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In the [[Papal States]], which existed until 1870, Jews were required to live only in specified neighborhoods called [[ghetto]]s. Until the 1840s, they were required to regularly attend sermons urging their conversion to Christianity. Only Jews were taxed to support state [[boarding school]]s for Jewish converts to Christianity. It was illegal to convert from Christianity to Judaism. Sometimes Jews were baptized involuntarily, and, even when such baptisms were illegal, forced to practice the Christian religion. In many such cases, the state separated them from their families, of which the [[Edgardo Mortara]] account is one of the most widely publicized instances of acrimony between Catholics and Jews in the Papal States in the second half of the 19th century.
In the [[Papal States]], which existed until 1870, Jews were required to live only in specified neighborhoods called [[ghetto]]s. Until the 1840s, they were required to regularly attend sermons urging their conversion to Christianity. Only Jews were taxed to support state [[boarding school]]s for Jewish converts to Christianity. It was illegal to convert from Christianity to Judaism. Sometimes Jews were baptized involuntarily, and, even when such baptisms were illegal, forced to practice the Christian religion. In many such cases, the state separated them from their families, of which the [[Edgardo Mortara]] account is one of the most widely publicized instances of acrimony between Catholics and Jews in the Papal States in the second half of the 19th century.


ugali ugali ugalii
== {{visible anchor|Middle East and Arab antisemitism|Muslim_and_Arab_antisemitism}} ==
{{main|Islam and Judaism|Islam and antisemitism|Antisemitism in the Arab world|Relations between Nazi Germany and the Arab world}}
[[File:Banu Qurayza.png|thumb|200px|The [[Banu Qurayza|massacre of the Jewish Banu Qurayza]] in Arabia.]]
According to Mark R. Cohen, during the rise of [[Islam]], the first encounters between [[Muslim]]s and Jews resulted in friendship when the Jews of [[Medina]] gave [[Muhammad]] refuge. Conflict arose when Muhammad expelled certain Jewish tribes after they refused to swear their allegiance to him and aided the Meccan Pagans. He adds that this encounter was an exception rather than a rule.<ref>Cohen, Mark R. ''Under Crescent and Cross: The Jews in the Middle Ages'', [[Princeton University Press]], 1994, p. 163. {{ISBN|0-691-01082-X}}</ref>

Traditionally, Jews living in Muslim lands, known as [[dhimmis]], were allowed to practice their religion and administer their internal affairs but were subjects to certain conditions.<ref name=lewis1020>Lewis (1984), pp.10,20</ref> They had to pay the [[jizya]] (a per capita tax imposed on free adult non-Muslim males) to Muslims.<ref name=lewis1020 /> Dhimmis had an inferior status under Islamic rule. They had several social and legal [[Disabilities (Jewish)|disabilities]] such as prohibitions against bearing arms or giving testimony in courts in cases involving Muslims.<ref>Lewis (1984), pp. 9,27</ref> Contrary to popular belief, the [[Qur'an]] did not allow Muslims to force Jews to wear distinctive clothing. [[Obadiah the Proselyte]] reported in 1100 AD, that the [[Caliph]] had created this rule himself.<ref>[[Alexander Scheiber|Scheiber, A.]] (1954) "The Origins of Obadiah, the Norman Proselyte" ''Journal of Jewish Studies'' London: Oxford University Press. v.5. p.37</ref>

Resentment toward Jews perceived as having attained too lofty a position in Islamic society also fueled antisemitism and massacres. In [[Moorish Spain]], ibn Hazm and [[Abu Ishaq]] focused their anti-Jewish writings on this allegation. This was also the chief motivation behind the [[1066 Granada massacre]], when "[m]ore than 1,500 Jewish families, numbering 4,000 persons, fell in one day",<ref>Gottheil, Richard and [[Meyer Kayserling|Mayserling, Meyer]] (1906) [http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=412&letter=G&search=Granada "Granada"] in ''[[Jewish Encyclopedia]]''</ref> and in [[Fes, Morocco|Fez]] in 1033, when 6,000 Jews were killed.<ref name=Morris10>[[Benny Morris|Morris, Benny]] (2001) ''Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist–Arab Conflict, 1881–2001''. New York:Vintage Books. pp.10–11.</ref> There were further massacres in Fez in 1276 and 1465.<ref>Gerber (1986), p. 84</ref>

In the [[Zaydi|Zaydi imamate]] of [[Yemen]], Jews were also singled out for discrimination in the 17th century, which culminated in the general expulsion of all Jews from places in Yemen to the arid coastal plain of [[Tihamah]] and which became known as the [[Mawza Exile]].<ref>Qafiḥ, Yossef (1989) ''Ketavim'' (''Collected Papers''), c.2, Jerusalem, Israel. pp.714-ff. (Hebrew)</ref>

{{Status of religious freedom |persecution}}
{{Antisemitism}}

The [[Damascus affair]] occurred in 1840 when a French [[monk]] and his servant disappeared in [[Damascus]]. Immediately following, a charge of [[ritual murder]] was brought against a large number of Jews in the city including children who were tortured. The consuls of the [[United Kingdom]], [[France]] and [[Germany]] as well as [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] authorities, Christians, Muslims and Jews all played a great role in this affair.<ref>Frankel, Jonathan (1997) ''The Damascus Affair: 'Ritual Murder', Politics, and the Jews in 1840'' Cambridge, UK:Cambridge University Press. p.1. {{ISBN|0-521-48396-4}}</ref>

There was a massacre of Jews in [[Baghdad]] in 1828.<ref name="Morris10"/> There was another massacre in Barfurush in 1867.<ref name=Morris10/>

In 1839, in the eastern [[Persia]]n city of [[Meshed]], a mob burst into the [[Jewish quarter (diaspora)|Jewish Quarter]], burned the synagogue, and destroyed the [[Sefer Torah|Torah scrolls]]. This is known as the [[Allahdad incident]]. It was only by forcible conversion that a massacre was averted.<ref name="Patai">{{cite book |last=Patai |first=Raphael |title=Jadid al-Islam: The Jewish "New Muslims" of Meshhed |publisher=Wayne State University Press |year=1997 |location=Detroit |isbn=978-0-8143-2652-7 }}</ref>

In Palestine there were riots and pogroms against Jews in [[1920 Nebi Musa riots|1920]] and [[Jaffa riots|1921]]. Tensions over the [[Western Wall]] in Jerusalem led to the [[1929 Palestine riots]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Ovendale |first=Ritchie |title=The Origins of the Arab–Israeli Wars |year=2004 |publisher=[[Pearson Education]] |isbn=978-0-58282320-4 |pages=g.71 |chapter=The "Wailing Wall" Riots |quote=The Mufti tried to establish Muslim rights and the Jews were deliberately antagonized by building works and noise.}}</ref> whose [[1929 Hebron massacre|main victims]] were the ancient Jewish community at Hebron which came to an end.

In 1941, following [[Rashid Ali]]'s pro-[[Axis Powers|Axis]] coup, riots known as the ''[[Farhud]]'' broke out in [[Baghdad]] in which approximately 180 Jews were killed and about 240 were wounded, 586 Jewish-owned businesses were looted and 99 Jewish houses were destroyed.<ref>Levin, Itamar (2001. ''Locked Doors: The Seizure of Jewish Property in Arab Countries''. Praeger/Greenwood. p.6. {{ISBN|0-275-97134-1}}</ref>

[[File:Zeibak.jpg|left|thumb|upright|Border police discovered on March 2, 1974, the bodies of (clockwise from top left: Fara Zeibak, Mazal Zeibak, Eva Saad and Lulu Zeibak, in a cave in the [[Zabdani Mountains]].]]

During the [[Holocaust]], the [[Middle East]] was in turmoil. Britain prohibited Jewish immigration to the [[Mandatory Palestine|British Mandate of Palestine]]. In [[Cairo]] the Jewish [[Lehi (group)|Lehi]] (also known as the Stern Gang) assassinated [[Lord Moyne]] in 1944 fighting as part of its campaign against British closure of [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] to Jewish immigration, complicating British-Arab-Jewish relations. While the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] and the [[Axis Powers|Axis]] were fighting for the [[oil]]-rich region, the Mufti of Jerusalem [[Amin al-Husayni]] staged a pro-Nazi coup in [[Iraq]] and organized the [[Farhud]] pogrom which marked the turning point for about 150,000 Iraqi Jews who, following this event and the hostilities generated by the [[1948 Arab–Israeli war|war with Israel in 1948]], were targeted for violence, persecution, boycotts, confiscations, and near complete expulsion in 1951. The coup failed and the mufti fled to [[Berlin]], where he actively supported [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]]. In [[Egypt]], with a Jewish population of about 75,000, young [[Anwar Sadat]] was imprisoned for conspiring with the Nazis and promised them that "no British soldier would leave Egypt alive" (see [[Military history of Egypt during World War II]]) leaving the Jews of that region defenseless. In the French [[Vichy France|Vichy]] territories of [[Algeria]] and [[Syria]], plans were drawn up for the liquidation of their Jewish populations if the [[Axis Powers|Axis]] powers were triumphant.

The tensions which were caused by the [[Arab–Israeli conflict]] were also a factor in the rise of animosity towards the Jewish people all over the Middle East, as hundreds of thousands of Jews fled as [[Jewish refugees|refugees]], the main waves fleeing soon after the 1948 and 1956 wars. In reaction to the [[Suez Crisis]] of 1956, the Egyptian government expelled almost 25,000 Egyptian Jews and confiscated their property, and sent approximately 1,000 more Jews to prisons and detention camps. The population of the Jewish communities in Muslim Middle East and North Africa was reduced from about 900,000 in 1948 to less than 8,000 today.

On March 2, 1974, the bodies of four [[Syrian Jewish]] girls were discovered by border police in a cave in the [[Zabdani Mountains]] northwest of Damascus. Fara Zeibak 24, her sisters Lulu Zeibak 23, Mazal Zeibak 22 and their cousin Eva Saad 18, had contracted with a band of smugglers to flee from Syria to Lebanon and eventually to Israel. The girl’s bodies were found raped, murdered and mutilated. The police also found the remains of two Jewish boys, Natan Shaya 18 and Kassem Abadi 20, victims of an earlier massacre.<ref>Friedman, Saul S. (1989). ''Without Future: The Plight of Syrian Jewry''. Praeger Publishers. {{ISBN|978-0-275-93313-5}}</ref> Syrian authorities deposited the bodies of all six in sacks before the homes of their parents in the Jewish ghetto in Damascus.<ref>Le Figaro, March 9, 1974, "Quatre femmes juives assassins a Damas," (Paris: International Conference for Deliverance of Jews in the Middle East, 1974), p. 33.</ref>


== Nazism ==
== Nazism ==

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'{{see also|Antisemitism|Religious antisemitism|History of antisemitism|Racial antisemitism|New antisemitism|Anti-Judaism|Martyrdom in Judaism}} {{Jews and Judaism sidebar |History}} {{Discrimination sidebar}} '''Persecution of Jews''' has been a major part of [[Jewish history]], prompting shifting [[Jewish refugees|waves of refugees]] throughout the [[Jewish diaspora|diaspora communities]]. == Seleucids== {{see also|Maccabees}} When [[Judea]] fell under the authority of the [[Seleucid Empire]], the process of [[Hellenization]] was enforced by law.<ref>{{cite book|last1=VanderKam|first1=James C.|title=An Introduction to Early Judaism|date=2001|publisher=Eerdmans|location=Grand Rapids, Mich.|isbn=978-0-8028-4641-9|pages=18–24}}</ref> This effectively meant requiring pagan religious practice.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.questia.com/read/101600767/an-introduction-to-early-judaism|title=An Introduction to Early Judaism - 2001, Page viii by James C. Vanderkam. - Online Research Library: Questia|website=www.questia.com}}</ref><ref>[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=567&letter= ]{{dead link|date=November 2011}}</ref> In 167 BCE Jewish sacrifice was forbidden, sabbaths and feasts were banned and [[Circumcision in the Bible|circumcision]] was outlawed. Altars to Greek gods were set up and animals prohibited to Jews were sacrificed on them. The Olympian [[Zeus]] was placed on the altar of the Temple. Possession of [[Torah|Jewish scriptures]] was made a capital offense. ==Roman Empire== The [[Jewish Encyclopaedia]] refers to persecution of Jews and paganisation of [[Jerusalem]] during the reign of Emperor [[Hadrian]] (117-138 AD): :"The Jews now passed through a period of bitter persecution: [[Sabbath (judaism)|Sabbath]]s, festivals, the study of the [[Torah]] and [[circumcision]] were interdicted, and it seemed as if Hadrian desired to annihilate the Jewish people. His anger fell upon all the Jews of his empire, for he imposed upon them an oppressive [[poll-tax]]. The persecution, however, did not last long, for [[Antoninus Pius]] (138-161) revoked the cruel edicts."<ref>Gottheil, R. and Krauss, S., [http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/7015-hadrian Hadrian], Jewish Encyclopaedia, 1906, accessed 4 April 2019</ref> == Western and {{visible anchor|Christian antisemitism}} == {{main|Christianity and antisemitism}} <!--[[Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries]] links here--> [[File:Wormsjews.jpg|thumb|Jews from [[Worms, Germany]] wear the mandatory [[yellow badge]]. A money bag and garlic in the hands are an antisemitic [[stereotype]] (sixteenth-century drawing).]] In the [[Middle Ages]] [[antisemitism in Europe]] was [[Religious antisemitism|religious]]. Although not part of [[Dogma in the Catholic Church|Catholic dogma]], many Christians, including members of the [[clergy]], held the Jewish people collectively responsible for killing [[Jesus]]. As stated in the ''[[Boston College]] Guide to [[Passion Play]]s'', "Over the course of time, Christians began to accept … that the Jewish people as a whole were responsible for killing Jesus. According to this interpretation, both the Jews present at Jesus Christ's death and the Jewish people collectively and for all time, have committed the sin of [[Jewish deicide|deicide]], or 'god-killing'. For 1900 years of Christian-Jewish history, the charge of deicide has led to hatred, violence against and murder of Jews in [[Europe]] and [[Americas|America]]."<ref name=Paley>Paley, Susan, and Koesters, Adrian Gibbons, eds. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110301033826/http://moses.creighton.edu/JRS/pdf/ViewersGuide.pdf "A Viewer's Guide to Contemporary Passion Plays"], accessed March 12, 2006.</ref> During the [[High Middle Ages]] in [[Europe]] there was full-scale persecution in many places, with [[blood libel]]s, expulsions, [[forced conversion]]s and [[wiktionary:massacre|massacres]]. An underlying source of prejudice against Jews in Europe was religious. Jews were frequently massacred and exiled from various European countries. The persecution hit its first peak during the [[Crusades]]. In the [[First Crusade]] (1096), flourishing communities on the [[Rhine River|Rhine]] and the [[Danube River|Danube]] were utterly destroyed, a prime example being the [[Rhineland massacres]]. In the [[Second Crusade]] (1147) the Jews in [[France]] were subject to frequent massacres. The Jews were also subjected to attacks by the [[Shepherds' Crusade (1251)|Shepherds' Crusades of 1251]] and [[Shepherds' Crusade (1320)|1320]]. The Crusades were followed by expulsions, including in 1290, [[Edict of Expulsion|the banishing of all English Jews]]; in 1396, 100,000 Jews were expelled from France; and, in 1421 thousands were expelled from [[Austria]]. Many of the expelled Jews fled to [[Poland]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.holocaustcenterpgh.net/2-3.html |title=Why the Jews? – Black Death |publisher=Holocaustcenterpgh.net |accessdate=2011-11-22 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070429065613/http://www.holocaustcenterpgh.net/2-3.html |archivedate=2007-04-29 }}</ref> As the [[Black Death]] epidemics devastated Europe in the mid-14th century, annihilating more than a half of the population, Jews were taken as [[scapegoat#Political/sociological scapegoating|scapegoats]]. Rumors spread that they caused the disease by deliberately [[well poisoning|poisoning wells]]. Hundreds of Jewish communities were destroyed by violence in the [[Black Death persecutions]]. Although [[Pope Clement VI]] tried to protect them by [[papal bull]] on July 6, 1348 - with another following later in 1348 - several months afterwards, 900 Jews were [[Strasbourg massacre|burnt alive in Strasbourg]], where the plague hadn't yet affected the city.<ref name="Black">See Stéphane Barry and Norbert Gualde, ''La plus grande épidémie de Histoire'' ("The greatest epidemics in history"), in ''[[L'Histoire]]'' magazine, n°310, June 2006, p.47 {{in lang|fr}}</ref> One study finds that Jewish persecutions and expulsions increased with negative economic shocks and climactic variations in Europe over the period 1100-1600.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title = Jewish Persecutions and Weather Shocks: 1100-1800|journal = The Economic Journal|volume = 127|issue = 602|date = 2015-09-01|issn = 1468-0297|pages = 924–958|doi = 10.1111/ecoj.12331|language = en|first = Robert Warren|last = Anderson|first2 = Noel D.|last2 = Johnson|first3 = Mark|last3 = Koyama}}</ref> The authors of the study argue that this stems from people blaming Jews for misfortunes and weak rulers going after Jewish wealth in times of fiscal crisis. The authors propose several explanations for why Jewish persecutions significantly declined after 1600: * (1) there were simply fewer Jewish communities to persecute by the 17th century; * (2) improved agricultural productivity, or, better-integrated markets may have reduced vulnerability to temperature shocks; * (3) the rise of stronger states may have led to more robust protection for religious and ethnic minorities; * (4) there were fewer negative temperature shocks. * (5) the impact of the Reformation and the Enlightenment may have reduced antisemitic attitudes.<ref name=":0" /> In the [[Papal States]], which existed until 1870, Jews were required to live only in specified neighborhoods called [[ghetto]]s. Until the 1840s, they were required to regularly attend sermons urging their conversion to Christianity. Only Jews were taxed to support state [[boarding school]]s for Jewish converts to Christianity. It was illegal to convert from Christianity to Judaism. Sometimes Jews were baptized involuntarily, and, even when such baptisms were illegal, forced to practice the Christian religion. In many such cases, the state separated them from their families, of which the [[Edgardo Mortara]] account is one of the most widely publicized instances of acrimony between Catholics and Jews in the Papal States in the second half of the 19th century. == {{visible anchor|Middle East and Arab antisemitism|Muslim_and_Arab_antisemitism}} == {{main|Islam and Judaism|Islam and antisemitism|Antisemitism in the Arab world|Relations between Nazi Germany and the Arab world}} [[File:Banu Qurayza.png|thumb|200px|The [[Banu Qurayza|massacre of the Jewish Banu Qurayza]] in Arabia.]] According to Mark R. Cohen, during the rise of [[Islam]], the first encounters between [[Muslim]]s and Jews resulted in friendship when the Jews of [[Medina]] gave [[Muhammad]] refuge. Conflict arose when Muhammad expelled certain Jewish tribes after they refused to swear their allegiance to him and aided the Meccan Pagans. He adds that this encounter was an exception rather than a rule.<ref>Cohen, Mark R. ''Under Crescent and Cross: The Jews in the Middle Ages'', [[Princeton University Press]], 1994, p. 163. {{ISBN|0-691-01082-X}}</ref> Traditionally, Jews living in Muslim lands, known as [[dhimmis]], were allowed to practice their religion and administer their internal affairs but were subjects to certain conditions.<ref name=lewis1020>Lewis (1984), pp.10,20</ref> They had to pay the [[jizya]] (a per capita tax imposed on free adult non-Muslim males) to Muslims.<ref name=lewis1020 /> Dhimmis had an inferior status under Islamic rule. They had several social and legal [[Disabilities (Jewish)|disabilities]] such as prohibitions against bearing arms or giving testimony in courts in cases involving Muslims.<ref>Lewis (1984), pp. 9,27</ref> Contrary to popular belief, the [[Qur'an]] did not allow Muslims to force Jews to wear distinctive clothing. [[Obadiah the Proselyte]] reported in 1100 AD, that the [[Caliph]] had created this rule himself.<ref>[[Alexander Scheiber|Scheiber, A.]] (1954) "The Origins of Obadiah, the Norman Proselyte" ''Journal of Jewish Studies'' London: Oxford University Press. v.5. p.37</ref> Resentment toward Jews perceived as having attained too lofty a position in Islamic society also fueled antisemitism and massacres. In [[Moorish Spain]], ibn Hazm and [[Abu Ishaq]] focused their anti-Jewish writings on this allegation. This was also the chief motivation behind the [[1066 Granada massacre]], when "[m]ore than 1,500 Jewish families, numbering 4,000 persons, fell in one day",<ref>Gottheil, Richard and [[Meyer Kayserling|Mayserling, Meyer]] (1906) [http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=412&letter=G&search=Granada "Granada"] in ''[[Jewish Encyclopedia]]''</ref> and in [[Fes, Morocco|Fez]] in 1033, when 6,000 Jews were killed.<ref name=Morris10>[[Benny Morris|Morris, Benny]] (2001) ''Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist–Arab Conflict, 1881–2001''. New York:Vintage Books. pp.10–11.</ref> There were further massacres in Fez in 1276 and 1465.<ref>Gerber (1986), p. 84</ref> In the [[Zaydi|Zaydi imamate]] of [[Yemen]], Jews were also singled out for discrimination in the 17th century, which culminated in the general expulsion of all Jews from places in Yemen to the arid coastal plain of [[Tihamah]] and which became known as the [[Mawza Exile]].<ref>Qafiḥ, Yossef (1989) ''Ketavim'' (''Collected Papers''), c.2, Jerusalem, Israel. pp.714-ff. (Hebrew)</ref> {{Status of religious freedom |persecution}} {{Antisemitism}} The [[Damascus affair]] occurred in 1840 when a French [[monk]] and his servant disappeared in [[Damascus]]. Immediately following, a charge of [[ritual murder]] was brought against a large number of Jews in the city including children who were tortured. The consuls of the [[United Kingdom]], [[France]] and [[Germany]] as well as [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] authorities, Christians, Muslims and Jews all played a great role in this affair.<ref>Frankel, Jonathan (1997) ''The Damascus Affair: 'Ritual Murder', Politics, and the Jews in 1840'' Cambridge, UK:Cambridge University Press. p.1. {{ISBN|0-521-48396-4}}</ref> There was a massacre of Jews in [[Baghdad]] in 1828.<ref name="Morris10"/> There was another massacre in Barfurush in 1867.<ref name=Morris10/> In 1839, in the eastern [[Persia]]n city of [[Meshed]], a mob burst into the [[Jewish quarter (diaspora)|Jewish Quarter]], burned the synagogue, and destroyed the [[Sefer Torah|Torah scrolls]]. This is known as the [[Allahdad incident]]. It was only by forcible conversion that a massacre was averted.<ref name="Patai">{{cite book |last=Patai |first=Raphael |title=Jadid al-Islam: The Jewish "New Muslims" of Meshhed |publisher=Wayne State University Press |year=1997 |location=Detroit |isbn=978-0-8143-2652-7 }}</ref> In Palestine there were riots and pogroms against Jews in [[1920 Nebi Musa riots|1920]] and [[Jaffa riots|1921]]. Tensions over the [[Western Wall]] in Jerusalem led to the [[1929 Palestine riots]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Ovendale |first=Ritchie |title=The Origins of the Arab–Israeli Wars |year=2004 |publisher=[[Pearson Education]] |isbn=978-0-58282320-4 |pages=g.71 |chapter=The "Wailing Wall" Riots |quote=The Mufti tried to establish Muslim rights and the Jews were deliberately antagonized by building works and noise.}}</ref> whose [[1929 Hebron massacre|main victims]] were the ancient Jewish community at Hebron which came to an end. In 1941, following [[Rashid Ali]]'s pro-[[Axis Powers|Axis]] coup, riots known as the ''[[Farhud]]'' broke out in [[Baghdad]] in which approximately 180 Jews were killed and about 240 were wounded, 586 Jewish-owned businesses were looted and 99 Jewish houses were destroyed.<ref>Levin, Itamar (2001. ''Locked Doors: The Seizure of Jewish Property in Arab Countries''. Praeger/Greenwood. p.6. {{ISBN|0-275-97134-1}}</ref> [[File:Zeibak.jpg|left|thumb|upright|Border police discovered on March 2, 1974, the bodies of (clockwise from top left: Fara Zeibak, Mazal Zeibak, Eva Saad and Lulu Zeibak, in a cave in the [[Zabdani Mountains]].]] During the [[Holocaust]], the [[Middle East]] was in turmoil. Britain prohibited Jewish immigration to the [[Mandatory Palestine|British Mandate of Palestine]]. In [[Cairo]] the Jewish [[Lehi (group)|Lehi]] (also known as the Stern Gang) assassinated [[Lord Moyne]] in 1944 fighting as part of its campaign against British closure of [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] to Jewish immigration, complicating British-Arab-Jewish relations. While the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] and the [[Axis Powers|Axis]] were fighting for the [[oil]]-rich region, the Mufti of Jerusalem [[Amin al-Husayni]] staged a pro-Nazi coup in [[Iraq]] and organized the [[Farhud]] pogrom which marked the turning point for about 150,000 Iraqi Jews who, following this event and the hostilities generated by the [[1948 Arab–Israeli war|war with Israel in 1948]], were targeted for violence, persecution, boycotts, confiscations, and near complete expulsion in 1951. The coup failed and the mufti fled to [[Berlin]], where he actively supported [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]]. In [[Egypt]], with a Jewish population of about 75,000, young [[Anwar Sadat]] was imprisoned for conspiring with the Nazis and promised them that "no British soldier would leave Egypt alive" (see [[Military history of Egypt during World War II]]) leaving the Jews of that region defenseless. In the French [[Vichy France|Vichy]] territories of [[Algeria]] and [[Syria]], plans were drawn up for the liquidation of their Jewish populations if the [[Axis Powers|Axis]] powers were triumphant. The tensions which were caused by the [[Arab–Israeli conflict]] were also a factor in the rise of animosity towards the Jewish people all over the Middle East, as hundreds of thousands of Jews fled as [[Jewish refugees|refugees]], the main waves fleeing soon after the 1948 and 1956 wars. In reaction to the [[Suez Crisis]] of 1956, the Egyptian government expelled almost 25,000 Egyptian Jews and confiscated their property, and sent approximately 1,000 more Jews to prisons and detention camps. The population of the Jewish communities in Muslim Middle East and North Africa was reduced from about 900,000 in 1948 to less than 8,000 today. On March 2, 1974, the bodies of four [[Syrian Jewish]] girls were discovered by border police in a cave in the [[Zabdani Mountains]] northwest of Damascus. Fara Zeibak 24, her sisters Lulu Zeibak 23, Mazal Zeibak 22 and their cousin Eva Saad 18, had contracted with a band of smugglers to flee from Syria to Lebanon and eventually to Israel. The girl’s bodies were found raped, murdered and mutilated. The police also found the remains of two Jewish boys, Natan Shaya 18 and Kassem Abadi 20, victims of an earlier massacre.<ref>Friedman, Saul S. (1989). ''Without Future: The Plight of Syrian Jewry''. Praeger Publishers. {{ISBN|978-0-275-93313-5}}</ref> Syrian authorities deposited the bodies of all six in sacks before the homes of their parents in the Jewish ghetto in Damascus.<ref>Le Figaro, March 9, 1974, "Quatre femmes juives assassins a Damas," (Paris: International Conference for Deliverance of Jews in the Middle East, 1974), p. 33.</ref> == Nazism == {{main|The Holocaust}} [[File:Massacre of Jews in Lietūkis garage.jpeg|thumb|[[Kaunas pogrom]] in [[German occupation of Lithuania during World War II|German-occupied Lithuania]], June 1941]] The persecution of Jews reached its most destructive form in the policies of [[Nazi Germany]], which made the destruction of Jews a priority, culminating in the killing of approximately 6,000,000 Jews during [[the Holocaust]] from 1941 to 1945.<ref>[[Lucy Dawidowicz|Dawidowicz, Lucy]]. ''The War Against the Jews'', Bantam, 1986.p. 403</ref> Originally, the Nazis used [[death squad]]s, the [[Einsatzgruppen]], to conduct massive open-air killings of Jews who lived in the territories which they had conquered. By 1942, the Nazi leadership decided to implement the [[Final Solution]], the [[genocide]] of the Jews of [[Europe]], and increase the pace of the Holocaust by establishing [[extermination camp]]s for the specific purpose of killing Jews as well as other undesirables such as [[German resistance to Nazism|people who openly opposed Hitler]].<ref>Manvell, Roger ''Goering'' New York:1972 Ballantine Books – War Leader Book #8 Ballantine's Illustrated History of the Violent Century</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6724481.stm |title=Ukrainian mass Jewish grave found |publisher=BBC News |date=2007-06-05 |accessdate=2011-11-22}}</ref> This was an industrial method of [[genocide]]. Millions of Jews who had been confined to diseased and massively overcrowded [[ghettos]] were transported (often by [[Holocaust trains|train]]) to [[extermination camps|death camps]], where some were herded into a specific location (often a [[gas chamber]]), then killed with either gassing or shooting. Other prisoners simply committed suicide, unable to go on after witnessing the horrors of camp life. Afterward, their bodies were often searched for any valuable or useful materials, such as [[gold]] fillings or [[hair]], and their remains were then buried in mass graves or burned. Others were interned in the camps where they were given little food and disease was common.<ref name=Berenbaum103>Berenbaum, Michael. ''The World Must Know," United States Holocaust Museum'', 2006, p. 103.</ref> Escapes from the camps were few, but not unknown. The few escapes from [[Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz]] that succeeded were made possible by the [[Polish resistance movement in World War II|Polish underground]] inside the camp and local people outside.<ref name=Linn20>[[Ruth Linn|Linn, Ruth]]. ''Escaping Auschwitz. A culture of forgetting'', Cornell University Press, 2004, p. 20.</ref> In 1940, the Auschwitz commandant reported that "the local population is fanatically Polish and … prepared to take any action against the hated [[Schutzstaffel|SS]] camp personnel. Every prisoner who managed to escape can count on help the moment he reaches the wall of the first Polish farmstead."<ref name=Swiebocki505>Swiebocki, Henryk. "Prisoner Escapes," in Berenbaum, Michael & Gutman, Yisrael (eds). ''Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp'', Indiana University Press and the [[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]], 1994, p. 505.</ref> == Russia and the Soviet Union == {{main|History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union}} ===Czarist Russia=== {{main|Antisemitism in the Russian Empire}} For much of the 19th century, [[Russian Empire|Imperial Russia]], which included much of [[Poland]], [[Ukraine]], [[Moldova]] and the [[Baltic states]], contained the world's largest Jewish population. From [[Alexander III of Russia|Alexander III]]'s reign until the end of [[Tsar]]ist rule in Russia, many Jews were often restricted to the Jewish [[Pale of Settlement]] and they were also banned from many jobs and locations. Jews were subject to racist laws, such as the [[May Laws]], and they were also targeted in hundreds of violent anti-Jewish riots, called [[pogrom]]s, which received unofficial state support. It was during this period that a hoax document alleging a global Jewish [[conspiracy theory|conspiracy]], ''[[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion]]'', was published. The Czarist government implemented programs which ensured that the Jews would remain isolated. However, the government tolerated their religious and national institutions as well as their right to emigrate. The restrictions and discriminatory laws drove many Russian Jews to embrace [[Liberalism|liberal]] and [[Socialism|socialist]] causes. However, following the [[Russian Revolution (1917)|Russian Revolution]] many politically active Jews forfeited their Jewish identity.<ref name=commentary>{{cite web|url=http://www.commentarymagazine.com/viewarticle.cfm/the-jews-in-the-soviet-union-since-1917--by-nora-levin--the-jews-of-the-soviet-union--by-benjamin-pinkus-7646nska4.html |title=The Jews in the Soviet Union Since 1917, by Nora Levin; The Jews of the Soviet Union, by Benjamin Pinkus|author=[[Daniel Pipes|Pipes, Daniel]] |website=[[Commentary (magazine)|Commentary]]|date=December 1989 |accessdate=2011-11-22 }}</ref> According to [[Leon Trotsky]], <blockquote>[Jews] considered themselves neither Jews nor Russians but socialists. To them, Jews were not a nation but a class of exploiters whose fate it was to dissolve and assimilate.</blockquote> In the aftermath of Czarist Russia, Jews found themselves in a tragic predicament. Conservative Russians saw them as a disloyal and subversive element and the radicals viewed the Jews as a doomed social class.<ref name=commentary /> ===Soviet Union=== {{main|Antisemitism in the Soviet Union}} Even though many of the [[Old Bolshevik]]s were ethnically Jewish, they sought to uproot [[Judaism]] and [[Zionism]] and established the ''[[Yevsektsiya]]'' in order to achieve this goal. By the end of the 1940s, the [[Communist]] leadership of the former [[Soviet Union|USSR]] had liquidated almost all Jewish organizations, with the exception of a few [[tokenism|token]] [[synagogue]]s. These synagogues were then placed under police surveillance, both openly and through the use of informants.{{Citation needed|date=February 2016}} The campaign of 1948–1953 against so-called "[[rootless cosmopolitan]]s," the alleged "[[Doctors' plot]]," the rise of "[[Zionology]]" and subsequent activities of official organizations such as the [[Anti-Zionist committee of the Soviet public]] were officially carried out under the banner of "[[anti-Zionism]]", and by the mid-1950s the state persecution of Soviet Jews emerged as a major [[human rights]] issue in the West as well as domestically. ==Apartheid South Africa== {{Main|Antisemitism in South Africa}} During the 1930s, many [[National Party (South Africa)|Nationalist Party]] leaders and wide sections of the [[Afrikaners|Afrikaner people]] came strongly under the influence of the Nazi movement which dominated Germany from 1933 to 1945. There were many reasons for this. Germany was the traditional enemy of [[United Kingdom|Britain]], and whoever opposed Britain was seen as a friend of the Nationalists. Many Nationalists, moreover, believed that the opportunity to re-establish their lost republic would come with the defeat of the [[British Empire]] in the international arena. The more belligerent Hitler became, the higher hopes rose that a new era of Afrikanerdom was about to dawn.<ref name="web.archive.org">{{cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070715031456/http://www.anc.org.za/books/reich4.html|title=The Rise of the South African Reich - Chapter 4|date=15 July 2007|publisher=}}</ref> The [[National Party (South Africa)|National Party]] of D F Malan closely associated itself with the policies of the Nazis. Jewish immigration from [[Eastern Europe]] was controlled under the Aliens Act and it soon came to an end during this period. Although Jews were accorded status as Europeans, they were not accepted into white society. Many Jews lived in mixed race areas such as District Six, from where they were forcibly removed in order to make way for a whites-only development.{{Citation needed|date=April 2018}} Another organization with which the Nationalists found much in common during the thirties was the 'South African Gentile National Socialist Movement', headed by [[Johannes von Strauss von Moltke]], whose objective was to combat and destroy the alleged 'perversive influence of the Jews in [[economics]], [[culture]], [[religion]], [[ethics]], and [[Power (international relations)|statecraft]] and re-establish European [[Aryan race|Aryan]] control in South Africa for the welfare of the Christian peoples of South Africa'.<ref name="web.archive.org"/> During the 1960s, [[Oswald Mosley]], the British fascist leader, was a frequent visitor to South Africa, where he was received by the Prime Minister and other members of the Cabinet. At one time, Mosley had two functioning branches of his organization in South Africa, and one of his supporters, Derek Alexander, was stationed in [[Johannesburg]] as his main agent.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}} Upon Verwoerd's [[assassination]] in 1966, [[BJ Vorster]] was elected by the National Party to replace him. While Vorster had been a supporter of Hitler during WWII, his policy towards Jews in his own country, however, can best be described as ambivalent.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}} The 1980s saw the rise of [[Far-right politics|far-right]] [[Neo-Nazism|neo-Nazi]] groups such as the [[Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging]] under [[Eugene Terreblanche]]. The AWB modeled itself after Hitler's [[Nazi Party|National Socialist Party]] replete with fascist regalia and an emblem resembling the [[swastika]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2018}} == References == '''Notes''' {{reflist}} {{More citations needed|date=March 2007}} '''Bibliography''' *[[Bernard Lewis|Lewis, Bernard]] (1984) ''The Jews of Islam''. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. {{ISBN|0-691-00807-8}} ==External links== *{{commons category-inline}} {{Religious persecution}} {{Antisemitism topics |collapsed}} {{Jews and Judaism}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Persecution Of Jews}} [[Category:Persecution of Jews| ]]'
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext)
'{{see also|Antisemitism|Religious antisemitism|History of antisemitism|Racial antisemitism|New antisemitism|Anti-Judaism|Martyrdom in Judaism}} {{Jews and Judaism sidebar |History}} {{Discrimination sidebar}} '''Persecution of Jews''' has been a major part of [[Jewish history]], prompting shifting [[Jewish refugees|waves of refugees]] throughout the [[Jewish diaspora|diaspora communities]]. == Seleucids== {{see also|Maccabees}} When [[Judea]] fell under the authority of the [[Seleucid Empire]], the process of [[Hellenization]] was enforced by law.<ref>{{cite book|last1=VanderKam|first1=James C.|title=An Introduction to Early Judaism|date=2001|publisher=Eerdmans|location=Grand Rapids, Mich.|isbn=978-0-8028-4641-9|pages=18–24}}</ref> This effectively meant requiring pagan religious practice.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.questia.com/read/101600767/an-introduction-to-early-judaism|title=An Introduction to Early Judaism - 2001, Page viii by James C. Vanderkam. - Online Research Library: Questia|website=www.questia.com}}</ref><ref>[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=567&letter= ]{{dead link|date=November 2011}}</ref> In 167 BCE Jewish sacrifice was forbidden, sabbaths and feasts were banned and [[Circumcision in the Bible|circumcision]] was outlawed. Altars to Greek gods were set up and animals prohibited to Jews were sacrificed on them. The Olympian [[Zeus]] was placed on the altar of the Temple. Possession of [[Torah|Jewish scriptures]] was made a capital offense. ==Roman Empire== The [[Jewish Encyclopaedia]] refers to persecution of Jews and paganisation of [[Jerusalem]] during the reign of Emperor [[Hadrian]] (117-138 AD): :"The Jews now passed through a period of bitter persecution: [[Sabbath (judaism)|Sabbath]]s, festivals, the study of the [[Torah]] and [[circumcision]] were interdicted, and it seemed as if Hadrian desired to annihilate the Jewish people. His anger fell upon all the Jews of his empire, for he imposed upon them an oppressive [[poll-tax]]. The persecution, however, did not last long, for [[Antoninus Pius]] (138-161) revoked the cruel edicts."<ref>Gottheil, R. and Krauss, S., [http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/7015-hadrian Hadrian], Jewish Encyclopaedia, 1906, accessed 4 April 2019</ref> == Western and {{visible anchor|Christian antisemitism}} == {{main|Christianity and antisemitism}} <!--[[Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries]] links here--> [[File:Wormsjews.jpg|thumb|Jews from [[Worms, Germany]] wear the mandatory [[yellow badge]]. A money bag and garlic in the hands are an antisemitic [[stereotype]] (sixteenth-century drawing).]] In the [[Middle Ages]] [[antisemitism in Europe]] was [[Religious antisemitism|religious]]. Although not part of [[Dogma in the Catholic Church|Catholic dogma]], many Christians, including members of the [[clergy]], held the Jewish people collectively responsible for killing [[Jesus]]. As stated in the ''[[Boston College]] Guide to [[Passion Play]]s'', "Over the course of time, Christians began to accept … that the Jewish people as a whole were responsible for killing Jesus. According to this interpretation, both the Jews present at Jesus Christ's death and the Jewish people collectively and for all time, have committed the sin of [[Jewish deicide|deicide]], or 'god-killing'. For 1900 years of Christian-Jewish history, the charge of deicide has led to hatred, violence against and murder of Jews in [[Europe]] and [[Americas|America]]."<ref name=Paley>Paley, Susan, and Koesters, Adrian Gibbons, eds. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110301033826/http://moses.creighton.edu/JRS/pdf/ViewersGuide.pdf "A Viewer's Guide to Contemporary Passion Plays"], accessed March 12, 2006.</ref> During the [[High Middle Ages]] in [[Europe]] there was full-scale persecution in many places, with [[blood libel]]s, expulsions, [[forced conversion]]s and [[wiktionary:massacre|massacres]]. An underlying source of prejudice against Jews in Europe was religious. Jews were frequently massacred and exiled from various European countries. The persecution hit its first peak during the [[Crusades]]. In the [[First Crusade]] (1096), flourishing communities on the [[Rhine River|Rhine]] and the [[Danube River|Danube]] were utterly destroyed, a prime example being the [[Rhineland massacres]]. In the [[Second Crusade]] (1147) the Jews in [[France]] were subject to frequent massacres. The Jews were also subjected to attacks by the [[Shepherds' Crusade (1251)|Shepherds' Crusades of 1251]] and [[Shepherds' Crusade (1320)|1320]]. The Crusades were followed by expulsions, including in 1290, [[Edict of Expulsion|the banishing of all English Jews]]; in 1396, 100,000 Jews were expelled from France; and, in 1421 thousands were expelled from [[Austria]]. Many of the expelled Jews fled to [[Poland]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.holocaustcenterpgh.net/2-3.html |title=Why the Jews? – Black Death |publisher=Holocaustcenterpgh.net |accessdate=2011-11-22 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070429065613/http://www.holocaustcenterpgh.net/2-3.html |archivedate=2007-04-29 }}</ref> As the [[Black Death]] epidemics devastated Europe in the mid-14th century, annihilating more than a half of the population, Jews were taken as [[scapegoat#Political/sociological scapegoating|scapegoats]]. Rumors spread that they caused the disease by deliberately [[well poisoning|poisoning wells]]. Hundreds of Jewish communities were destroyed by violence in the [[Black Death persecutions]]. Although [[Pope Clement VI]] tried to protect them by [[papal bull]] on July 6, 1348 - with another following later in 1348 - several months afterwards, 900 Jews were [[Strasbourg massacre|burnt alive in Strasbourg]], where the plague hadn't yet affected the city.<ref name="Black">See Stéphane Barry and Norbert Gualde, ''La plus grande épidémie de Histoire'' ("The greatest epidemics in history"), in ''[[L'Histoire]]'' magazine, n°310, June 2006, p.47 {{in lang|fr}}</ref> One study finds that Jewish persecutions and expulsions increased with negative economic shocks and climactic variations in Europe over the period 1100-1600.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title = Jewish Persecutions and Weather Shocks: 1100-1800|journal = The Economic Journal|volume = 127|issue = 602|date = 2015-09-01|issn = 1468-0297|pages = 924–958|doi = 10.1111/ecoj.12331|language = en|first = Robert Warren|last = Anderson|first2 = Noel D.|last2 = Johnson|first3 = Mark|last3 = Koyama}}</ref> The authors of the study argue that this stems from people blaming Jews for misfortunes and weak rulers going after Jewish wealth in times of fiscal crisis. The authors propose several explanations for why Jewish persecutions significantly declined after 1600: * (1) there were simply fewer Jewish communities to persecute by the 17th century; * (2) improved agricultural productivity, or, better-integrated markets may have reduced vulnerability to temperature shocks; * (3) the rise of stronger states may have led to more robust protection for religious and ethnic minorities; * (4) there were fewer negative temperature shocks. * (5) the impact of the Reformation and the Enlightenment may have reduced antisemitic attitudes.<ref name=":0" /> In the [[Papal States]], which existed until 1870, Jews were required to live only in specified neighborhoods called [[ghetto]]s. Until the 1840s, they were required to regularly attend sermons urging their conversion to Christianity. Only Jews were taxed to support state [[boarding school]]s for Jewish converts to Christianity. It was illegal to convert from Christianity to Judaism. Sometimes Jews were baptized involuntarily, and, even when such baptisms were illegal, forced to practice the Christian religion. In many such cases, the state separated them from their families, of which the [[Edgardo Mortara]] account is one of the most widely publicized instances of acrimony between Catholics and Jews in the Papal States in the second half of the 19th century. ugali ugali ugalii == Nazism == {{main|The Holocaust}} [[File:Massacre of Jews in Lietūkis garage.jpeg|thumb|[[Kaunas pogrom]] in [[German occupation of Lithuania during World War II|German-occupied Lithuania]], June 1941]] The persecution of Jews reached its most destructive form in the policies of [[Nazi Germany]], which made the destruction of Jews a priority, culminating in the killing of approximately 6,000,000 Jews during [[the Holocaust]] from 1941 to 1945.<ref>[[Lucy Dawidowicz|Dawidowicz, Lucy]]. ''The War Against the Jews'', Bantam, 1986.p. 403</ref> Originally, the Nazis used [[death squad]]s, the [[Einsatzgruppen]], to conduct massive open-air killings of Jews who lived in the territories which they had conquered. By 1942, the Nazi leadership decided to implement the [[Final Solution]], the [[genocide]] of the Jews of [[Europe]], and increase the pace of the Holocaust by establishing [[extermination camp]]s for the specific purpose of killing Jews as well as other undesirables such as [[German resistance to Nazism|people who openly opposed Hitler]].<ref>Manvell, Roger ''Goering'' New York:1972 Ballantine Books – War Leader Book #8 Ballantine's Illustrated History of the Violent Century</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6724481.stm |title=Ukrainian mass Jewish grave found |publisher=BBC News |date=2007-06-05 |accessdate=2011-11-22}}</ref> This was an industrial method of [[genocide]]. Millions of Jews who had been confined to diseased and massively overcrowded [[ghettos]] were transported (often by [[Holocaust trains|train]]) to [[extermination camps|death camps]], where some were herded into a specific location (often a [[gas chamber]]), then killed with either gassing or shooting. Other prisoners simply committed suicide, unable to go on after witnessing the horrors of camp life. Afterward, their bodies were often searched for any valuable or useful materials, such as [[gold]] fillings or [[hair]], and their remains were then buried in mass graves or burned. Others were interned in the camps where they were given little food and disease was common.<ref name=Berenbaum103>Berenbaum, Michael. ''The World Must Know," United States Holocaust Museum'', 2006, p. 103.</ref> Escapes from the camps were few, but not unknown. The few escapes from [[Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz]] that succeeded were made possible by the [[Polish resistance movement in World War II|Polish underground]] inside the camp and local people outside.<ref name=Linn20>[[Ruth Linn|Linn, Ruth]]. ''Escaping Auschwitz. A culture of forgetting'', Cornell University Press, 2004, p. 20.</ref> In 1940, the Auschwitz commandant reported that "the local population is fanatically Polish and … prepared to take any action against the hated [[Schutzstaffel|SS]] camp personnel. Every prisoner who managed to escape can count on help the moment he reaches the wall of the first Polish farmstead."<ref name=Swiebocki505>Swiebocki, Henryk. "Prisoner Escapes," in Berenbaum, Michael & Gutman, Yisrael (eds). ''Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp'', Indiana University Press and the [[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]], 1994, p. 505.</ref> == Russia and the Soviet Union == {{main|History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union}} ===Czarist Russia=== {{main|Antisemitism in the Russian Empire}} For much of the 19th century, [[Russian Empire|Imperial Russia]], which included much of [[Poland]], [[Ukraine]], [[Moldova]] and the [[Baltic states]], contained the world's largest Jewish population. From [[Alexander III of Russia|Alexander III]]'s reign until the end of [[Tsar]]ist rule in Russia, many Jews were often restricted to the Jewish [[Pale of Settlement]] and they were also banned from many jobs and locations. Jews were subject to racist laws, such as the [[May Laws]], and they were also targeted in hundreds of violent anti-Jewish riots, called [[pogrom]]s, which received unofficial state support. It was during this period that a hoax document alleging a global Jewish [[conspiracy theory|conspiracy]], ''[[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion]]'', was published. The Czarist government implemented programs which ensured that the Jews would remain isolated. However, the government tolerated their religious and national institutions as well as their right to emigrate. The restrictions and discriminatory laws drove many Russian Jews to embrace [[Liberalism|liberal]] and [[Socialism|socialist]] causes. However, following the [[Russian Revolution (1917)|Russian Revolution]] many politically active Jews forfeited their Jewish identity.<ref name=commentary>{{cite web|url=http://www.commentarymagazine.com/viewarticle.cfm/the-jews-in-the-soviet-union-since-1917--by-nora-levin--the-jews-of-the-soviet-union--by-benjamin-pinkus-7646nska4.html |title=The Jews in the Soviet Union Since 1917, by Nora Levin; The Jews of the Soviet Union, by Benjamin Pinkus|author=[[Daniel Pipes|Pipes, Daniel]] |website=[[Commentary (magazine)|Commentary]]|date=December 1989 |accessdate=2011-11-22 }}</ref> According to [[Leon Trotsky]], <blockquote>[Jews] considered themselves neither Jews nor Russians but socialists. To them, Jews were not a nation but a class of exploiters whose fate it was to dissolve and assimilate.</blockquote> In the aftermath of Czarist Russia, Jews found themselves in a tragic predicament. Conservative Russians saw them as a disloyal and subversive element and the radicals viewed the Jews as a doomed social class.<ref name=commentary /> ===Soviet Union=== {{main|Antisemitism in the Soviet Union}} Even though many of the [[Old Bolshevik]]s were ethnically Jewish, they sought to uproot [[Judaism]] and [[Zionism]] and established the ''[[Yevsektsiya]]'' in order to achieve this goal. By the end of the 1940s, the [[Communist]] leadership of the former [[Soviet Union|USSR]] had liquidated almost all Jewish organizations, with the exception of a few [[tokenism|token]] [[synagogue]]s. These synagogues were then placed under police surveillance, both openly and through the use of informants.{{Citation needed|date=February 2016}} The campaign of 1948–1953 against so-called "[[rootless cosmopolitan]]s," the alleged "[[Doctors' plot]]," the rise of "[[Zionology]]" and subsequent activities of official organizations such as the [[Anti-Zionist committee of the Soviet public]] were officially carried out under the banner of "[[anti-Zionism]]", and by the mid-1950s the state persecution of Soviet Jews emerged as a major [[human rights]] issue in the West as well as domestically. ==Apartheid South Africa== {{Main|Antisemitism in South Africa}} During the 1930s, many [[National Party (South Africa)|Nationalist Party]] leaders and wide sections of the [[Afrikaners|Afrikaner people]] came strongly under the influence of the Nazi movement which dominated Germany from 1933 to 1945. There were many reasons for this. Germany was the traditional enemy of [[United Kingdom|Britain]], and whoever opposed Britain was seen as a friend of the Nationalists. Many Nationalists, moreover, believed that the opportunity to re-establish their lost republic would come with the defeat of the [[British Empire]] in the international arena. The more belligerent Hitler became, the higher hopes rose that a new era of Afrikanerdom was about to dawn.<ref name="web.archive.org">{{cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070715031456/http://www.anc.org.za/books/reich4.html|title=The Rise of the South African Reich - Chapter 4|date=15 July 2007|publisher=}}</ref> The [[National Party (South Africa)|National Party]] of D F Malan closely associated itself with the policies of the Nazis. Jewish immigration from [[Eastern Europe]] was controlled under the Aliens Act and it soon came to an end during this period. Although Jews were accorded status as Europeans, they were not accepted into white society. Many Jews lived in mixed race areas such as District Six, from where they were forcibly removed in order to make way for a whites-only development.{{Citation needed|date=April 2018}} Another organization with which the Nationalists found much in common during the thirties was the 'South African Gentile National Socialist Movement', headed by [[Johannes von Strauss von Moltke]], whose objective was to combat and destroy the alleged 'perversive influence of the Jews in [[economics]], [[culture]], [[religion]], [[ethics]], and [[Power (international relations)|statecraft]] and re-establish European [[Aryan race|Aryan]] control in South Africa for the welfare of the Christian peoples of South Africa'.<ref name="web.archive.org"/> During the 1960s, [[Oswald Mosley]], the British fascist leader, was a frequent visitor to South Africa, where he was received by the Prime Minister and other members of the Cabinet. At one time, Mosley had two functioning branches of his organization in South Africa, and one of his supporters, Derek Alexander, was stationed in [[Johannesburg]] as his main agent.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}} Upon Verwoerd's [[assassination]] in 1966, [[BJ Vorster]] was elected by the National Party to replace him. While Vorster had been a supporter of Hitler during WWII, his policy towards Jews in his own country, however, can best be described as ambivalent.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}} The 1980s saw the rise of [[Far-right politics|far-right]] [[Neo-Nazism|neo-Nazi]] groups such as the [[Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging]] under [[Eugene Terreblanche]]. The AWB modeled itself after Hitler's [[Nazi Party|National Socialist Party]] replete with fascist regalia and an emblem resembling the [[swastika]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2018}} == References == '''Notes''' {{reflist}} {{More citations needed|date=March 2007}} '''Bibliography''' *[[Bernard Lewis|Lewis, Bernard]] (1984) ''The Jews of Islam''. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. {{ISBN|0-691-00807-8}} ==External links== *{{commons category-inline}} {{Religious persecution}} {{Antisemitism topics |collapsed}} {{Jews and Judaism}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Persecution Of Jews}} [[Category:Persecution of Jews| ]]'
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff)
'@@ -30,35 +30,5 @@ In the [[Papal States]], which existed until 1870, Jews were required to live only in specified neighborhoods called [[ghetto]]s. Until the 1840s, they were required to regularly attend sermons urging their conversion to Christianity. Only Jews were taxed to support state [[boarding school]]s for Jewish converts to Christianity. It was illegal to convert from Christianity to Judaism. Sometimes Jews were baptized involuntarily, and, even when such baptisms were illegal, forced to practice the Christian religion. In many such cases, the state separated them from their families, of which the [[Edgardo Mortara]] account is one of the most widely publicized instances of acrimony between Catholics and Jews in the Papal States in the second half of the 19th century. -== {{visible anchor|Middle East and Arab antisemitism|Muslim_and_Arab_antisemitism}} == -{{main|Islam and Judaism|Islam and antisemitism|Antisemitism in the Arab world|Relations between Nazi Germany and the Arab world}} -[[File:Banu Qurayza.png|thumb|200px|The [[Banu Qurayza|massacre of the Jewish Banu Qurayza]] in Arabia.]] -According to Mark R. Cohen, during the rise of [[Islam]], the first encounters between [[Muslim]]s and Jews resulted in friendship when the Jews of [[Medina]] gave [[Muhammad]] refuge. Conflict arose when Muhammad expelled certain Jewish tribes after they refused to swear their allegiance to him and aided the Meccan Pagans. He adds that this encounter was an exception rather than a rule.<ref>Cohen, Mark R. ''Under Crescent and Cross: The Jews in the Middle Ages'', [[Princeton University Press]], 1994, p. 163. {{ISBN|0-691-01082-X}}</ref> - -Traditionally, Jews living in Muslim lands, known as [[dhimmis]], were allowed to practice their religion and administer their internal affairs but were subjects to certain conditions.<ref name=lewis1020>Lewis (1984), pp.10,20</ref> They had to pay the [[jizya]] (a per capita tax imposed on free adult non-Muslim males) to Muslims.<ref name=lewis1020 /> Dhimmis had an inferior status under Islamic rule. They had several social and legal [[Disabilities (Jewish)|disabilities]] such as prohibitions against bearing arms or giving testimony in courts in cases involving Muslims.<ref>Lewis (1984), pp. 9,27</ref> Contrary to popular belief, the [[Qur'an]] did not allow Muslims to force Jews to wear distinctive clothing. [[Obadiah the Proselyte]] reported in 1100 AD, that the [[Caliph]] had created this rule himself.<ref>[[Alexander Scheiber|Scheiber, A.]] (1954) "The Origins of Obadiah, the Norman Proselyte" ''Journal of Jewish Studies'' London: Oxford University Press. v.5. p.37</ref> - -Resentment toward Jews perceived as having attained too lofty a position in Islamic society also fueled antisemitism and massacres. In [[Moorish Spain]], ibn Hazm and [[Abu Ishaq]] focused their anti-Jewish writings on this allegation. This was also the chief motivation behind the [[1066 Granada massacre]], when "[m]ore than 1,500 Jewish families, numbering 4,000 persons, fell in one day",<ref>Gottheil, Richard and [[Meyer Kayserling|Mayserling, Meyer]] (1906) [http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=412&letter=G&search=Granada "Granada"] in ''[[Jewish Encyclopedia]]''</ref> and in [[Fes, Morocco|Fez]] in 1033, when 6,000 Jews were killed.<ref name=Morris10>[[Benny Morris|Morris, Benny]] (2001) ''Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist–Arab Conflict, 1881–2001''. New York:Vintage Books. pp.10–11.</ref> There were further massacres in Fez in 1276 and 1465.<ref>Gerber (1986), p. 84</ref> - -In the [[Zaydi|Zaydi imamate]] of [[Yemen]], Jews were also singled out for discrimination in the 17th century, which culminated in the general expulsion of all Jews from places in Yemen to the arid coastal plain of [[Tihamah]] and which became known as the [[Mawza Exile]].<ref>Qafiḥ, Yossef (1989) ''Ketavim'' (''Collected Papers''), c.2, Jerusalem, Israel. pp.714-ff. (Hebrew)</ref> - -{{Status of religious freedom |persecution}} -{{Antisemitism}} - -The [[Damascus affair]] occurred in 1840 when a French [[monk]] and his servant disappeared in [[Damascus]]. Immediately following, a charge of [[ritual murder]] was brought against a large number of Jews in the city including children who were tortured. The consuls of the [[United Kingdom]], [[France]] and [[Germany]] as well as [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] authorities, Christians, Muslims and Jews all played a great role in this affair.<ref>Frankel, Jonathan (1997) ''The Damascus Affair: 'Ritual Murder', Politics, and the Jews in 1840'' Cambridge, UK:Cambridge University Press. p.1. {{ISBN|0-521-48396-4}}</ref> - -There was a massacre of Jews in [[Baghdad]] in 1828.<ref name="Morris10"/> There was another massacre in Barfurush in 1867.<ref name=Morris10/> - -In 1839, in the eastern [[Persia]]n city of [[Meshed]], a mob burst into the [[Jewish quarter (diaspora)|Jewish Quarter]], burned the synagogue, and destroyed the [[Sefer Torah|Torah scrolls]]. This is known as the [[Allahdad incident]]. It was only by forcible conversion that a massacre was averted.<ref name="Patai">{{cite book |last=Patai |first=Raphael |title=Jadid al-Islam: The Jewish "New Muslims" of Meshhed |publisher=Wayne State University Press |year=1997 |location=Detroit |isbn=978-0-8143-2652-7 }}</ref> - -In Palestine there were riots and pogroms against Jews in [[1920 Nebi Musa riots|1920]] and [[Jaffa riots|1921]]. Tensions over the [[Western Wall]] in Jerusalem led to the [[1929 Palestine riots]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Ovendale |first=Ritchie |title=The Origins of the Arab–Israeli Wars |year=2004 |publisher=[[Pearson Education]] |isbn=978-0-58282320-4 |pages=g.71 |chapter=The "Wailing Wall" Riots |quote=The Mufti tried to establish Muslim rights and the Jews were deliberately antagonized by building works and noise.}}</ref> whose [[1929 Hebron massacre|main victims]] were the ancient Jewish community at Hebron which came to an end. - -In 1941, following [[Rashid Ali]]'s pro-[[Axis Powers|Axis]] coup, riots known as the ''[[Farhud]]'' broke out in [[Baghdad]] in which approximately 180 Jews were killed and about 240 were wounded, 586 Jewish-owned businesses were looted and 99 Jewish houses were destroyed.<ref>Levin, Itamar (2001. ''Locked Doors: The Seizure of Jewish Property in Arab Countries''. Praeger/Greenwood. p.6. {{ISBN|0-275-97134-1}}</ref> - -[[File:Zeibak.jpg|left|thumb|upright|Border police discovered on March 2, 1974, the bodies of (clockwise from top left: Fara Zeibak, Mazal Zeibak, Eva Saad and Lulu Zeibak, in a cave in the [[Zabdani Mountains]].]] - -During the [[Holocaust]], the [[Middle East]] was in turmoil. Britain prohibited Jewish immigration to the [[Mandatory Palestine|British Mandate of Palestine]]. In [[Cairo]] the Jewish [[Lehi (group)|Lehi]] (also known as the Stern Gang) assassinated [[Lord Moyne]] in 1944 fighting as part of its campaign against British closure of [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] to Jewish immigration, complicating British-Arab-Jewish relations. While the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] and the [[Axis Powers|Axis]] were fighting for the [[oil]]-rich region, the Mufti of Jerusalem [[Amin al-Husayni]] staged a pro-Nazi coup in [[Iraq]] and organized the [[Farhud]] pogrom which marked the turning point for about 150,000 Iraqi Jews who, following this event and the hostilities generated by the [[1948 Arab–Israeli war|war with Israel in 1948]], were targeted for violence, persecution, boycotts, confiscations, and near complete expulsion in 1951. The coup failed and the mufti fled to [[Berlin]], where he actively supported [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]]. In [[Egypt]], with a Jewish population of about 75,000, young [[Anwar Sadat]] was imprisoned for conspiring with the Nazis and promised them that "no British soldier would leave Egypt alive" (see [[Military history of Egypt during World War II]]) leaving the Jews of that region defenseless. In the French [[Vichy France|Vichy]] territories of [[Algeria]] and [[Syria]], plans were drawn up for the liquidation of their Jewish populations if the [[Axis Powers|Axis]] powers were triumphant. - -The tensions which were caused by the [[Arab–Israeli conflict]] were also a factor in the rise of animosity towards the Jewish people all over the Middle East, as hundreds of thousands of Jews fled as [[Jewish refugees|refugees]], the main waves fleeing soon after the 1948 and 1956 wars. In reaction to the [[Suez Crisis]] of 1956, the Egyptian government expelled almost 25,000 Egyptian Jews and confiscated their property, and sent approximately 1,000 more Jews to prisons and detention camps. The population of the Jewish communities in Muslim Middle East and North Africa was reduced from about 900,000 in 1948 to less than 8,000 today. - -On March 2, 1974, the bodies of four [[Syrian Jewish]] girls were discovered by border police in a cave in the [[Zabdani Mountains]] northwest of Damascus. Fara Zeibak 24, her sisters Lulu Zeibak 23, Mazal Zeibak 22 and their cousin Eva Saad 18, had contracted with a band of smugglers to flee from Syria to Lebanon and eventually to Israel. The girl’s bodies were found raped, murdered and mutilated. The police also found the remains of two Jewish boys, Natan Shaya 18 and Kassem Abadi 20, victims of an earlier massacre.<ref>Friedman, Saul S. (1989). ''Without Future: The Plight of Syrian Jewry''. Praeger Publishers. {{ISBN|978-0-275-93313-5}}</ref> Syrian authorities deposited the bodies of all six in sacks before the homes of their parents in the Jewish ghetto in Damascus.<ref>Le Figaro, March 9, 1974, "Quatre femmes juives assassins a Damas," (Paris: International Conference for Deliverance of Jews in the Middle East, 1974), p. 33.</ref> +ugali ugali ugalii == Nazism == '
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[ 0 => '== {{visible anchor|Middle East and Arab antisemitism|Muslim_and_Arab_antisemitism}} ==', 1 => '{{main|Islam and Judaism|Islam and antisemitism|Antisemitism in the Arab world|Relations between Nazi Germany and the Arab world}}', 2 => '[[File:Banu Qurayza.png|thumb|200px|The [[Banu Qurayza|massacre of the Jewish Banu Qurayza]] in Arabia.]]', 3 => 'According to Mark R. Cohen, during the rise of [[Islam]], the first encounters between [[Muslim]]s and Jews resulted in friendship when the Jews of [[Medina]] gave [[Muhammad]] refuge. Conflict arose when Muhammad expelled certain Jewish tribes after they refused to swear their allegiance to him and aided the Meccan Pagans. He adds that this encounter was an exception rather than a rule.<ref>Cohen, Mark R. ''Under Crescent and Cross: The Jews in the Middle Ages'', [[Princeton University Press]], 1994, p. 163. {{ISBN|0-691-01082-X}}</ref>', 4 => '', 5 => 'Traditionally, Jews living in Muslim lands, known as [[dhimmis]], were allowed to practice their religion and administer their internal affairs but were subjects to certain conditions.<ref name=lewis1020>Lewis (1984), pp.10,20</ref> They had to pay the [[jizya]] (a per capita tax imposed on free adult non-Muslim males) to Muslims.<ref name=lewis1020 /> Dhimmis had an inferior status under Islamic rule. They had several social and legal [[Disabilities (Jewish)|disabilities]] such as prohibitions against bearing arms or giving testimony in courts in cases involving Muslims.<ref>Lewis (1984), pp. 9,27</ref> Contrary to popular belief, the [[Qur'an]] did not allow Muslims to force Jews to wear distinctive clothing. [[Obadiah the Proselyte]] reported in 1100 AD, that the [[Caliph]] had created this rule himself.<ref>[[Alexander Scheiber|Scheiber, A.]] (1954) "The Origins of Obadiah, the Norman Proselyte" ''Journal of Jewish Studies'' London: Oxford University Press. v.5. p.37</ref>', 6 => '', 7 => 'Resentment toward Jews perceived as having attained too lofty a position in Islamic society also fueled antisemitism and massacres. In [[Moorish Spain]], ibn Hazm and [[Abu Ishaq]] focused their anti-Jewish writings on this allegation. This was also the chief motivation behind the [[1066 Granada massacre]], when "[m]ore than 1,500 Jewish families, numbering 4,000 persons, fell in one day",<ref>Gottheil, Richard and [[Meyer Kayserling|Mayserling, Meyer]] (1906) [http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=412&letter=G&search=Granada "Granada"] in ''[[Jewish Encyclopedia]]''</ref> and in [[Fes, Morocco|Fez]] in 1033, when 6,000 Jews were killed.<ref name=Morris10>[[Benny Morris|Morris, Benny]] (2001) ''Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist–Arab Conflict, 1881–2001''. New York:Vintage Books. pp.10–11.</ref> There were further massacres in Fez in 1276 and 1465.<ref>Gerber (1986), p. 84</ref>', 8 => '', 9 => 'In the [[Zaydi|Zaydi imamate]] of [[Yemen]], Jews were also singled out for discrimination in the 17th century, which culminated in the general expulsion of all Jews from places in Yemen to the arid coastal plain of [[Tihamah]] and which became known as the [[Mawza Exile]].<ref>Qafiḥ, Yossef (1989) ''Ketavim'' (''Collected Papers''), c.2, Jerusalem, Israel. pp.714-ff. (Hebrew)</ref>', 10 => '', 11 => '{{Status of religious freedom |persecution}}', 12 => '{{Antisemitism}}', 13 => '', 14 => 'The [[Damascus affair]] occurred in 1840 when a French [[monk]] and his servant disappeared in [[Damascus]]. Immediately following, a charge of [[ritual murder]] was brought against a large number of Jews in the city including children who were tortured. The consuls of the [[United Kingdom]], [[France]] and [[Germany]] as well as [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] authorities, Christians, Muslims and Jews all played a great role in this affair.<ref>Frankel, Jonathan (1997) ''The Damascus Affair: 'Ritual Murder', Politics, and the Jews in 1840'' Cambridge, UK:Cambridge University Press. p.1. {{ISBN|0-521-48396-4}}</ref>', 15 => '', 16 => 'There was a massacre of Jews in [[Baghdad]] in 1828.<ref name="Morris10"/> There was another massacre in Barfurush in 1867.<ref name=Morris10/>', 17 => '', 18 => 'In 1839, in the eastern [[Persia]]n city of [[Meshed]], a mob burst into the [[Jewish quarter (diaspora)|Jewish Quarter]], burned the synagogue, and destroyed the [[Sefer Torah|Torah scrolls]]. This is known as the [[Allahdad incident]]. It was only by forcible conversion that a massacre was averted.<ref name="Patai">{{cite book |last=Patai |first=Raphael |title=Jadid al-Islam: The Jewish "New Muslims" of Meshhed |publisher=Wayne State University Press |year=1997 |location=Detroit |isbn=978-0-8143-2652-7 }}</ref>', 19 => '', 20 => 'In Palestine there were riots and pogroms against Jews in [[1920 Nebi Musa riots|1920]] and [[Jaffa riots|1921]]. Tensions over the [[Western Wall]] in Jerusalem led to the [[1929 Palestine riots]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Ovendale |first=Ritchie |title=The Origins of the Arab–Israeli Wars |year=2004 |publisher=[[Pearson Education]] |isbn=978-0-58282320-4 |pages=g.71 |chapter=The "Wailing Wall" Riots |quote=The Mufti tried to establish Muslim rights and the Jews were deliberately antagonized by building works and noise.}}</ref> whose [[1929 Hebron massacre|main victims]] were the ancient Jewish community at Hebron which came to an end.', 21 => '', 22 => 'In 1941, following [[Rashid Ali]]'s pro-[[Axis Powers|Axis]] coup, riots known as the ''[[Farhud]]'' broke out in [[Baghdad]] in which approximately 180 Jews were killed and about 240 were wounded, 586 Jewish-owned businesses were looted and 99 Jewish houses were destroyed.<ref>Levin, Itamar (2001. ''Locked Doors: The Seizure of Jewish Property in Arab Countries''. Praeger/Greenwood. p.6. {{ISBN|0-275-97134-1}}</ref>', 23 => '', 24 => '[[File:Zeibak.jpg|left|thumb|upright|Border police discovered on March 2, 1974, the bodies of (clockwise from top left: Fara Zeibak, Mazal Zeibak, Eva Saad and Lulu Zeibak, in a cave in the [[Zabdani Mountains]].]]', 25 => '', 26 => 'During the [[Holocaust]], the [[Middle East]] was in turmoil. Britain prohibited Jewish immigration to the [[Mandatory Palestine|British Mandate of Palestine]]. In [[Cairo]] the Jewish [[Lehi (group)|Lehi]] (also known as the Stern Gang) assassinated [[Lord Moyne]] in 1944 fighting as part of its campaign against British closure of [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] to Jewish immigration, complicating British-Arab-Jewish relations. While the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] and the [[Axis Powers|Axis]] were fighting for the [[oil]]-rich region, the Mufti of Jerusalem [[Amin al-Husayni]] staged a pro-Nazi coup in [[Iraq]] and organized the [[Farhud]] pogrom which marked the turning point for about 150,000 Iraqi Jews who, following this event and the hostilities generated by the [[1948 Arab–Israeli war|war with Israel in 1948]], were targeted for violence, persecution, boycotts, confiscations, and near complete expulsion in 1951. The coup failed and the mufti fled to [[Berlin]], where he actively supported [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]]. In [[Egypt]], with a Jewish population of about 75,000, young [[Anwar Sadat]] was imprisoned for conspiring with the Nazis and promised them that "no British soldier would leave Egypt alive" (see [[Military history of Egypt during World War II]]) leaving the Jews of that region defenseless. In the French [[Vichy France|Vichy]] territories of [[Algeria]] and [[Syria]], plans were drawn up for the liquidation of their Jewish populations if the [[Axis Powers|Axis]] powers were triumphant.', 27 => '', 28 => 'The tensions which were caused by the [[Arab–Israeli conflict]] were also a factor in the rise of animosity towards the Jewish people all over the Middle East, as hundreds of thousands of Jews fled as [[Jewish refugees|refugees]], the main waves fleeing soon after the 1948 and 1956 wars. In reaction to the [[Suez Crisis]] of 1956, the Egyptian government expelled almost 25,000 Egyptian Jews and confiscated their property, and sent approximately 1,000 more Jews to prisons and detention camps. The population of the Jewish communities in Muslim Middle East and North Africa was reduced from about 900,000 in 1948 to less than 8,000 today.', 29 => '', 30 => 'On March 2, 1974, the bodies of four [[Syrian Jewish]] girls were discovered by border police in a cave in the [[Zabdani Mountains]] northwest of Damascus. Fara Zeibak 24, her sisters Lulu Zeibak 23, Mazal Zeibak 22 and their cousin Eva Saad 18, had contracted with a band of smugglers to flee from Syria to Lebanon and eventually to Israel. The girl’s bodies were found raped, murdered and mutilated. The police also found the remains of two Jewish boys, Natan Shaya 18 and Kassem Abadi 20, victims of an earlier massacre.<ref>Friedman, Saul S. (1989). ''Without Future: The Plight of Syrian Jewry''. Praeger Publishers. {{ISBN|978-0-275-93313-5}}</ref> Syrian authorities deposited the bodies of all six in sacks before the homes of their parents in the Jewish ghetto in Damascus.<ref>Le Figaro, March 9, 1974, "Quatre femmes juives assassins a Damas," (Paris: International Conference for Deliverance of Jews in the Middle East, 1974), p. 33.</ref>' ]
All external links added in the edit (added_links)
[]
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'<div class="mw-parser-output"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Religious antisemitism</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism" title="History of antisemitism">History of antisemitism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Racial_antisemitism" title="Racial antisemitism">Racial antisemitism</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_antisemitism" title="New antisemitism">New antisemitism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-Judaism" title="Anti-Judaism">Anti-Judaism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Martyrdom_in_Judaism" title="Martyrdom in Judaism">Martyrdom in Judaism</a></div> <table class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks hlist" style="float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding-top:0.4em;line-height:1.2em">Part of <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Judaism" title="Outline of Judaism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;padding-top:0;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em;font-size:180%;"><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></th></tr><tr><td style="padding:0.2em 0 0.4em"><a href="/wiki/File:Menora.svg" class="image" title="Menorah"><img alt="Menorah" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Menora.svg/70px-Menora.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="59" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Menora.svg/105px-Menora.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Menora.svg/140px-Menora.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="621" /></a></td></tr><tr><td style="padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold;border-top: 1px solid #aaa; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jew_(word)" title="Jew (word)">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who_is_a_Jew%3F" title="Who is a Jew?">Who is a Jew?</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"><div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Religion</a></div><div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God in Judaism</a>&#160;(<a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">names</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">Principles of faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">Mitzvot</a>&#160;(<a href="/wiki/613_commandments" title="613 commandments">613</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzedakah" title="Tzedakah">Tzedakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_and_customs_of_the_Land_of_Israel_in_Judaism" title="Laws and customs of the Land of Israel in Judaism"><span class="wrap">Land&#160;of Israel</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brit_milah" title="Brit milah">Brit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_and_Bat_Mitzvah" class="mw-redirect" title="Bar and Bat Mitzvah"><span class="wrap">Bar&#160;and Bat Mitzvah</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_marriage" title="Jewish views on marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bereavement_in_Judaism" title="Bereavement in Judaism">Bereavement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minhag" title="Minhag">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbi</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"><div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_texts" title="Category:Jewish texts">Texts</a></div><div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center"><table class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks" style="float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th style="padding:0.1em"> <a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a></th></tr><tr><td class="hlist" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi&#39;im">Nevi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th style="padding:0.1em"> <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a></th></tr><tr><td class="hlist" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemara" title="Gemara">Gemara</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th style="padding:0.1em"> <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic</a></th></tr><tr><td class="hlist" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="hlist" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Targum" title="Targum">Targum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Yosef_(book)" title="Beit Yosef (book)">Beit Yosef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arba%27ah_Turim" title="Arba&#39;ah Turim">Tur</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"><div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethnic_divisions" title="Jewish ethnic divisions">Communities</a></div><div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center"><table class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks" style="float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="hlist" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Jews" title="Sephardi Jews">Sephardim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Teimanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Georgia" title="History of the Jews in Georgia">Gruzinim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Jews" title="Mountain Jews">Juhurim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews" title="Bukharan Jews">Bukharim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Jews" title="Italian Jews">Italkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews" title="Romaniote Jews">Romanyotim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Jews" title="Cochin Jews">Cochinim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bene_Israel" title="Bene Israel">Bene Israel</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th style="padding:0.1em"> Related groups</th></tr><tr><td class="hlist" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Bnei_Anusim" title="Sephardic Bnei Anusim">Bnei Anusim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemba_people" title="Lemba people">Lemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaifeng_Jews" title="Kaifeng Jews">Kaifeng Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_Jews" title="Igbo Jews">Igbo Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-Judaism" title="Crypto-Judaism">Crypto-Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_tribes_of_Arabia" title="Jewish tribes of Arabia">Mosaic Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subbotniks" title="Subbotniks">Subbotniks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noahidism" title="Noahidism">Noahides</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"><div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_population_by_country" title="Jewish population by country">Population</a></div><div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center"><table class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks" style="float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="hlist" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="mw-graph" style="min-width:1px;min-height:1px"><img class="mw-graph-img" src="/api/rest_v1/page/graph/png/Persecution_of_Jews/0/4e7adca7f0987b6ea52dfeaefa0e4cb888e09812.png" /></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_by_country" title="Judaism by country">Judaism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Jews" title="Lists of Jews">Lists of Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jewish_population_comparisons" title="Historical Jewish population comparisons">Historical population comparisons</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th style="padding:0.1em"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></th></tr><tr><td class="hlist" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Yishuv" title="Old Yishuv">Old Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yishuv" title="Yishuv">New Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Israeli Jews</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th style="padding:0.1em"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Europe" title="History of the Jews in Europe">Europe</a></th></tr><tr><td class="hlist" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Armenia" title="History of the Jews in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Austria" title="History of the Jews in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Azerbaijan" title="History of the Jews in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Belarus" title="History of the Jews in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bulgaria" title="History of the Jews in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cyprus" title="History of the Jews in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in the Czech Republic"><span class="wrap">Czech Republic</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_France" title="History of the Jews in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Georgia" title="History of the Jews in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Germany" title="History of the Jews in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Greece" title="History of the Jews in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hungary" title="History of the Jews in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy" title="History of the Jews in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Latvia" title="History of the Jews in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Lithuania" title="History of the Jews in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Moldova" title="History of the Jews in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Netherlands" title="History of the Jews in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland" title="History of the Jews in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Portugal" title="History of the Jews in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia" title="History of the Jews in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Spain" title="History of the Jews in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sweden" title="History of the Jews in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ukraine" title="History of the Jews in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the Jews in the United Kingdom"><span class="wrap">United Kingdom</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th style="padding:0.1em"> Asia</th></tr><tr><td class="hlist" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Afghanistan" title="History of the Jews in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_China" title="History of the Jews in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_India" title="History of the Jews in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Indonesia" title="History of the Jews in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iran" title="History of the Jews in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq" title="History of the Jews in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Japan" title="History of the Jews in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Lebanon" title="History of the Jews in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Malaysia" title="History of the Jews in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Philippines" title="History of the Jews in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Syria" title="History of the Jews in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Turkey" title="History of the Jews in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Uzbekistan" title="History of the Jews in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Vietnam" title="History of the Jews in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th style="padding:0.1em"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Africa" title="History of the Jews in Africa">Africa</a></th></tr><tr><td class="hlist" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Algeria" title="History of the Jews in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ethiopia" title="History of the Jews in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Libya" title="History of the Jews in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Morocco" title="History of the Jews in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_South_Africa" title="History of the Jews in South Africa"><span class="wrap">South Africa</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tunisia" title="History of the Jews in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Zimbabwe" title="History of the Jews in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th style="padding:0.1em"> North America</th></tr><tr><td class="hlist" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Canada" title="History of the Jews in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States" title="History of the Jews in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th style="padding:0.1em"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="History of the Jews in Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and Caribbean</a></th></tr><tr><td class="hlist" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Argentina" title="History of the Jews in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bolivia" title="History of the Jews in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Brazil" title="History of the Jews in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Chile" title="History of the Jews in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Colombia" title="History of the Jews in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cuba" title="History of the Jews in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="History of the Jews in the Dominican Republic"><span class="wrap">Dominican Republic</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_El_Salvador" title="History of the Jews in El Salvador">El&#160;Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guyana" title="History of the Jews in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Haiti" title="History of the Jews in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Jamaica" title="History of the Jews in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mexico" title="History of the Jews in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Paraguay" title="History of the Jews in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Puerto_Rico" title="History of the Jews in Puerto Rico"><span class="wrap">Puerto Rico</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Suriname" title="History of the Jews in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Uruguay" title="History of the Jews in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Venezuela" title="History of the Jews in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th style="padding:0.1em"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Oceania" title="History of the Jews in Oceania">Oceania</a></th></tr><tr><td class="hlist" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Australia" title="History of the Jews in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Fiji" title="History of the Jews in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guam" title="History of the Jews in Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_New_Zealand" title="History of the Jews in New Zealand">New&#160;Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Palau" title="History of the Jews in Palau">Palau</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"><div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Denominations</a></div><div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> (<a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern Orthodox</a> · <a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism"><span class="wrap">Reform</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messianic_Judaism" title="Messianic Judaism">Messianic Judaism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"><div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Culture</a></div><div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center"><table class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks" style="float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="hlist" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_theatre" title="Yiddish theatre">Yiddish theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_dance" title="Jewish dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_humour" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish humour">Humour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minyan" title="Minyan">Minyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_wedding" title="Jewish wedding">Wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_clothing" title="Jewish religious clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niddah" title="Niddah">Niddah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pidyon_haben" title="Pidyon haben">Pidyon haben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shidduch" title="Shidduch">Shidduch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeved_habat" title="Zeved habat">Zeved habat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism" title="Conversion to Judaism"><span class="wrap">Conversion&#160;to Judaism</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiloni" title="Hiloni">Hiloni</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th style="padding:0.1em"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_music" title="Jewish music">Music</a></th></tr><tr><td class="hlist" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Jewish_music" title="Religious Jewish music">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Jewish_music" title="Secular Jewish music">Secular</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th style="padding:0.1em"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine" title="Jewish cuisine">Cuisine</a></th></tr><tr><td class="hlist" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_cuisine" title="American Jewish cuisine">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine#Ashkenazi" title="Jewish cuisine">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jewish_cuisine" title="Bukharan Jewish cuisine">Bukharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Jewish_cuisine" title="Ethiopian Jewish cuisine">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_cuisine" title="Israeli cuisine">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Israelite_cuisine" title="Ancient Israelite cuisine">Israelite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Mizrahi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of the Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Sephardic_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of the Sephardic Jews">Sephardic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jewish_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemenite Jewish cuisine">Yemenite</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th style="padding:0.1em"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_literature" title="Jewish literature">Literature</a></th></tr><tr><td class="hlist" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_literature" title="Israeli literature">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_literature" title="Yiddish literature">Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_American_literature" title="Jewish American literature">American</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"><div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Languages</a></div><div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshivish" title="Yeshivish">Yeshivish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Koine_Greek" title="Jewish Koine Greek">Jewish Koine Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevanic_language" title="Yevanic language">Yevanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Juhuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Sign_Language" title="Israeli Sign Language">Shassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iranian_languages" title="Judeo-Iranian languages">Judaeo-Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Ladino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghardaia_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghardaia Sign Language">Ghardaïa Sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukhori_dialect" title="Bukhori dialect">Bukharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knaanic_language" title="Knaanic language">Knaanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarphatic_language" title="Zarphatic language">Zarphatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italkian" class="mw-redirect" title="Italkian">Italkian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gruzinic" class="mw-redirect" title="Gruzinic">Gruzinic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Aramaic_languages" title="Judeo-Aramaic languages">Judeo-Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_languages" title="Judeo-Arabic languages">Judeo-Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Berber_language" title="Judeo-Berber language">Judeo-Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malayalam" title="Judeo-Malayalam">Judeo-Malayalam</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"><div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">History</a></div><div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center"><table class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks" style="float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="hlist" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jewish_history" title="Timeline of Jewish history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_name_%22Judea%22" title="Timeline of the name &quot;Judea&quot;">Name "Judea"</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="hlist" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_leadership" title="Jewish leadership">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tribes_of_Israel" title="Twelve Tribes of Israel">Twelve Tribes of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Ancient history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah"><span class="wrap">Kingdom&#160;of Judah</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem"><span class="wrap">Temple&#160;in Jerusalem</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity"><span class="wrap">Babylonian captivity</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_captivity" title="Assyrian captivity"><span class="wrap">Assyrian captivity</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yehud_Medinata" title="Yehud Medinata">Yehud Medinata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>&#160;<span style="font-size:90%;">(<a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_in_Judaism" title="Jerusalem in Judaism">in&#160;Judaism</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jerusalem" title="Timeline of Jerusalem">timeline</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty"><span class="wrap">Hasmonean dynasty</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_schisms" title="Jewish schisms">Schisms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_wars" title="Jewish–Roman wars">Jewish–Roman wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire">History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Christianity and Judaism"><span class="wrap">Christianity&#160;and Judaism</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism"><span class="wrap">Hinduism&#160;and Judaism</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations"><span class="wrap"><span class="nowrap">Islamic–Jewish</span> relations</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_Jewish_culture_in_Spain" title="Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabbateans" title="Sabbateans">Sabbateans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_emancipation" title="Jewish emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism" title="History of antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Judaism" title="Anti-Judaism">Anti-Judaism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel" title="History of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">Aliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_atheism" title="Jewish atheism">Jewish atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baal_teshuva_movement" title="Baal teshuva movement">Baal teshuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict"><span class="wrap"><span class="nowrap">Arab–Israeli</span> conflict</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"><div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements">Politics</a></div><div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center"><table class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks" style="float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="hlist" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Israel" title="Politics of Israel">Politics of Israel</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="hlist" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_politics" title="Judaism and politics">Judaism and politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Agudath_Israel" title="World Agudath Israel">World Agudath Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_anarchism" title="Jewish anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundism" title="Bundism">Bundism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_left" title="Jewish left">Leftism</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th style="padding:0.1em"> <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="hlist" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Jewish_music" title="Secular Jewish music">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Zionists" title="General Zionists">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Zionism" title="Green Zionism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Zionism" title="Labor Zionism">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Zionism" title="Neo-Zionism">Neo-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Zionism" title="Revisionist Zionism">Revisionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Zionism" title="Post-Zionism">Post-Zionism</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td style="padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold;border-top: 1px solid #aaa; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Category:Jews and Judaism">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding-top: 0.6em;"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jews_and_Judaism_sidebar" title="Template:Jews and Judaism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jews_and_Judaism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Jews and Judaism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Jews_and_Judaism_sidebar&amp;action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks" style="float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding-top:0.4em;line-height:1.2em">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Discrimination" title="Category:Discrimination">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;padding-top:0;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em"><a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">Discrimination</a></th></tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;padding-left:0; padding-right:0;"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"><div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;background:thistle;padding-bottom:0;text-align:center;">General forms</div><div class="NavContent hlist" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center;padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ageism" title="Ageism">Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_discrimination" title="Class discrimination">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_skin_color" title="Discrimination based on skin color">Color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ableism" title="Ableism">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_discrimination" title="Genetic discrimination">Genotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_hair_texture" title="Discrimination based on hair texture">Hair texture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Height_discrimination" title="Height discrimination">Height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_discrimination" title="Linguistic discrimination">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lookism" title="Lookism">Looks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentalism_(discrimination)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mentalism (discrimination)">Mental condition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Race&#160;/&#32;Ethnicity&#160;/&#32;Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankism" title="Rankism">Rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation_discrimination" title="Sexual orientation discrimination">Sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sizeism" title="Sizeism">Size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Species</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th style="padding:0.1em;background:thistle;"> Specific forms</th></tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;font-size:50%;line-height:0.5em;"> &#160;</td> </tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"><div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;background:thistle;padding-bottom:0;text-align:center;;background:transparent;">Social</div><div class="NavContent hlist" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center;padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_asexual_people" title="Discrimination against asexual people">Acephobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_people_with_HIV/AIDS" title="Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS">AIDS stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adultism" title="Adultism">Adultism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_people_with_albinism" title="Persecution of people with albinism">Anti-albinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_autistic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of autistic people">Anti-autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_the_homeless" title="Discrimination against the homeless">Anti-homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism" title="Anti-intellectualism">Anti-intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_intersex_people" title="Discrimination against intersex people">Anti-intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias_against_left-handed_people" title="Bias against left-handed people">Anti-left handedness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism (Judeophobia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aporophobia" title="Aporophobia">Aporophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audism" title="Audism">Audism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biphobia" title="Biphobia">Biphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clannism" title="Clannism">Clannism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cronyism" title="Cronyism">Cronyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_drug_addicts" title="Discrimination against drug addicts">Drug use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephebiphobia" title="Ephebiphobia">Ephebiphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma_of_obesity" title="Social stigma of obesity">Fatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontophobia" title="Gerontophobia">Gerontophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteronormativity" title="Heteronormativity">Heteronormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterosexism" title="Heterosexism">Heterosexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">Homophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leprosy_stigma" title="Leprosy stigma">Leprosy stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbophobia" title="Lesbophobia">Lesbophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misandry" title="Misandry">Misandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">Nepotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedophobia_(social_phenomena)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedophobia (social phenomena)">Pedophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_foreigner" title="Perpetual foreigner">Perpetual foreigner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_discrimination" title="Pregnancy discrimination">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_discrimination" title="Reverse discrimination">Reverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sect" title="Sect">Sectarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">Sexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_skin_color" title="Discrimination based on skin color">Shadeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supremacism" title="Supremacism">Supremacism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_supremacy" title="Black supremacy">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transphobia" title="Transphobia">Transphobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_non-binary_gender_people" title="Discrimination against non-binary gender people">Non-binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegaphobia" title="Vegaphobia">Vegaphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"><div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;background:thistle;padding-bottom:0;text-align:center;;background:transparent;">Religious</div><div class="NavContent hlist" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center;padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_atheists" title="Discrimination against atheists">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%ADs" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Bahá&#39;ís">Bahá'í Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Persecution of Christians in the post–Cold War era">Modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah&#39;s Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">LDS or Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_against_Neopagans" title="Religious discrimination against Neopagans">Neopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians" title="Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians">Eastern Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Rastafari" title="Persecution of Rastafari">Rastafarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Shi%27ism" title="Anti-Shi&#39;ism">Shia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Sufis" title="Persecution of Sufis">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"><div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;background:thistle;padding-bottom:0;text-align:center;;background:transparent;">Ethnic/National</div><div class="NavContent hlist" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center;padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanophobia">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrophobia" title="Afrophobia">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Americanism" title="Anti-Americanism">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Arabism" title="Anti-Arabism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Armenian_sentiment" title="Anti-Armenian sentiment">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Australian_sentiment" title="Anti-Australian sentiment">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Austrian_sentiment" title="Anti-Austrian sentiment">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-British_sentiment" title="Anti-British sentiment">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catalanism" title="Anti-Catalanism">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chilean_sentiment" title="Anti-Chilean sentiment">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Croat_sentiment" title="Anti-Croat sentiment">Croat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinophobia" title="Sinophobia">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Dutch_sentiment" title="Anti-Dutch sentiment">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglophobia" title="Anglophobia">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Estonian_sentiment" title="Anti-Estonian sentiment">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Europeanism" title="Anti-Europeanism">European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Filipino_sentiment" title="Anti-Filipino sentiment">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Finnish_sentiment" title="Anti-Finnish sentiment">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francophobia" title="Francophobia">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-German_sentiment" title="Anti-German sentiment">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Greek_sentiment" title="Anti-Greek sentiment">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihaitianismo" title="Antihaitianismo">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hazara_people" title="Persecution of Hazara people">Hazara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanophobia" title="Hispanophobia">Hispanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hungarian_sentiment" title="Anti-Hungarian sentiment">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Igbo_sentiment" title="Anti-Igbo sentiment">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Indian_sentiment" title="Anti-Indian sentiment">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Iranian_sentiment" title="Anti-Iranian sentiment">Iranian or Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Irish_sentiment" title="Anti-Irish sentiment">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Italianism" title="Anti-Italianism">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_antisemitism" title="Racial antisemitism">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Khmer_sentiment" title="Anti-Khmer sentiment">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment" title="Anti-Korean sentiment">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Kurdish_sentiment" title="Anti-Kurdish sentiment">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Malay_sentiment" title="Anti-Malay sentiment">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mexican_sentiment" title="Anti-Mexican sentiment">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Middle_Eastern_sentiment" title="Anti-Middle Eastern sentiment">Middle Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mongolianism" title="Anti-Mongolianism">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pakistan_sentiment" title="Anti-Pakistan sentiment">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pashtun_sentiment" title="Anti-Pashtun sentiment">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Polish_sentiment" title="Anti-Polish sentiment">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusophobia" title="Lusophobia">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Quebec_sentiment" title="Anti-Quebec sentiment">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiziganism" title="Antiziganism">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Romanian sentiment">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Russian_sentiment" title="Anti-Russian sentiment">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Scottish_sentiment" title="Anti-Scottish sentiment">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Serbian_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Serbian sentiment">Serb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavic_sentiment" title="Anti-Slavic sentiment">Slav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Somali_sentiment" title="Anti-Somali sentiment">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sovietism" title="Anti-Sovietism">Soviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatarophobia" title="Tatarophobia">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Thai_sentiment" title="Anti-Thai sentiment">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Turkism" title="Anti-Turkism">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Ukrainian_sentiment" title="Anti-Ukrainian sentiment">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Vietnamese_sentiment" title="Anti-Vietnamese sentiment">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Western_sentiment" title="Anti-Western sentiment">Western</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;padding-left:0; padding-right:0;"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"><div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;background:thistle;padding-bottom:0;text-align:center;;background:transparent;">Manifestations</div><div class="NavContent hlist" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center;padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cruelty_to_animals" title="Cruelty to animals">Animal cruelty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_industrial_complex" title="Animal industrial complex">Animal industrial complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_testing" title="Animal testing">Animal testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_sport" title="Blood sport">Blood sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnism" title="Carnism">Carnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">Compulsory sterilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-jihad" title="Counter-jihad">Counter-jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democide" title="Democide">Democide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_hate_crime" title="Disability hate crime">Disability hate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_education" title="Discrimination in education">Educational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_discrimination" title="Economic discrimination">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliminationism" title="Eliminationism">Eliminationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_discrimination" title="Employment discrimination">Employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enemy_of_the_people" title="Enemy of the people">Enemy of the people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_hatred" title="Ethnic hatred">Ethnic hatred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_joke" title="Ethnic joke">Ethnic joke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocide" title="Ethnocide">Ethnocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">Forced conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freak_show" title="Freak show">Freak show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_bashing" title="Gay bashing">Gay bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendercide" title="Gendercide">Gendercide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genital_modification_and_mutilation" title="Genital modification and mutilation">Genital mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history" title="Genocides in history">examples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_ceiling" title="Glass ceiling">Glass ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">Group libel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_group" title="Hate group">Hate group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">Hate speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeless_dumping" title="Homeless dumping">Homeless dumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_discrimination" title="Housing discrimination">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rolling" title="Indian rolling">Indian rolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_LGBT_people" title="Violence against LGBT people">LGBT hate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavender_scare" title="Lavender scare">Lavender scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_eating_meat" title="Ethics of eating meat">Meat eating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortgage_discrimination" title="Mortgage discrimination">Mortgage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Murder_Music" title="Stop Murder Music">Murder music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_segregation" title="Occupational segregation">Occupational segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution" title="Persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purge" title="Purge">Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">Race war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scapegoating" title="Scapegoating">Scapegoating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segregation_academy" title="Segregation academy">Segregation academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-selective_abortion" title="Sex-selective abortion">Sex-selective abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slut-shaming" title="Slut-shaming">Slut-shaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Religious terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Religious violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">Religious war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_bashing" title="Trans bashing">Trans bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimisation" title="Victimisation">Victimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_flight" title="White flight">White flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_power_music" title="White power music">White power music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife_selling" title="Wife selling">Wife selling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch-hunt" title="Witch-hunt">Witch-hunt</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"><div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;background:thistle;padding-bottom:0;text-align:center;;background:transparent;">Policies</div><div class="NavContent hlist" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center;padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_segregation" title="Geographical segregation">Segregation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_segregation" title="Age segregation">age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_segregation" title="Sex segregation">sexual</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_candidacy" title="Age of candidacy">Age of candidacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limpieza_de_sangre" title="Limpieza de sangre">Blood purity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_quantum_laws" title="Blood quantum laws">Blood quantum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_of_apartheid" title="Crime of apartheid">Crime of apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">Disabilities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disabilities_(Jewish)" title="Disabilities (Jewish)">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disabilities_(Catholics)" title="Disabilities (Catholics)">Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocracy" title="Ethnocracy">Ethnocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnopluralism" title="Ethnopluralism">Ethnopluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_pay_gap" title="Gender pay gap">Gender pay gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender roles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">Gerrymandering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_benches" title="Ghetto benches">Ghetto benches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">Internment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_quota" title="Jewish quota">Jewish quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_Protection_of_the_Nation" title="Law for Protection of the Nation">Law for Protection of the Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_donation_restrictions_on_men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Blood donation restrictions on men who have sex with men">MSM Blood donation restrictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonperson" title="Nonperson">Nonpersons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerus_clausus" title="Numerus clausus"><i>Numerus clausus</i> (as religious or racial quota)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-drop_rule" title="One-drop rule">One-drop rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_quota" title="Racial quota">Racial quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_steering" title="Racial steering">Racial steering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">Redlining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodomy_law" title="Sodomy law">Sodomy law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugly_law" title="Ugly law">Ugly law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_suppression" title="Voter suppression">Voter suppression</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;padding-left:0; padding-right:0;"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"><div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;background:thistle;padding-bottom:0;text-align:center;">Countermeasures</div><div class="NavContent hlist" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center;padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">Affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">Animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-discrimination_law" title="Anti-discrimination law">Anti-discrimination law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pluralism" title="Cultural pluralism">Cultural pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_training" title="Diversity training">Diversity training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empowerment" title="Empowerment">Empowerment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighting_Discrimination" title="Fighting Discrimination">Fighting Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory" title="LGBT rights by country or territory">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculism" title="Masculism">Masculism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">Racial integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">Self-determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_integration" title="Social integration">Social integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Toleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">Veganism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;padding-left:0; padding-right:0;"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"><div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;background:thistle;padding-bottom:0;text-align:center;">Related topics</div><div class="NavContent hlist" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center;padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allophilia" title="Allophilia">Allophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropocentrism" title="Anthropocentrism">Anthropocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anti-cultural,_anti-national,_and_anti-ethnic_terms" title="List of anti-cultural, anti-national, and anti-ethnic terms">Anti-cultural sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias" title="Bias">Bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_privilege" title="Christian privilege">Christian privilege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_bias" title="Net bias">Data discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehumanization" title="Dehumanization">Dehumanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_(politics)" title="Diversity (politics)">Diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_penalty" title="Ethnic penalty">Ethnic penalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersectionality" title="Intersectionality">Intersectionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madonna%E2%80%93whore_complex" title="Madonna–whore complex">Madonna–whore complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_privilege" title="Male privilege">Male privilege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculism" title="Masculism">Masculism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurodiversity" title="Neurodiversity">Neurodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oikophobia" title="Oikophobia">Oikophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppression" title="Oppression">Oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_brutality" title="Police brutality">Police brutality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_correctness" title="Political correctness">Political correctness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyculturalism" title="Polyculturalism">Polyculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_distance" title="Power distance">Power distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prejudice" title="Prejudice">Prejudice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_bias_in_criminal_news_in_the_United_States" title="Racial bias in criminal news in the United States">Racial bias in criminal news</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_by_country" title="Racism by country">Racism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_intolerance" title="Religious intolerance">Religious intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-generation_gender_bias" title="Second-generation gender bias">Second-generation gender bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snob" title="Snob">Snobbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">Social stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">Stereotype</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype_threat" title="Stereotype threat">threat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_privilege" title="White privilege">White privilege</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td style="text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding-top: 0.6em;"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Discrimination_sidebar" title="Template:Discrimination sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Discrimination_sidebar" title="Template talk:Discrimination sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Discrimination_sidebar&amp;action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Persecution of Jews</b> has been a major part of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">Jewish history</a>, prompting shifting <a href="/wiki/Jewish_refugees" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish refugees">waves of refugees</a> throughout the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">diaspora communities</a>. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Seleucids"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Seleucids</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Roman_Empire"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Roman Empire</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Western_and_Christian_antisemitism"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Western and <span>Christian antisemitism</span></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Nazism"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Nazism</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Russia and the Soviet Union</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Czarist_Russia"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Czarist Russia</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Soviet_Union"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Soviet Union</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Apartheid_South_Africa"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Apartheid South Africa</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Seleucids">Seleucids</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persecution_of_Jews&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Seleucids">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Maccabees" title="Maccabees">Maccabees</a></div> <p>When <a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a> fell under the authority of the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a>, the process of <a href="/wiki/Hellenization" title="Hellenization">Hellenization</a> was enforced by law.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">&#91;1&#93;</a></sup> This effectively meant requiring pagan religious practice.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">&#91;2&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">&#91;3&#93;</a></sup> In 167 BCE Jewish sacrifice was forbidden, sabbaths and feasts were banned and <a href="/wiki/Circumcision_in_the_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Circumcision in the Bible">circumcision</a> was outlawed. Altars to Greek gods were set up and animals prohibited to Jews were sacrificed on them. The Olympian <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> was placed on the altar of the Temple. Possession of <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Jewish scriptures</a> was made a capital offense. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Roman_Empire">Roman Empire</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persecution_of_Jews&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Roman Empire">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Encyclopaedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Encyclopaedia">Jewish Encyclopaedia</a> refers to persecution of Jews and paganisation of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> during the reign of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a> (117-138 AD): </p> <dl><dd>"The Jews now passed through a period of bitter persecution: <a href="/wiki/Sabbath_(judaism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabbath (judaism)">Sabbaths</a>, festivals, the study of the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Circumcision" title="Circumcision">circumcision</a> were interdicted, and it seemed as if Hadrian desired to annihilate the Jewish people. His anger fell upon all the Jews of his empire, for he imposed upon them an oppressive <a href="/wiki/Poll-tax" class="mw-redirect" title="Poll-tax">poll-tax</a>. The persecution, however, did not last long, for <a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a> (138-161) revoked the cruel edicts."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">&#91;4&#93;</a></sup></dd></dl> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Western_and_Christian_antisemitism">Western and <span id="Christian_antisemitism">Christian antisemitism</span></span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persecution_of_Jews&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Western and Christian antisemitism">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_antisemitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity and antisemitism">Christianity and antisemitism</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Wormsjews.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Wormsjews.jpg/220px-Wormsjews.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="thumbimage" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Wormsjews.jpg/330px-Wormsjews.jpg 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Wormsjews.jpg 2x" data-file-width="336" data-file-height="297" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Wormsjews.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Jews from <a href="/wiki/Worms,_Germany" title="Worms, Germany">Worms, Germany</a> wear the mandatory <a href="/wiki/Yellow_badge" title="Yellow badge">yellow badge</a>. A money bag and garlic in the hands are an antisemitic <a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">stereotype</a> (sixteenth-century drawing).</div></div></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Europe" title="Antisemitism in Europe">antisemitism in Europe</a> was <a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">religious</a>. Although not part of <a href="/wiki/Dogma_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Dogma in the Catholic Church">Catholic dogma</a>, many Christians, including members of the <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">clergy</a>, held the Jewish people collectively responsible for killing <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>. As stated in the <i><a href="/wiki/Boston_College" title="Boston College">Boston College</a> Guide to <a href="/wiki/Passion_Play" title="Passion Play">Passion Plays</a></i>, "Over the course of time, Christians began to accept … that the Jewish people as a whole were responsible for killing Jesus. According to this interpretation, both the Jews present at Jesus Christ's death and the Jewish people collectively and for all time, have committed the sin of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_deicide" title="Jewish deicide">deicide</a>, or 'god-killing'. For 1900 years of Christian-Jewish history, the charge of deicide has led to hatred, violence against and murder of Jews in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">America</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-Paley_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paley-5">&#91;5&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a> in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> there was full-scale persecution in many places, with <a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">blood libels</a>, expulsions, <a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">forced conversions</a> and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/massacre" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:massacre">massacres</a>. An underlying source of prejudice against Jews in Europe was religious. Jews were frequently massacred and exiled from various European countries. The persecution hit its first peak during the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/First_Crusade" title="First Crusade">First Crusade</a> (1096), flourishing communities on the <a href="/wiki/Rhine_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhine River">Rhine</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Danube_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Danube River">Danube</a> were utterly destroyed, a prime example being the <a href="/wiki/Rhineland_massacres" title="Rhineland massacres">Rhineland massacres</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Second_Crusade" title="Second Crusade">Second Crusade</a> (1147) the Jews in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> were subject to frequent massacres. The Jews were also subjected to attacks by the <a href="/wiki/Shepherds%27_Crusade_(1251)" title="Shepherds&#39; Crusade (1251)">Shepherds' Crusades of 1251</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shepherds%27_Crusade_(1320)" title="Shepherds&#39; Crusade (1320)">1320</a>. The Crusades were followed by expulsions, including in 1290, <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Expulsion" title="Edict of Expulsion">the banishing of all English Jews</a>; in 1396, 100,000 Jews were expelled from France; and, in 1421 thousands were expelled from <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>. Many of the expelled Jews fled to <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">&#91;6&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>As the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a> epidemics devastated Europe in the mid-14th century, annihilating more than a half of the population, Jews were taken as <a href="/wiki/Scapegoat#Political/sociological_scapegoating" title="Scapegoat">scapegoats</a>. Rumors spread that they caused the disease by deliberately <a href="/wiki/Well_poisoning" title="Well poisoning">poisoning wells</a>. Hundreds of Jewish communities were destroyed by violence in the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death_persecutions" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Death persecutions">Black Death persecutions</a>. Although <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VI" title="Pope Clement VI">Pope Clement VI</a> tried to protect them by <a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">papal bull</a> on July 6, 1348 - with another following later in 1348 - several months afterwards, 900 Jews were <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg_massacre" title="Strasbourg massacre">burnt alive in Strasbourg</a>, where the plague hadn't yet affected the city.<sup id="cite_ref-Black_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Black-7">&#91;7&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>One study finds that Jewish persecutions and expulsions increased with negative economic shocks and climactic variations in Europe over the period 1100-1600.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8">&#91;8&#93;</a></sup> The authors of the study argue that this stems from people blaming Jews for misfortunes and weak rulers going after Jewish wealth in times of fiscal crisis. The authors propose several explanations for why Jewish persecutions significantly declined after 1600: </p> <ul><li>(1) there were simply fewer Jewish communities to persecute by the 17th century;</li> <li>(2) improved agricultural productivity, or, better-integrated markets may have reduced vulnerability to temperature shocks;</li> <li>(3) the rise of stronger states may have led to more robust protection for religious and ethnic minorities;</li> <li>(4) there were fewer negative temperature shocks.</li> <li>(5) the impact of the Reformation and the Enlightenment may have reduced antisemitic attitudes.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8">&#91;8&#93;</a></sup></li></ul> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a>, which existed until 1870, Jews were required to live only in specified neighborhoods called <a href="/wiki/Ghetto" title="Ghetto">ghettos</a>. Until the 1840s, they were required to regularly attend sermons urging their conversion to Christianity. Only Jews were taxed to support state <a href="/wiki/Boarding_school" title="Boarding school">boarding schools</a> for Jewish converts to Christianity. It was illegal to convert from Christianity to Judaism. Sometimes Jews were baptized involuntarily, and, even when such baptisms were illegal, forced to practice the Christian religion. In many such cases, the state separated them from their families, of which the <a href="/wiki/Edgardo_Mortara" class="mw-redirect" title="Edgardo Mortara">Edgardo Mortara</a> account is one of the most widely publicized instances of acrimony between Catholics and Jews in the Papal States in the second half of the 19th century. </p><p>ugali ugali ugalii </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Nazism">Nazism</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persecution_of_Jews&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: Nazism">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Massacre_of_Jews_in_Liet%C5%ABkis_garage.jpeg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Massacre_of_Jews_in_Liet%C5%ABkis_garage.jpeg/220px-Massacre_of_Jews_in_Liet%C5%ABkis_garage.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="thumbimage" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Massacre_of_Jews_in_Liet%C5%ABkis_garage.jpeg/330px-Massacre_of_Jews_in_Liet%C5%ABkis_garage.jpeg 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Massacre_of_Jews_in_Liet%C5%ABkis_garage.jpeg/440px-Massacre_of_Jews_in_Liet%C5%ABkis_garage.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1980" data-file-height="1373" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Massacre_of_Jews_in_Liet%C5%ABkis_garage.jpeg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Kaunas_pogrom" title="Kaunas pogrom">Kaunas pogrom</a> in <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of Lithuania during World War II">German-occupied Lithuania</a>, June 1941</div></div></div> <p>The persecution of Jews reached its most destructive form in the policies of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, which made the destruction of Jews a priority, culminating in the killing of approximately 6,000,000 Jews during <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a> from 1941 to 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">&#91;9&#93;</a></sup> Originally, the Nazis used <a href="/wiki/Death_squad" title="Death squad">death squads</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a>, to conduct massive open-air killings of Jews who lived in the territories which they had conquered. By 1942, the Nazi leadership decided to implement the <a href="/wiki/Final_Solution" title="Final Solution">Final Solution</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a> of the Jews of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, and increase the pace of the Holocaust by establishing <a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">extermination camps</a> for the specific purpose of killing Jews as well as other undesirables such as <a href="/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">people who openly opposed Hitler</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">&#91;10&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">&#91;11&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>This was an industrial method of <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>. Millions of Jews who had been confined to diseased and massively overcrowded <a href="/wiki/Ghettos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghettos">ghettos</a> were transported (often by <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_trains" title="Holocaust trains">train</a>) to <a href="/wiki/Extermination_camps" class="mw-redirect" title="Extermination camps">death camps</a>, where some were herded into a specific location (often a <a href="/wiki/Gas_chamber" title="Gas chamber">gas chamber</a>), then killed with either gassing or shooting. Other prisoners simply committed suicide, unable to go on after witnessing the horrors of camp life. Afterward, their bodies were often searched for any valuable or useful materials, such as <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> fillings or <a href="/wiki/Hair" title="Hair">hair</a>, and their remains were then buried in mass graves or burned. Others were interned in the camps where they were given little food and disease was common.<sup id="cite_ref-Berenbaum103_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berenbaum103-12">&#91;12&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>Escapes from the camps were few, but not unknown. The few escapes from <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz</a> that succeeded were made possible by the <a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Polish underground</a> inside the camp and local people outside.<sup id="cite_ref-Linn20_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Linn20-13">&#91;13&#93;</a></sup> In 1940, the Auschwitz commandant reported that "the local population is fanatically Polish and … prepared to take any action against the hated <a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">SS</a> camp personnel. Every prisoner who managed to escape can count on help the moment he reaches the wall of the first Polish farmstead."<sup id="cite_ref-Swiebocki505_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swiebocki505-14">&#91;14&#93;</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union">Russia and the Soviet Union</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persecution_of_Jews&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: Russia and the Soviet Union">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union">History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union</a></div> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Czarist_Russia">Czarist Russia</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persecution_of_Jews&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: Czarist Russia">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Antisemitism in the Russian Empire">Antisemitism in the Russian Empire</a></div> <p>For much of the 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Imperial Russia</a>, which included much of <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic states</a>, contained the world's largest Jewish population. From <a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Russia" title="Alexander III of Russia">Alexander III</a>'s reign until the end of <a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">Tsarist</a> rule in Russia, many Jews were often restricted to the Jewish <a href="/wiki/Pale_of_Settlement" title="Pale of Settlement">Pale of Settlement</a> and they were also banned from many jobs and locations. Jews were subject to racist laws, such as the <a href="/wiki/May_Laws" title="May Laws">May Laws</a>, and they were also targeted in hundreds of violent anti-Jewish riots, called <a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">pogroms</a>, which received unofficial state support. It was during this period that a hoax document alleging a global Jewish <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">conspiracy</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Protocols_of_the_Elders_of_Zion" title="The Protocols of the Elders of Zion">The Protocols of the Elders of Zion</a></i>, was published. </p><p>The Czarist government implemented programs which ensured that the Jews would remain isolated. However, the government tolerated their religious and national institutions as well as their right to emigrate. The restrictions and discriminatory laws drove many Russian Jews to embrace <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialist</a> causes. However, following the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution_(1917)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Revolution (1917)">Russian Revolution</a> many politically active Jews forfeited their Jewish identity.<sup id="cite_ref-commentary_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-commentary-15">&#91;15&#93;</a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a>, </p> <blockquote><p>[Jews] considered themselves neither Jews nor Russians but socialists. To them, Jews were not a nation but a class of exploiters whose fate it was to dissolve and assimilate.</p></blockquote> <p>In the aftermath of Czarist Russia, Jews found themselves in a tragic predicament. Conservative Russians saw them as a disloyal and subversive element and the radicals viewed the Jews as a doomed social class.<sup id="cite_ref-commentary_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-commentary-15">&#91;15&#93;</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Soviet_Union">Soviet Union</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persecution_of_Jews&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: Soviet Union">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Antisemitism in the Soviet Union">Antisemitism in the Soviet Union</a></div> <p>Even though many of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Bolshevik" title="Old Bolshevik">Old Bolsheviks</a> were ethnically Jewish, they sought to uproot <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a> and established the <i><a href="/wiki/Yevsektsiya" title="Yevsektsiya">Yevsektsiya</a></i> in order to achieve this goal. By the end of the 1940s, the <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">Communist</a> leadership of the former <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">USSR</a> had liquidated almost all Jewish organizations, with the exception of a few <a href="/wiki/Tokenism" title="Tokenism">token</a> <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogues</a>. These synagogues were then placed under police surveillance, both openly and through the use of informants.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> </p><p>The campaign of 1948–1953 against so-called "<a href="/wiki/Rootless_cosmopolitan" title="Rootless cosmopolitan">rootless cosmopolitans</a>," the alleged "<a href="/wiki/Doctors%27_plot" title="Doctors&#39; plot">Doctors' plot</a>," the rise of "<a href="/wiki/Zionology" class="mw-redirect" title="Zionology">Zionology</a>" and subsequent activities of official organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionist_committee_of_the_Soviet_public" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Zionist committee of the Soviet public">Anti-Zionist committee of the Soviet public</a> were officially carried out under the banner of "<a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">anti-Zionism</a>", and by the mid-1950s the state persecution of Soviet Jews emerged as a major <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> issue in the West as well as domestically. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Apartheid_South_Africa">Apartheid South Africa</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persecution_of_Jews&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section: Apartheid South Africa">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_South_Africa" title="Antisemitism in South Africa">Antisemitism in South Africa</a></div> <p>During the 1930s, many <a href="/wiki/National_Party_(South_Africa)" title="National Party (South Africa)">Nationalist Party</a> leaders and wide sections of the <a href="/wiki/Afrikaners" title="Afrikaners">Afrikaner people</a> came strongly under the influence of the Nazi movement which dominated Germany from 1933 to 1945. There were many reasons for this. Germany was the traditional enemy of <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Britain</a>, and whoever opposed Britain was seen as a friend of the Nationalists. Many Nationalists, moreover, believed that the opportunity to re-establish their lost republic would come with the defeat of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> in the international arena. The more belligerent Hitler became, the higher hopes rose that a new era of Afrikanerdom was about to dawn.<sup id="cite_ref-web.archive.org_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-web.archive.org-16">&#91;16&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/National_Party_(South_Africa)" title="National Party (South Africa)">National Party</a> of D F Malan closely associated itself with the policies of the Nazis. Jewish immigration from <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> was controlled under the Aliens Act and it soon came to an end during this period. Although Jews were accorded status as Europeans, they were not accepted into white society. Many Jews lived in mixed race areas such as District Six, from where they were forcibly removed in order to make way for a whites-only development.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> </p><p>Another organization with which the Nationalists found much in common during the thirties was the 'South African Gentile National Socialist Movement', headed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_von_Strauss_von_Moltke&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Johannes von Strauss von Moltke (page does not exist)">Johannes von Strauss von Moltke</a>, whose objective was to combat and destroy the alleged 'perversive influence of the Jews in <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">ethics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Power_(international_relations)" title="Power (international relations)">statecraft</a> and re-establish European <a href="/wiki/Aryan_race" title="Aryan race">Aryan</a> control in South Africa for the welfare of the Christian peoples of South Africa'.<sup id="cite_ref-web.archive.org_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-web.archive.org-16">&#91;16&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>During the 1960s, <a href="/wiki/Oswald_Mosley" title="Oswald Mosley">Oswald Mosley</a>, the British fascist leader, was a frequent visitor to South Africa, where he was received by the Prime Minister and other members of the Cabinet. At one time, Mosley had two functioning branches of his organization in South Africa, and one of his supporters, Derek Alexander, was stationed in <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a> as his main agent.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> </p><p>Upon Verwoerd's <a href="/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination">assassination</a> in 1966, <a href="/wiki/BJ_Vorster" class="mw-redirect" title="BJ Vorster">BJ Vorster</a> was elected by the National Party to replace him. While Vorster had been a supporter of Hitler during WWII, his policy towards Jews in his own country, however, can best be described as ambivalent.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> </p><p>The 1980s saw the rise of <a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">far-right</a> <a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">neo-Nazi</a> groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Weerstandsbeweging" title="Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging">Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging</a> under <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Terreblanche" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugene Terreblanche">Eugene Terreblanche</a>. The AWB modeled itself after Hitler's <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">National Socialist Party</a> replete with fascist regalia and an emblem resembling the <a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">swastika</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persecution_of_Jews&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p><b>Notes</b> </p> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFVanderKam2001" class="citation book">VanderKam, James C. (2001). <i>An Introduction to Early Judaism</i>. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans. pp.&#160;18–24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4641-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4641-9"><bdi>978-0-8028-4641-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Early+Judaism&amp;rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Mich.&amp;rft.pages=18-24&amp;rft.pub=Eerdmans&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8028-4641-9&amp;rft.aulast=VanderKam&amp;rft.aufirst=James+C.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersecution+of+Jews" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r951705291">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-image:url("/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/media/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-image:url("/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/media/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-image:url("/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/media/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-image:url("/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/media/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:12px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/101600767/an-introduction-to-early-judaism">"An Introduction to Early Judaism - 2001, Page viii by James C. Vanderkam. - Online Research Library: Questia"</a>. <i>www.questia.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.questia.com&amp;rft.atitle=An+Introduction+to+Early+Judaism+-+2001%2C+Page+viii+by+James+C.+Vanderkam.+-+Online+Research+Library%3A+Questia&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2Fread%2F101600767%2Fan-introduction-to-early-judaism&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersecution+of+Jews" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=567&amp;letter=">[1]</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title="&#160;Dead link since November 2011">dead link</span></a></i>&#93;</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gottheil, R. and Krauss, S., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/7015-hadrian">Hadrian</a>, Jewish Encyclopaedia, 1906, accessed 4 April 2019</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paley-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Paley_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paley, Susan, and Koesters, Adrian Gibbons, eds. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110301033826/http://moses.creighton.edu/JRS/pdf/ViewersGuide.pdf">"A Viewer's Guide to Contemporary Passion Plays"</a>, accessed March 12, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070429065613/http://www.holocaustcenterpgh.net/2-3.html">"Why the Jews? – Black Death"</a>. Holocaustcenterpgh.net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.holocaustcenterpgh.net/2-3.html">the original</a> on 2007-04-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-11-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Why+the+Jews%3F+%E2%80%93+Black+Death&amp;rft.pub=Holocaustcenterpgh.net&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.holocaustcenterpgh.net%2F2-3.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersecution+of+Jews" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Black-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Black_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Stéphane Barry and Norbert Gualde, <i>La plus grande épidémie de Histoire</i> ("The greatest epidemics in history"), in <i><a href="/wiki/L%27Histoire" title="L&#39;Histoire">L'Histoire</a></i> magazine, n°310, June 2006, p.47 <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAndersonJohnsonKoyama2015" class="citation journal">Anderson, Robert Warren; Johnson, Noel D.; Koyama, Mark (2015-09-01). "Jewish Persecutions and Weather Shocks: 1100-1800". <i>The Economic Journal</i>. <b>127</b> (602): 924–958. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fecoj.12331">10.1111/ecoj.12331</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1468-0297">1468-0297</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Journal&amp;rft.atitle=Jewish+Persecutions+and+Weather+Shocks%3A+1100-1800&amp;rft.volume=127&amp;rft.issue=602&amp;rft.pages=924-958&amp;rft.date=2015-09-01&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fecoj.12331&amp;rft.issn=1468-0297&amp;rft.aulast=Anderson&amp;rft.aufirst=Robert+Warren&amp;rft.au=Johnson%2C+Noel+D.&amp;rft.au=Koyama%2C+Mark&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersecution+of+Jews" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Dawidowicz" title="Lucy Dawidowicz">Dawidowicz, Lucy</a>. <i>The War Against the Jews</i>, Bantam, 1986.p. 403</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Manvell, Roger <i>Goering</i> New York:1972 Ballantine Books – War Leader Book #8 Ballantine's Illustrated History of the Violent Century</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6724481.stm">"Ukrainian mass Jewish grave found"</a>. BBC News. 2007-06-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-11-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Ukrainian+mass+Jewish+grave+found&amp;rft.date=2007-06-05&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F6724481.stm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersecution+of+Jews" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berenbaum103-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Berenbaum103_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Berenbaum, Michael. <i>The World Must Know," United States Holocaust Museum</i>, 2006, p. 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Linn20-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Linn20_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Linn" title="Ruth Linn">Linn, Ruth</a>. <i>Escaping Auschwitz. A culture of forgetting</i>, Cornell University Press, 2004, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Swiebocki505-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Swiebocki505_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Swiebocki, Henryk. "Prisoner Escapes," in Berenbaum, Michael &amp; Gutman, Yisrael (eds). <i>Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp</i>, Indiana University Press and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a>, 1994, p. 505.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-commentary-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-commentary_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-commentary_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPipes,_Daniel1989" class="citation web"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Pipes" title="Daniel Pipes">Pipes, Daniel</a> (December 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.commentarymagazine.com/viewarticle.cfm/the-jews-in-the-soviet-union-since-1917--by-nora-levin--the-jews-of-the-soviet-union--by-benjamin-pinkus-7646nska4.html">"The Jews in the Soviet Union Since 1917, by Nora Levin; The Jews of the Soviet Union, by Benjamin Pinkus"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Commentary_(magazine)" title="Commentary (magazine)">Commentary</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-11-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Commentary&amp;rft.atitle=The+Jews+in+the+Soviet+Union+Since+1917%2C+by+Nora+Levin%3B+The+Jews+of+the+Soviet+Union%2C+by+Benjamin+Pinkus&amp;rft.date=1989-12&amp;rft.au=Pipes%2C+Daniel&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.commentarymagazine.com%2Fviewarticle.cfm%2Fthe-jews-in-the-soviet-union-since-1917--by-nora-levin--the-jews-of-the-soviet-union--by-benjamin-pinkus-7646nska4.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersecution+of+Jews" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-web.archive.org-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-web.archive.org_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-web.archive.org_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070715031456/http://www.anc.org.za/books/reich4.html">"The Rise of the South African Reich - Chapter 4"</a>. 15 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+the+South+African+Reich+-+Chapter+4&amp;rft.date=2007-07-15&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20070715031456%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.anc.org.za%2Fbooks%2Freich4.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersecution+of+Jews" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" srcset="/media/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="/w/index.php?title=Persecution_of_Jews&amp;action=edit">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&amp;q=%22Persecution+of+Jews%22">"Persecution of Jews"</a>&#160;–&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&amp;q=%22Persecution+of+Jews%22+-wikipedia">news</a>&#160;<b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?&amp;q=%22Persecution+of+Jews%22+site:news.google.com/newspapers&amp;source=newspapers">newspapers</a>&#160;<b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&amp;q=%22Persecution+of+Jews%22+-wikipedia">books</a>&#160;<b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Persecution+of+Jews%22">scholar</a>&#160;<b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Persecution+of+Jews%22&amp;acc=on&amp;wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2007</span>)</i></small><small class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this template message</a>)</i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Bibliography</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Lewis, Bernard</a> (1984) <i>The Jews of Islam</i>. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-00807-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-00807-8">0-691-00807-8</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persecution_of_Jews&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="/media/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Religious_persecution" title="Template talk:Religious persecution"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Religious_persecution&amp;action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religious_persecution_and_discrimination" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">discrimination</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By group</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_atheists" title="Discrimination against atheists">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%ADs" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Bahá&#39;ís">Bahá'í</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_modern_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Christians in the modern era">modern era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Judaism" title="Anti-Judaism">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">religious antisemitism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah&#39;s Witnesses">Jehovah's Witness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_against_Neopagans" title="Religious discrimination against Neopagans">Neopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians" title="Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Rastafari" title="Persecution of Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Shi%27ism" title="Anti-Shi&#39;ism">Shi'a Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Sufis" title="Persecution of Sufis">Sufis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arson" title="Arson">Arson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_censorship" title="Religious censorship">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deprogramming" title="Deprogramming">Deprogramming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desecration" title="Desecration">Desecration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">Forced conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_intolerance" title="Religious intolerance">Intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_abuse_of_psychiatry" title="Political abuse of psychiatry">Political abuse of psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">Segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversions_of_Muslims_in_Spain" title="Forced conversions of Muslims in Spain">Forced conversions of Muslims in Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Moriscos" title="Expulsion of the Moriscos">Expulsion of the Moriscos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline of Buddhism in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolutionary dechristianisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">European wars of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">French Wars of Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_Mount_Lebanon_civil_war" title="1860 Mount Lebanon civil war">1860 Mount Lebanon civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Genocide" title="Armenian Genocide">Armenian Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Pontic Greek Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_exodus" title="1948 Palestinian exodus">Palestinian exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_exodus_from_Arab_and_Muslim_countries" title="Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries">Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquests_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent">Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_Muslims_in_India" title="Violence against Muslims in India">Violence against Muslims in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_by_Islamic_extremists_in_Bangladesh" title="Attacks by Islamic extremists in Bangladesh">Religious violence in Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Pakistan#Decline_and_persecution" title="Hinduism in Pakistan">Persecution of Hindus in Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noakhali_riots" title="Noakhali riots">Noakhali riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_East_Delhi_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="North East Delhi riots">North East Delhi riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Bangladesh_genocide" title="1971 Bangladesh genocide">1971 Bangladesh genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Rape during the Bangladesh Liberation War">Rape during the Bangladesh Liberation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_anti-Sikh_riots" title="1984 anti-Sikh riots">1984 anti-Sikh riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_pagans_in_the_late_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire">Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Religion in the Soviet Union">Soviet persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-religious_campaign_during_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Anti-religious campaign during the Russian Civil War">1917&#8211;1921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1921%E2%80%931928)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1921–1928)">1921&#8211;1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1928%E2%80%931941)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1928–1941)">1928&#8211;1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1958%E2%80%931964)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1958–1964)">1958&#8211;1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1970s%E2%80%931987)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1970s–1987)">1970&#8211;1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_anti-religious_legislation" title="Soviet anti-religious legislation">legislation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Eastern_Bloc" title="Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc">Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_events_related_to_the_South_Thailand_insurgency" title="Timeline of events related to the South Thailand insurgency">South Thailand insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exodus_of_Kashmiri_Hindus" title="Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus">Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Gujarat_riots" title="2002 Gujarat riots">2002 Gujarat riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test_Act" title="Test Act">Test Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_genocide" title="Rohingya genocide">Rohingya genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_by_ISIL" title="Persecution of Christians by ISIL">Persecution of Christians by ISIL</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="image"><img alt="P religion world.svg" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/16px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="noviewer" 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title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism" title="History of antisemitism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_antisemitism" title="Timeline of antisemitism">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_antisemitism_in_the_19th_century" title="Timeline of antisemitism in the 19th century">19th <abbr title="Century">C.</abbr></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_antisemitism_in_the_20th_century" title="Timeline of antisemitism in the 20th century">20th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_antisemitism_in_the_21st_century" title="Timeline of antisemitism in the 21st century">21st</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_antisemitism" title="Geography of antisemitism">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Religious antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_canard" title="Antisemitic canard">Canards</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Persecution of Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_antisemitism" title="New antisemitism">New antisemitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_Test_of_Antisemitism" class="mw-redirect" title="3D Test of Antisemitism">3D Test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_Definition_of_Antisemitism" title="Working Definition of Antisemitism">Working Definition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_antisemitism" title="Racial antisemitism">Racial antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_antisemitism" title="Secondary antisemitism">Secondary antisemitism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antisemitism and</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_antisemitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity and antisemitism">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_antisemitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam and antisemitism">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam_and_antisemitism" title="Nation of Islam and antisemitism">the Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universities_and_antisemitism" title="Universities and antisemitism">Universities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_International_Jew" title="The International Jew">The International Jew</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Bolshevism" title="Jewish Bolshevism">Jewish Bolshevism</a> (<a href="/wiki/%C5%BBydokomuna" title="Żydokomuna">Żydokomuna</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Propaganda in Nazi Germany">Nazi propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo-Semitism" title="Philo-Semitism">Philo-Semitism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Protocols_of_the_Elders_of_Zion" title="The Protocols of the Elders of Zion">The Protocols of the Elders of Zion</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-hating_Jew" title="Self-hating Jew">Self-hating Jew</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Religious antisemitism</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Judaism" title="Anti-Judaism">Anti-Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_and_antisemitism" title="Martin Luther and antisemitism">Martin Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Spanish Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Inquisition" title="Portuguese Inquisition">Portuguese Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_curse" title="Blood curse">Blood curse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Host_desecration" title="Host desecration">Host desecration</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judensau" title="Judensau">Judensau</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogrom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Antisemitic laws, policies<br />and government actions</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_benches" title="Ghetto benches">Ghetto benches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hep-Hep_riots" title="Hep-Hep riots">Hep-Hep riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom#In_the_Russian_Empire" title="Pogrom">Pogroms in the Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_Laws" title="May Laws">May Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Polish_political_crisis" title="1968 Polish political crisis">1968 Polish political crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Frank" title="Leo Frank">Leo Frank trial (USA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreyfus_affair" title="Dreyfus affair">Dreyfus Affair (France)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farhud" title="Farhud">Farhud (Iraq)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Order_No._11_(1862)" title="General Order No. 11 (1862)">General Order No. 11 (USA, 1862)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">Historical revisionism (negationism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazi</a> <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">and the Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_policy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Racial policy of Nazi Germany">Racial policy of Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rootless_cosmopolitan" title="Rootless cosmopolitan">Rootless cosmopolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Murdered_Poets" title="Night of the Murdered Poets">Night of the Murdered Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctors%27_plot" title="Doctors&#39; plot">Doctors' plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_Occupation_Government_conspiracy_theory" title="Zionist Occupation Government conspiracy theory">The Zionist Occupation Government conspiracy theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antisemitic websites</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Believers" title="Bible Believers">Bible Believers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Stormer" title="The Daily Stormer">The Daily Stormer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Historical_Review" title="Institute for Historical Review">Institute for Historical Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jew_Watch" title="Jew Watch">Jew Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapedia" title="Metapedia">Metapedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_Cobb" title="Craig Cobb">Podblanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Islam" title="Radio Islam">Radio Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redwatch" title="Redwatch">Redwatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(blog)" title="The Right Stuff (blog)">The Right Stuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stormfront_(website)" title="Stormfront (website)">Stormfront</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Organizations working<br />against antisemitism</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League">Anti-Defamation League (ADL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Area_Holocaust_Oral_History_Project" title="Bay Area Holocaust Oral History Project">Bay Area Holocaust Oral History Project (BAHOHP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_Security_Trust" title="Community Security Trust">Community Security Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Media_Research_Institute" title="Middle East Media Research Institute">Middle East Media Research Institute (MEMRI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Wiesenthal_Center" title="Simon Wiesenthal Center">Simon Wiesenthal Center (SWC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Poverty_Law_Center" title="Southern Poverty Law Center">Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Roth_Institute" title="Stephen Roth Institute">Stephen Roth Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Arab_world" title="Antisemitism in the Arab world">Arab world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Europe" title="Antisemitism in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_contemporary_Austria" title="Antisemitism in contemporary Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Canada" title="Antisemitism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_21st-century_France" title="Antisemitism in 21st-century France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Greece" title="Antisemitism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_contemporary_Hungary" title="Antisemitism in contemporary Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_21st-century_Italy" title="Antisemitism in 21st-century Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Japan" title="Antisemitism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_contemporary_Norway" title="Antisemitism in contemporary Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Pakistan" title="Antisemitism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_Palestinian_territories" title="Racism in the Palestinian territories">Palestinian Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Russia" title="Antisemitism in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Antisemitism in the Russian Empire">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Antisemitism in the Soviet Union">Soviet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Spain" title="Antisemitism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Sweden" title="Antisemitism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Turkey" title="Antisemitism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Ukraine" title="Antisemitism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Antisemitism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="Antisemitism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Venezuela" title="Antisemitism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jews_and_Judaism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Template:Jews and Judaism"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Template talk:Jews and Judaism"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Jews_and_Judaism&amp;action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none 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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jewish_history" title="Timeline of Jewish history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Judaism" title="Origins of Judaism">Origins of Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Ancient Israel and Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_population_by_country" title="Jewish population by country">Population</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_assimilation" title="Jewish assimilation">Assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Diaspora</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Jews" title="Sephardi Jews">Sephardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_languages" title="Judeo-Arabic languages">Judeo-Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Judaeo-Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Jews" title="Lists of Jews">Lists of Jews</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">Beliefs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">Mitzvah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_as_the_chosen_people" title="Jews as the chosen people">Chosen people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism" title="Conversion to Judaism">Conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Eschatology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Messiah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who_is_a_Jew%3F" title="Who is a Jew?">Who is a Jew?</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_schisms" title="Jewish schisms">Schisms</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Religious movements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationships_between_Jewish_religious_movements" title="Relationships between Jewish religious movements">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_secularism" title="Jewish secularism">Secularism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_literature" title="Jewish literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi&#39;im">Nevi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_texts_of_Kabbalah" title="Primary texts of Kabbalah">Kabbalah texts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddur" title="Siddur">Siddur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_literature" title="Hebrew literature">Hebrew literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Calendar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Holidays</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine" title="Jewish cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_education" title="Jewish education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_leadership" title="Jewish leadership">Leadership</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_marriage" title="Jewish views on marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_music" title="Jewish music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_name" title="Jewish name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">Prayer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazzan" title="Hazzan">Hazzan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_symbolism" title="Jewish symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_studies" title="Jewish studies">Studies</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jewish_intelligence" title="Ashkenazi Jewish intelligence">Ashkenazi intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Jews" title="Genetic studies on Jews">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jew_(word)" title="Jew (word)">Jew (word)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Virtual_Library" title="Jewish Virtual Library">Jewish Virtual Library</a></li> <li>Relations with other <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Christianity and Judaism">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptist%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Anabaptist–Jewish relations">Anabaptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Judaism" title="Catholic Church and Judaism">Catholic Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations">Islam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="Category" src="/media/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Category" width="16" height="14" srcset="/media/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31" />&#160;<a href="/wiki/Category:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Category:Jews and Judaism">Category: Jews and Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Star_of_David.svg" class="image"><img alt="Star of David.svg" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/14px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/21px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/28px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="300" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Judaism&#32;portal</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> '
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node)
false
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp)
1590052929
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog/26800168"