund (1837). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdl.org/en/item/7317/view/1/59/"><i>Embassy to the Eastern Courts of Cochin-China, Siam, and Muscat</i></a>. New York: Harper & Brothers. p. 59.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Embassy+to+the+Eastern+Courts+of+Cochin-China%2C+Siam%2C+and+Muscat&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers&rft.date=1837&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Edmund&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wdl.org%2Fen%2Fitem%2F7317%2Fview%2F1%2F59%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuzon" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-EulitoandJavier2008-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EulitoandJavier2008_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Bautista, Eulito U.; Javier, Evelyn F. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dirp4.pids.gov.ph/ris/rps/pidsrp0802.pdf">"Rice Production Practices: PIDS Research Paper Series 2008-02"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Philippine Institute of Development Studies Research Papers Series</i>. Philippine Institute of Development Studies: 44.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Institute+of+Development+Studies+Research+Papers+Series&rft.atitle=Rice+Production+Practices%3A+PIDS+Research+Paper+Series+2008-02&rft.pages=44&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Bautista&rft.aufirst=Eulito+U.&rft.au=Javier%2C+Evelyn+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdirp4.pids.gov.ph%2Fris%2Frps%2Fpidsrp0802.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuzon" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mts.net/~pmorrow/lcieng.htm">Laguna Copperplate Inscription – Article in English</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080205031106/http://www.mts.net/~pmorrow/lcieng.htm">Archived</a> 2008-02-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Mts.net (2006-07-14). Retrieved on 2010-12-19.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kekai, Paul. (2006-09-05) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sambali.blogspot.com/2006/09/luzon-jars-glossary.html">Quests of the Dragon and Bird Clan: Luzon Jars (Glossary)</a>. Sambali.blogspot.com. Retrieved on 2010-12-19.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seapots.com/home/index.php/production-centers-pottery-groups/philippines">South East Asia Pottery – Philippines</a>. Seapots.com. Retrieved on 2010-12-19. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141019011022/http://www.seapots.com/home/index.php/production-centers-pottery-groups/philippines">Archived</a> October 19, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam2009" class="citation book"><i>History for Brunei Darussalam: Sharing our Past</i>. Curriculum Development Department, Ministry of Education. 2009. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-99917-2-372-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-99917-2-372-3"><bdi>978-99917-2-372-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+for+Brunei+Darussalam%3A+Sharing+our+Past&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=Curriculum+Development+Department%2C+Ministry+of+Education&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-99917-2-372-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuzon" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHo2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidEwnzBiM0LmACpgPA33_33]-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHo2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidEwnzBiM0LmACpgPA33_33]_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHo2009">Ho 2009</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EwnzBiM0LmAC&pg=PA33">33</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarnow2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidVbwogbQ3l8UCpgPT84_84]-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarnow2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidVbwogbQ3l8UCpgPT84_84]_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKarnow2010">Karnow 2010</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VbwogbQ3l8UC&pg=PT84">84</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9KfnAAAAMAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=vassals"><i>Encyclopædia Britannica, Volume 9</i></a>. Contributor: Walter Yust. EncyclopÆdia Britannica. 1954. p. 75<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-06-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Volume+9&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%86dia+Britannica&rft.date=1954&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9KfnAAAAMAAJ%26focus%3Dsearchwithinvolume%26q%3Dvassals&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuzon" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uWzjAAAAMAAJ">"Philippine Almanac & Handbook of Facts" 1977</a>, p. 59.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Frans Welman (1 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kb7OXcSH7ScC&pg=PA8"><i>Borneo Trilogy Brunei: Vol 1</i></a>. Booksmango. pp. 8–. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-616-222-235-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-616-222-235-1"><bdi>978-616-222-235-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Borneo+Trilogy+Brunei%3A+Vol+1&rft.pages=8-&rft.pub=Booksmango&rft.date=2013-08-01&rft.isbn=978-616-222-235-1&rft.au=Frans+Welman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dkb7OXcSH7ScC%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuzon" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Scott, William Henry (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150724123829/http://www.asj.upd.edu.ph/mediabox/archive/ASJ-21-1983/scott.pdf">"Filipinos in China in 1500"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>China Studies Program</i>. De la Salle University. p. 8. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asj.upd.edu.ph/mediabox/archive/ASJ-21-1983/scott.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2015-07-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-06-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=China+Studies+Program&rft.atitle=Filipinos+in+China+in+1500&rft.pages=8&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=William+Henry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asj.upd.edu.ph%2Fmediabox%2Farchive%2FASJ-21-1983%2Fscott.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuzon" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pires, Tomé, A suma oriental de Tomé Pires e o livro de Francisco Rodriguez: Leitura e notas de Armando Cortesão [1512–1515], translated and edited by Armando Cortesao, Cambridge: Hakluyt Society, 1944.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Antony, Robert J. Elusive Pirates, Pervasive Smugglers: Violence and Clandestine Trade in the Greater China Seas. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2010. Print, 76.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Junker, Laura L. Raiding, Trading, and Feasting: The Political Economy of Philippine Chiefdoms. Honolulu: University of Hawaiì Press, 1999.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilkinson, R J. An Abridged Malay-English Dictionary (romanised). London: Macmillan and Co, 1948. Print, 291.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Junker, 400. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://sambali.blogspot.com/2014/12/the-borneo-route.html">http://sambali.blogspot.com/2014/12/the-borneo-route.html</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Pinto-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pinto_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pinto_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal"><a href="/wiki/Fernao_Mendes_Pinto" class="mw-redirect" title="Fernao Mendes Pinto">Pinto, Fernao Mendes</a> (1989) [1578]. "The travels of Mendes Pinto". Translated by Rebecca Catz. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+travels+of+Mendes+Pinto.&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Pinto&rft.aufirst=Fernao+Mendes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuzon" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-hidden-error error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Pigafetta-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pigafetta_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPigafetta1969" class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Pigafetta" title="Antonio Pigafetta">Pigafetta, Antonio</a> (1969) [1524]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/009797644"><i>First voyage round the world</i></a>. Translated by J.A. Robertson. Manila: Filipiniana Book Guild.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First+voyage+round+the+world&rft.place=Manila&rft.pub=Filipiniana+Book+Guild&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Pigafetta&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.hathitrust.org%2FRecord%2F009797644&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuzon" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPigafetta1969195-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPigafetta1969195_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPigafetta1969">Pigafetta 1969</a>, p. 195.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Pires-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pires_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A9_Pires" title="Tomé Pires">Pires, Tomé</a> (1944). Armando Cortesao (translator) (ed.). <i>A suma oriental de Tomé Pires e o livro de Francisco Rodriguez: Leitura e notas de Armando Cortesão [1512–1515]</i> (in Portuguese). Cambridge: Hakluyt Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+suma+oriental+de+Tom%C3%A9+Pires+e+o+livro+de+Francisco+Rodriguez%3A+Leitura+e+notas+de+Armando+Cortes%C3%A3o+%5B1512%E2%80%931515%5D&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Hakluyt+Society&rft.date=1944&rft.aulast=Pires&rft.aufirst=Tom%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuzon" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Lach-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lach_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Donald_Lach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Donald Lach (page does not exist)">Lach, Donald Frederick</a> (1994). "Chapter 8: The Philippine Islands". <i>Asia in the Making of Europe</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-46732-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-46732-5"><bdi>0-226-46732-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+8%3A+The+Philippine+Islands&rft.btitle=Asia+in+the+Making+of+Europe&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-226-46732-5&rft.aulast=Lach&rft.aufirst=Donald+Frederick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuzon" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Reid-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Reid_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Reid_(academic)" title="Anthony Reid (academic)">Reid, Anthony</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epress.anu.edu.au/austronesians/austronesians/mobile_devices/ch16.html">"Continuity and Change in the Austronesian Transition to Islam and Christianity"</a>. In Peter Bellwood; James J. Fox; <a href="/wiki/Darrell_Tryon" title="Darrell Tryon">Darrell Tryon</a> (eds.). <i>The Austronesians: Historical and comparative perspectives</i>. Canberra: Department of Anthropology, The Australian National University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Continuity+and+Change+in+the+Austronesian+Transition+to+Islam+and+Christianity&rft.btitle=The+Austronesians%3A+Historical+and+comparative+perspectives&rft.place=Canberra&rft.pub=Department+of+Anthropology%2C+The+Australian+National+University&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Reid&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fepress.anu.edu.au%2Faustronesians%2Faustronesians%2Fmobile_devices%2Fch16.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuzon" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Barrows, David (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/38269/38269-h/38269-h.htm#pb139">"A History of the Philippines"</a>. <i>Guttenburg Free Online E-books</i>. <b>1</b>: 179. <q>Within the walls, there were some six hundred houses of a private nature, most of them built of stone and tile, and an equal number outside in the suburbs, or “arrabales,” all occupied by Spaniards (“todos son vivienda y poblacion de los Españoles”). This gives some twelve hundred Spanish families or establishments, exclusive of the religious, who in Manila numbered at least one hundred and fifty, the garrison, at certain times, about four hundred trained Spanish soldiers who had seen service in Holland and the Low Countries, and the official classes.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Guttenburg+Free+Online+E-books&rft.atitle=A+History+of+the+Philippines&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=179&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Barrows&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F38269%2F38269-h%2F38269-h.htm%23pb139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuzon" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/388446/lifestyle/food/binondo-new-discoveries-in-the-world-s-oldest-chinatown">New discoveries in the world's oldest Chinatown GMA news</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Galaup "Travel Accounts" page 375.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Forced Migration in the Spanish Pacific World" By Eva Maria Mehl, page 235.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">CSIC ser. Consultas riel 208 leg.14 (1774)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clarkab.org/history/index.htm">"Clark Air Base History"</a>. Clarkab.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-07-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Clark+Air+Base+History&rft.pub=Clarkab.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.clarkab.org%2Fhistory%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuzon" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2ww-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2ww_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2ww_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090222190510/http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/2WWphilippines.htm">"The Philippines"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/2WWphilippines.htm">the original</a> on 22 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Philippines&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk%2F2WWphilippines.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuzon" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-TriumphPhil-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TriumphPhil_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Smith, Robert Ross (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-P-Triumph/USA-P-Triumph-24.html"><i>Triumph in the Philippines</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(Transcribed and formatted by Jerry Holden for the HyperWar Foundation)</span>. Honolulu, HI: University Press of the Pacific. p. 450. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1410224953" title="Special:BookSources/1410224953"><bdi>1410224953</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Triumph+in+the+Philippines&rft.place=Honolulu%2C+HI&rft.pages=450&rft.pub=University+Press+of+the+Pacific&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=1410224953&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Robert+Ross&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fhyperwar%2FUSA%2FUSA-P-Triumph%2FUSA-P-Triumph-24.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuzon" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-PSA-NSCB-ProvinceList-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PSA-NSCB-ProvinceList_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130111015112/http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/listprov.asp">"PSGC Interactive; List of Provinces"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Statistics_Authority" title="Philippine Statistics Authority">Philippine Statistics Authority</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/listprov.asp">the original</a> on 11 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Statistics+Authority&rft.atitle=PSGC+Interactive%3B+List+of+Provinces&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nscb.gov.ph%2Factivestats%2Fpsgc%2Flistprov.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuzon" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-PSA-CitiesList-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PSA-CitiesList_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110429190752/http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/listcity.asp">"PSGC Interactive; List of Cities"</a>. <i>Philippine Statistics Authority</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/listcity.asp">the original</a> on 29 April 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Statistics+Authority&rft.atitle=PSGC+Interactive%3B+List+of+Cities&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nscb.gov.ph%2Factivestats%2Fpsgc%2Flistcity.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuzon" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hashimoto, M, ed., <i>Accretion Tectonics in the Circum-Pacific Regions</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-277-1561-0" title="Special:BookSources/90-277-1561-0">90-277-1561-0</a> p299</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rangin and Pubellier in <i>Tectonics of Circum-Pacific Continental Margins</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-6764-132-4" title="Special:BookSources/90-6764-132-4">90-6764-132-4</a> p148 fig 4</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-NSO10–d-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NSO10–d_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">
<cite class="citation encyclopaedia">Census of Population and Housing (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/attachments/hsd/pressrelease/Population%20and%20Annual%20Growth%20Rates%20for%20The%20Philippines%20and%20Its%20Regions%2C%20Provinces%2C%20and%20Highly%20Urbanized%20Cities%20Based%20on%201990%2C%202000%2C%20and%202010%20Censuses.pdf"><i>Population and Annual Growth Rates for The Philippines and Its Regions, Provinces, and Highly Urbanized Cities</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Statistics_Authority#National_Statistics_Office" title="Philippine Statistics Authority">NSO</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Population+and+Annual+Growth+Rates+for+The+Philippines+and+Its+Regions%2C+Provinces%2C+and+Highly+Urbanized+Cities&rft.pub=NSO&rft.au=Census+of+Population+and+Housing+%282010%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpsa.gov.ph%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fattachments%2Fhsd%2Fpressrelease%2FPopulation%2520and%2520Annual%2520Growth%2520Rates%2520for%2520The%2520Philippines%2520and%2520Its%2520Regions%252C%2520Provinces%252C%2520and%2520Highly%2520Urbanized%2520Cities%2520Based%2520on%25201990%252C%25202000%252C%2520and%25202010%2520Censuses.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuzon" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/>
</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-phcensus-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-phcensus_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-phcensus_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Philippine Statistics Authority (April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120716233046/http://www.census.gov.ph/data/census2007/index.html">"Total Population and Annual Population Growth Rates by Region: Population Censuses 1995, 2000, and 2007"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov.ph/data/census2007/index.html">the original</a> on July 16, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 4,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Total+Population+and+Annual+Population+Growth+Rates+by+Region%3A+Population+Censuses+1995%2C+2000%2C+and+2007&rft.date=2008-04&rft.au=Philippine+Statistics+Authority&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov.ph%2Fdata%2Fcensus2007%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuzon" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-demographia-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-demographia_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Demographia. (July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf"><i>Demographia World Urban Areas (World Agglomerations) Population & Projections</i></a> (Edition 6.1). Retrieved March 29, 2011.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-PSA15–[[Category:Errors_reported_by_Module_String]]<strong_class="error">String_Module_Error:_String_subset_index_out_of_range</strong>-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PSA15–[[Category:Errors_reported_by_Module_String]]<strong_class="error">String_Module_Error:_String_subset_index_out_of_range</strong>_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">
<cite class="citation encyclopaedia">Census of Population (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/attachments/hsd/pressrelease/2015%20population%20counts%20Summary_0.xlsx"><i>Highlights of the Philippine Population 2015 Census of Population</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Statistics_Authority" title="Philippine Statistics Authority">PSA</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Highlights+of+the+Philippine+Population+2015+Census+of+Population&rft.pub=PSA&rft.au=Census+of+Population+%282015%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.psa.gov.ph%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fattachments%2Fhsd%2Fpressrelease%2F2015%2520population%2520counts%2520Summary_0.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuzon" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/>
</span>
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<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jagor, Fëdor, et al. (1870). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.authorama.com/former-philippines-b-8.html"><i>The Former Philippines thru Foreign Eyes</i></a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov.ph/old/data/pressrelease/2003/pr0323tx.html">PHILIPPINES: ADDITIONAL THREE PERSONS PER MINUTE</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305074956/http://www.census.gov.ph/old/data/pressrelease/2003/pr0323tx.html">Archived</a> 2016-03-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov.ph/">National Statistics Office</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131004104825/http://census.gov.ph/">Archived</a> 2013-10-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Last revised: July 18, 2003. Retrieved November 27, 2006.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov.ph/data/sectordata/dataagri.html">Index of Agriculture and Fishery Statistics</a>. Census.gov.ph. Retrieved on 2010-12-19. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120221223854/http://www.census.gov.ph/data/sectordata/dataagri.html">Archived</a> February 21, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luzon&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="div-col columns column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; font-size:95%;">
<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFAgoncilloGuerrero1975" class="citation book">Agoncillo, Teodoro A.; Guerrero, Milagros (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z3PiAAAAMAAJ"><i>History of the Filipino People</i></a> (4 ed.). R. P. Garcia. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9712345386" title="Special:BookSources/9712345386"><bdi>9712345386</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Filipino+People&rft.edition=4&rft.pub=R.+P.+Garcia&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=9712345386&rft.aulast=Agoncillo&rft.aufirst=Teodoro+A.&rft.au=Guerrero%2C+Milagros&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz3PiAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuzon" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFAgoncillo1962" class="citation book">Agoncillo, Teodoro A. (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=odpwAAAAMAAJ"><i>Philippine History</i></a>. Inang Wika Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9712345386" title="Special:BookSources/9712345386"><bdi>9712345386</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philippine+History&rft.pub=Inang+Wika+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1962&rft.isbn=9712345386&rft.aulast=Agoncillo&rft.aufirst=Teodoro+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DodpwAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuzon" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFAlip1954" class="citation book">Alip, Eufronio Melo (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0A5wAAAAMAAJ"><i>Political and Cultural History of the Philippines, Volumes 1-2</i></a> (revised ed.). Alip & Sons<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+and+Cultural+History+of+the+Philippines%2C+Volumes+1-2&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=Alip+%26+Sons&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Alip&rft.aufirst=Eufronio+Melo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0A5wAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuzon" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFAntonioDalloImperialSamson2007" class="citation book">Antonio, Eleanor D.; Dallo, Evangeline M.; Imperial, Consuelo M.; Samson, Maria Carmelita B.; Soriano, Celia D. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Lb8a7P_2InIC"><i>Turning Points I' 2007 Ed</i></a> (unabridged ed.). Rex Bookstore, Inc. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9712345386" title="Special:BookSources/9712345386"><bdi>9712345386</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turning+Points+I%27+2007+Ed.&rft.edition=unabridged&rft.pub=Rex+Bookstore%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9712345386&rft.aulast=Antonio&rft.aufirst=Eleanor+D.&rft.au=Dallo%2C+Evangeline+M.&rft.au=Imperial%2C+Consuelo+M.&rft.au=Samson%2C+Maria+Carmelita+B.&rft.au=Soriano%2C+Celia+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLb8a7P_2InIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuzon" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFBishop1942" class="citation book">Bishop, Carl Whiting (1942). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=daq0AAAAIAAJ"><i>War Background Studies, Issues 1-7</i></a>. Contributor: Smithsonian Institution. Smithsonian Institution<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+Background+Studies%2C+Issues+1-7&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution&rft.date=1942&rft.aulast=Bishop&rft.aufirst=Carl+Whiting&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ddaq0AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuzon" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFBishop1942" class="citation book">Bishop, Carl Whiting (1942). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XNFFAAAAMAAJ"><i>Origin of Far Eastern Civilizations: A Brief Handbook, Issues 1-7</i></a>. Contributor: Smithsonian Institution. Smithsonian Institution<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origin+of+Far+Eastern+Civilizations%3A+A+Brief+Handbook%2C+Issues+1-7&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution&rft.date=1942&rft.aulast=Bishop&rft.aufirst=Carl+Whiting&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXNFFAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuzon" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFCorpuz1957" class="citation book">Corpuz, Onofre D. (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3BMQAQAAMAAJ"><i>The bureaucracy in the Philippines</i></a>. Institute of Public Administration, University of the Philippines<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+bureaucracy+in+the+Philippines&rft.pub=Institute+of+Public+Administration%2C+University+of+the+Philippines&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Corpuz&rft.aufirst=Onofre+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3BMQAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuzon" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFDemetrio1981" class="citation book">Demetrio, Francisco R. (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lGuBAAAAMAAJ"><i>Myths and Symbols: Philippines</i></a> (2 ed.). National Book Store<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Myths+and+Symbols%3A+Philippines&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=National+Book+Store&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Demetrio&rft.aufirst=Francisco+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlGuBAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuzon" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFDel_Castillo_y_Tuazon1988" class="citation book">Del Castillo y Tuazon, Antonio (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yv1xAAAAMAAJ"><i>Princess Urduja, Queen of the Orient Seas: Before and After Her Time in the Political Orbit of the Shri-vi-ja-ya and Madjapahit Maritime Empire : a Pre-Hispanic History of the Philippines</i></a>. A. del. Castillo y Tuazon<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Princess+Urduja%2C+Queen+of+the+Orient+Seas%3A+Before+and+After+Her+Time+in+the+Political+Orbit+of+the+Shri-vi-ja-ya+and+Madjapahit+Maritime+Empire+%3A+a+Pre-Hispanic+History+of+the+Philippines&rft.pub=A.+del.+Castillo+y+Tuazon&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Del+Castillo+y+Tuazon&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dyv1xAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuzon" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFFarwell1967" class="citation book">Farwell, George (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8ZACAAAAMAAJ"><i>Mask of Asia: The Philippines Today</i></a>. Praeger<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mask+of+Asia%3A+The+Philippines+Today&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Farwell&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8ZACAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuzon" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFFitzgerald1966" class="citation book">Fitzgerald, Charles Patrick (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VI9uAAAAMAAJ"><i>A concise history of East Asia</i></a>. Praeger<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+concise+history+of+East+Asia&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Fitzgerald&rft.aufirst=Charles+Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVI9uAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuzon" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFHo2009" class="citation book">Ho, Khai Leong, ed. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EwnzBiM0LmAC"><i>Connecting and Distancing: Southeast Asia and China</i></a> (illustrated ed.). Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9812308563" title="Special:BookSources/9812308563"><bdi>9812308563</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Connecting+and+Distancing%3A+Southeast+Asia+and+China&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9812308563&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEwnzBiM0LmAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuzon" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFKarnow2010" class="citation book">Karnow, Stanley (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VbwogbQ3l8UC"><i>In Our Image: America's Empire in the Philippines</i></a> (unabridged ed.). Random House LLC. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0307775437" title="Special:BookSources/0307775437"><bdi>0307775437</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Our+Image%3A+America%27s+Empire+in+the+Philippines&rft.edition=unabridged&rft.pub=Random+House+LLC&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=0307775437&rft.aulast=Karnow&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVbwogbQ3l8UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuzon" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFKrieger1942" class="citation book">Krieger, Herbert William (1942). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HHsZAAAAMAAJ"><i>Peoples of the Philippines, Issue 4</i></a>. Volume 3694 of Publication (Smithsonian Institution). Smithsonian Institution<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peoples+of+the+Philippines%2C+Issue+4&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution&rft.date=1942&rft.aulast=Krieger&rft.aufirst=Herbert+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHHsZAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuzon" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFLucman2000" class="citation book">Lucman, Norodin Alonto (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IplyAAAAMAAJ"><i>Moro Archives: A History of Armed Conflicts in Mindanao and East Asia</i></a>. FLC Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moro+Archives%3A+A+History+of+Armed+Conflicts+in+Mindanao+and+East+Asia&rft.pub=FLC+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Lucman&rft.aufirst=Norodin+Alonto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIplyAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuzon" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFLiao1964" class="citation book">Liao, Shubert S. C., ed. (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O1AeAAAAMAAJ"><i>Chinese participation in Philippine culture and economy</i></a>. Bookman. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vrDkAAAAIAAJ">the original</a> on Nov 9, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+participation+in+Philippine+culture+and+economy&rft.pub=Bookman&rft.date=1964&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvrDkAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuzon" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFManuel1948" class="citation book">Manuel, Esperidion Arsenio (1948). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=19APAAAAYAAJ"><i>Chinese Elements in the Tagalog Language: With Some Indication of Chinese Influence on Other Philippine Languages and Cultures, and an Excursion Into Austronesian Linguistics</i></a>. Contributor: Henry Otley Beyer. Filipiniana Publications<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+Elements+in+the+Tagalog+Language%3A+With+Some+Indication+of+Chinese+Influence+on+Other+Philippine+Languages+and+Cultures%2C+and+an+Excursion+Into+Austronesian+Linguistics&rft.pub=Filipiniana+Publications&rft.date=1948&rft.aulast=Manuel&rft.aufirst=Esperidion+Arsenio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D19APAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuzon" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFOstelius1963" class="citation book">Ostelius, Hans Arvid (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oWpwAAAAMAAJ"><i>Islands of Pleasure: A Guide to the Philippines</i></a>. G. Allen & Unwin<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islands+of+Pleasure%3A+A+Guide+to+the+Philippines&rft.pub=G.+Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Ostelius&rft.aufirst=Hans+Arvid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoWpwAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuzon" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFPanganibanPanganiban1965" class="citation book">Panganiban, José Villa; Panganiban, Consuelo Torres (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zG2CAAAAIAAJ"><i>The literature of the Pilipinos: a survey</i></a> (5 ed.). Limbagang Pilipino<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+literature+of+the+Pilipinos%3A+a+survey&rft.edition=5&rft.pub=Limbagang+Pilipino&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Panganiban&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+Villa&rft.au=Panganiban%2C+Consuelo+Torres&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzG2CAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuzon" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFPanganibanPanganiban1962" class="citation book">Panganiban, José Villa; Panganiban, Consuelo Torres- (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CD0RAQAAIAAJ"><i>A Survey of the Literature of the Filipinos</i></a> (4 ed.). Limbagang Pilipino<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Survey+of+the+Literature+of+the+Filipinos&rft.edition=4&rft.pub=Limbagang+Pilipino&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Panganiban&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+Villa&rft.au=Panganiban%2C+Consuelo+Torres-&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCD0RAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuzon" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFQuirino1963" class="citation book">Quirino, Carlos (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qTgIAQAAIAAJ"><i>Philippine Cartography, 1320-1899</i></a> (2 ed.). N. Israel<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philippine+Cartography%2C+1320-1899&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=N.+Israel&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Quirino&rft.aufirst=Carlos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqTgIAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuzon" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFRavenholt1962" class="citation book">Ravenholt, Albert (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kUU_AAAAMAAJ"><i>The Philippines: A Young Republic on the Move</i></a>. Van Nostrand<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philippines%3A+A+Young+Republic+on+the+Move&rft.pub=Van+Nostrand&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Ravenholt&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkUU_AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuzon" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFSevillaBalagtas1997" class="citation book">Sevilla, Fred; Balagtas, Francisco (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZotkAAAAMAAJ"><i>Francisco Balagtas and the roots of Filipino nationalism: life and times of the great Filipino poet and his legacy of literary excellence and political activism</i></a>. Trademark Pub. Corp<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Francisco+Balagtas+and+the+roots+of+Filipino+nationalism%3A+life+and+times+of+the+great+Filipino+poet+and+his+legacy+of+literary+excellence+and+political+activism&rft.pub=Trademark+Pub.+Corp.&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Sevilla&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft.au=Balagtas%2C+Francisco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZotkAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuzon" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFSpencer1951" class="citation book">Spencer, Cornelia (1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-kgMAAAAMAAJ"><i>Seven Thousand Islands: The Story of the Philippines</i></a>. Aladdin Books<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seven+Thousand+Islands%3A+The+Story+of+the+Philippines&rft.pub=Aladdin+Books&rft.date=1951&rft.aulast=Spencer&rft.aufirst=Cornelia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-kgMAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuzon" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFTan1972" class="citation book">Tan, Antonio S. (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9xNwAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Chinese in the Philippines, 1898-1935: A Study of Their National Awakening</i></a>. R. P. Garcia Publishing Company<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chinese+in+the+Philippines%2C+1898-1935%3A+A+Study+of+Their+National+Awakening&rft.pub=R.+P.+Garcia+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Tan&rft.aufirst=Antonio+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9xNwAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuzon" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFZaide1957" class="citation book">Zaide, Gregorio F. (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pJYVAQAAIAAJ"><i>The Philippines since pre-Spanish times.-v. 2. The Philippines since the British invasion</i></a>. Volume 1 of Philippine Political and Cultural History (revised ed.). Philippine Education Company<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philippines+since+pre-Spanish+times.-v.+2.+The+Philippines+since+the+British+invasion&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=Philippine+Education+Company&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Zaide&rft.aufirst=Gregorio+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpJYVAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuzon" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFZaide1979" class="citation book">Zaide, Gregorio F. (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LRJwAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Pageant of Philippine History: Political, Economic, and Socio-cultural, Volume 1</i></a>. Philippine Education Company<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pageant+of+Philippine+History%3A+Political%2C+Economic%2C+and+Socio-cultural%2C+Volume+1&rft.pub=Philippine+Education+Company&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Zaide&rft.aufirst=Gregorio+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLRJwAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuzon" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFPhilippines_(Republic)._Office_of_Cultural_Affairs1965" class="citation book">Philippines (Republic). Office of Cultural Affairs (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ykgeAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Philippines: a Handbook of Information</i></a>. Contributor: National Economic Council (Philippines) (revised ed.). Republic of the Philippines, Department of Foreign Affairs<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philippines%3A+a+Handbook+of+Information&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=Republic+of+the+Philippines%2C+Department+of+Foreign+Affairs&rft.date=1965&rft.au=Philippines+%28Republic%29.+Office+of+Cultural+Affairs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DykgeAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuzon" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFPhilippine_Chinese_Historical_Association1975" class="citation book">Philippine Chinese Historical Association (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3DzjAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Annals of Philippine Chinese Historical Association, Volumes 5-8</i></a> (revised ed.)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Annals+of+Philippine+Chinese+Historical+Association%2C+Volumes+5-8&rft.edition=revised&rft.date=1975&rft.au=Philippine+Chinese+Historical+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3DzjAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuzon" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFIAHA_Conference1962" class="citation book">IAHA Conference (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QZ5IAAAAMAAJ"><i>Biennial Conference Proceedings, Issue 1</i></a>. Philippine Historical Association<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biennial+Conference+Proceedings%2C+Issue+1&rft.pub=Philippine+Historical+Association.&rft.date=1962&rft.au=IAHA+Conference&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQZ5IAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuzon" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gr4eAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Philippines: A Handbook of Information</i></a>. Contributor: Philippine Information Agency. Philippine Information Agency. 1955<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philippines%3A+A+Handbook+of+Information&rft.pub=Philippine+Information+Agency&rft.date=1955&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGr4eAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuzon" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TVPRAAAAMAAJ"><i>University of Manila Journal of East Asiatic Studies, Volume 7</i></a>. Contributors: Manila (Philippines) University, University of Manila (revised ed.). University of Manila. 1959<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=University+of+Manila+Journal+of+East+Asiatic+Studies%2C+Volume+7&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=University+of+Manila.&rft.date=1959&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTVPRAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuzon" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=26oiAQAAIAAJ"><i>Unitas, Volume 30, Issues 1-2</i></a>. Contributor: University of Santo Tomás. University of Santo Tomás. 1957<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unitas%2C+Volume+30%2C+Issues+1-2&rft.pub=University+of+Santo+Tom%C3%A1s&rft.date=1957&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D26oiAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuzon" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5c3_QiLW50EC"><i>The Researcher, Volume 2, Issue 2</i></a>. Contributors: University of Pangasinan, Dagupan Colleges. Dagupan Colleges. 1970<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Researcher%2C+Volume+2%2C+Issue+2&rft.pub=Dagupan+Colleges&rft.date=1970&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5c3_QiLW50EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuzon" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5KLjAAAAMAAJ"><i>Philippine Social Sciences and Humanities Review, Volumes 24-25</i></a>. Contributor: University of the Philippines. College of Liberal Arts. 1959<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philippine+Social+Sciences+and+Humanities+Review%2C+Volumes+24-25&rft.date=1959&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5KLjAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuzon" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gi-2AAAAIAAJ"><i>Philippine Social Sciences and Humanities Reviews, Volume 24, Issues 1-2</i></a>. Contributors: Philippine Academy of Social Sciences, Manila, University of the Philippines. College of Liberal Arts. College of Liberal Arts, University of the Philippines. 1959<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philippine+Social+Sciences+and+Humanities+Reviews%2C+Volume+24%2C+Issues+1-2&rft.pub=College+of+Liberal+Arts%2C+University+of+the+Philippines&rft.date=1959&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGi-2AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuzon" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0suOAAAAMAAJ"><i>Studies in Public Administration, Issue 4</i></a>. Contributor: University of the Philippines. Institute of Public Administration. Institute of Public Administration, University of the Philippines. 1957<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Public+Administration%2C+Issue+4&rft.pub=Institute+of+Public+Administration%2C+University+of+the+Philippines&rft.date=1957&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0suOAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuzon" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wAkEAAAAMAAJ"><i>Proceedings [of The] Second Biennial Conference, Held at Taiwan Provincial Museum, Taipei, Taiwan. Republic of China, October 6-9, 1962</i></a>. Tʻai-pei. 1963<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proceedings+%5Bof+The%5D+Second+Biennial+Conference%2C+Held+at+Taiwan+Provincial+Museum%2C+Taipei%2C+Taiwan.+Republic+of+China%2C+October+6-9%2C+1962&rft.pub=T%CA%BBai-pei&rft.date=1963&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwAkEAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuzon" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oTUkAQAAMAAJ"><i>Yearbook</i></a>. 1965<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yearbook&rft.date=1965&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoTUkAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuzon" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uWzjAAAAMAAJ"><i>Philippine Almanac & Handbook of Facts</i></a>. 1977<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philippine+Almanac+%26+Handbook+of+Facts&rft.date=1977&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuWzjAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuzon" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li></ul>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luzon&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
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<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/40px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="22" class="noviewer" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/60px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/80px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></td>
<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikinews has news related to:
<div style="margin-left: 10px;"> <i><b><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Luzon" class="extiw" title="wikinews:Category:Luzon"> Luzon </a> </b></i> </div></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="/media/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="/wiki/Category:Luzon" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Luzon">Luzon</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Luzon" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Luzon"><i>Luzon</i></a> at Wiktionary</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/16px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/24px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/32px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Luzon#Q125384" class="extiw" title="voy:Luzon">Luzon</a> travel guide from Wikivoyage</li>
<li><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/4250623">Luzon</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li>
<li><img alt="Wikisource" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /> <cite class="citation encyclopaedia"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Luzon"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_(1879)/Luzon">"Luzon" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia" class="mw-redirect" title="The American Cyclopædia">The American Cyclopædia</a></i>. 1879.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Luzon&rft.btitle=The+American+Cyclop%C3%A6dia&rft.date=1879&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuzon" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li></ul>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_40_largest_islands_of_the_Philippines" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islands_of_the_Philippines" title="Template:Islands of the Philippines"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islands_of_the_Philippines" title="Template talk:Islands of the Philippines"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Islands_of_the_Philippines&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_40_largest_islands_of_the_Philippines" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">The 40 largest <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Philippines" title="List of islands of the Philippines">islands of the Philippines</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabat_Island" title="Alabat Island">Alabat</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Balabac_Island" title="Balabac Island">Balabac</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Basilan" title="Basilan">Basilan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Biliran" title="Biliran">Biliran</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bohol" title="Bohol">Bohol</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bucas_Grande" title="Bucas Grande">Bucas Grande</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bugsuk" title="Bugsuk">Bugsuk</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Burias_(island)" title="Burias (island)">Burias</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Busuanga_Island" title="Busuanga Island">Busuanga</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Calayan_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Calayan Island">Calayan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Camiguin" title="Camiguin">Camiguin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Camiguin_de_Babuyanes" title="Camiguin de Babuyanes">Camiguin de Babuyanes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cebu" title="Cebu">Cebu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Catanduanes" title="Catanduanes">Catanduanes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Culion" title="Culion">Culion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dinagat_Island" title="Dinagat Island">Dinagat</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dumaran_Island" title="Dumaran Island">Dumaran</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Guimaras" title="Guimaras">Guimaras</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jolo" title="Jolo">Jolo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Leyte" title="Leyte">Leyte</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lubang_Island" title="Lubang Island">Lubang</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Luzon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Masbate_Island" title="Masbate Island">Masbate</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Marinduque" title="Marinduque">Marinduque</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mindoro" title="Mindoro">Mindoro</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Negros_Island" title="Negros Island">Negros</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Olutanga" title="Olutanga">Olutanga</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Palawan_(island)" title="Palawan (island)">Palawan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Panaon_Island" title="Panaon Island">Panaon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Panay" title="Panay">Panay</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Polillo_Island" title="Polillo Island">Polillo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Samal,_Davao_del_Norte" title="Samal, Davao del Norte">Samal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Samar" title="Samar">Samar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Siargao" title="Siargao">Siargao</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sibuyan_Island" title="Sibuyan Island">Sibuyan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Siquijor" title="Siquijor">Siquijor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tablas_Island" title="Tablas Island">Tablas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tawi-Tawi_Island" title="Tawi-Tawi Island">Tawitawi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ticao_Island" title="Ticao Island">Ticao</a></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright" style="margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px">
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<li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg" class="image"><img alt="icon" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/28px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="noviewer" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/42px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/56px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islands" title="Portal:Islands">Islands portal</a></span></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>
<dl><dt>See also</dt>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Philippines" title="Geography of the Philippines">Geography of the Philippines</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Island_groups_of_the_Philippines" title="Island groups of the Philippines">Island groups of the Philippines</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands" class="mw-redirect" title="List of islands">List of islands</a></dd></dl>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World&#039;s_largest_islands" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World%27s_largest_islands" title="Template:World's largest islands"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World%27s_largest_islands" title="Template talk:World's largest islands"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="/w/index.php?title=Template:World%27s_largest_islands&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World&#039;s_largest_islands" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_by_area" title="List of islands by area">World's largest islands</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">100,000 km<sup>2</sup><br />(39,000 sq mi) and greater</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Baffin_Island" title="Baffin Island">Baffin Island</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Honshu" title="Honshu">Honshu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Island_(Canada)" title="Victoria Island (Canada)">Victoria Island (Canada)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ellesmere_Island" title="Ellesmere Island">Ellesmere Island</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/South_Island" title="South Island">South Island</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/North_Island" title="North Island">North Island</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Luzon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Newfoundland</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Cuba" title="Geography of Cuba">Cuba</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Iceland" title="Geography of Iceland">Iceland</a></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright" style="margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px">
<ul style="display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-width:175px;background:#f9f9f9;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold">
<li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg" class="image"><img alt="icon" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/28px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="noviewer" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/42px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/56px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islands" title="Portal:Islands">Islands portal</a></span></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20,000–99,999 km<sup>2</sup><br />(7,722–38,610 sq mi)</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hokkaido" title="Hokkaido">Hokkaido</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sakhalin" title="Sakhalin">Sakhalin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Banks_Island" title="Banks Island">Banks Island</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Geography of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka (main island)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Tasmania" title="Geography of Tasmania">Tasmania</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Devon_Island" title="Devon Island">Devon Island</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Island" title="Alexander Island">Alexander Island</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Severny_Island" title="Severny Island">Severny Island</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Isla_Grande_de_Tierra_del_Fuego" title="Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego">Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Berkner_Island" title="Berkner Island">Berkner Island</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Axel_Heiberg_Island" title="Axel Heiberg Island">Axel Heiberg Island</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Melville_Island_(Northwest_Territories_and_Nunavut)" title="Melville Island (Northwest Territories and Nunavut)">Melville Island</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Southampton_Island" title="Southampton Island">Southampton Island</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Maraj%C3%B3" title="Marajó">Marajó</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Spitsbergen" title="Spitsbergen">Spitsbergen</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kyushu" title="Kyushu">Kyushu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Taiwan" title="Geography of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/New_Britain" title="New Britain">New Britain</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales_Island_(Nunavut)" title="Prince of Wales Island (Nunavut)">Prince of Wales Island</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yuzhny_Island" title="Yuzhny Island">Yuzhny Island</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hainan" title="Hainan">Hainan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Island" title="Vancouver Island">Vancouver Island</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timor" title="Timor">Timor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Somerset_Island_(Nunavut)" title="Somerset Island (Nunavut)">Somerset Island</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kotelny_Island" title="Kotelny Island">Kotelny Island</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bananal_Island" title="Bananal Island">Bananal</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="22x22px&#124;link=&#124;alt=_Administrative_divisions_of_the_Philippines" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philippines_administrative_divisions" title="Template:Philippines administrative divisions"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philippines_administrative_divisions" title="Template talk:Philippines administrative divisions"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Philippines_administrative_divisions&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="22x22px&#124;link=&#124;alt=_Administrative_divisions_of_the_Philippines" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="22" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="568" />  <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Philippines" title="Administrative divisions of the Philippines">Administrative divisions</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Capital_of_the_Philippines" title="Capital of the Philippines">Capital</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a> (<a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">National Capital Region</a>)</li></ul>
</div></td><td class="navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg" class="image" title="Coat of arms of the Philippines"><img alt="Coat of arms of the Philippines" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg/80px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="89" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg/160px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="568" /></a><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/File:Labelled_map_of_the_Philippines_-_Provinces_and_Regions.png" class="image" title="Map of the Philippines"><img alt="Map of the Philippines" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Labelled_map_of_the_Philippines_-_Provinces_and_Regions.png/80px-Labelled_map_of_the_Philippines_-_Provinces_and_Regions.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="125" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Labelled_map_of_the_Philippines_-_Provinces_and_Regions.png/120px-Labelled_map_of_the_Philippines_-_Provinces_and_Regions.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Labelled_map_of_the_Philippines_-_Provinces_and_Regions.png/160px-Labelled_map_of_the_Philippines_-_Provinces_and_Regions.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1560" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Island_groups_of_the_Philippines" title="Island groups of the Philippines">Island groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Luzon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Visayas" title="Visayas">Visayas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_the_Philippines" title="Regions of the Philippines">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Administrative</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilocos_Region" title="Ilocos Region">I – Ilocos Region</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cagayan_Valley" title="Cagayan Valley">II – Cagayan Valley</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Central_Luzon" title="Central Luzon">III – Central Luzon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Calabarzon" title="Calabarzon">IV-A – Calabarzon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mimaropa" title="Mimaropa">Mimaropa – Southwestern Tagalog Region</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bicol_Region" title="Bicol Region">V – Bicol Region</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Western_Visayas" title="Western Visayas">VI – Western Visayas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Central_Visayas" title="Central Visayas">VII – Central Visayas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Visayas" title="Eastern Visayas">VIII – Eastern Visayas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_Peninsula" title="Zamboanga Peninsula">IX – Zamboanga Peninsula</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mindanao" title="Northern Mindanao">X – Northern Mindanao</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Davao_Region" title="Davao Region">XI – Davao Region</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Soccsksargen" title="Soccsksargen">XII – Soccsksargen</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Caraga" title="Caraga">XIII – Caraga</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cordillera_Administrative_Region" title="Cordillera Administrative Region">CAR – Cordillera Administrative Region</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">NCR – National Capital Region</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_regions_of_the_Philippines" title="Autonomous regions of the Philippines">Autonomous</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangsamoro" title="Bangsamoro">Bangsamoro Autonomous Region</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Philippines" title="Provinces of the Philippines">Provinces</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abra_(province)" title="Abra (province)">Abra</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Agusan_del_Norte" title="Agusan del Norte">Agusan del Norte</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Agusan_del_Sur" title="Agusan del Sur">Agusan del Sur</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aklan" title="Aklan">Aklan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Albay" title="Albay">Albay</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Antique_(province)" title="Antique (province)">Antique</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Apayao" title="Apayao">Apayao</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aurora_(province)" title="Aurora (province)">Aurora</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Basilan" title="Basilan">Basilan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bataan" title="Bataan">Bataan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Batanes" title="Batanes">Batanes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Batangas" title="Batangas">Batangas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Benguet" title="Benguet">Benguet</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Biliran" title="Biliran">Biliran</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bohol" title="Bohol">Bohol</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bukidnon" title="Bukidnon">Bukidnon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bulacan" title="Bulacan">Bulacan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cagayan" title="Cagayan">Cagayan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Camarines_Norte" title="Camarines Norte">Camarines Norte</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Camarines_Sur" title="Camarines Sur">Camarines Sur</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Camiguin" title="Camiguin">Camiguin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Capiz" title="Capiz">Capiz</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Catanduanes" title="Catanduanes">Catanduanes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cavite" title="Cavite">Cavite</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cebu" title="Cebu">Cebu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Compostela_Valley" title="Compostela Valley">Compostela Valley</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cotabato" title="Cotabato">Cotabato</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Davao_del_Norte" title="Davao del Norte">Davao del Norte</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Davao_del_Sur" title="Davao del Sur">Davao del Sur</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Davao_Occidental" title="Davao Occidental">Davao Occidental</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Davao_Oriental" title="Davao Oriental">Davao Oriental</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dinagat_Islands" title="Dinagat Islands">Dinagat Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Samar" title="Eastern Samar">Eastern Samar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Guimaras" title="Guimaras">Guimaras</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ifugao" title="Ifugao">Ifugao</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ilocos_Norte" title="Ilocos Norte">Ilocos Norte</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ilocos_Sur" title="Ilocos Sur">Ilocos Sur</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Iloilo" title="Iloilo">Iloilo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Isabela_(province)" title="Isabela (province)">Isabela</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_(province)" title="Kalinga (province)">Kalinga</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/La_Union" title="La Union">La Union</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Laguna_(province)" title="Laguna (province)">Laguna</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lanao_del_Norte" title="Lanao del Norte">Lanao del Norte</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lanao_del_Sur" title="Lanao del Sur">Lanao del Sur</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Leyte_(province)" title="Leyte (province)">Leyte</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Maguindanao" title="Maguindanao">Maguindanao</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Marinduque" title="Marinduque">Marinduque</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Masbate" title="Masbate">Masbate</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Misamis_Occidental" title="Misamis Occidental">Misamis Occidental</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Misamis_Oriental" title="Misamis Oriental">Misamis Oriental</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Province" title="Mountain Province">Mountain Province</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Negros_Occidental" title="Negros Occidental">Negros Occidental</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Negros_Oriental" title="Negros Oriental">Negros Oriental</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Samar" title="Northern Samar">Northern Samar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nueva_Ecija" title="Nueva Ecija">Nueva Ecija</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nueva_Vizcaya" title="Nueva Vizcaya">Nueva Vizcaya</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Occidental_Mindoro" title="Occidental Mindoro">Occidental Mindoro</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Mindoro" title="Oriental Mindoro">Oriental Mindoro</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Palawan" title="Palawan">Palawan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pampanga" title="Pampanga">Pampanga</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pangasinan" title="Pangasinan">Pangasinan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Quezon" title="Quezon">Quezon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Quirino" title="Quirino">Quirino</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rizal" title="Rizal">Rizal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Romblon" title="Romblon">Romblon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Samar_(province)" title="Samar (province)">Samar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sarangani" title="Sarangani">Sarangani</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Siquijor" title="Siquijor">Siquijor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sorsogon" title="Sorsogon">Sorsogon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/South_Cotabato" title="South Cotabato">South Cotabato</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Leyte" title="Southern Leyte">Southern Leyte</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Kudarat" title="Sultan Kudarat">Sultan Kudarat</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sulu" title="Sulu">Sulu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Surigao_del_Norte" title="Surigao del Norte">Surigao del Norte</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Surigao_del_Sur" title="Surigao del Sur">Surigao del Sur</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tarlac" title="Tarlac">Tarlac</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tawi-Tawi" title="Tawi-Tawi">Tawi-Tawi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zambales" title="Zambales">Zambales</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_del_Norte" title="Zamboanga del Norte">Zamboanga del Norte</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_del_Sur" title="Zamboanga del Sur">Zamboanga del Sur</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_Sibugay" title="Zamboanga Sibugay">Zamboanga Sibugay</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cities_of_the_Philippines" title="Cities of the Philippines">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_Philippines" title="List of cities in the Philippines">List of cities in the Philippines</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_Philippines" title="Municipalities of the Philippines">Municipalities</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_municipalities_in_the_Philippines" title="List of cities and municipalities in the Philippines">List of cities and municipalities in the Philippines</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Barangay" title="Barangay">Barangays</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_barangays_in_Philippine_provinces" title="Category:Lists of barangays in Philippine provinces">Lists of barangays by province</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Poblacion" title="Poblacion">Poblacion</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other subdivisions</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Purok" title="Purok">Puroks</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sitio" title="Sitio">Sitios</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_primary_local_government_units_of_the_Philippines" title="List of primary local government units of the Philippines">List of primary LGUs</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_districts_of_the_Philippines" title="Legislative districts of the Philippines">Legislative districts</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_the_Philippines" title="List of metropolitan areas in the Philippines">Metropolitan areas</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Philippines#Formally_proposed_provinces" title="Provinces of the Philippines">Formally proposed provinces</a></li>
<li>Autonomous regions
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cordillera_autonomy_movement" title="Cordillera autonomy movement">Cordillera</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Philippines_former_provinces_and_cities" title="Template:Philippines former provinces and cities">Former provinces</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sub-provinces_of_the_Philippines" title="Sub-provinces of the Philippines">Sub-provinces</a></li>
<li>Regions
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Region_in_Muslim_Mindanao" title="Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao">Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Negros_Island_Region" title="Negros Island Region">Negros Island Region</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Tagalog" title="Southern Tagalog">Southern Tagalog</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Principal_Geographical_Divisions_of_the_Philippines" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Principal_Geographical_Divisions_of_the_Philippines" title="Template:Principal Geographical Divisions of the Philippines"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Principal_Geographical_Divisions_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Principal Geographical Divisions of the Philippines (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Principal_Geographical_Divisions_of_the_Philippines&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Principal_Geographical_Divisions_of_the_Philippines" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Island_groups_of_the_Philippines" title="Island groups of the Philippines">Principal Geographical Divisions of the Philippines</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Luzon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Visayas" title="Visayas">Visayas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a></li></ul>
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<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Regions_of_the_Philippines" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philippine_regions" title="Template:Philippine regions"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philippine_regions" title="Template talk:Philippine regions"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Philippine_regions&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Regions_of_the_Philippines" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_the_Philippines" title="Regions of the Philippines">Regions of the Philippines</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Luzon</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilocos_Region" title="Ilocos Region">I – Ilocos Region</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cagayan_Valley" title="Cagayan Valley">II – Cagayan Valley</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Central_Luzon" title="Central Luzon">III – Central Luzon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Calabarzon" title="Calabarzon">IV-A – Calabarzon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mimaropa" title="Mimaropa">Mimaropa – Southwestern Tagalog Region</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bicol_Region" title="Bicol Region">V – Bicol Region</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cordillera_Administrative_Region" title="Cordillera Administrative Region">CAR – Cordillera Administrative Region</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">NCR – National Capital Region</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Visayas" title="Visayas">Visayas</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Visayas" title="Western Visayas">VI – Western Visayas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Central_Visayas" title="Central Visayas">VII – Central Visayas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Visayas" title="Eastern Visayas">VIII – Eastern Visayas</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_Peninsula" title="Zamboanga Peninsula">IX – Zamboanga Peninsula</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mindanao" title="Northern Mindanao">X – Northern Mindanao</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Davao_Region" title="Davao Region">XI – Davao Region</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Socsksargen" class="mw-redirect" title="Socsksargen">XII – Socsksargen</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Caraga" title="Caraga">XIII – Caraga</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bangsamoro" title="Bangsamoro">BARMM – Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former regions</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Region_in_Muslim_Mindanao" title="Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao">ARMM – Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Negros_Island_Region" title="Negros Island Region">NIR – Negros Island Region</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Tagalog" title="Southern Tagalog">IV – Southern Tagalog</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q125384&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Authority_control_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q125384&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control</a> <a href="/wiki/Q125384" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="/media/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" style="vertical-align: text-top" srcset="/media/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12044636w">cb12044636w</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12044636w">(data)</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File" title="Integrated Authority File">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4114887-3">4114887-3</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">NARA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10046186">10046186</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Diet_Library" title="National Diet Library">NDL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00629428">00629428</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="National Library of the Czech Republic">NKC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge980409&CON_LNG=ENG">ge980409</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File" title="Virtual International Authority File">VIAF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/153232489">153232489</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/WorldCat_Identities" class="mw-redirect" title="WorldCat Identities">WorldCat Identities</a> (via VIAF): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/identities/containsVIAFID/153232489">153232489</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
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