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'{{short description|Group of Anatolian peoples}} [[File:Luwiya.svg|thumb|350px|Range of the Luwians]] The '''Luwians''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|uː|w|i|ə|n|z}} were a group of [[Anatolian peoples]] who lived in central, western, and southern [[Asia Minor]] as well as the northern part of western [[Levant]] in the [[Bronze Age]] and the [[Iron Age]]. They spoke the [[Luwian language]], an [[Indo-European language]] of the [[Anatolian languages|Anatolian sub-family]], which was written in [[cuneiform]] imported from [[Mesopotamia]], and a unique native [[Hieroglyphic Luwian|hieroglyphic script]], which was sometimes used by the linguistically related [[Hittites]] also. Luwian was probably spoken over a larger geographic region than Hittite.<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pe4jnBdVxjw</ref> == History== === Origin=== The origin of the Luwians can only be assumed. A wide variety of suggestions exist, even today, which are connected to the debate over the original homeland of the Indo-European speakers. Suggestions for the Indo-European homeland include [[Armenia]],<ref>Reich, David (2018), ''Who We Are and How We Got Here: Ancient DNA and the New Science of the Human Past'', Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group</ref> [[Iran]],<ref>Reich, David (2018), ''Who We Are and How We Got Here: Ancient DNA and the New Science of the Human Past'', Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group</ref> the [[Balkans]], the [[Lower Volga]] and [[Central Asia]].{{citation needed|date=December 2019}} However, little can be proven about the route that led the ancestors of the Luwians to Anatolia. It is also unclear whether the separation of the Luwians from the [[Hittites]] and the [[Palaic language|Palaic]] speakers occurred in Anatolia or earlier. It is possible that the [[Demircihüyük culture]] (c.3500–2500 BC) is connected with the arrival of Indo-Europeans in Anatolia, since Proto-Anatolian must have split off around 3000 BC at the latest on linguistic grounds.<ref>H. Craig Melchert: ''The Luwians.'' Brill 2003, {{ISBN|90-04-13009-8}}, S. 23–26.</ref> === Middle Bronze Age === Certain evidence of the Luwians begins around 2000 BC, with the presence of [[personal name]]s and [[loan word]]s in [[Old Assyrian Empire]] documents from the Assyrian colony of [[Kültepe]], dating from between 1950 and 1700 BC ([[Chronology of the ancient Near East|Middle Chronology]]), which shows that Luwian and [[Hittite language|Hittite]] were already two distinct languages at this point. According to most scholars,{{who|date=December 2019}} the Hittites were then settled in upper [[Kızılırmak River|Kızılırmak]] and had their economic and political centre at [[Neša]] (Kaneš), from which the [[Hittite language]] gained its native name, ''nešili''. The Luwians most likely lived in southern and western Anatolia, perhaps with a political centre at [[Purushanda]]. The Assyrian colonists and traders who were present in Anatolia at this time refer to the local people as ''nuwaʿum'' without any differentiation. This term seems to derive from the name of the Luwians, with the change from l/n resulting from the mediation of [[Hurrian language|Hurrian]]. === Hittite period === The [[Hittite Old Kingdom|Old Hittite]] laws from the 17th century BC contain cases relating to the then independent regions of [[Palā]] and [[Luwiya]]. Traders and displaced people seem to have moved from one country to the other on the basis of agreements between Ḫattusa and Luwiya.<ref>H. Craig Melchert: ''The Luwians.'' Brill 2003, {{ISBN|90-04-13009-8}}, pp. 28 f.</ref> It has been argued that the Luwians never formed a single unified Luwian state, but populated a number of polities where they mixed with other population groups.{{citation needed|date=December 2019}} However, a minority opinion holds that in the end they did form a unified force, and brought about [[Bronze Age collapse|the end of Bronze Age civilization]] by attacking the [[Hittites]] and then other areas as the [[Sea People]].{{citation needed|date=December 2019}} During the Hittite period, the kingdoms of {{ill|Šeḫa|de}} and [[Arzawa]] developed in the west, focused in the [[Maeander]] valley. In the south was the state of [[Kizzuwatna]], which was inhabited by a mixture of [[Hurrians]] and Luwians. The kingdom of [[Tarḫuntašša]] developed during the [[Hittite New Kingdom]], in southern Anatolia. The kingdom of [[Wilusa]] was located in northwest Anatolia on the site of [[Troy]]. Whether any of these kingdoms represented a Luwian state cannot be clearly determined based on current evidence and is a matter of controversy in contemporary scholarship. According to [[Oriental Institute (Chicago)|the Oriental Institute]], Luwian was spoken from [[Cappadocia]] to [[Melid]] and as far north as [[Alaca Hoyuk]] during the Hittite Kingdom.<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pe4jnBdVxjw</ref> ==== Kizzuwatna ==== {{main|Kizzuwatna}} Kizzuwatna was the Hittite and Luwian name for ancient [[Cilicia]]. The area was conquered by the Hittites in the 16th century BC. Around 1500, the area broke off and became the kingdom of Kizzuwatna, whose ruler used the title of "Great King", like the Hittite ruler. The Hittite king [[Telipinu]] had to conclude a treaty with King Išputaḫšu, which was renewed by his successors. Under King Pilliya, Kizzuwatna became a vassal of the [[Mitanni]]. Around 1420, King Šunaššura of Mitanni renounced control of Kizzuwatna and concluded an alliance with the Hittite king [[Tudḫaliya I]]. Soon after this, the area seems to have been incorporated into the Hittite empire and remained so until its collapse around 1190 BC at the hands of [[Assyria]] and [[Phrygia]].{{citation needed|date=December 2019}} ==== Šeḫa ==== {{main|Šeḫa}} Šeḫa was in the area of ancient [[Lydia]]. It is first attested in the fourteenth century BC, when the Hittite king Tudḫaliya I campaigned against Wilusa. After the conquest of Arzawa by [[Muršili II]], Šeḫa was a vassal of the Hittite realm and suffered raids from the Arzawan prince [[Piyamaradu]], who attacked the island of [[Lesbos|Lazpa]] which belonged to Šeḫa.{{citation needed|date=December 2019}} ==== Arzawa ==== {{main|Arzawa}} Arzawa is already attested in the time of the Hittite Old Kingdom, but lay outside the Hittite realm at that time. The first hostile interaction occurred under King [[Tudḫaliya I]] or [[Tudhaliya II|Tudḫaliya II]]. The invasion of the Hittite realm by the [[Kaskians]] led to the decline of Hittite power and the expansion of Arzawa, whose king [[Tarḫuntaradu]] was asked by Pharaoh [[Amenhotep III]] to send one of his daughters to him as a wife. After a long period of warfare, the Arzawan capital of Apaša ([[Ephesus]]) was surrendered by King Uḫḫaziti to the Hittites under King [[Muršili II]]. Arzawa was split into two vassal states: {{ill|Mira (Luwian kingdom)|de|Mira (Anatolien)|lt=Mira}} and [[Ḫapalla]]. === Iron Age === {{main|Neo-Hittites}} After the collapse of the Hittite realm c. 1190 BC, several small principalities developed in northern Syria and southwestern Anatolia. In south-central Anatolia was [[Tabal]] which probably consisted of several small city-states, in Cilicia there was [[Quwê]], in northern Syria was [[Gurgum]], on the Euphrates there were [[Melid]], [[Kummuh]], [[Carchemish]] and (east of the river) [[Til Barsip|Masuwara]], while on the [[Orontes River]] there were [[Pattin|Unqi-Pattin]] and [[Hama]]th. The princes and traders of these kingdoms used Hieroglyphic Luwian in inscriptions, the latest of which date to the 8th century BC. The [[Karatepe Bilingual]] inscription of prince [[Azatiwada]] is particularly important. These states were largely destroyed and incorporated into the [[Neo-Assyrian Empire]] (911–605 BC) during the 9th century BC.<ref>George Roux – Ancient Iraq</ref> == See also == * [[Luwian religion]] * [[Luwian language]] == References == <references/> == Bibliography == * [[Hartmut Blum]]. “Luwier in der Ilias?”, ''Troia – Traum und Wirklichkeit: Ein Mythos in Geschichte und Rezeption'', eds. [[Hans-Joachim Behr]], [[Gerd Biegel]], & [[Helmut Castritius]]. Tagungsband zum Symposion im Braunschweigischen Landesmuseum am 8. und 9. Juni 2001 im Rahmen der Ausstellung “Troia: Traum und Wirklichkeit”. Braunschweig: [[Braunschweigisches Landesmuseum]], 2003. {{ISBN|3-927939-57-9}}, pp.&nbsp;40–47. * Billie Jean Collins, Mary R. Bachvarova, & Ian C. Rutherford, eds. ''Anatolian Interfaces: Hittites, Greeks and their Neighbours''. London: Oxbow Books, 2008. * [[Craig Melchert|H. Craig Melchert]], ed. ''The Luwians''. Leiden: Brill, 2003, {{ISBN|90-04-13009-8}}. ** also in: ''Die Hethiter und ihr Reich''. Exhibition catalog. Stuttgart: Theiss, 2002, {{ISBN|3-8062-1676-2}}. * Ilya S. Yakubovich. ''Sociolinguistics of the Luvian Language''. Leiden: Brill, 2010. {{ISBN|978-90-04-17791-8}}. * [[Eberhard Zangger]]. ''The Luwian Civilisation: The Missing Link in the Aegean Bronze Age''. Istanbul: Yayinlari, 2016, {{ISBN|978-605-9680-11-0}}. == External links== * [http://luwianstudies.org/de/ Luwian Studies.org] * Urs Willmann: [http://www.zeit.de/2016/21/archaeolgie-geschichte-troja-bronzezeit ''Räuberbanden im Mittelmeer.''] In: [[Die Zeit#Zeit Online|''Zeit Online'']], 2016 * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1DNyA90f_aw "The Luwians: A Lost Civilization Comes Back to Life"] keynote lecture by Dr. Eberhard Zangger given at Klosters' 50th Winterseminar, 18 January 2015 (online at ''Luwian Studies'' YouTube Channel) [[Category:Luwians| ]] [[Category:Ancient peoples of the Near East]] [[Category:Anatolian peoples]] [[Category:Late Bronze Age collapse]] [[Category:Indo-European peoples]]'